Argumentation的写法

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高级英语写作2argumentation

Inductive Argumentation
归纳论证
从个别事例中推导出一般结论的推理过程。
特点
基于观察、经验和证据，逐步推导结论。
例子
通过观察一组数据，发现某种趋势，从而得出结论。
Interpretation
解释论证
对某个观点、文本或事件进行深入分析和解释，以证明其合理性的推理过程。
特点
需要深入挖掘信息，理解背景和语境，提供全面解释。
I will seek opportunities to write and receive feedback on argumentative essays, focusing on areas where I need the most improvement.
01
introduction
Theme Introduction
Theme
Argumentation in Advanced English Writing
Description
This course focuses on the art of persuasive writing, including the structure, logic, and language of argumentation.
要点二
Key Concepts
Important concepts such as the use of logical fallacies and the development of counterarguments were thoroughly explained and discussed.
Building Argumentation Structure

Argumentation 写作模板.doc

Argumentation1. What’s your opinion? My view 型--- agree or disagree型/ some …others型介绍双方观点---提出你支持的观点___________________（主题）is a common occurrence in our lives. The attitudes toward this issue vary /differ from person to person. Some people tend to ____________ (观点A). However, others argue that ______________（观点B）. As far as I am concerned, I will choose to___________（你的观点）/ Weighing the pros and cons of these arguments, I am inclined to agree with the latter.介绍对方观点及其1-2个理由介绍背景句。

Some people are of the opinion/ have the idea/ point out/ take the view that_______. They assert/ contend/ argue/hold/ insist/maintain/ claim that ______（理由）From my own perspective./ Speaking for myself,________________________.(你的观点)。

I would like to present 2-3 explanations to confirm that I am right./ My arguments for this point are listed as follows.First, …Second …Third…From what has been discussedabove, we may safely draw the conclusion that ____________.简述上述理由或提出希望、方法等Topic OneNowadays young people tend to phone more often than write to each other.So, some say that phones will kill letter writing. What is your opinion?Write on ANSWER SHEET ONE a composition of about 150 words on the following topic:WILL PHONES KILL LETTER WRITING?Presently, most of the young people tend to phone more frequently than write to each other./At present, ( there are )more and more young people (who) prefer to use phones instead of writing a letter, which has become a fashion.One of the reasons is that people choose to live in a highly efficient way. Communication by phones ismore efficient and convenient and prompt. It just takes one some seconds or minutes to settle a matter or to inform /deliver an important notice or message. On the contrary, if people write, it will cost them more time or take more trouble to send the letter.Topic TwoAt present, there is a widespread concern over the issue as to/about whether college students should hire cleaners, for it is much to do with /closely related to the fostering /cultivation of a spirit of independence/self-reliance among the youth. The attitudes toward this issue vary from person to person. Some people tend to approve of the choice, while others contend (坚决主张/advocate)that it’s risky to deprive students of the right to domanual work, for this will make them unable to taste the pleasure of physical labor. As for me, I stand on the latter side. My arguments for this point are listed as follow s.The first reason is that there is growing concern about the lack of independence among young people, who are the only child of their family. (人们越来越担忧独生子女缺乏自立精神) They are mostly spoilt by their family, seldom even neverinvolved in the housework. They devoted all their time to getting prepared for Gaokao. So it is high time that they learnt to be self-reliant from doing some cleaning. It is an essential skill for them to grow up.Still, college students should learn to shoulder their own responsibilities. If they hire cleaners on campus, they will put more financial pressure on their parents. It will induce/lead to extra expense.As adults, college students had better learn to be independent of their parents, trying every effort to reduce the financial burden on their family.However,some people may argue that hiring cleaners may save more time for study. As a matter of fact, doing some cleaning doesn’t need much time. It can be done in your spare/free time. It won’t take long. What really matters is one’s attitude towards manual labor.To conclude,it is not necessary for college students to hire cleaners. They should learn to do it by themselves. By doing so, they are likely to be enjoyable and to be independent. (326 words)[From what has been discussed above, we may safely draw the conclusion that it is not advisable/sensible for students to hire cleaners.]2. 利弊型写法1：分别阐述利与弊背景介绍。

How to write an argumentation(正反

有的同学赞同(迁出)。他们认为参观动物园的旅客太多会造成交通拥挤。
_T_h_e_m__in_o_r_i_ty__o_f_t_h_e_s_t_u_d_e_n_t_s_h_o_l_d_t_h_e__o_p_in_i_o_n__ _t_h_a_t ___punishing the passengers helps to reduce traffic accidents and increase traffic safety.
2. __S_o_m_e__p_e_o_p_l_e_h_o_l_d__th_e__o_p_in__io_n__th_a_t_…__…_ 3.__M__o_s_t _o_f_t_h_e_p_e_o_p_l_e_b__e_li_e_v_e_t_h_a_t_…__…___
__S_o_m__e_o_f__m_y__c_la_s_s_m__a_te_s__a_r_e_i_n_f_a_v_o_r_o_f___the move ,_th_i_n_k_in__g_t_h_a_t_large crowds of tourists to the zoo will result in traffic jams.
我班最近就大学生是否应该经济独立进行了讨论。
practice
最近，我们班就“中学生是否应该网上交友” 这一话题进行了讨论。
_R_e_c_e_n_tl_y,_o_u_r_c_la_s_s_h_a_d_a_d_is_c_u_s_si_o_n_a_b_o_u_t t_h_e__ _t_op_i_c_“S__ho_u_l_d_s_tu_d_e_n_ts_m__ak_e__fr_ie_n_ds__o_n_li_ne_?_”___
the conclusion
In conclusion, I think that cars are very useful because travel is so easy with a car. But the environmental problem is serious and we need to find a cleaner fuel.

英语Argumentation写作 PPT

Many people think that an examination is the only means to test knowledge，but，in fact，that is not true. A few questions given in an examination could by no means cover the whole field of the subject. Thus those who are able to answer them may be the poorest of the students and yet happen to know just a few points about that subject.
Moreover，since the students try so hard to put their lessons into memory in as short time as possible，psychologically they soon forget the whole subject as soon as the examination is over. Surely this is one of the greatest wastes ever made in the history of civilization.
To do this，students must get themselves to do all kinds of training，physical as
well as mental. The present examination system has discouraged students from making such an attempt.

Argumentation 写作模板(精校版本)

优异品+
2
/There is no denying that there is some truth in the above point of view./It is quite understandable that people have such an idea. From my own perspective./ Speaking for myself,________________________.( 你的观点)。I would like to present 2-3 explanations to confirm that I am right./ My arguments for this point are listed as follows.
First, …Second …Third…
优异品+
3
From what has been discussed above, we may safely draw the conclusion that ____________.简述上述理由或提出希望、方法等
Topic One Nowadays young people tend to phone more often than write to each other. So, some say that phones will kill letter writing. What is your opinion?
Argumentation 1. What’s your opinion? My view 型--agree or disagree 型/ some …others 型介绍双方观点---提出你支持的观点
___________________ （主题） is a common occurrence in our lives. The attitudes toward this issue vary /differ from person to person. Some people tend to ____________ ( 观点 A). However, others argue that ______________（观点 B）. As far as I

英语实用写作argumentation范文

Sound Argumentation1.归纳论点，说明论点有问题，存在逻辑漏洞，准备展开攻击。

2.攻击逻辑错误。

3.concession。

Case 1:The argument is well-presented, but not thoroughly well-reasoned.By making a comparison of the city of, the city Wuhan with the higher speed limit and therefore automobile accidents, with the city of Beijing, an area of a lower speed limit and subsequently fewer accidents, the argument for reducing Wuhan’s speed limits in order to decrease accidents seems logical.However, the citizens of Wuhan are failing to consider other possible alternatives to the increasing car accidents after the raise in speed limit. Such alternatives may include the fact that there are fewer reliable car traveling the roads in Beijing, or that the age bracket of those in Wuhan may be more conductive to driving safely. It is possible that there are more younger, inexperienced, or more elderly, unsafe drivers in Beijing than there are in Wuhan. In addition,the citizens have failed to consider the geographical and physical terrain of the two different areas. Perhaps Wuhan’s highway is in an area of more dangerous curves, sharp turns, or has many intersections or merging points where accidents are more likely to occur. It appears reasonable, therefore, for the citizens to focus on these trouble spots than to reduce the speed in the entire area. Beijing may be in an area of easier driving conditions where accidents are less likely to occur regardless of the speed limit.Overall, the reasoning behind decreasing Wuhan’s speed limit back to its original seems logical as presented above since the citizens are acting in their own best interests and want to protect their safety. However, before any final decisions are made about the reduction in speed limit, the citizens and officials of Wuhan should evaluate all possible alternatives and causes for the increased number of accidents over the six-month period as compared to Beijing.Sample 2This loan applicant claims that a jazz club in X city would be a protfitable venture. To support this claim the applicant points out that X city has no other jazz clubs. He also cites various other evidence that jazz is popular among X residents. Careful examination of this supporting evidence, however, reveals that it lends little credible support to the applicant’s claim.First of all, if the demand for a live jazz club in X city were as great as the applicant claims, it seems that X would already have one or more such clubs. The fact that the closest jazz club is 65 miles away suggests a lack of interest among X residents in a local jazz club. Since the applicant has not adequately responded to this concern, his claim that the proposed club would be profitable is untenable.The popularity of X’s annual jazz festival and its nightly jazz radio show might appear to lend support to the applicant’s claim. However, it is entirely possible that the vast majority of festival attendees are out –of-town visitors. Moreover, the author provides no evidence that radio listeners would be interested in going out to hear live jazz. For that matter, the radio program might actually pose competition for the YY club, especially considering that the program airs during the evening.Nor does the mere fact that several well-know jazz musicians live in X city lend significant support to the applicant’s claim. It is entirely possible that these musicians perform elsewhere, perhaps at the club located 65 miles away. This would go a long way toward explaining why X does not currently have a jazz club, and it would weaken the applicants assertion that the YY club would be profitable.Finally, the nationwide study showing that the average jazz fan spends $ 1, 000 each year on jazz entertainment would lend support to the applicant’s claim only if X residents typify jazz fans nationwide. However, the applicant provides no credible evidence that this is the case.In conclusion, the loan applicant’s argument is not persuasive.To bloster it he must provide clearer evidence that X residents would patronize the YY club on a regular basis. Such evidence might include the following: statistics showing that a significant number of X residents attend the jazz festival each year: a survey showing that fans of X’s jaxx radio program would go out to hear live jazz if they had the chance: and assurances from well-known local jazz musicians that they would play at the YY if given the opportunity.。

英语写作

Argumentation的结构可简单总结成如下形式：Ⅰ3~4句Ⅱ1+6句Ⅲ1+4句Ⅳ3句Some people contend that advertising has positive impact on society while others think it also has negative influence. Discuss both views and give your own opinion.㈠开头段4句①Advertising are playing increasingly important roles in the contemporary society and vast billboards, TV commercials and flyers are all exerting profound impact on modern life. ②In the meantime, whether advertising is a blessing or a curse has sparked spirited debate. ③Some people argue that advertising has fundamentally beneficial influence on our lives while many others contend that it has①开头段第一句介绍背景可能用到的写法：在当代In the present age=In present-day society=In contemporary society=Today=At present=In current society=In the contemporary world=Nowadays众所周知It is generally (widely/ commonly/ extensively/ universally) believed that…It is generally (widely/ commonly/ extensively/ universally) accepted that…It is generally (widely/ commonly/ extensively/ universally) acknowledged that…It is generally arguable that…We are all agreed that…It is a well-known fact that…It is popular/common belief that…越来越重要……plays an increasingly key (crucial/ essential/ vitally important/ significant/ critical/ indispensable) role in …以惊人的速度向前发展……is advancing at an amazing (astonishing/ drastic/ rapid/ accelerated) speed in present-day society越来越流行… is increasingly prevalent/ popular in the contemporary world彻底改变我们的生活... has transformed= fundamentally changed= completely changed our lives（负面背景）……的问题越来越严重The problem of …is becoming increasingly severe (grave/ serious/ worrying/ disturbing/ worrisome)②开头段第二句引出话题可能用到的句型：But in the meantime, whether … has become a highly debatable issue.However, whether … has sparked (aroused/ given rise to/ created/ caused/ provoked/ triggered) spirited (heated) debate (controversy)是否……这个问题不同的人持不同的看法。

【雅思写作】关于argumentation类型的经典大作文模板

【雅思写作】关于argumentation类型的经典大作文模板下面是一个雅思大作文模板，是关于argumentation类型的，非常经典。

大家在备考雅思大作文写作的时候一定会对argumentation 类型的雅思大作文有所准备，因为这是最经典的雅思大作文类型。

下面就为大家搜集了关于这个类型的雅思大作文模板，供大家参考。

雅思大作文argumentation类型一共可以有三种结构：Balance，2+1，一边倒。

Balance: 当在考场上遇到这样的提问方式Do you agree? 或者Discuss the negative and positive。

你便要想到用平衡的写法了。

顾名思义，许多聪明的朋友已经知道应该怎么写了。

这样的问题出来以后，题目本身会向你说明一个状况，或者是出题人自己说的一个观点。

而你需要的就只是想出两个IDEA，一个是支持作者观点的IDEA，另一个是反对作者观点的IDEA。

所以，这样的结构文章，可分四段式。

第一段:用你的句套啦。

但是记住，这里便不用写观点了，只是对题目分析就OK了。

第二段:要讲你为什么支持你的这个观点。

通常在这一段中会有5句话。

第1句就是你为什么同意你这个观点的第一个理由(IDEA)，第2句到第4句便是你这个IDEA的说明句，第5句便为这一小段的小总结。

第三段:便为反对观点段。

第四段:便是一个总结了。

以上就是通过四个段落总结的关于argumentation的雅思大作文模板，大家可以看到这篇雅思大作文模板是非常简单的，主要是涉及到段落的划分，也就是结构的问题，而对于句型等应用，大家就可以采用更加独特的有自己特色的方式进行了。

(完整版)Argumentation的写法.doc

Argumentation的写法开头段的写法第一句：背景句（最多 2 句）第二句：主句（目同替）第三句：点句主题句的写法：some people / other people→proponents/opponents→those in favour of.../opponents of ...→advocates/adversaries→supporters/criticsSpecific:→technophiles/technophobes→vivisectionists/antivivisectionists→ animal rights activists animal rights extremists→environmentalists→parents and educatorsThink, believe→suggest, claim, assert→insist, hold, maintain, argue, contend→ raise the doubt whether⋯→ be concerned that⋯→ worry that⋯*当点明偏向面的，不用正*当背景句已了正面，那么主句中不用再交代正面形式向名形式e.g.: some/other people believe→There⋯is a belief that⋯1.There is a perception that⋯, while a counterargument is that⋯2.There is much controversy/a heated debate over whether⋯3.It is/has been a controversial/contentious issue/an issue of controversy/debate in oursociety whether ⋯4.It has sparked/stirred/aroused much controversy/a heated debate in our society whether*以上用于引出反方点5.There is some concern about⋯/over whether*比温⋯柔背景句的写法：1.交代主句生的原因【常用】2.人熟知的社会象【常用】3.引用名人事例4.交代事物的另一方面【常用】5.下定【常用】6.引出一方点例 1： Some people who have been successful in society don attribute’ their success to the theoretical knowledge they learned from their university. Do you agree or disagree?可用名人例： Bill Gates, Michael Dell, Steve Jobs, Mark Zuckerberg例2： Advertising is discouraging people from being different individuals and makes people to be or seem to be the same.Penetrate, infiltrate, facilitate, play an indispensible role in our society一些有用的替：Today, Nowadays→I n recent years→A t present→C urrently→I n modern society→I n contemporary societyThere are more and more⋯→There is an increasing number/amount of⋯→The number/amount of⋯is increasing/has increased.→There is/has been an (⋯) increase in the number/amount of ⋯【使用 There be 句型的候要注意不要出两个】⋯is becoming more and more popular.→⋯ is becoming increasingly popular.→⋯ is gaining (worldwide) popularity.→The popularity of⋯is growing/increasing.观点句的写法：（只能用一次）Personally (speaking), I believe ⋯To my mind, to my way of thinkingTo the best of my knowledgeI am convinced thatFrom my perspective,From my point of view,From my viewpoint,As far as I know,As far as see it,As far as I am concerned,My personal view is that ⋯In my part,点句 /构句（除了pros and cons，其他都可以随意搭配）Advantages/disadvantagesBenefits/drawbacksMerits/demeritsPositive effects/negative, harmful, adverse effectsStrength/weaknessStrong points/weak pointsUpsides/downsidesPros and cons(不能拆分！！)用于利弊分析的/点句：Every coin has two sides. 【用句，尽量少用】Be greater than(far) outweigh/ exceed v.Be more overt adj. thanCannot justifye.g.: I think the advantages cannot justify the disadvantages. So we should take both sides into consideration⋯ Only by this way can we⋯不同度的表达：支持：Agree with/ consent to/subscribe toSupport/prop (up)AdvocateBe in favor ofSide with...is embraced by many peopleremain convinced ofinsist that ... should ...反： I am (strongly) against that 【一般不用如此直接的度，持疑度即可】疑：⋯wonder whether this practice/view can hold water/bear close examinations.中庸草：The essay will compare and contrast its benefits and downsides.There are some points in both sides.⋯The focus of this essay is to analyze/explore/illustrateIn this essay, I will⋯(e.g. : closely exam the pros and cons)This essay aims to⋯中段的写法（利弊分析）（供参考）例： Do the positive effects of advertising outweigh its negative effects?Body P1 的开 : Advertising can bring enormous benefits to people, not only individuals, but manufacturers, and even society as a whole.enormous benefits:所在段的点用要抽象，否下面无法化。

argumentation英语写作议论文

Argumentation is the type of writing in which writers try to encourage readers to accept their point of view on a controversial issue. A piece of argumentative written work expresses the writer’s own idea on a subject instead of merely assembling facts.

Examination – Harmful or Useful? A My Views on Examinations E Which Weighs More – School Brand or Major? Why I Came to College E A Should Class Attendance Be Required? E Laid-off Workers Have to Face Reality Internet – the Indispensable of Our Life E Should Euthanasia (安乐死) Be Legalized? A
OR

The purpose is to win readers to your side. By showing respect for the merit in their position, you are decreasing readers’ resistance to your own position. Besides, it also proves that you understand that no arguable position is absolutely right.

英语Argumentation写作

an idiom, saying or
common sense…
3. Rebuttal approach
4. Comparison or contrast
5. Analogy
6. Causal relation
8
Structure
先总后分 presest your argumentation before elaborating on it 先分后总 Analyze first before coming to your argumentation 推进式 (propulsively) reason your argumentation in climactic order
who are in favour of it try to develop this
system more； those who are against it
believe that such a system should be
abolished. Should examination be abolished？
A. enough in quantity B. typical / representative in quality
enhance the persuasiveness
7
Forceful reasoning
Induction & deduction
1. Cite examples
2. Examplify from
4
Meaningful thesis
Has travel become part of our life ？ Can travel broaden one’s mind？ Is smoking expensive？ Is smoking harmful to people’s health？

Argumentation(1)议论文写作

4. Accuracy: Data shouldn’t be used unless it is accurate and up-to-date, and it can’t be persuasive unless the audience believes in the writer’s credibility. Faith in the accuracy of a writer’s data is one function of ethos.
Argumentation: Purposes
1. To convince other people to accept—or at least accept the validity of—your position 2. To defend your position, even if others cannot be convinced to agree 3. To question or refute a position you believe to be misguided, untrue, or dangerous without necessarily offering an alternative
Evidence: Different Kinds
• Authoritative (expert testimony): Not all opinions are equal. The opinions of experts are more convincing that are those of individuals with no specialized knowledge. In the end, what is important is not just the quality of evidence but also the credibility of the person offering it.

Argumentation 写作实用模板

英语写作2(argumentation)

Protecting the Environment: Who is Responsible?
❖ Intro 1 ❖ Today we live in a global consumer society. People
across the world purchase, use, and dispose of a huge variety of products which make our lives easier and more comfortable. However, the result of this is massive damage to our environment. This essay will examine how authorities and individuals need to work together to protect our resources and our planet.
❖ Beating children brutalizes parents, damages the parent-child relationship, and is completely unnecessary. (be strong!)
❖ Words to use in the thesis sentence
❖ This essay will discuss the benefits of having universal free health care.
❖ I am going to analyse the effects of drugs on the individual, the family, and society.
❖ 3773 means ❖ a 3-sentence Intro ❖ a 7-sentence para ❖ a 7-sentence para ❖ a 3-sentence conclusion

argumentation的框架结构

argumentation的框架结构Argumentation（论证）是指论述观点或陈述理由的过程，用以说服读者或听众接受某种观点或立场。

在进行argumentation时，一个清晰而有条理的框架结构对于有效地传达信息至关重要。

下面是一个常见的argumentation框架结构，包括以下几个关键要素：1. 引言段（Introduction）：引言应概述所要讨论的问题，并引起读者或听众的兴趣。

为了使引言更具吸引力，可以使用引人注目的事实、统计数据、引用或提出问题等。

2. 背景信息（Background information）：在引言之后，提供背景信息有助于读者或听众理解讨论的背景和相关概念。

这包括列举关键术语、说明相关概念以及提供相关事实或历史背景。

3. 声明观点（Thesis statement）：在引言和背景信息之后，明确陈述自己的观点或立场。

观点陈述应该简明扼要且清晰明了，使读者或听众能够准确理解你的立场。

4. 主体段落（Body paragraphs）：在主体段落中，逐一呈现、支持和发展你的观点。

每个主体段落都应集中讨论一个关键点，并提供令人信服的理由和证据来支持该点。

每个段落的结构可以按照以下顺序进行：主题句（topic sentence），展开解释或论证，以及呈现相关的例证、数据或专家意见。

5. 反驳（Counterarguments）：在argumentation中，要对可能存在的反对意见或对立观点进行反驳。

针对每个可能的反对观点，提供相关证据和逻辑来反驳，以加强自己的立场。

6. 总结段（Conclusion）：在结尾段，对整个argumentation进行总结并再次强调自己的观点。

总结段应该简洁明了，并呼应引言。

此外，还可以给出进一步的思考或行动建议，以突出观点的重要性。

以上是argumentation的典型框架结构，但在实际写作中，可以根据具体任务和要求进行相应调整。

无论如何，一个清晰、有条理的框架结构有助于保持逻辑连贯性和系统性，从而使argumentation更具说服力。

argunmentation作文怎么写

argunmentation作文怎么写
作文argumentation类型一共可以有三种结构：2+1，一边倒，Balance。

2+1：当在考试时遇到这样的题目：To what extent do you agree or disagree？或者How far do you agree or disagree？或者Discuss the advantages and disadvantages about.？此处建议使用2+1写法。

2+1写法也为五段式。

第一段：此开头段一定要直接说明你的观点，而且是必须表明。

（为了方便阐述，这里将雅思很BT作为观点）
第二段：这一段要写的，是你自己观点的一个反面说明，也就是这段你要写你认为雅思也不是很BT。

此段的结构安排同上述段落的写法。

第三段：便为你支持你自己观点（雅思很BT）的第一个支持方DEA，写法同上。

第四段：为你支持自己观点（雅思很BT）的第二个支持方引DEA，与法同上。

第五段：便为总结段，同样要再次明确观点。

通过2+1结构大家可以看出，我们有一段是反对自己观点的，有两段是写支持自己观点的。

从字数上便可以看出我们的侧重面是哪。

题目都是
问在怎样的程度上同意或者不同意，所以我们要把这个程度写出来，所以要从两个方面来写自己的观点，即有两段的支持，但同样，什么事情都没有绝对，所以我们要写一段观点的缺陷。

这时有的朋友会问，为什么要把反对的那一段放在第二段而不是第四段呢？这是因为保持文章的流畅性。

这样使得三、四、五段都为观点的支持段，以免在考官会误解你的立场不明确。

英语写作—如何写短文How to write short essays (argumentation)

英语写作—如何写短文How to write short essays (exposition/argumentation)I. Two types of argumentII. How to write exposition: one-sided argumentative essaysAn exposition or argumentative essay is an essay in which the writer agrees or disagrees with an issue, using reasons to support his or her opinion. The goal is to convince the readers that his or her opinion is right. Exposition/Argumentation forces writers to take a stand on an issue, support their stand with solid reasons, and support their reasons with solid evidence.III. Structure of an exposition (or: an argumentative essay)Introduction Opening remarks to catch reader’s interestThesis statementPlan of development/Preview of main ideas (optional)Topic sentence 1 (supported by supporting points)Specific evidenceBody Topic sentence 2 (supported by supporting points)Specific evidenceTopic sentence 3(supported by supporting points)Specific evidenceConclusion Summary (optional)General closing remarks (e.g. Recommendation/prediction, etc.)IV. How to Write an Introduction1) Four objectives of an introduction:●Capture the attention of readers and make them read on.●Provide background or necessary information to help readers understand the essay’sthesis.●Reveal the essay’s central idea as expressed in the thesis statement.●Guide the reader to important ideas in the body of the essay.2) How to write good opening remarks:●Asking questions or present a problem●Stating the importance of the topic●Giving historical background●Using startling facts, remarks or statistics●Starting with an opposite opinion●Starting with an idea or situation that is the opposite of the one you will develop●Telling a story, an anecdote, or an incident; or describe a scene●Citing quotations●Defining an important term or concept●Using comparison, contrast or an analogy●Starting with general, moving to specific like a funnelExercise 1: Reorder the following group of sentence to make the introduction start with being general to being specific.a.If done properly, a handshake gives the impression of strength and honesty, and ifdone improperly, it conveys weakness and dishonesty.b.In some cultures, people bow, and in others, they shake hands.c.In English-speaking countries, shaking hands is the custom.d. A proper handshake has four ingredients: pressure, pumps, eye contact, and verbalmessage.e.The way people greet each other when they meet for the first time varies fromculture to culture.f.How one shakes hands sends an important message about one’s character. Exercise 2: What kind of opening remarks is used in the following introductions? A.When students complete a first draft, they consider the job of writing done – andtheir teachers too often agree. When professional writers complete a first draft, they usually feel that they are at the start of the writing process. When a draft iscompleted, the job of writing can begin.B.―The most alarming of all man’s assaults upon the environment is the contaminationof air, earth, rivers, and sea with dangerous and even lethal materials,‖ Rachel Carson wrote a quarter of a century ago in her celebrated book Silent Spring.Today there is little disagreement with her warnings in regard to such broad-spectrum pesticides as DDT, then widely used, now banned. But there is still hot debate over how to apply modem pesticides—which are designed to kill specific types of weeds or insects—in ways that do not harm people and their environment.C.Divorce and out-of-wedlock childbirth are transforming the lives of Americanchildren. In the postwar generation more than 80% of children grew up in a family with two biological parents who are married to each other. By 1980 only 50% could expect to spend their entire childhood in an intact family. If current trends continue, less than half of all children born today will live continuously with their own mother and father throughout childhood. Most American children will spend several years ina single-mother family.D.Alcoholism is a disease whose horrible consequences go beyond the patient.Families of alcoholics often become dysfunctional; spouses and children areabandoned or endure physical and emotional abuse. Co-workers suffer too.Alcoholics have high rates of absenteeism (旷工，旷课), and their work is often unreliable, thereby decreasing office or factory productivity. Indeed, alcoholicsendanger the whole community. One in every two automobile fatalities isalcohol-related, and alcoholism is a major cause of violent crime.E. The Pilgrims (1620年移居美洲的英国清教徒) who arrived in Massachusetts in1620 came to find religious freedom. In the 17th and 18th centuries, large numbers of African men and women were brought as slaves to work on large plantations in the South. Immigrants from northern and southern Europe came in the early 19th century to escape poor economic conditions at home. Later in the 19th century, the firstimmigrants from China came as contract laborers to build the railroads connecting East and West. In the 20th century, political and economic refugees arrived from Asia, Eastern Europe, and Latin America. Indeed, the United States has seenimmigrants come from many different parts of the world, and they have come for many different reasons. Their ability to adjust to life in their adopted land hasdepended on several factors.3) How to write the thesis statement (文章的论点句/中心句)The thesis statement is the most important sentence in the introduction.A. The thesis statement states the specific topic of the essay.∙Young people in this country have less freedom than young people in mycountry.∙The large movement of people from rural to urban areas has major effects oncities.∙My older sister helped me overcome shyness.B. Sometimes a thesis statement lists subtopics that will be discussed in the Body. In this case, it includes the preview of main points.∙Young people in this country have less freedom than young people in my country in their choice of where they live, whom they marry, and what kindof job they choose.∙The large movement of people from rural to urban areas has major effects on a city’s ability to provide housing, employment, and adequate sanitationservice.∙My older sister helped me overcome shyness by encouraging me to meet people, speak in front of people and take part in social activities.C. Sometimes a thesis statement also indicates the pattern of organization of the essay, such as chronological order, spatial order, order of importance (or emphatic order), comparison/contrast, topical order, etc.∙When shopping online, use these four strategies to buy satisfactory goods.∙When buying a used car, use these four steps to get the best price.∙French and English share some similarities in vocabulary and pronunciation. D. The thesis statement is normally the last sentence in the introductory paragraph.V. How to Write the BodyNotebut for a short essay THREE body paragraphs are the best.2. How to Write a Good Body ParagraphA paragraph is a series of sentences that are organized in a coherent way, and are related to a single topic. A good paragraph should have a topic sentence and several supporting sentences. Sometimes a paragraph also has a concluding sentence, which summarizes the paragraph or leaves the reader with something to think about.A topic sentence presents the topic or the main idea of the paragraph, and it often appears at the beginning of the paragraph. The topic sentence should have a topic and a controlling idea.A body paragraph has several supporting sentences; they are organized by certain patterns. Common patterns of organization include listing/enumeration(列举), exemplification (举例), narration, description, cause/effect, comparison/contrast, classification and division, process analysis, and definition.Exercise 3: Read the paragraph and answer the questions:Gold, a precious metal, is prized for two important characteristics. First of all, gold has a lustrous beauty that is resistant to corrosion. Therefore, it is suitable for jewelry, coins, and ornamental purposes. Gold never needs to be polished and will remain beautiful forever. For example, a Macedonian (马其顿的)coin remains as untarnished today as the day it was made 25 centuries ago. Another important characteristic of gold is its usefulness to industry and science. For many years, it has been used in hundreds of industrial applications, such as photography and dentistry. The most recent use of gold is in astronauts’ suits. Astronauts wear gold-plated (镀) heat shields for protection when they go outside spaceships in space. In conclusion, gold is treasured not only for its beauty but also for its utility.Questions:1.Underline the topic sentence. What’s the main point/idea? What are the sub-points?2.Does the paragraph have enough support? What is used as support?3.Do it have a concluding sentence?Exercise 4: Which is the topic sentence? Which sentence does not belong in this paragraph?1. (A) The campus in summer seems a more relaxed place than in the fall. (B) Fewerpeople are about, and the gardener works slowly in the heat. (C) Over by theclassrooms, several workmen hammer and saw without much energy. (D) Next to the library, even the fountains seem smaller and quieter. (E) Two hundred marathon runners came jogging rapidly past at that moment. (F) It feels as if vacation time is here already.2. (A) People usually travel for their pleasure. (B)However, visitors to Japan inevitablymeet with many problems during their stay. (C)Tourists find that social customs are different. (D)For example, on meeting someone, the Japanese usually bow slightly, even if they shake hands too. (E)Traffic rules may also be confusing, for cars drive on the left, while in many countries right-side drive is the custom. (F)England, as well, has this kind of problem. (G)The biggest problem, of course, is the difference in language: You can't translate word for word. (H)So, if you want to enjoy Japan, you should be prepared in advance to meet these difficulties.3. (A) There's nothing like a commercial to ruin an evening's TV entertainment.(B)Before a show even starts, two or three commercials begin the viewing. (C)Thenas the action builds and tension mounts, another two or three minutes of ads break the mood. (D)And some TV shows are still very good at setting the mood. (E)At the end of the show, the announcer says, "We'll be right back," but it's just a trick to get you to stay tuned for still more advertisements. (F)The program is really already over.4. (A) A paragraph without a topic sentence is like a ship without a captain. (B) Shipsneed direction, and so do paragraphs. (C) The captain of a ship chooses the direction, and then uses the crew, wind, and rudder as support. (D) In bad weather, the ship rolls back and forth. (E) Similarly, the topic sentence establishes the direction for the paragraph. (F) Then the other sentences of the paragraph provide the support to stick to that course.Exercise 5: Which is a better paragraph? Why?A. I wouldn’t want to be a teenager again, first of all, because I wouldn’t want to worry about talking to girls. I still remember how scary it was to call up a girl and ask her out. My heart would race, my pulse would pound, and perspiration would trickle down my face. I never knew whether my voice would come out deep and masculine, like a television anchorman’s, or squeaky, like a little boy’s. Then there were the questions: Would she be at home? If she was, would she want to talk to me? And if she did, what would I say? The one time I did get up the nerve to take a girl to a movie, I was so tongue-tied that I stared silently at the box of popcorn in my lap until the movie started. Needless to say, I wa sn’t very interesting company.B. I wouldn’t want to be a teenager again, first of all, because I wouldn’t want to worry about talking to girls. Calling up a girl to ask her out was something I completelydreaded. I didn’t know what words to express or how to express them. I would have all the symptoms of nervousness when I got on the phone. I worried a great deal about how I would sound, and I had a lot of doubts about the girl’s reaction. Once, I managed to call up a girl to get out, but the evening turned out to be a disaster. I was too unsure of myself to act in a confident way. I couldn’t think of anything to say and just kept quiet. Now that I look back on it, I really made a fool of myself. Agonizing over my attempts at relationships with the opposite sex made adolescence a very uncomfortable time. VI. How to Write a ConclusionCommon techniques to write a memorable conclusion1) Make a prediction2) Suggest results or consequences3) Suggest a solution, make a recommendation, or call for action4) Quote an authority on the topicExercise 6: What technique is used in each of the following conclusion?A.It is clear that the US system of higher education is in trouble. For many students,four years of college is no longer possible because of increasing costs and decreasing financial aid. To reverse this trend, we must demand that government increase its financial support of colleges and universities and restore financial aid programs. Our future depends on it.B.To sum up, the costs of attending college are up and financial aid for students isdown. Fewer and fewer future members of the workforce are able to educatethemselves beyond high school. As a result, the nation will waste the intelligence, imagination, and energy of a large segment of the present college-age generation. C.In conclusion, costs are rising and financial aid is declining, with the result thatmany can no longer afford to go to college. If our nation is to prosper, increasedgovernment funding for education is essential, even if it requires higher taxes. As Horace Mann argued in his Fifth Annual Report, a nation’s economic wealth will increase through an educated public. It is therefore in the self-interest of business to pay the taxation for public education.D.We have seen how the costs of attending college have been rising while, at the sametime, sources of financial aid for students have been disappearing. If this trendcontinues, fewer and fewer families will be able to send their children through four years of college.VII.How to Evaluate a paragraph/essay1.UNITY (同一性): If every sentence in the paragraph sticks to ONE topic, theparagraph has unity. And if all paragraphs stick to the thesis of the essay, your paper has unity.2.COHERENCE (连贯性): All supporting ideas must be organized so that theycohere, or stick together. There are no sudden jumps in meaning. Sentences arelogically connected. Key techniques include:Repeat key words and phrases.●Use consistent pronouns.●Add transitions and other connecting words.●Arrange your contents logically. Often use a clear method of organization(such as time order; spatial order; emphatic order; cause and effect;comparison and contrast)3.SUPPORT(论据): Support your thesis with SPECIFIC evidence and details. Inother words, have a variety of specific details in your body paragraphs to support your thesis.4.SENTENCE SKILLS (语言技能): If you write clear, error-free sentences, yourpaper will demonstrate effective sentence skills.VIII. Sample EssayThe following is anexposition (or an argumentative essay)entitled “Teenagers and Part-time Jobs”by John Langan from ―College Writing Skills with R eadings‖ (1993:6). Read the essay and answer the following questions:―The pressure for a teenager to work is great, and not just because of the economic plight (困境) in the world today. Much of it is peer pressure to have a little bit of freedom and independence, and to have their own spending money. The concern we have is when the part-time work becomes the primary focus,‖ says Roxanne Bradshaw, educator and officer of the National Education Association. Many people argue that working can be a valuable experience for the young. However, working more than 10 hours a week is harmful to adolescents because it reduces their involvement with school, encourages a materialistic and expensive lifestyle, and increases the chance of having problems with drugs and alcohol.Schoolwork and the benefits of extracurricular activities tend to go by the wayside (被搁置) when adolescents work long hours. As more and more teens have filled the numerous part-time jobs offered by fast-food restaurants and mall store, teachers have faced increasing difficulties. They must both keep the attention of tired students and give homework to students who simply don’t have time to do it. In addition, educators have noticed less involvement in the extracurricular events many consider healthy influences on young people. School bands and athletic teams are losing players to work, and sports events are poorly attended by working students. Those teenagers who try to do it all—homework, extracurricular activities, and work—may find themselves exhausted and prone to illness. A recent newspaper story, for example, described a girl in Pennsylvania who came down with mononucleosis as a result of aiming for good grades, playing on two school athletic teams, and working thirty hours a week.Another drawback of too much work is that it may promote materialism and an unrealistic lifestyle. Some parents say that work teaches adolescents the value of money. Undoubtedl y, it can, and it’s true that some teenagers work to help out with the family budget or save for college. However, surveys have shown that the majority of working teens use their earnings to buy luxuries — iPhones, iPads, laptops, even cars. These young pe ople, some of whom earn $500 and more a month, don’t worry about spendingwisely. In many cases, experts point out, they are becoming accustomed to a lifestyle they won’t be able to afford several years down the road, when they’ll no longer have their parents to pay for car insurance, food and lodging, and so on.Finally, teenagers who work a lot are more likely than others to get involvedwith alcohol and drugs. Teens who put in long hours may seek a quick release from stress, just like the adults who need to drink a couple of martinis after a hard day at work. Stress is probably greater in our society today than it has been at any time in the past. Also, teens who have money are more likely, for various obvious reasons, to get involved with drugs.Teenagers can enjoy the benefits of work while avoiding its drawbacks simplyby limiting their work hours during the school year. As is often the case, a moderate approach will be the most healthy and rewarding.Questions:1.About unity: Which sentence in the body should be omitted because it is not related to the topic of the paragraph?2. About support:1) Where in the body are specific details needed?2) Which paragraph develops its point by citing and then refuting (反驳) anopposing point of view?3. About coherence: What transition words are used to introduce the three supportingparagraphs?4. About introduction: Which method of introduction is used?5. About conclusion: Does the essay briefly summarize the main ideas? What kind of closing remarks are used?Homework Assignment:●People have different opinions about whether cell phones (including laptopsand tablets) should be banned in class or not. What's your opinion?●Write an exposition essay of about 300 words to express your opinion.●Remember to follow the structure of an exposition/argumentative essay.●Remember to create a title for your exposition.●Use Times New Roman, 12-point font.●Double space your essay.●Print on both sides.●Indented format.●Submit your essay in Week 10.。

演讲稿Argumentation 写作模板可直接使用.doc

Argumentation1. What’s your opinion? My view 型--- agree or disagree型/ some …others 型介绍双方观点---提出你支持的观点___________________（主题）is a common occurrence in our lives. The attitudes toward this issue vary /differ from person to person. Some people tend to ____________ (观点A). However, others argue that ______________（观点B）. As far as I am concerned, I will choose to___________（你的观点）/ Weighing the pros and cons of these arguments, I am inclined to agree with the latter.介绍对方观点及其1-2个理由介绍背景句。

Some people are of the opinion/ have the idea/ point out/ take the view that_______. They assert/ contend/ argue/hold/ insist/maintain/claim that ______（理由）From my own perspective./ Speaking for myself,________________________.(你的观点)。

I would like to present 2-3 explanations to confirm that I am right./ My arguments for this point are listed as follows.First, …Second …Third…From what has been discussed above, we may safely draw the conclusion that ____________.简述上述理由或提出希望、方法等Topic OneNowadays young people tend to phone more often than write to each other.So, some say that phones will kill letter writing. What is your opinion?Write on ANSWER SHEET ONE a composition of about 150 words on the following topic:WILL PHONES KILL LETTER WRITING?Presently, most of the young people tend to phone more frequently thanwrite to each other./At present, ( there are )more and more young people (who) prefer to use phones instead of writing a letter, which has become a fashion.One of the reasons is that people choose to live in a highly efficient way. Communication by phones is more efficient and convenient and prompt. It just takes one some seconds or minutes to settle a matter or to inform/deliver an important notice or message. On the contrary, if people write, it will cost them more time or take more trouble to send the letter.Topic TwoAt present, there is a widespread concern over the issue as to/about whether college students should hire cleaners, for it is much to do with/closely related to the fostering /cultivation of a spirit of independence/self-reliance among the youth. The attitudes toward this issue vary from person to person. Some people tend to approve of the choice, while others contend (坚决主张/advocate)that it’s risky to deprive students of the right to do manual work, for this will make them unable to taste the pleasure of physical labor. As for me, I stand on the latter side. My arguments for this point are listed asfollow s.The first reason is that there is growing concern about the lack of independence among young people, who are the only child of their family. (人们越来越担忧独生子女缺乏自立精神) They are mostly spoilt by their family, seldom even never involved in the housework. They devoted all their time to getting prepared for Gaokao. So it is high time that they learnt to be self-reliant from doing some cleaning.It is an essential skill for them to grow up.Still, college students should learn to shoulder their own responsibilities. If they hire cleaners on campus, they will put more financial pressure on their parents. It will induce/lead to extra expense. As adults, college students had better learn to be independent of their parents, trying every effort to reduce the financial burden on their family.However, some people may argue thathiring cleaners may save more time for study. As a matter of fact, doing some cleaning doesn’t need much time. It can be done in your spare/free time. It won’t take long. What really matters is one’s attitude towards manual labor.To conclude,it is not necessary for college students to hire cleaners. They should learn to do it by themselves. By doing so, they are likely to be enjoyable and to be independent. (326 words)[From what has been discussed above,we may safely draw the conclusion that it is not advisable/sensible for students to hire cleaners.]2. 利弊型写法1：分别阐述利与弊背景介绍。

Argumentation 写作模板(2020年整理).pptx

学海无涯
manual work, for this will make them unable to taste the pleasure of physical labor. As for me, I stand on the latter side. My arguments for this point are listed as follows.
2. 利弊型
学海无涯
写法 1：分别阐述利与弊背景介绍。 Nowadays many
people prefer
（主题）
because it plays a significant role in
our daily life. Generally, its
advantages can be seen as follows.
The first reason is that there is growing concern about the lack of independence among young people, who are the only child of their family. (人们越来越担忧独生子女缺乏自立精神) They are mostly spoilt by their family, seldom even never
Topic Two
学海无涯
At present, there is a widespread concern over the issue as to/about whether college students should hire cleaners, for it is much to do with /closely related to the fostering /cultivation of a spirit of independence/self-reliance among the youth. The attitudes toward this issue vary from person to person. Some people tend to approve of the choice, while others contend ( 坚决主张/advocate)that it’s risky to deprive students of the right to do

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Argumentation的写法
开头段的写法
第一句：背景句（最多2句）
第二句：主题句（题目同义替换）
第三句：观点句
主题句的写法：
some people / other people
→proponents/opponents
→those in favour of.../opponents of ...
→advocates/adversaries
→supporters/critics
Specific:
→technophiles/technophobes
→vivisectionists/antivivisectionists
→animal rights activists animal rights extremists
→environmentalists
→parents and educators
Think, believe
→suggest, claim, assert
→insist, hold, maintain, argue, contend
→raise the doubt whether…
→be concerned that…
→worry that…
*当观点明显偏向负面的话，不用说正
*当背景句已经说了正面，那么主题句中不用再交代正面
动词形式向名词形式转换
e.g.: some/other people believe…→There is a belief that…
1.There is a perception that… , while a counterargument is that…
2. There is much controversy/a heated debate over whether…
3. It is/has been a controversial/contentious issue/an issue of controversy/debate in our society
whether…
4.It has sparked/stirred/aroused much controversy/a heated debate in our society whether…
*以上用于引出反方观点
5.There is some concern about…/over whether… *比较温柔
背景句的写法：
1.交代主题句产生的原因【常用】
2.人们熟知的社会现象【常用】
3.引用名人事例
4.交代事物的另一方面【常用】
5.下定义【常用】
6.引出一方观点
例1：Some people who have been successful in society don’t attribute their success to the theoretical knowledge they learned from their university. Do you agree or disagree?
可用名人例：Bill Gates, Michael Dell, Steve Jobs, Mark Zuckerberg
例2：Advertising is discouraging people from being different individuals and makes people to be or seem to be the same.
Penetrate, infiltrate, facilitate, play an indispensible role in our society
一些有用的替换：
Today, Nowadays
→In recent years
→At present
→Currently
→In modern society
→In contemporary society
There are more and more…
→There is an increasing number/amount of …
→The number/amount of … is increasing/has increased.
→There is/has been an (…) increase in the number/amount of …
【使用There be句型的时候要注意不要出现两个谓语】
… is becoming more and more popular.
→… is becoming increasingly popular.
→… is gaining (worldwide) popularity.
→The popularity of … is growing/increasing.
观点句的写法：（只能用一次）
Personally (speaking), I believe…
To my mind, to my way of thinking
To the best of my knowledge
I am convinced that
From my perspective,
From my point of view,
From my viewpoint,
As far as I know,
As far as see it,
As far as I am concerned,
My personal view is that …
In my part,
观点句/结构句（除了pros and cons，其他都可以随意搭配）
Advantages/disadvantages
Benefits/drawbacks
Merits/demerits
Positive effects/negative, harmful, adverse effects
Strength/weakness
Strong points/weak points
Upsides/downsides
Pros and cons(不能拆分！！)
用于利弊分析的总结/观点句：
Every coin has two sides.【滥用句，尽量少用】
Be greater than
(far) outweigh/ exceed v.
Be more overt adj. than
Cannot justify
e.g.: I think the advantages cannot justify the disadvantages. So we should take both sides into consideration… Only by this way can we…
不同态度的表达：
支持：
Agree with/ consent to/subscribe to
Support/prop (up)
Advocate
Be in favor of
Side with
...is embraced by many people
remain convinced of
insist that ... should ...
反对：I am (strongly) against that【一般不用如此直接的态度，持怀疑态度即可】
怀疑：
… wonder whether this practice/view can hold water/bear close examinations.
中庸墙头草：
The essay will compare and contrast its benefits and downsides.
There are some points in both sides.
The focus of this essay is to analyze/explore/illustrate …
In this essay, I will … (e.g. : closely exam the pros and cons)
This essay aims to …
中间段的写法（利弊分析）（仅供参考）
例题：Do the positive effects of advertising outweigh its negative effects?
Body P1的开头: Advertising can bring enormous benefits to people, not only individuals, but manufacturers, and even society as a whole.
enormous benefits:所在段的论点用词要抽象，否则下面无法细化。

not only ... but结构：1.暗示下面要围绕这三点展开；2.凑字数
Body P2的开头: However, despite its great benefits, the negative effects of advertising should never be overlooked.
negative effects: 同样地，抽象点。