日本社会福利

日本社会福利（主持人）日本的福利制度相当健全。

从儿童福利到残疾人、老年人福利以及对低收入人群的生活扶助、医疗扶助等各种制度应有尽有，而且根据社会的需求在不断的加强和完善。

目前来说，基本做到了对弱势群体的保护。

这是一个文明社会的重要标志。

（佘）儿童津贴日本的孩子一出生就能得到儿童津贴，虽然各地有差异，但一般都是到小学毕业。

学龄儿童若家庭收入低的化，可以申请就学支援生活扶助，由此学费的大部分可以得到补助。

单亲家庭有儿童抚养津贴，残疾儿童有特别抚养津贴，残疾人还有残疾人津贴。

收入低于基本生活水准的家庭可以享受生活保护，根据收入情况可利用高额医疗补助制度。

还有年金制度、健康保险等。

（周）医疗制度1961,日本修改了运行35年的《健康保险法》,制定了全民必须参加《医疗保险法》，要求公平地向全体国民提供医疗服务，目前日本国民医疗保险覆盖率为99％，为世界之最。

医疗保险可分为2大类，一类被用者保险或称之“职工健康保险，”其中可分为共济组合保险，组合掌管保险、政府掌管保险，船员保险等占65.9％，另一类是国民健康保险，主要是农业人口，退休老人，自由职业者，其可分为市町村国保、组合国保2种，占34.1％。

医疗保险经费来源，个人按收入8％交纳，不足部分由国家及地方财政补贴，凡参加医疗保险均可报销一定比例的医疗费用，大部分为80%至90%,自付10%至20%,家属可报销70%至80%,凡医疗费6.7万元/月以上(约4500人民币),超额部分实行全额报销。

（周2）老保险养老保险是1961年根据《国民年金法》建立的，一开始的保险对象是自营业者、农民、无业人员以及学生。

1985年，日本政府修改《国民年金法》，规定1986年4月前各类雇员及其配偶都必须加入国民年金。

这样，国民年金就成为全体国民共同参加的社会养老保险，被称为“基础年金”。

养老保险的保险者是政府，被保险者是20～60岁的自营业者(第一类被保险者)、厚生年金保险的被保险者(第二类被保险者)和厚生年金保险被保险者的20～60岁的配偶(第三类被保险者)。

国民只要按规定缴纳保险费，到法定养老年龄(一开始是60岁，现为65岁)后，就可以领取老龄基础年金，其中残疾人可以领取残疾人年金，其遗属可以领取遗属年金。

国民年金的保险费按月缴纳，2007年每月为14,140日元（约1000人民币）。

养老保险按月发放，全年给付额的计算公式如下：养老保险金额=804 200日元（约5600人民币）´{(缴费月数+特殊减免缴费的月数/3)/480个月}按上述计算公式，参加养老保险40年的人，在退休后每月可以领取最高金额为67 000日元（约4500人民币）。

(主持人)中国留学生享有的福利政策留学日本的学费低，对家庭的经济担保要求不高，因此，留学日本的学生不断增加，其中，中国留学生在日本可以享受如下福利。

（余）1. 自费留学生可获得每年130万日元的奖学金根据学校性质（国立、公立或私立）、学科专业的不同，平均每年的学费只需三万到七万人民币，此外奖学金制度也在逐步丰富完善。

据报道，日本政府预计将进一步增加奖学金名额，以鼓励外国学生到日本读书。

公费留学生可以获得每年130万日元（约9万人民币）的奖学金，优秀的自费生可以每月拿到5万日元（月3500人民币）的补助。

此外，除了日本政府文部省奖学金等国费奖学金外，还有校内奖学金和很多企业团体设置的民间奖学金。

（佘）2.打工政策：薪水最低约800日元/小时(约56元人民币)学费低但对应的是日本生活消费高，留学生平均生活费一般都在7万人民币以上。

对国际学生开放的打工政策可以缓解生活压力。

2007年开始，日本出台了不少留学新政策，其中包括合法勤工俭学政策，（就读生每周课外工作20小时，留学生每周课外工作28小时，寒暑假可适当增加。

薪水最低约800日元每小时）。

此外，中国留学生在填写日本留学申请资料时，也可以将每周打工的收入，作为经费来源之一。

（周）3.医疗保险制度在日本的中国留学生享有跟日本国民一样的医疗保险制度。

即只要办理了国民医疗保险，即可享受医疗费扣除70%的政策。

医疗保险的价格为1500日元/月（约100元人民币）。

1年的医疗保险费为1200元人民币。

4.鼓励就业，美容、动画等热门专业增多（葛）就业空间的拓展加速了日本留学热潮。

此前，赴日本留学就业难的形势一定程度影响了中国学生对留学国的选择。

但目前日本将加大吸引中国留学生的力度，其中很重要的一点表现在鼓励就业上。

包括鼓励和支持在日本的中国留学生到日本企业就业。

数据显示，2006年到日本企业就业的中国留学生比2005年有大幅度增加，已达到8000人，占到外国留学生在日就职人员的一半左右。

赴日留学，福利较欧洲国家比相对中规中矩，但保险费低，且留学费用低。

留学就业前景好。

近年来社会保障制度的修改、创新给日本的社会保障制度，特别是社会福利制度带来了根本性的变革。

平成10年（1998年）6月17日日本中央社会福利审议会、社会福利结构改革分会向厚生省社会援助局提出了《有关社会福利基础结构变革》的总结报告，并将之公诸于众。

该报告明确指出日本的社会福利政策正在发生一场前所未有的变革，并阐述了这场变革的必然性、必要性和变革的理念及方向。

（主持人）以上对日本社会福利政策的变革趋势进行了简要的介绍。

尽管日本政府部门还在对社会福利基础结构改革的问题进行不断的讨论，但是近年来儿童福利法的修改以及看护保险法的制定已经体现出了上述变革的趋势和方向。

不容否认儿童福利法的修改只是在现行措施制度的大的框架中进行的妥协性补充，但是从2000年开始实施的看护保险法却先行一步，以全新的面孔出现在人们的面前。

看护保险法改革了现行的老人福利、老人医疗制度，导入了社会保险方式，使得福利服务和保健医疗服务在申请手续、费用负担等方面都将实现根据使用者的意愿，选择享受看护保险的新体系。

（周）日本社会由于社会生活、医疗水平的不断提高，已经成为世界上人均寿命最高的国家，男性平均为77.01岁，女性平均为83.59岁，加上婴儿出生率逐年下降，由50年代至70年代每年160万到200万的出生人口，跌落到121万人（1996年），1995年14岁以下的人口比1985年减少了600万。

（周2）现在，人口的高龄化已经成为日本社会面临的最大难题。

1995年65岁以上的高龄者占人口的14.5％，1997年达到15.5％，在今天的日本社会中，平均7个人当中就有1个人达到65岁。

在65岁的人口当中，平均两个人当中就有一个人在去世半年前需要看护照顾，其中又有一半的人卧床三年以上。

对于这些生活不能自理的老人的看护目前有一半是由家人负责。

据调查，在看护老人的人当中有35％的人抱有嫌恶感，50％的人存在对老人的虐待行为，46％的人感到精神疲劳。

随着人们对年老后生活不安的增大，家庭看护负担的加剧，以及现行的高龄者看护制度中存在的医疗与福利分离、费用负担的不公平、自由选择服务的局限性等问题的出现，创建新的社会看护保险制度成为大势所趋，有80％的国民赞成新的看护保险制度的创建。

（佘）那么，新的看护保险制度能够给日本国民带来哪些好处呢？首先是实现老人福利与老人医疗的综合利用。

即将过去实行的全额公费的老人福利和由医疗保险、公费负担的老人保健制度一体化，改变为由看护保险费加公费负担的看护保险。

这样不仅可以做到使用者享有选择权，而且可以解决由于高龄住院带来的医疗难题。

（余）而且，在新的制度下，除了公共团体提供看护服务以外，民间事业团体也可以参与提供服务，有利于提高看护服务的效率和质量。

看护保险的对象分为两种，一是65岁以上的人可以成为一等被保险者；二是加入医疗保险的40岁至64岁的人可以成为二等被保险者。

被保险者可以享受以下方面的保险服务；家访看护，服务人员定期家访，帮助料理家务等；帮助清洁，服务人员定期到家帮助被保险者洗澡等；家庭理疗，医务人员定期到家服务，帮助被保险者进行身体机能恢复运动等；医务人员家访，进行身体检查和营养指导等；全天看护，在看护设施内为被保险者提供当天的各项服务；短期设施内看护，需要24小时看护的被保险者可以搬入看护设施内享受24小时的看护服务；痴呆病人的集体设施看护；自费老人设施内的看护；轮椅等医疗器材的使用及特殊器材的费用补助；医疗需要进行的住宅改修费用补助；对在家看护的支援，根据被保险者的身心状况以及被保险者提出的服务要求计划，通过与服务提供团体的协商解决。

另外，被保险者还可以享受进入特别老人养老设施、老人保健设施、疗养治疗型看护设施。

同时，各地区的市、镇、村可以利用一等被保险者的保险费，自主地向被保险者提供必要的送饭服务、洗涤服务等。

需要说明的是，看护保险制度的实施并不影响高龄者因为病患享受医疗保险的待遇，这需要由医生的诊断进行判断。

（葛）目前，日本的看护保险制度正在创建、落实过程之中，为了使这项制度得以顺利实施，制定了全国统一的看护审查标准；在各市、镇、村设立专门的审查会，或几个村镇联合起来，设立共同的审查会；都、道、府、县协助地方处理看护审查事务；国民健康保险团体联合会协助处理看护服务团体的费用支付等等。

同时，通过培训等方式，培训专业人材，筹建新的看护服务设施。

尽管看护保险制度尚存在许多问题需要进一步摸索，例如，看护保险制度的理念是“根据需要者的需求提供服务”，但是服务项目及标准中存在许多硬性限制。

另外，看护保险法尽管规定了许多老年人可以享受的权利，但是要做到使用者或其家属主动行使其权利，还要花费很长的时间才能够得以普及。

尽管如此，通过看护保险法的变革我们可以看出日本今后社会福利政策变革的新趋势，即社会福利政策必须适应社会经济发展的需求，并以全体国民的需求为己任，通过导入契约方式，扩大社会福利团体和组织的服务功能，实现新时代社会福利制度的转换。

Japan's social welfare(host) Japan's welfare system fairly sound. From children's welfa re to the disabled and the elderly welfare and low-income people life assistance, medical assistance, etc. Various kinds of everything, an d according to the social system of demand in the unceasing strengthe n and perfect. For now, the basic did to protecting disadvantaged gro ups. This is an important symbol of a civilized society.(She) children allowanceJapanese children born to get around, although children allowance differences, but are generally to elementary school graduation. Scho ol-age children if the family income low, can apply for to support li fe assistance, thus learned the most can get subsidies tuition fees. Single-parent families have child care allowance, have special raise allowance for disabled children, the disabled and the disabled allowa nce. The basic standard of living income below the family can enjoy l ife protection, according to income condition available high system o f medical treatment allowance. And the pension system, health insuran ce, etc.(week) medical system1961 Japan amended run 35 years the health insurance law, formula ted the universal must attend the medical insurance law, requiring fa ir to all citizens and providing medical services, Japan national hea lth insurance coverage for 99% of the world, for the most.Medical insurance can be divided into two kinds, one kind is wiel der insurance or say the "worker health insurance," which can be divi ded into aid combination insurance, insurance, the government in char ge in combination, the crew of insurance of insurance transportmode 6 5.9%, another kind is the national health insurance, mainly is the ag ricultural population, retirees, freelancers, it can be categorized i nto from official channels, local authorities kingdom is protected, c ombination of the two, kingdom. 34.1%Medical insurance fund source, individual presses income, less th an 8% pay in part by the national and local financial allowance, who attend medical insurance all can submit an expense account proportion of medical expenses, most for 80 to 90 percent from 10% to 20%, pay,families can submit an expense account 70% to 80%, whoever medical t reatment cost 6.7 million yuan/month about 4,500 RMB) above (full rei mbursement, excess partial fulfillment.(week 2) old insuranceEndowment insurance is 1961 national pension law according to the established, at the beginning insurance object is self-supporting op erators, farmers, personnel and students. In 1985, the Japanese gover nment's modification of the national pension law, provisions in April 1986 before all kinds of employees and their spouses must join the n ational pension. So, the national pension became all citizens to atte nd social endowment insurance, called "basic annuity".Endowment insurance is the government, insured cannotexpectto mak e schemes is 20 to 60 years of self-supporting providers (the first k ind insured cannotexpectto make welfare pension insurance), the insur ed cannotexpectto make a (category ii insured cannotexpectto make) an d the welfare pension insurance insured cannotexpectto make 20 ~ 60 s pouse (the third kind insured cannotexpectto make). National as long as press formulary pay insurance premium, to legal endowment age (a beginning is 60 years old, presently for 65 years old), can get older after based annuity, including disabled people can get a disabled ann uity, the survivors can receive survivors annuity. The national pensi on insurance premium of pay by the month for a month in 2007 14,140 y en (about 1000 RMB).Endowment insurance to extend by the month, annual payment of the amount of computation formula is as follows:Endowment insurance amount = 804 200 yen (about 5,600 RMB) ´ {(ca pture expends months + special derate capture to expend the months / 3) / 480 months}According to the above formula, to attend endowment insurance 40 years after retirement, the person can receive maximum amount per mon th for 67 000 yen (about 4,500 RMB).(host) Chinese students enjoy the welfare policyThe tuition is low, studying in Japan for family financial securi ty demand is not high, therefore, the students studying in Japan, inc luding increasing in Japan, Chinese students can enjoy below welfare.(over) 1. Foreign students at one's own expenses can obtain 1.3 m illion yen scholarships annuallyAccording to the school properties (national, public or private), the different subjects, an average annual tuition only 70,000 yuan, in addition to 30,000 scholarships system also gradually to rich and perfect. According to reports, the Japanese government is expected to further increase scholarships to encourage foreign students to study in Japan. At public expense students eligible for an annual 130 mill ion yen (about 9 million RMB) scholarship, excellent ZiFeiSheng can g et 5 million yen (per month on 35 yuan) subsidies. In addition, in ad dition to the Japanese government or scholarship and other countries fee scholarship outside, still have a scholarship and a lot of enterp rise groups at the folk scholarship set.(She) 2. Minimum salary job policy: about 800 yen/hour (about 56 yuan)Tuition is low but correspond to the Japanese life consumption an d high, students are commonly 7 average living expenses million RMB. Working for international students open policies can ease the stress in your life. Started in 2007, Japan launched a new policy abroad, in cluding legal work-study policy, (attend born 20 hours a week, studen ts work outside 28 hours a week working outside, winter and summer ca n be appropriately increased minimum about 800 yen. Salary per hour). In addition, Chinese students studying in fill in Japan for material, can also will work income, as one of the sources of funds.(week) 3. Medical insurance systemThe Chinese students in Japan with Japanese people enjoy the same medical insurance system. Namely, as long as the national health ins urance for medical treatment, can enjoy deduct 70 percent of the poli cy. Medical insurance price for 1,500 yen/month (about 100 yuan). 1 y ears of medical treatment insurance premium is 1200 yuan.4. Encourage employment, hairdressing, animation, and other popul ar major increase(ge) employment space development accelerated the Japanese study boom. Previously, went to Japan and difficult employment situation ab road affects the degree of Chinese students abroad countries choice. But now Japan will intensify efforts to attract Chinese students, whi ch is very important point in encouraging job performance. Including encourages and supports the Chinese students in Japan to Japanese ent erprise employment. Data in 2006, according to the Chinese students J apanese enterprise employment than a substantial increase in 2005, ha s reached 8,000 people, accounting for foreign students in sworn in o n around half of personnel. To study abroad, welfare, more European c ountries, but premium quadrature than relative low, and study abroad cost is low. Study better job prospects.In recent years the social security system to the Japanese modify, innovation, especially in the social security system of social welfa re institutions led to fundamental change. Pingcheng 10 years (1998) on June 17, Japan's central social welfare council, social welfare st ructural reforms to the health ministry social aid innings chapter on proposed "social welfare foundation structure reform" of summary rep ort, and will be made public. The report clearly points to Japan's so cial welfare policies are an unprecedented change happened, and expou nds the necessity and inevitability of change, the idea of transforma tion and the direction.(host) above the Japanese social welfare policy change trends are introduced. Although the Japanese government department of social we lfare foundation in structural reform constantly about the problem, b ut in recent years children care revisions and care of the insurance law enacted has reflects the change trend and direction. There is no denying the children in the care system of modified only large curren t measures in the framework of the compromising supplement, but start ed from 2000 implement care but one step ahead of the insurance with new faces appear in front of people. Care insurance reform the presen t system of medical treatment of elderly welfare, old man, inducts th e social insurance style, making welfare services and health care med ical service in application procedures, cost burden will realize to t he user's intention, choose to enjoy the new system of insurance of c are.(week) Japan society due to the social life, medical level unceas ing enhancement, life expectancy has become one of the world's highes t countries, the average age for men, women 77.01 average age for 83.59 birthrates, plus the baby fell from the 1950s to the 1970s 160 mil lion to 200 million each year of birth population, fell to 121 millio n (1996), in 1995, than the population of under the age of 14, 1985, reduce the 600 million.(week 2) now, population besides has become the biggest problem f acing Japanese society. In 1995 the 65 of neuropsychology, 14.5 of its population in 1997 to 15.5%, in today's Japan society, an average o f seven people are among 1 personal reach 65 years old. At age 65, th e population of the average of the two in one half in death, which ha s the need care care half of bed for 3 years. For these the life cann ot provide for oneself old man care currently have half is responsibl e by family members. According to the survey, in care of an old man f rom 35%, 50% of people sense of disgust for the old man's abusive beh avior exist, 46 percent feel mental fatigue. As people life uncomfort able for older increases, the increasing burden of family care, and t he current existing in neuropsychology care system of medical treatme nt and welfare separation, cost burden unfair, free choice service li mitations of problem arises, create new social care insurance system become the general trend, with 80 percent of the national in favor of the new care insurance system to create.(She) so, new care insurance system can give Japan national bring which benefits? First is the realization of the elderly welfare and the old man medical use integratedly. Is the sum of the past at publi c expense elderly welfare and public burden by medical treatment insu rance, the old man care system integration, change for care insurance and public burden care insurance. So not only can do users enjoy, an d can solve the option to bring medical problem at hospital.(over) and, in the new system, in addition to the public organiza tions to provide care services beyond, folk business groups can participate in providing services, to improve the efficiency and quality o f care services. Care insurance object is divided into two kinds, one is 65 wait insured cannotexpectto make person can become; 2 it is to join medical insurance 40 to 64 years old person can become second-c lass insured cannotexpectto make. Insured cannotexpectto make can enj oy the following aspects of insurance services; The family visit care rs, service personnel regular family visit, help the housework, etc.; Help clean, service personnel regular home help insured cannotexpect to make a shower, etc; Family therapy, and medical personnel regular services to help the insured cannotexpectto make a home for the body function restore movement, etc.; Medical personnel family visit, phys ical examination and nutrition guidance, etc; Round-the-clock care in care facilities, provide for insured cannotexpectto make all the ser vices that day; Short-term facilities care, need 24 hours combination of insured cannotexpectto make can move into care facilities enjoy 2 4 hours care services; Dementia patients collective facilities care; The nurse at the old man facilities; The use of medical equipment suc h as the wheelchair and special equipment fee subsidy; Medical need f or housing a switch to expenses allowance; The support of home care, according to the insured cannotexpectto make body and mind condition and the proposed insured cannotexpectto make plans, through service r equirements with services group to talk things over solve. In additio n, still can enjoy insured cannotexpectto make into special old man e ndowment facilities, the old man care facilities, recuperate type car e facilities treatment. Meanwhile, regional city, town and village ca n use first-class insured cannotexpectto make insurance premium, inde pendently to provide necessary insured cannotexpectto make sent food service, washing service, etc. Need explanation is, care insurance system implementation does not affect neuropsychology because patients enjoys treatment of medical treatment insurance treatment, this need by the doctor's diagnosis for making judgments.(ge) at present, Japan care insurance system is a process of crea ting, implement, in order to make the system implementing smoothly, f ormulate a unified national care censorship standards; In various cit ies and towns, villages, or a special review several villages and uni te, set up the common review; All, tao, mansion, county assist local processing care review affairs; National health insurance group feder ation to assist in dealing with care services groups charge pays, etc. Meanwhile, through the trainings, training professional talents, con struction new care services facilities. Although care insurance syste m is still exist many problems need to be further exploration, for ex ample, care insurance system according to the requester concept is "t he demand services", but the service items and standards in many of t he rigid is restricted. In addition, care insurance although stipulat ed the many elderly people can enjoy rights, but to do users or their families to exercise its right to actively take a long time to be po pular. Nonetheless, the change insurance by care in the future we can see Japan social welfare policy reform, namely the new trend of soci al welfare policy must adapt to the social economic development needs, and to all the people's demand as own duty, through the import contract way, expanding social welfare groups and organizations service fu nctions, and realize the new era of social welfare system transformat ion.。