英国文学史名词翻译
(完整版)英国文学名词解释
①Beowulf: The national heroic epic of the English people. It has over 3,000 lines. It describes the battles between the two monsters and Beowulf, who won the battle finally and dead for the fatal wound. The poem ends with the funeral of the hero. The most striking feature in its poetical form is the use if alliteration. Other features of it are the use of metaphors(暗喻) and of understatements(含蓄).②Alliteration: In alliterative verse, certain accented(重音) words in a line begin with the same consonant sound(辅音). There are generally 4accents in a line, 3 of which show alliteration, as can be seen from the above quotation.③Romance:The most prevailing(流行的) kind of literature in feudal England was the Romance. It was a long composition, sometimes in verse(诗篇), sometimes in prose(散文), describing the life and adventures of a noble hero, usually a knight, as riding forth to seek adventures, taking part in tournament(竞赛), or fighting for his lord in battle and the swearing of oaths.④Epic:An epic is a lengthy narrative poem, ordinarily concerning a serious subject containing details of heroic deeds and events significantly to a culture or nation. The first epics are known as primacy, or original epics.⑤Ballad: The most important department of English folk literature is the ballad which is a story told in song, usually in 4-line stanzas(诗节), with the second and fourth lines rhymed. The subjects of ballads are various in kind, as the struggle of young lovers against their feudal-minded families, the conflict between love and wealth, the cruelty of jealousy, the criticism of the civil war, and the matters and class struggle. The paramount(卓越的) important ballad is Robin Hood(《绿林好汉》).⑥Geoffrey Chaucer杰弗里▪乔叟: He was an English author, poet, philosopher and diplomat. He is the founder of English poetry. He obtained a good knowledge of Latin, French and Italian. His best remembered narrative is the Canterbury Tales(《坎特伯雷故事集》), which the Prologue(序言) supplies a miniature(缩影) of the English society of Chaucer’s time. That is why Chaucer has been called “the founder of English realism”. Chaucer affirms men and women’s right to pursue their happiness on earth and opposes(反对) the dogma of asceticism(禁欲主义) preached(鼓吹) by the church. As a forerunner of humanism, he praises man’s energy, intellect, quick wit and love of life. Chaucer’s contribution to English poetry lies chiefly in the fact that he introduced from France the rhymed stanza of various types, especially the rhymed couplet of 5 accents in iambic(抑扬格) meter(the “heroic couplet”) to English poetry, instead of the old Anglo-Saxon alliterative verse.⑦【William Langland威廉▪朗兰: Piers the Plowman《农夫皮尔斯》】The English Bible:The first complete English Bible was translated by John Wycliffe(约翰▪威克里夫). The Authorized Version is King James Bible made in 1611. The result is a monument of English language and English literature.Renaissance:Renaissance or the birth of letters is an intellectual movement. Its two features are a thirsting curiosity for the classical literature and the keen interest in the activities of humanity. Humanism is the key-note of the Renaissance.William Caxton威廉▪卡克斯顿: He is the first English printer and invented in England the profession of publisher.Thomas More托马斯▪莫尔:The greatest of the English humanists was Thomas More, the author of Utopia《乌托邦》. He is also one of such “giants”(巨匠) of the Renaissance. He distinguished himself as a learned scholar, a master of Latin, a witty talker, a lover of music, an honest statesman , and a man of noble character, modest but steadfast(坚定的), to his convictions. He was a far-sighted thinker, aspired for a totally new society with happy, classless, and free from poverty and exploitation. He was one of the forerunners of modern socialist thought.Utopia:It is More’s masterpiece, written in the form of a conservation between More and Hythloday, a returned voyager. It is divided into two books. The first book contains a long discussion on the social conditions of England. In the second book is described in detail an ideal communist society, Utopia. The name “Utopia” comes from Greek words meaning “no place” and was adopted by More as the name of his ideal commonwealth.Philip Sidney菲利普▪锡德尼: He is well-known as a poet and critic of poetry. His collection of love sonnets, Astrophel and Stella《爱星者与星》, was published in 1591.Edmund Spenser埃德蒙▪斯宾塞(莎翁之前最杰出的英国诗人)：The poet’s poet of the period was ES who was buried beside Chaucer in Westminster Abbey. ES has held his position as a model of poetical art among the Renaissance English poets, and his influence can be traced in the works of Milton, Shelley, and Keats. ES is the first master to make that language the natural music of his poetic effusions(感情的流露). His sonnets in Amoretti, together with Sidney’s Astrophel and Stella and Shakespeare’s sonnets ,are the most famous sonnet sequences of the Elizabeth Age.【In 1579 he wrote The Shepherd’s Calendar《牧人日记》which marked the budding(萌芽) of the Renaissance flower in the northern island of England. The faerie Queen 《仙后》is his greatest work which was dedicated to Queen Elizabeth.】Francis Bacon: He is the founder of English materialist philosophy and the founder of modern science in England. His New Instrument is called the Inductive Method of reasoning. He is also the first English essayist. To give a few, “Men fear death as children fear to go in the dark..”“Studies serve for delight.”“Reading makes a full man; conference a ready man; and writing anexact man.”Drama: The Miracle Play圣迹剧The Morality Play道德剧寓意剧The Interlude幕间节目Christopher Marlowe克里斯托弗·马洛: The most gifted of the “university wits”was Christopher Marlowe. His best work include 3 of his plays, Tamburlaine《帖木儿大帝》(1587), The Jew of Malta《马耳岛的犹太人》(1592), and Doctor Faustus《浮士德博士》(1588). He was the greatest of the pioneers of English drama. His work paved the way for the plays of the greatest English dramatist——Shakespeare——whose achievements were the monument of the English Renaissance. 【His plays show the spirit of the rising bourgeoisie, its eager curiosity for knowledge, its towering pride, its insatiable(不知足的) appetite for power won by military, might, knowledge, or gold. The theme of his plays is the praise of individuality freed from the restraints of medieval dogmas and law, and the conviction of the boundless possibility of human efforts in conquering the universe. The heroes in his plays are merely individualists, their individualistic ambition often brings ruin to the world and sometimes to themselves.】William Shakespeare: Shakespeare is one of the founders of realism in world literature. His dramatic creation often used the method of adaptation. Shakespeare long experience with the stage and his intimate knowledge of dramatic art thus acquired make him a master hand for playwriting. Shakespeare was skilled in many poetic forms: the song, the sonnet, the couplet, and the dramatic blank verse. He was especially at home with the blank verse. Shakespeare was a great master of the English language. Shakespeare has been universally acknowledged to be the summit of the English Renaissance, and one of the greatest writers over the world.①The great comedies:A Midsummer Might’s Dream, The Merchant of Venice, As You Like It,Twelfth Night.②The great tragedies:Hamlet, Othello, King Lear, Macbeth.The Merchant of V enice:威尼斯富商安东尼奥Antonio为了成全好友巴萨尼奥Bassanio的婚事，向犹太人高利贷者夏洛克Shylock借债。
英国文学史名词解释
英国文学史名词解释Romance: The romance was a long composition, sometimes in verse, sometimes in prose, describing the life and adventures of a noble hero. The medieval romances were tales of chivalry or amorous adventure occurring in King Arthur's court. "Sir Gawain and the Green Knight" is an example of a medieval romance.Ballad: It is a story in poetic form, often about tragic love and usually sung. Ballads were passed down from generation to generation by singers. The medieval ballads are ballads of Robin Hood. Coleridge’s "The Rime of the Ancient Mariner" is a 19th century English ballad. Heroic couplet: They are poetry composed in iambic pentameter. In this form of poetry, lines consisting of five iambic feet rime together in pairs. The rime scheme :aa bb cc ….. Renaissance: Renaissance marks the transition from the medieval to the modern world. It first started in Italy in the 14th century and gradually spread all over Europe. The word“Renaissance” means rebirth or revival. In essence, it is a historical period in which theEuropean humanist thinkers and scholars made attempts to get rid of those old feudalist ideas in medieval Europe and introduce new ideas that expressed the interests of the risingbourgeoisie, and to lift the restriction in all areas placed by the Roman Catholic Churchauthorities. Two features of renaissance: It is a thirsting curiosity for the classical literature.People learned to admire the Greek and Latin works as models of literary form. It is the keen interest in the activities of humanity.Sonnet: A lyric poem of fourteen lines whose ryhme scheme is fixed. The rhyme scheme in the Italian form as typified in the sonnets of Petrarch is abbaabba cdecde. The Petrarchian sonnet has two divisions: the first is of eight lines (the octave), and the second is of six lines (the sestet). The rhyme scheme of the English, or Shakespearean sonnet is abab cdcd efef gg. The change of rhyme in the English sonnet is coincidental with a change of theme in the poem.The meter is iambic pentameter.Blank verse: A poem written in unrhymed iambic pentameter.Spenserian Stanza: Spenser invented a new verse form for his poem. The verse form has been called "Spenserian Stanza" since his day. Each stanza has nine lines, each of the first eight lines is in iambic pentameter form, and the ninth line is an iambic hexameter line. The rhythm scheme is abab bcbc c.Enlightenment : The Enlightenment was a progressive intellectual movement throughout Western Europe in the 18th century. It was an expression of struggle of the bourgeoisie against feudalism. The enlighteners fought against class inequality, stagnation, prejudices and other survivals of feudalism. They thought the chief means for bettering the society was "enlightenment" or "education" for the people. The English enlighteners were bourgeois democratic thinkers. They set no revolutionary aim before them and what they strove for was to bring it to an end by clearing away the feudal ideas with the bourgeois ideology. Sentimentalism: Sentimentalism appeared in the middle of the 18th century, as a reaction against commercialism and the cold rationalism. Sentimentalists emphasize “the human heart” and show sympathy to the poor. This trend marks the transition form neoclassicism to romanticism in English poetry. Thomas Gray is one of the models. Another sentimentalistpoet is Oliver Goldsmith (The Disserted Village). The most outstanding figure of English sentimentalism is Laurence Sterne.Pre-romanticism: The Romantic Movement was marked by a strong protest against the bondage of Classicism, by a renewed interest in medieval literature. In England, this movement showed itself in the trend of Pre-romanticism in poetry. It was represented by Blake and Robert Burns. They struggled against the neoclassical tradition of poetry. Romanticism : Romanticism was in effect a revolt of the English imagination against the neoclassical reason, which prevailed from the days of Pope to those of Johnson. The Romantic Movement expressed a more or less negative attitude toward the existing social and political conditions that came with industrialization and the growing importance of the bourgeoisie. Romantics saw men essentially as an individual in the solitary state and emphasized the special qualities of each individual's mind. In essence it designates a literary and philosophical theory which tends to see the individual as the very center of all life and all experience. It also places the individual at the center of art, making literature most valuable as an expression of his or her unique feelings and particular attitudes, and valuing its accuracy in portraying the individual's experiences. The romantics extol the faculty of the imagination, write about nature and they get inspiration form nature, turn to the humble people and the common everyday life for subjects andturn to other times and places, where the qualities they valued would be convincingly depicted.Neo-classicism: A revival in the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries of classical standards of order, balance and harmony in literature. John Dryden was the first person who started the movement at the end of the 17th century, while Alexander Pope brought it to its culmination. Elegy: it seeks for "lament". It is a poem on death or on a serious loss; characteristically a sustained meditation expressing sorrow and, frequently, an explicit or implied consolation Realism: A term used in literature and art to present life as it really is without sentimentalizing or idealizing it. Realistic writing often depicts the everyday life and speech of ordinary people. This has led, sometimes to an emphasis on sordid details.Allegory: A story illustrating an idea or a moral principle in which objects take on symbolic meanings. In Dante Alighieri's "Divine Comedy," Dante, symbolizing mankind, is taken by Virgil the poet on a journey through Hell, Purgatory and Paradise in order to teach him the nature of sin and its punishments, and the way to salvation.Lake Poets: Wordsworth, Coleridge and Southey have often been mentioned as the "Lake Poets"because they lived in the lake district in the northwestern part of England. The three traversed the same path in politics and in poetry, beginning as radicals and closing as conservatives. Metaphysical Poetry: The poetry of John Donne and other seventeenth-century poets who wrote in a similar style. Metaphysical poetry is characterized by verbal wit and excess, ingenious structure, irregular meter, colloquial language, elaborates imagery, and a drawing together of dissimilar ideas.Humanism: it refers to the main literary trend and is the keynote of English Renaissance.Humanists took interest in human life and human activities and gave expression to the new feeling of admiration for human beauty, human achievement. They think that man has apotential for culture which distinguishes him from lower orders of beings, and which he should strive constantly to fulfill.Mystery play: The Mystery plays of the Middle Ages were based on the bible and were particularly concerned with the stories of man’s creation, Fall and Redemption. They antedate Miracle Plays.Mystery Plays developed out of the Liturgy of the church and in particular out of the Quem Quaeritis trope of Easter Day. The earlier dramatizations were presented on the greater festivals of the church: Christmas, Easter,, Pentecost and Corpus Christi. At first they were in Latin and performed by the clergy in the church. There then came an increasing admixture of the vernacular, and lay folk also performed in them. This gradual secularization of the religions drama was accompanied by a corresponding physical move. The drama moved out of the church through the west door. Thus, what had been sacred drama became, literally, profane. From the church yard to the market place was the next logical step.Iambic Pentameter: A poetic line consisting of five verse feet, which each foot an iamb__ that is, an unstressed syllable followed by a stressed one. Iambic pentameter is the most common verse line in English poetry.Lyric: A poem, brief and discontinuous, emphasizes sound and pictorial imagery rather than narrative or dramatic movement.Miracle Play: A popular religious drama of medieval England. Miracle plays were based on stories of the saints or on sacred history.Morality Play: A form of religious allegorical drama dates from 15th century. Moralities differed from mystery plays in that whereas the latter dramatized known episodes from the Bible or from the lives of the saints, the former dramatized the life of man by personifying the forces of good and evil, such as the seven deadly sins and the corresponding virtues or some representative crisis in his life such as his encounter with the fact of death.Neo-classicism: it is a revival in the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries of classical standards of order, balance and harmony in literature. John Dryden was the first person who started the movement at the end of the 17th century, while Alexander Pope brought it to its culmination. Byronic hero:is an idealized but flawed character exemplified in the life and writings of Lordlevel of intelligence and perception; cunning and able to adapt; criminal tendencies;sophisticated and educated; self-critical and introspective; mysterious, magnetic and charismatic; struggling with integrity; power of seduction and sexual attraction; social andself-destructive behavior; a good heart in the end.。
英国文学史名词解释
英国文学史名词解释1. Ballad(民谣)A ballad originally is a song intended as an accompaniment to a dance or a popular song. In the relatively recent sense, now most widely used, a ballad is a single, spirited poem in short stanzas, in which some popular story is graphically narrated. The ingredients of ballads usually include a refrain, stock descriptive phrases, and simple, terse dialogue.2. Alliteration(头韵)It refers to a repeated initial consonant to successive words and it is the most striking feature in its poetic form. In alliterative verse, certain accented words in a line begin with the same consonant sound. There are generally 4 accents in a line, three of which show alliteration, and it is the initial sound of the third accented syllable that normally determiners the alliteration. In old English verse, alliteration is not an unusual or expressive phenomenon but a regular recurring structural feature of the verse.3. Sonnet (十四行诗)It is a poem of 14 lines (of 11 syllables in Italian and 10 in English), typically in rhymed iambic pentameter. Sonnets characteristically express a single theme or idea.The sonnet was introduced to England by Sir T. Wyatt and developed Henry Howard (Earl of Surrey) and was thereafter widely used notably in the sonnet sequences of Shakespeare, Sidney, and Spenser. 4. Tragedy(悲剧)The word is applied broadly to dramatic works in which events move to a fatal or disastrous conclusion. It is concerned with the harshness and apparent injustice of life. Often the herofalls from power and his eventual death leads to the downfall of others. The tragic action arouses feelings of awe in the audience.5. Lyric(抒情诗)As a genre, it was the tradition of popular song flourishing in all the medieval literatures of Western Europe. In England lyric poems flourished in the Middle English period, and in the 16th century, heyday of humanism. This tradition was enriched by the direct imitation of ancient models. During the next 200 years the links between poetry and music was gradually broken, and the term “lyric” came to be applied to short poems expressive of a poet’s thoughts or feelings.6. Epic(史诗)It is a poem that celebrates in the form of a continuous narrative the achievements of one or more heroic personages of history or tradition. Among the great epics of the world may be mentioned the Iliad, Odyssey, Aeneid, and Paradise Lost.7. Renaissance(文艺复兴)The word “renaissance” means rebirth or revival. It is commonly applied to the movement or period of great flowering of art, architecture, politics, and the study of literature, usually seen as the end of the Middle Ages and the beginning of the Modern worn world. It came about under the influence of Greek and Roman models. It began in Italy in the late 14th century, reached the highest development in the early 16th century, and spread to the rest of Europe in the 15th century and afterwards. Its emphasis was humanist: that is , on regarding the human figure and reason without a necessary relating of it to the superhuman.8. Enlightenment(启蒙运动)Enlightenment also called the neoclassic movement. It refersto the philosophical and artistic movement growing out of the Renaissance and continuing until the 19th century. The term is generally used to describe the philosophical, scientific, and rational spirit, the freedom from superstition, the skepticism and faith in religious tolerance of much of 18th-century Europe. Te Enlightenment writers would use satire to ridicule the illogical errors in government, social custom, and religious belief. This period’s poetry in England was typified by Alexander Pope, John Dryden and others.9. Classicism(古典主义)The term, when applied generally, means clearness, elegance, symmetry, and repose (清新、优雅、对称与和谐) produced by attention to traditional forms. More precisely, the term refers to the admiration and imitation of Greek and Roman literature, art, and architecture. It stands for certain definite ideas and attitudes including dominance of reason, balance and other etc. Classicism is usually contrasted with romanticism.10. Romanticism or Romantic Movement(浪漫主义)The term refers to the literary and artistic movements of the late 18th and early 19th century. Romanticism rejected the rejected the earlier philosophy of the Enlightenment, which stressed that logic and reason were the best response humans had in the face of cruelty, stupidity, superstition, and barbarism. The Romantics asserted that reliance upon emotion and natural passions provided a valid and powerful means of knowing and a reliable guide to ethics and living. Its stylistic keynote is intensity, and its watchword is imagination. Their writings are often set in rural, or Gothic setting and they show an obsessive concern with “innocent” c haracters----children, young lovers, and animals. The major Romantic poets included Blake, Wordsworth, Keats,Shelley, and Byron.11. Genre (样式):A type of category of literature marked by certain shared features or customs. The three broadest categories of genre include poetry, drama, and fiction. These general genres are often subdivided into more specific genres and subgenres. For example, the poetry can be sub-classified as epic, elegy, lyric and pastoral etc.12. Critical realism(批判现实主义)Critical realism is one of the literary genres that flourished mainly in the 19th century. It reveals the corrupting influence of the rule of eash upon human nature. Here lies the essentially democratic and humanistic character of critical realism. The English critical realists of the 19th century not only gave a satirical portrayal of the bourgeoisie and all the ruling classes, but also showed profound sympathy for the common people. In their best works, they used humor and satire to contrast the greed and hypocrisy classes. Humorous scenes set off the actions of the positive characters, and the humor is often tinged with a lyricism which serves to stress the fine qualities of such characters. At the same time, bitter satire and grotesque is used to expose the seamy side of the bourgeois society. The critical realists, however, did not find a way to eradicate the social evils they knew so well. They did not realize the necessity of changing the bourgeois society through conscious human effort. Their works do not point toward revolution but rather evolution or reformism. They often start with a powerful exposure of the ugliness of the bourgeois world in their works, but their novels usually have happy endings or an impotent compromise at the end. Here are the strength and weakness of critical reali sm.。
英国文学名词解释【英语专业英国文学复习资料之一】
1. epic 史诗史诗a long narrative poem, grand in style, about heroes and heroic deeds, embodying heroic heroic ideals ideals ideals of of of a a a nation nation nation or or or race race race in in in the the the making. making. Beowulf is is the the the English English English national national epic that was passed from mouth to mouth and written down by many unknown hands. 2. caesura 停顿停顿a break or pause in a line of poetry, dictated by the natural rhythm of the language and sometimes enforced by punctuation. In Old English verse, such as Beowulf, the caesura was used rather monotonously to indicate the half line. 3. alliteration 头韵头韵the repetition of the same sound or sounds at the beginning of two or more words that that are are are close close close to to to each each each other. other. other. It It It is is is a a a feature feature feature of of Beowulf and and other other other Old Old Old English English poems. 4. alliterative verse 头韵诗头韵诗poetry written in alliteration. Nearly all Old English verse, including Beowulf , is heavily heavily alliterative, alliterative, alliterative, and and and the the the pattern pattern pattern is is is fairly fairly fairly standard standard standard –– with with either either either two two two or or or three three stressed syllables in each line alliterating. 5. kenning 隐喻语隐喻语a metaphor usually composed of two words and used for description and association. Beowulf is full o f kennings, such as “helmet bearer” for “warrior” and “swan road” for “sea”.6. protagonist 主角主角the principal character of a drama or fiction. Hamlet is the protagonist of William Shakespeare’s drama Hamlet . 7. antagonist 反角反角In In drama drama drama or or or fiction fiction fiction the the the antagonist antagonist antagonist opposes opposes opposes the the the hero hero hero or or or protagonist. protagonist. protagonist. In In Hamlet Claudius is antagonist to Hamlet. 8. romance 传奇传奇a a type type type of of of literature literature literature that that that was was was popular popular popular in in in the the the Middle Middle Middle Ages, Ages, Ages, usually usually usually containing containing adventures and reflecting the spirit of chivalry. Sir Gawain and the Green Knight was a great verse romance, but its author remains unknown. 9. bob and wheel 诗节末尾的短行与叠唱诗节末尾的短行与叠唱诗节末尾的短行与叠唱 a a rhyming rhyming rhyming section section section of of of five five five lines lines lines that that that concludes concludes concludes a a a stanza stanza stanza in in Sir Sir Gawain Gawain Gawain and and and the the Green Green Knight Knight . . The The The “bob” “bob” “bob” is is is a a a very very very short short short line, line, line, sometimes sometimes sometimes of of of only only only two two two syllables, syllables, followed by the “wheel”, lon ger lines with three stresses and internal thyme. 10. poet’s corner 诗人角诗人角a part of Westminster Abbey, London, which contains the tombs or monuments of some famous English poets, such as Geoffrey Chaucer and John Milton. 11. heroic couplet 英雄双韵体英雄双韵体two successive lines of rhymed poetry in iambic pentameter. Geoffrey Chaucer’s masterpiece The Canterbury Tale was written in heroic couplet. 12. ballad meter 民谣体民谣体traditionally traditionally a a a four-line four-line four-line stanza stanza stanza containing containing containing alternating alternating alternating four-stress four-stress four-stress and and and three-stress three-stress lines, usually with a refrain an d the rhyme scheme of abcb. Robert Burns’ “A Red, Red Rose” is a great love ballad.13. refrain 叠句，副歌叠句，副歌a phrase, line or lines repeated at intervals during a poem and especially at the end of a stanza. It It is is is very often found in very often found in English English ballads, such as Robert B ballads, such as Robert Burns’ “A Red, Red Rose”.14. English Renaissance 英国文艺复兴英国文艺复兴the literary flowering of England in the late 16th century and early 17th century, with with humanism humanism humanism as as as its its its keynote. keynote. keynote. William William William Shakespeare’s Shakespeare’s Shakespeare’s Hamlet Hamlet Hamlet is is is considered considered considered the the summit of this renaissance. 15. Elizabethan literature 伊丽莎白时代的文学伊丽莎白时代的文学literature literature written written written in in in the the the Elizabethan Elizabethan Elizabethan Age Age Age (1558-(1558-(1558-1603). 1603). 1603). William William William Shakespeare’s Shakespeare’s Romeo and Juliet was a masterpiece of this period. 16. sonnet 十四行诗十四行诗a fixed form consisting of fourteen lines of 5-foot iambic verse. It first flourished in Italy in the 14th century. William Shakespeare was a great English sonnet writer famous for his 154 sonnets. 17. iambic pentameter 五步抑扬格五步抑扬格the the basic basic basic line line line in in in English English English verse, verse, verse, with with with five five five feet feet feet in in in a a a line, line, line, usually usually usually an an an unaccented unaccented syllable followed by an accented syllable. It was probably introduced by Geoffrey Chaucer and certainly established by him in The Canterbury Tales . . 18. meter 格律格律the the pattern pattern pattern of of of stressed stressed stressed and and and unstressed unstressed unstressed syllables syllables syllables in in in verse. verse. verse. In In In English English English verse verse verse a a a line line may have a fixed number of syllables and yet have a varying number of stresses; the the commonest commonest commonest meter meter meter is is is iambic. iambic. iambic. William William William Shakespeare’s Shakespeare’s Shakespeare’s sonnets sonnets sonnets are are are written written written in in iambic. 19. foot 音步音步a group of syllables forming a metrical unit. We measure feet in terms of syllable variation: long and short syllables, stressed and unstressed. The commonest foot in English verse is iamb; the commonest line is five-foot line, called pentameter. William Shakespeare’s “Sonnet 18” contains fourteen iambic pentameter lines.20. rhyme scheme 押韵格式押韵格式the pattern of end-thymes in a stanza or poem, generally described by using letters of of the the the alphabet alphabet alphabet to to to denote denote denote the the the recurrence recurrence recurrence of of of rhyming rhyming rhyming lines. lines. lines. For For For example, example, example, heroic heroic couplets are “aabbcc” and so on.21. quatrain 四行诗节四行诗节a stanza of four lines, rhymed or unrhymed. It It is the commonest is the commonest of all stanzaic forms in English poetry. Robert Burns’ “A Red, Red Rose” has four quatrains.22. image 意象意象a a concrete concrete concrete representation representation representation of of of an an an object object object or or or sensory sensory sensory experience. experience. experience. Typically, Typically, such such a a representation representation helps helps helps evoke evoke evoke the the the feelings feelings feelings associated associated associated with with with the the the object object object or or or experience experience itself. Many images are conveyed by figurative language. An image may be visual, olfactory, tactile, auditory, gustatory, abstract and kinaesthetic. The rose in Robert Burns’ poem “A Red, Red Rose” is a beautiful image.23. poetic license 诗的破格诗的破格the liberty allowed to the poet to wrest the language according to his needs in the use of figurative speech, archaism, rhyme, strange syntax, etc. An example is the last sentence of “A Red, Red Rose” by Robert Burns – “Tho’ it were ten thousand mile!”24. verse drama 诗剧诗剧drama drama written written written in in in the the the form form form of of of verse. verse. verse. It It It was was was most most most widely widely widely used used used in in in the the the Elizabethan Elizabethan Age. William Shakespeare’s dramas are all verse dramas, Hamlet being the most famous. 25. blank verse 无韵诗，素体诗无韵诗，素体诗unrhymed unrhymed iambic iambic iambic pentameter, pentameter, pentameter, the the the most most most widely widely widely used used used of of of English English English verse verse verse forms forms forms and and usually usually used used used in in in English English English dramatic dramatic dramatic and and and ep ep epic ic ic poetry. poetry. poetry. William William William Shakespeare’s Shakespeare’s Shakespeare’s play play Hamlet is written in blank verse. 26. Globe Theatre 环球剧场环球剧场One of the most famous of all theatres, it was built in 1599, with three stories. The roof was thatched, with the centre open to the sky. Many of William Shakespeare Shakespeare’s plays were performed in it. It was destroyed by fire in 1613, rebuilt ’s plays were performed in it. It was destroyed by fire in 1613, rebuilt the next year and finally demolished in 1644. Again it was rebuilt in 1997. 27. essay 散文散文a composition, usually in prose, which may be of only a few hundred words or of book length and which discusses, formally or informally, a topic or a variety of topics. topics. It It It is is is one of the one of the most flexible and adaptable of all literary forms. Francis Bacon is a great essayist; his “Of Studies” is a model of good essay.28. English Romanticism 英国浪漫主义英国浪漫主义a literary m ovement that aimed at free expression of the writer’s ideas and feelings and and flourished flourished flourished in in in the the the early early early 1919th century century England. England. England. A A A great great great representative representative representative of of of this this movement is Percy Bysshe Shelley, the author of “Ode to the West Wind”.29. lake poets 湖畔诗人湖畔诗人the the three three three romantic romantic romantic poets poets poets who who who lived lived lived in in in the the the Lake Lake Lake District District District of of of England England England and and and wrote wrote poems about nature. William Wordsworth was the most famous of the lake poets; he wrote many great nature poems, including “I Wandered Lonely as a Cloud”.30. poet laureate 桂冠诗人桂冠诗人A poet honored for his artistic achievement or selected as most representative of his country or era; in England, a court official appointed by the sovereign, whose original original duties duties duties included included included the the the composition composition composition of of of odes odes odes in in in honor honor honor of of of the the the sovereign’s sovereign’s birthday and in celebration of state occasions of importance. William Wordsworth became poet laureate in 1843. 。
英国文学史名词解释
英国文学史名词解释1、Romanticism:浪漫主义An artistic and intellectual movement originating in Europe in the late 18th century and characterized by a heightened interest in nature, emphasis on the individual's expression of emotion and imagination, departure from the attitudes and forms of classicism.English literary romanticism is from the publication of Wordsworth and Coleridge’s Lyrical Ballads in 1798 to the death of Sir Walter Scott in 1832.2、Byronic hero: 拜伦式英雄an idealized but flawed character exemplified in the life and writings of Byron:＊an exile流亡者, an outcast流浪者or an outlaw 歹徒＊being cynical愤世嫉俗的, rebellious反抗的, lonely＊against government, religion or moral values singly逐一地＊being passionate热情的, energetic积极的, talented多才的3、ottava rima ：Italian stanza form established by Boccaccio,An eight-line stanza of poetry in iambic pentameter (a five-foot line in which each foot consists of an unaccented syllable followed by an accented syllable), following the abababcc rhyme scheme.4、Critical realism:批判现实主义English critical realism of the 19th century flourished in the forties and in the early fifties. The critical realists described with much vividness and artistic skill the chief traits of the English society and criticized the capitalist system from a democratic viewpoint. The representative realists of the time were Charles Dickens, William Thackeray, the Bronte sisters, Mrs. Gaskell, etc.The critical realists not only gave a satirical portrayal of the bourgeoisie and all the ruling class, but also showed profound sympathy for the common people.5、Dramatic monologue：戏剧独白a kind of poem in which a single fictional or historical character other than the poet speaks to a silent ‘audience’of one or mor e persons. Such poems reveal not the poet ‘s own thoughts; this distinguishes a dramatic monologue from a lyric，while the implied presence of an auditor distinguishes it from a soliloquy. Major examples of this form in English are Tennyson，Browning and T. S. Eliot.6、Aestheticism：美学主义the doctrine that regards beauty as an end in itself, and attempts to preserve the arts from subordination to moral, didactic, or political purposes. The term is often used synonymously with the Aesthetic Movement, a literary and artistic tendency of the late 19th century which may be understood as a further phase of Romanticism in reaction against vulgar bourgeois values of practical efficiency and morality.7、Naturalism:自然主义A literary movement taking place from the 1880s to 1940s that used detailed realism to suggest that social conditions,heredity遗传and environment had inescapable force in shaping human character.8、Modernism:现代主义A general term applied to the wide range of experimental and avant-garde trends in literature of the early 20th century. It takes the irrational philosophy and the theory ofpsycho-analysis as its theoretical base. It is a reaction against realism. It rejects rationalism which is the theoretical base ofrealism; by advocating a free experimentation on new forms and new techniques in literary creation, it casts away almost all the traditional elements in literature such as story, plot, character, chronological narration etc. , which are essential to realism.9、Imagism:意象派A literary movement started by British and American poets early in the 20th century that advocated the use of short lyrics, free verse, common speech patterns, and clear concrete images. Greatly under the influence of Symbolism, and was initially led by Ezra Pound.10、Stream of Consciousness:意识流One of the modern literary techniques, which is used to depict the mental and emotional reactions of characters to external events, rather than plot, story themselves. It adopts the psycho-analytic approach in literary creation to explore the existence of sub-conscious and un-conscious elements in the mind. And it neglects totally “fetters of grammar, syntax, and logic”。
英国文学名词解释大全(整理版)
1，alliteration 2，kenning 3，caesura 4,romance 5,chivalery 6,quatrain 7,meter:rhyme 8,heroic couplet 9iambic pentameter 10,bob and wheel 11,realism 12,idealism 13,renaissiance 14,blank verse 15,sonnet 16,comedy 17,tragedy 18,humanism 19,cavalier poets 20,metaphysical poets 21,metaphysical conceit1. Epic(史诗)（appeared in the Anglo-Saxon Period ）Epic is an extended narrative poem in elevated or dignified language, like Homer’s Iliad & Odyssey. It usually celebrates the feats of one or more legendary or traditional heroes. The action is simple, but full of magnificence.Today, some long narrative works, like novels that reveal an age & its people are also called epic.E.g. Beowulf （the pagan（异教徒），secular(非宗教的) poetry）Iliad 《伊利亚特》，Odyssey《奥德赛》Paradise Lost 《失乐园》.1.Romance （传奇）(Anglo-Norman feudal England)•Romance is any imaginative literature that is set in an idealized world and that deals with heroic adventures and battles between good characters and villains or monsters.•Originally, the term referred to a medieval (中世纪) tale dealing with the love and adventures of kings, queens, knights, and ladies, and including supernatural happenings.Form:long composition, in verse, in proseContent:description of life and adventures of a noble heroCharacter:a knight, a man of noble birth, skilled in the use of weapons; often described as riding forth to seek adventures, taking part in tournaments(骑士比武), or fighting for his lord in battles; devoted to the church and the king •Romance lacks general resemblance to truth or reality.•It exaggerates the vices of human nature and idealizes the virtues.•It contains perilous (dangerous) adventures more or less remote from ordinary life.•It lays emphasis on supreme devotion to a fair lady.3. Alliteration（押头韵）: a repeated initial(开头的) consonant(协调,一致) to successive(连续的) words.4. Heroic couplet （英雄双韵体）（introduced by Geoffrey Chaucer）Definition:the rhymed couplet of iambic pentameter; a verse form in epic poetry, with lines of ten syllables and five stresses, in rhyming pairs.英雄诗体/英雄双韵体：用于史诗或叙事诗，每行十个音节，五个音部，每两行押韵。
英国文学史名词解释
英国文学史名词解释英国文学史是西方文学史中重要的一个分支，它以英国作家的作品为研究对象，涵盖了从中世纪到现代的众多文学作品和文学流派。
在这篇文章中，我将解释一些与英国文学史相关的重要名词，帮助读者更好地理解和欣赏英国文学的发展历程。
1. Beowulf (《贝奥武夫》)《贝奥武夫》是一部古老的英国史诗，被认为是英国文学史上最早的重要文学作品之一。
它讲述了贝奥武夫这位英勇的斗士与怪物格列伦德之间的战斗，强调了英雄气概和荣誉观念。
2. Elizabethan Age (伊丽莎白时代)伊丽莎白时代是英国文学史上一段璀璨的时期，时间跨度大约是1558年到1603年，得名于当时的女王伊丽莎白一世。
莎士比亚和培根等众多杰出的文学家在这个时代涌现，他们的作品对英国戏剧和文学产生了深远的影响。
3. Restoration (复辟时期)复辟时期是指英国历史上查理二世复辟王朝（1660年至1688年）期间的文学时期。
在这个时期，英国文学经历了从古典主义到启蒙思想的转变，作家们开始关注社会问题，并使用更加通俗的语言创作。
4. Romanticism (浪漫主义)浪漫主义是18世纪末至19世纪初在英国兴盛的一种文学运动，它强调个人情感和情感共鸣，对自然界、个体感受和非理性有着强烈的兴趣。
威廉·华兹华斯、塞缪尔·柯勒律治和约翰·济慈等浪漫主义诗人的作品在这一时期达到了巅峰。
5. Victorian Era (维多利亚时代)维多利亚时代是19世纪英国的一个时期，得名于维多利亚女王。
这个时期的文学作品反映了当时社会的道德伦理观念和社会问题，女性权益和道德拯救等主题常常被探索和讨论。
查尔斯·狄更斯、艾米丽·勃朗特和托马斯·哈代是这个时期最著名的文学家之一。
6. Modernism (现代主义)现代主义是20世纪初在英国兴起的一种文学运动，它反对传统形式和传统价值观，并试图通过新颖的写作风格和形式来呈现当时复杂多变的现实。
英国文学名词解释大全(整理版)
名词解释1.Epic(史诗)（appeared in the the Anglo-Saxon Period ）It is a narrative of heroic action, often with a principal hero, usually mythical in its content, grand in its style, offering inspiration and ennoblement within a particular culture or national tradition.A long narrative poem telling about the deeds of great hero and reflecting the values of the society from which it originated.Epic is an extended narrative poem in elevated or dignified language, like Homer’s Iliad & Odyssey. It usually celebrates the feats of one or more legendary or traditional heroes. The action is simple, but full of magnificence.Today, some long narrative works, like novels that reveal an age & its people, are also called epic.E.g. Beowulf （the pagan（异教徒），secular(非宗教的) poetry）Iliad 《伊利亚特》，Odyssey《奥德赛》Paradise Lost 《失乐园》，The Divine Comedy《神曲》2.Romance （传奇）(Anglo-Norman feudal England)•Romance is any imaginative literature that is set in an idealized world and that deals with heroic adventures and battles between good characters and villains or monsters.•Originally, the term referred to a medieval (中世纪) tale dealing with the love and adventures of kings, queens, knights, and ladies, and including supernatural happenings.Form:long composition, in verse, in proseContent:description of life and adventures of a noble heroCharacter:a knight, a man of noble birth, skilled in the use of weapons; often described as riding forth to seek adventures, taking part in tournaments(骑士比武), or fighting for his lord in battles; devoted to the church and the king •Romance lacks general resemblance to truth or reality.•It exaggerates the vices of human nature and idealizes the virtues.•It contains perilous (dangerous) adventures more or less remote from ordinary life.•It lays emphasis on supreme devotion to a fair lady.①The Romance Cycles/Groups/DivisionsThree Groups●matters of Britain Adventures of King Arthur and his Knights of the Round Table （亚瑟王和他的圆桌骑士）●matters of France Emperor Charlemagne and his peers●matters of Rome Alexander the Great and the attacks of TroyLe Morte D’Arthur （亚瑟王之死）②Class Nature (阶级性) of the RomanceLoyalty to king and lord was the theme of the romances, as loyalty was the corner-stone（the most important part基石）of feudal morality.The romances were composed not for the common but for the noble, of the noble, and by the poets patronized （supported 庇护,保护）by the noble.3. Alliteration（押头韵）: a repeated initial(开头的) consonant(协调,一致) to successive(连续的) words.e.g. 1.To his kin the kindest, keenest for praise.2.Sing a song of southern singer4. Understatement（低调陈述）（for ironical humor）not troublesome: very welcomeneed not praise: a right to condemn5. Chronicle《编年史》（a monument of Old English prose）6. Ballads （民谣）（The most important department of English folk literature ）①Definition:A ballad is a narrative poem that tells a story, and is usually meant to be sung or recited in musical form.An important stream of the Medieval folk literature②Features of English Ballads1. The ballads are in various English and Scottish dialects.2. They were created collectively and revised when handed down from mouth to mouth.3. They are mainly the literature of the peasants, and give an outlook of the English common people in feudal society.③Stylistic （风格上）Features of the Ballads1. Composed in couplets （相连并押韵的两行诗,对句）or in quatrains （四行诗）known as the ballad stanza （民谣诗节）, rhyming abab or abcb, with the first and third lines carrying 4 accented syllables （重读音节）and the second and fourth carrying 3.2. Simple, plain language or dialect （方言，土语）of the common people with colloquial （口语的，会话的）, vivid and, sometimes, idiomatic （符合当地语言习惯的）expressions3. Telling a good story with a vivid presentation around the central plot.4. Using a high proportion of dialogue with a romantic or tragic dimension （方面）to achieve dramatic effect.④Subjects of English Ballads1. struggle of young lovers2. conflict between love and wealth3. cruelty of jealousy4. criticism of the civil war5. matters of class struggle7. Heroic couplet （英雄双韵体）（introduced by Geoffrey Chaucer）Definition:the rhymed couplet of iambic pentameter; a verse form in epic poetry, with lines of ten syllables and five stresses, in rhyming pairs.英雄诗体/英雄双韵体：用于史诗或叙事诗，每行十个音节，五个音部，每两行押韵。
英国文学史-名词解释
名词解释1．Romance: a long composition, in verse or in prose, describing the life and adventures of a noble hero, especially for the knight. The most popular theme employed was the legend of King Arthur and the round table knight.2．Renaissance: a revival or rebirth of the artistic and scientific revival which originated in Italy in the 14th century and gradually spread all over Europe. It has two features: a thirsting curiosity for the classical literature and keen interest in activities of humanity.3．Sonnet: 14-line lyric poem, usually written in rhymed iambic pentameter. 4．Enlightenment: a revival of interest in the old classical works, logic, order, restrained emotion and accuracy.5．Neoclassicism: the Enlightenment brought about a revival of interest in Greek and Roman works. This tendency is known as Neoclassicism.6．Romanticism: imagination, emotion and freedom are certainly the focal points of romanticism. The particular characteristics of the literature of romanticism include: subjectivity and an emphasis on individualism; freedom from rules; solitary life rather then life in society; the beliefs that imagination is superior to reason; and love of and worship of nature.7．Byronic Heroes: a variant of the Romantic heroes as a type of character( enthusiasm, persistence, pursuing freedom), named after the English Romantic Poet Gordon Byron. 8．Realism: seeks to portray familiar characters, situations, and settings in a realistic manner. This is done primarily by using an objective narrative point of view and through the buildup of accurate detail.9．Aestheticism: an art movement supporting the emphasis of aesthetic values more than socio-political themes for literature, fine art, music and other arts.10．Stream-of-Consciousness: it is a literary technique that presents the thoughts and feelings of a character as they occur without any clarification by the author. It is a narrative mode. 11．Epic: a long narrative poem telling about the deeds of a great hero and reflecting the values of the society from which it originated.一、The Anglo-Saxon period (449-1066)1、这个时期的文学作品分类：pagan(异教徒) Christian(基督徒)2、代表作：The Song of Beowulf 《贝奥武甫》( national epic 民族史诗) 采用了隐喻手法3、Alliteration 押头韵（写作手法）例子：of man was the mildest and most beloved,To his kin the kindest, keenest for praise.二、The Anglo-Norman period (1066-1350)Canto 诗章1、romance 传奇文学2、代表作：Sir Gawain and the Green Knight (高文爵士和绿衣骑士) 是一首押头韵的长诗三、Geoffrey Chaucer (1340-1400) 杰弗里.乔叟时期1、the father of English poetry 英国诗歌之父2、heroic couplet 英雄双韵体：a verse unit consisting of two rhymed(押韵) lines in iambic pentameter(五步抑扬格)3、代表作：the Canterbury Tales 坎特伯雷的故事(英国文学史的开端)大致内容：the pilgrims are people from various parts of England, representatives of various walks of life and social groups.朝圣者都是来自英国的各地的人,代表着社会的各个不同阶层和社会团体小说特点：each of the narrators tells his tale in a peculiar manner, thus revealing his own views and character.这些叙述者以自己特色的方式讲述自己的故事，无形中表明了各自的观点，展示了各自的性格。
英国文学史名词解释
名词解释Old English: the language of Anglo and Saxon people during 5and 11th centuryEpic: A long narrative poem celebrating the great deeds of one or more legendary heroes. In a grand ceremonious style .The hero, usually protected by or even descended from gods, performs superhuman exploits in battle or in marvelous voyages, often saving or founding a nation.Romance:the most popular literary form in the Middle Ages in Europe; A tale (in verse or prose) that deals with knightly adventures or other heroic deeds or supernatural or amorous subjects, and usually emphasizes the chivalric love.Ballad:A folk song or orally transmitted poem telling in a direct and dramatic manner some popular story usually derived form a tragic incident in local history or legend.Ballad are normally composed in quatrains with alternating four-stress and three- stress lines ,the second and fourth lines rhyming.Couplet(双行体)a pair of rhyming verse lines of the same length. Chauser established the use of couplet in his Canterbury Tales, using rhymed iambic pentameters later known as heroic coupletThe Renaissance refers to the period between the 14th and 17th centuries.The rebirth of literature, art, and learning that progressively transformed European culture from the mid-14th century in Italy to the mid-17th century in England, strongly influenced by the rediscovery of classical Greek and Latin literature. The Renaissance is commonly held to mark the close of the middle Ages, and the beginning of the modern western world. The term normally refer to the combined intellectual and artistic transformation of the 15th 16th centuries, including the emergency of humanism, protestant individualism, Copernican astronomy, and the discovery of AmericaHumanism:it stands for devotion to human values represent in classical literature.it is the keynote or the dominate ideology during the Renaissance Sonnet：A lyric of fourteen lines usually in iambic pentameter. 1. Shakespearean sonnet: Also called English sonnet or Elizabethan Sonnet. It is structured of 3 quatrains and a final couplet with the rhyme scheme: abab cdcd efef gg2. Petrarchan Sonnet: Also called Italian sonnet. It contains an octave with the rhyme pattern abba abba and a sestet of various rhyme Patterns such as cdecde or cdcdcd.3. Spenserian sonnet: comprising 3 quatrains and a couplet in iambic pentameter with the rhyme scheme abab bcbc cdcd eeOde is a dignified and elaborately structured lyric poem of some length, praising and glorifying an individual, commemorating an event or describing nature intellectually rather than emotionally.Elegy Formal lyric poem lamenting the death of a friend or a public figure, or reflecting seriously on a solemn subject.Pastoral: a highly conventional mode of writing that celebrates the innocent life of shepherds or shepherdesses in poems, plays, and prose romance. Tragedies were concerned with the harshness and apparent injustice of life. They involved the trials and eventful death of a hero who was an important person and whose death led to the downfall of others.a. the central characters are always people of importance, like kings, queens, prince, general, nobles.b. a tragic hero often a flawed good man; often the hero’s fall from happiness was due to a weakness in his character, by some great error in his part.c. supernatural beings are often involved in the conflict of human beings, like gods, spirits, witches, ghosts.d. sadness is mixed with horror, murder, treachery, and blood-shedding.Catharsis or Cathartic effect of tragedies: Tragedies give an outlet for such emotions as greed, hatred, lust, fear and pity. The audience feel relieved or purged when they leave the theatre.Comedy deals with ordinary people in everyday situations, it deals with ordinary people in a humble style, usually beginning with misfortune and ending with joy. The purpose of comedy is chiefly to entertain people, but some have moral and corrective purposes, to ridicule and satirize human weaknesses.Comedy of humor according to the comedy of humor, each of characters in the play has some dominating passion or peculiar quality such as jealousy,greedy and comedy of humor mainly satires these humours demonstrated the characters in the play. Ben Jonson has been chefly known for his comedy of humors Soliloquy is the act of talking to oneself, whether silently or aloud. In drama it denotes the convention by which a character, alone on the stage, utters his or her thoughts aloud. Playwrights have used this device as a convenient way to convey information about a charact er’s motives and state of mind, or for purpose of exposition, and sometimes in order to guide the judgments and responses of the audience.Allegory: is a fictional narrative or artistic expression that conveys a symbolic meaning parallel to but distinct from and more important than the literary meaning.Dramatic irony involves the reader (or audience) knowing something about what's happening in the plot, about which the character(s) have no knowledge. Dramatic irony can be used in comedies and tragedies, and it works to engage the reader, as one is drawn into what is happening. The audience may sympathize with the character, who does not know the true situation. Or, the reader may see the character as blind or ignorant (as with Oedipus). The clues may be rather obvious, but the character may be unwilling to recognize the truth.The term“metaphysical”indicates a common poetic style, use of figurative language, and way of organizing the meditative process or the poetic argument.This term is now applied to a group of 17th century poets who, whether or not directly influenced by Done, employ similar poetic procedures and imagery, both in secular poetry( Cleveland, Marvell, Cowley) and in religious poetry(Herbert, Vaughan, Crashaw, and Traherne). The term was coined by John Dryden (1693): "He affects the metaphysicsMetaphysical ConceitIn general, the metaphysical conceit will use some sort of shocking or unusual comparison as the basis for the metaphor. When it works, a metaphysical conceit has a startling appropriateness that makes us look at something in an entirely new way. Draws upon a wide range of knowledge, mainly using highly intellectual analogies; its comparisons are elaborately rationalizedHeroic drama:A kind of tragedy or tragicomedy that came into vogue with the Restoration of the English monarchy in 1660. Influenced by French classical tragedy and its dramatic unities (time, place, action), it aimed at epic (heroic) grandeur, usually by means of bombast, exotic settings and lavish scenery. The noble hero would typically be caught in a conflict between love and patriotic duty, leading to emotional scenes presented in a manner close to opera. The leading English exponent of heroic drama was John Dryden: hid the conquest of Granada (1670-1) and Aureng-Zebe (1675) were both written in heroic couplets.the Enlightenment movementA general term applied to the movement of the intellectual liberation that developed in Western Europe from the late 17th century to the late 18th century( the age of reason)。
英国文学简史名词解释
1，什么叫文艺复兴The Renaissance (“rebirth” in French) was a cultural and intellectural movement that spanned roughly the 14th through the 17 century, beginning in Italy and later spreading to the rest of Europe 2，Renaissance is considered as the great flowering of art, architecture, politics, and the study of literature, and is also usually seen as the end of the Middle Ages and the beginning of the modern world.2，什么叫玄学派诗歌the Metaphysical school of poetryI. Definition: A school of highly intellectual（智力的）poetryTime: the early 17th centuryMajor features: mysticism in content and fantasticality in form; peculiar conceit（奇思妙想）, unique way of reasoning and comparisonMain themes: life, death, love, religion, universeRepresentatives: John Donne, Andrew Marvell and George HerbertSignificance: greatly influenced the modernists of the 20th centuryII. Metaphysical conceits悬想比喻，奇喻，别出心裁的比喻Conceit: an elaborate metaphor that offers a surprising or unexpected comparison between two seemingly highly dissimilar things. This can involve original images or familiar images used in an unfamiliar way.Literature in This Age: The 18th century marked the beginning of an intellectual movement throughout in Europe known as Enlightenment. It was a progressive intellectual movement throughout Western Europe in the 18th century and Russia in the 19th Century.In late 17th and early 18th century England, there was a change of taste, which was part of a general movement in Europe, seen perhaps most impressive in 17th century France. The dominant literary theory of this period was “Neoclassicism”.Literary Genre文学流派Generally speaking, literature of the 18th century was very complex. We may classify it under three general heads: the reign of classicism, the pre-romantic poetry, and the beginning of modern novel.3，什么是启蒙运动Enlightenment (1) a progressive intellectual movement(2) flourished in France and swept through the whole Western Europe(3) aims at enlightening the whole world with the light of modern philosophical and artistic ideas; celebrated reason (4) called for a reference to order, reason and rules4，什么是前浪漫主义Pre-RomanticismWhen did Pre-romanticism appear? in the latter half of the 18th centuryWhat are the major features of Pre-romanticism?1)Romantic Revival;2)Strong protest against the bondage ofClassicism; 3)Claims of passion and emotion;4)Renewed interests in medievalliterature.Who are the representatives? William Blake and Robert BurnsWhat’s the significance?marked the decline of classicismPaved the way for the coming of romanticism in England5，什么叫Byron hero: Byronic hero was created by Byron in the Romantic period of the English literature. Such a hero is a proud, rebellious figure of noble origin. Passionate and powerful, he is to right all the wrongs in a corrupt society, and he would fight single-handedly against all the misdoings. These heroes rise against tyranny and injustice, but they are merely lone fighters striving for personal freedom and some individualistic ends.1. epic 史诗a long narrative poem, grand in style, about heroes and heroic deeds, embodying heroic ideals of a nation or race in the making. Beowulf is the English national epic that was passed from mouth to mouth and written down by many unknown hands.3. alliteration 头韵the repetition of the same sound or sounds at the beginning of two or more words that are close to each other. It is a feature of Beowulf and other Old English poems.4. alliterative verse 头韵诗poetry written in alliteration. Nearly all Old English verse, including Beowulf, is heavily alliterative, and the pattern is fairly standard – with either two or three stressed syllables in each line alliterating.5. kenning 隐喻语a metaphor usually composed of two words and used for description and association. Beowulf is full of kennings, such as ―helmet bearer‖ for ―warrior‖ and ―swan road‖ for ―sea‖.8. romance 传奇a type of literature that was popular in the Middle Ages, usually containing adventures and reflecting the spirit of chivalry. Sir Gawain and the Green Knight was a great verse romance, but its author remains unknown.11. heroic couplet 英雄双韵体two successive lines of rhymed poetry in iambic pentameter. Geoffrey Chaucer’s masterpiece The Canterbury Tale was written in heroic couplet.12. ballad meter 民谣体traditionally a four-line stanza containing alternating four-stress and three-stress lines, usually with a refrain and the rhyme scheme of abcb. Robert Burns’ ―A Red, Red Rose‖ is a great love ballad.14. English Renaissance 英国文艺复兴the literary flowering of England in the late 16th century and early 17th century, with humanism as its keynote. William Shakespeare’s Hamlet is considered the summit of this renaissance. 15. Elizabethan literature 伊丽莎白时代的文学literature written in the Elizabethan Age (1558-1603). William Shakespea re’s Romeo and Juliet was a masterpiece of this period.16. sonnet 十四行诗a fixed form consisting of fourteen lines of 5-foot iambic verse. It first flourished in Italy in the 14th century. William Shakespeare was a great English sonnet writer famous for his 154 sonnets.20. rhyme scheme 押韵格式the pattern of end-thymes in a stanza or poem, generally described by using letters of the alphabet to denote the recurrence of rhyming lines. For example, heroic couplets are ―aabbcc‖ and so on.21. quatrain 四行诗节a stanza of four lines, rhymed or unrhymed. It is the commonest of all stanzaic forms in English poetry. Robert Burns’ ―A Red, Red Rose‖ has four quatrains.24. verse drama 诗剧drama written in the form of verse. It was most widely used in the Elizabethan Age. William Shakespeare’s dramas are all verse dramas, Hamlet being the most famous.25. blank verse 无韵诗，素体诗unrhymed iambic pentameter, the most widely used of English verse forms and usually used in English dramatic and epic poetry. William Shakespea re’s play Hamlet is written in blank verse.27. essay 散文a composition, usually in prose, which may be of only a few hundred words or of book length and which discusses, formally or informally, a topic or a variety of topics. It is one of the most flexib le and adaptable of all literary forms. Francis Bacon is a great essayist; his ―Of Studies‖ isa model of good essay.28. English Romanticism 英国浪漫主义a literary movement that aimed at free expression of the writer’s ideas and feelings and flourished in the early 19th century England. A great representative of this movement is Percy Bysshe Shelley, the author of ―Ode to the West Wind‖.Sonnet 18One of the best known of Shakespeare’s sonnets, Sonnet 18 is memorable for the skillful and varied presentatio n of subject matter, in which the poet’s feelings reach a level of rapture unseen in the previous sonnets. The poet here abandons his quest for the youth to have a child, and instead glories in the youth’s beauty.Initially, the poet poses a question—‖Shall I compare thee to a summer’s day?‖—and then reflects on it, remarking that the youth’s beauty far surpasses summer’s delights. The imagery is the very essence of simplicity: ―wind‖ and ―buds.‖ In the fourth line, legal terminology—‖summer’s lease‖—is introduced in contrast to the commonplace images in the first three lines. Note also the poet’s use of extremes in the phrases ―more lovely,‖ ―all too short,‖ and ―too hot‖; these phrases emphasize the young man’s beauty.Although lines 9 through 12 are marked by a more expansive tone and deeper feeling, the poet returns to the simplicity of the opening images. As one expects in Shakespeare’s sonnets, the proposition that the poet sets up in the first eight lines—that all nature is subject to imperfection—is now contrasted in these next four lines beginning with ―But.‖ Although beauty naturally declines at some point—‖And every fair from fair sometime declines‖—the youth’s beauty will not; his unchanging appearance is atypical of nature’s steady progression. Even death is impotent against the youth’s beauty. Note the ambiguity in the phrase ―eternal lines‖: Are these ―lines‖ the poet’s ver ses or the youth’s hoped-for children? Or are they simply wrinkles meant to represent the process of aging? Whatever the answer, the poet is jubilant in this sonnet because nothing threatens the young man’s beautiful appearance.Then follows the concludi ng couplet: ―So long as men can breathe, or eyes can see, / So long lives this, and this gives life to thee.‖ The poet is describing not what the youth is but what he will be ages hence, as captured in the poet’s eternal verse—or again, in a hoped-for child. Whatever one may feel about the sentiment expressed in the sonnet and especially in these last two lines, one cannot help but notice an abrupt change in the poet’s own estimate of his poetic writing. Following the poet’s disparaging reference to his ―pupil pen‖ and ―barren rhyme‖ in Sonnet 16, it comes as a surprise in Sonnet 18 to find him boasting that his poetry will be eternal.John Keats认为，夜莺的歌声是美妙绝伦的，是不朽的，是永恒的，将世世代代的唱下去。
英国文学史术语解释
Renaissance: the activity, spirit, or time of the great revival of art, literature, and learning in Europe beginning in the 14th century and extending to the 17th century, marking the transition from the medieval to the modern world. Humanism is the key-note of the Renaissance. Humanism: reflected the new outlook of the rising bourgeois class, which saw the world opening before it.a cultural and artistic movement in England from the early 16th century to the early 17th century.The Renaissance marks a transition from the medieval to the modern world. The Renaissance is a historical period in which the European humanist thinkers and scholars made attempts: (1) to get rid of those old feudalist ideas in medieval Europe, (2) to introduce new ideas that expressed the interests of the rising bourgeoisie, (3) to recover the purity of the early church from the corruption of the Roman Catholic ChurchRomance（名词解释）(1).The basic material of medieval romance is knightly activity and adventure; we might best define medieval romance as a story of adventure--fictitious, frequently marvelous or supernatural--in verse or prose. (2).A long composition describing the life and adventures of a noble hero. The central character was the knight, a man of noble birth skilled in the use of weapons who was very devoted to the king or to the church. (3).One who wanted to be a knight should serve patiently until he was admitted to the knighthood with solemnceremony and the swearing of oaths.Ballad民谣（名词解释）1.A short narrative poem with stanzas of two or four lines and usually a refrain. The story, folklore popular legends. straightforward verse, with graphic simplicity and force. suitable for singing generally written in ballad meter, with the last words of the second and fourth lines rhymingHeroic couplet(名词解释) A heroic couplet is a traditional form for English poetry, commonly used for epic and narrative poetry; it refers to poems constructed from a sequence of rhyming pairs of iambic pentameter lines. Traditional form for English poetry, commonly used for epic and narrative poetry, a sequence of rhyming paris of iambic pentameter.Sonnet（名词解释）The sonnet is a poem in 14 lines with one or the other rhyme schme, a form much in vogue in Renaissance Europe, especially in Italy，France and England. In 1609 appeared Shakespeare’s sonnets. The Sonnets were written over a number of years, probably beginning in the early 1590sBlank verse 无韵诗Spenserian Stanza（名词解释）Stanza form developed by Edmund Spenser and almost certainly influenced by rhyme royal and ottava rima. Spenser's stanza has nine lines and is rhymed a-b-a-b-b-c-b-c-c. The first eight lines of the stanza are in iambic pentameter and the last line iniambic hexameter. He used this form in his epic poem The Faerie Queene. John Keats, a great admirer of Spenser, used this stanza in his poem The Eve of St. Agnes.Classicism（名词解释）1. In the arts, historical tradition or aesthetic attitudes based on the art of Greece and Rome in antiquity. In the context of the tradition, Classicism refers either to the art produced in antiquity or to later art inspired by that of antiquity; Neoclassicism always refers to the art produced later but inspired by antiquity.Sentimentalism（名词解释）The term sentimentalism is used in two senses: (1) An overindulgence in emotion, especially the conscious effort to induce emotion in order to enjoy it. (2) An optimistic overemphasis of the goodness of humanity (sensibility), representing in part a reaction against Calvinism, which regarded human nature as depraved. The novel of sensibility was developed from this 18th century notion, manifested in the Sentimental novel46. Romanticism要对浪漫主义兴起的时间，根源，主要代表作家。
英国文学史名词解释
英国文学史名词解释Romance: The romance was a long composition, sometimes in verse, sometimes in prose, describing the life and adventures of a noble hero. The medieval romances were tales of chivalry or amorous adventure occurring in King Arthur's court. "Sir Gawain and the Green Knight" is an example of a medieval romance.Ballad: It is a story in poetic form, often about tragic love and usually sung. Ballads were passed down from generation to generation by singers. The medieval ballads are ballads of Robin Hood. Coleridge’s "The Rime of the Ancient Mariner" is a 19th century English ballad. Heroic couplet: They are poetry composed in iambic pentameter. In this form of poetry, lines consisting of five iambic feet rime together in pairs. The rime scheme :aa bb cc ….. Renaissance: Renaissance marks the transition from the medieval to the modern world. It first started in Italy in the 14th century and gradually spread all over Europe. The word“Renaissance” means rebirth or revival. In essence, it is a historical period in which theEuropean humanist thinkers and scholars made attempts to get rid of those old feudalist ideas in medieval Europe and introduce new ideas that expressed the interests of the risingbourgeoisie, and to lift the restriction in all areas placed by the Roman Catholic Churchauthorities. Two features of renaissance: It is a thirsting curiosity for the classical literature.People learned to admire the Greek and Latin works as models of literary form. It is the keen interest in the activities of humanity.Sonnet: A lyric poem of fourteen lines whose ryhme scheme is fixed. The rhyme scheme in the Italian form as typified in the sonnets of Petrarch is abbaabba cdecde. The Petrarchian sonnet has two divisions: the first is of eight lines (the octave), and the second is of six lines (the sestet). The rhyme scheme of the English, or Shakespearean sonnet is abab cdcd efef gg. The change of rhyme in the English sonnet is coincidental with a change of theme in the poem.The meter is iambic pentameter.Blank verse: A poem written in unrhymed iambic pentameter.Spenserian Stanza: Spenser invented a new verse form for his poem. The verse form has been called "Spenserian Stanza" since his day. Each stanza has nine lines, each of the first eight lines is in iambic pentameter form, and the ninth line is an iambic hexameter line. The rhythm scheme is abab bcbc c.Enlightenment : The Enlightenment was a progressive intellectual movement throughout Western Europe in the 18th century. It was an expression of struggle of the bourgeoisie against feudalism. The enlighteners fought against class inequality, stagnation, prejudices and other survivals of feudalism. They thought the chief means for bettering the society was "enlightenment" or "education" for the people. The English enlighteners were bourgeois democratic thinkers. They set no revolutionary aim before them and what they strove for was to bring it to an end by clearing away the feudal ideas with the bourgeois ideology. Sentimentalism: Sentimentalism appeared in the middle of the 18th century, as a reaction against commercialism and the cold rationalism. Sentimentalists emphasize “the human heart” and show sympathy to the poor. This trend marks the transition form neoclassicism to romanticism in English poetry. Thomas Gray is one of the models. Another sentimentalistpoet is Oliver Goldsmith (The Disserted Village). The most outstanding figure of English sentimentalism is Laurence Sterne.Pre-romanticism: The Romantic Movement was marked by a strong protest against the bondage of Classicism, by a renewed interest in medieval literature. In England, this movement showed itself in the trend of Pre-romanticism in poetry. It was represented by Blake and Robert Burns. They struggled against the neoclassical tradition of poetry. Romanticism : Romanticism was in effect a revolt of the English imagination against the neoclassical reason, which prevailed from the days of Pope to those of Johnson. The Romantic Movement expressed a more or less negative attitude toward the existing social and political conditions that came with industrialization and the growing importance of the bourgeoisie. Romantics saw men essentially as an individual in the solitary state and emphasized the special qualities of each individual's mind. In essence it designates a literary and philosophical theory which tends to see the individual as the very center of all life and all experience. It also places the individual at the center of art, making literature most valuable as an expression of his or her unique feelings and particular attitudes, and valuing its accuracy in portraying the individual's experiences. The romantics extol the faculty of the imagination, write about nature and they get inspiration form nature, turn to the humble people and the common everyday life for subjects andturn to other times and places, where the qualities they valued would be convincingly depicted.Neo-classicism: A revival in the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries of classical standards of order, balance and harmony in literature. John Dryden was the first person who started the movement at the end of the 17th century, while Alexander Pope brought it to its culmination. Elegy: it seeks for "lament". It is a poem on death or on a serious loss; characteristically a sustained meditation expressing sorrow and, frequently, an explicit or implied consolation Realism: A term used in literature and art to present life as it really is without sentimentalizing or idealizing it. Realistic writing often depicts the everyday life and speech of ordinary people. This has led, sometimes to an emphasis on sordid details.Allegory: A story illustrating an idea or a moral principle in which objects take on symbolic meanings. In Dante Alighieri's "Divine Comedy," Dante, symbolizing mankind, is taken by Virgil the poet on a journey through Hell, Purgatory and Paradise in order to teach him the nature of sin and its punishments, and the way to salvation.Lake Poets: Wordsworth, Coleridge and Southey have often been mentioned as the "Lake Poets"because they lived in the lake district in the northwestern part of England. The three traversed the same path in politics and in poetry, beginning as radicals and closing as conservatives. Metaphysical Poetry: The poetry of John Donne and other seventeenth-century poets who wrote in a similar style. Metaphysical poetry is characterized by verbal wit and excess, ingenious structure, irregular meter, colloquial language, elaborates imagery, and a drawing together of dissimilar ideas.Humanism: it refers to the main literary trend and is the keynote of English Renaissance.Humanists took interest in human life and human activities and gave expression to the new feeling of admiration for human beauty, human achievement. They think that man has apotential for culture which distinguishes him from lower orders of beings, and which he should strive constantly to fulfill.Mystery play: The Mystery plays of the Middle Ages were based on the bible and were particularly concerned with the stories of man’s creation, Fall and Redemption. They antedate Miracle Plays.Mystery Plays developed out of the Liturgy of the church and in particular out of the Quem Quaeritis trope of Easter Day. The earlier dramatizations were presented on the greater festivals of the church: Christmas, Easter,, Pentecost and Corpus Christi. At first they were in Latin and performed by the clergy in the church. There then came an increasing admixture of the vernacular, and lay folk also performed in them. This gradual secularization of the religions drama was accompanied by a corresponding physical move. The drama moved out of the church through the west door. Thus, what had been sacred drama became, literally, profane. From the church yard to the market place was the next logical step.Iambic Pentameter: A poetic line consisting of five verse feet, which each foot an iamb__ that is, an unstressed syllable followed by a stressed one. Iambic pentameter is the most common verse line in English poetry.Lyric: A poem, brief and discontinuous, emphasizes sound and pictorial imagery rather than narrative or dramatic movement.Miracle Play: A popular religious drama of medieval England. Miracle plays were based on stories of the saints or on sacred history.Morality Play: A form of religious allegorical drama dates from 15th century. Moralities differed from mystery plays in that whereas the latter dramatized known episodes from the Bible or from the lives of the saints, the former dramatized the life of man by personifying the forces of good and evil, such as the seven deadly sins and the corresponding virtues or some representative crisis in his life such as his encounter with the fact of death.Neo-classicism: it is a revival in the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries of classical standards of order, balance and harmony in literature. John Dryden was the first person who started the movement at the end of the 17th century, while Alexander Pope brought it to its culmination. Byronic hero:is an idealized but flawed character exemplified in the life and writings of Lordlevel of intelligence and perception; cunning and able to adapt; criminal tendencies;sophisticated and educated; self-critical and introspective; mysterious, magnetic and charismatic; struggling with integrity; power of seduction and sexual attraction; social andself-destructive behavior; a good heart in the end.。
英国文学史名词解释
英国文学史名词解释英国文学史中的许多术语和名词对于读者来说可能比较陌生。
下面是对一些常见的名词进行解释，以便更好地理解英国文学史。
1. Middle English (中古英语) - 中古英语是指从1066年诺曼征服英格兰到1470年左右的英语阶段。
在这个时期，英语受到了来自法语、拉丁语和英语本土方言的影响。
2. Renaissance (文艺复兴) - 文艺复兴是指在15世纪至17世纪期间，意大利文化的重要思想和艺术运动迅速传播到欧洲其他地区。
文艺复兴时期在英国产生了许多杰出的文学作品，包括莎士比亚的戏剧。
3. Elizabethan Era (伊丽莎白时代) - 伊丽莎白时代是指英国女王伊丽莎白一世统治期间（1558年-1603年）。
这一时期是英国文化的黄金时代，也是莎士比亚最为活跃的时期。
4. Restoration (恢复时代) - 恢复时代是指英国历史上从1660年到1688年的时期，这一时期发生了英国内战和英国共和国的覆灭后，君主制恢复的事件。
恢复时期的文学作品反映了政治和社会的变化。
5. Romanticism (浪漫主义) - 浪漫主义是指18世纪末到19世纪初的一种文学和艺术思潮。
浪漫主义强调个人情感和经验，追求自然、自由和幻想等主题。
浪漫主义的代表作家包括拜伦、雪莱和济慈等。
6. Victorian Era (维多利亚时代) - 维多利亚时代是指英国女王维多利亚统治期间，即1837年到1901年的时期。
这一时期的文学作品反映了维多利亚时代的道德和社会观念，代表作家包括狄更斯、勃朗特姐妹和汤姆斯·哈代等。
7. Modernism (现代主义) - 现代主义是指20世纪初出现的一种文学和艺术风格，强调个人和社会对现实世界的体验和认识。
现代主义的作品通常以复杂的叙事结构和主题的多样性而著称。
代表作家包括乔伊斯、伍尔夫和弗兰兹·卡夫卡等。
8. Postmodernism (后现代主义) - 后现代主义是指20世纪后半叶出现的一种文学和艺术趋势，它挑战了现代主义的理论和形式，关注权力、语言和现实的构造。
英国文学名词解释复习资料
《英国文学》名词解释Active Romanticism: Active romanticism strives to strengthen man's will to live and raise him up against the life around him, against any yoke it would impose, so the general feature of the works of the active romanticists is a dissatisfaction with the bourgeois society, which finds expression in a revolt against oppression and exploitation, so that their writings are filled with strong-willed heroes, formidable events, tragic situations, powerful conflicting passions, and exotic pictures. Active romanticists were younger poets like Byron, Shelley and Keats.AlliterationIn poetry: the repetition of sounds in closely associated words. The term is usually applied to the repetition of consonants, particularly when they are the first letter of the words, but can apply to any stressed consonants. The term is sometimes used to refer to repeated vowel sounds, though the term more often used in this case is …assonance‟. e.g. O wild West WindElizabethan Drama:Elizabethan drama refers to the plays produced while Queen Elizabeth reigned in England, from 1558 until 1603. The most popular types of Elizabethan plays were histories of England‟s rulers, but revenge dramas and bawdy comedies also drew significant crowds. Although Shakespeare was the most prolific and certainly the most famous of the Elizabethan dramatists, other popular playwrights of the period included Christopher Marlowe and Ben Johnson.English Renaissance: The English Renaissance was a cultural and artistic movement in England dating from the late 15th and early 16th centuries to the early 17th century. The beginning of the English Renaissance is often taken as 1485, and the Elizabethan period in the second half of the 16th century is usually regarded as the height of the English Renaissance, which lasted until the mid 17th century.Enlightenment Movement: A progressive intellectual movement starting in France and spreading England in the 18th century. Its purpose was to enlighten the whole world with modern philosophical and artistic ideas. The enlighteners fought against class inequality, prejudices, and other survivals of feudalism and celebrated reason, rationality, equality and science.Epic: An epic is an extended narrative poem in elevated or dignified language,celebrating the feats of a legendary or traditional hero.First-Person Point of View: a point of view in which an "I" or "we" serves as the narrator of a piece of fiction. The narrator may be a minor character, observing the action, or the main protagonist of the story. In addition, a first-person narrator may be reliable or unreliable.Gothic Novel/Romance: Gothic novel is a type of romantic fiction that predominated one phase of the Romantic movement. Its principal elements are violence, horror, and the supernatural. They are so named because “Gothic” architecture such as castles or monasteries equipped with subterranean passages, dark battlements, hidden panels, and trapdoors dating from the middle ages is invariably the setting for the elements of horror in them. The first genuine Gothic romance in 18th century English literature is Horace Walpole‟s The Castle of Otranto, which is believed to have begun the tradition of gothic romance in English literature.Heroic Couplet: Heroic couplet is a verse form used in Epic poetry, with lines of 10 syllables and five stresses (Iambic pentameter), in rhyming pairs as AABBCC….. It was perfected by Alexander Pope.Imagism / ImagistThe Imagists were a group of poets who were influenced by Ezra Pound. Imagism, the Imagist movement, which originated in London and was prominent in England and America from around 1912 to 1917, was crucial to the development of Modernist poetry. These poets aimed to free poetry from the conventions of the time by advocating a free choice of rhythm and subject matter, the diction of speech, and the presentation of meaning through the evocation of clear, precise, visual images.Among the poets associated with Ezra Pound in this movement were Hilda Doolittle, Amy Lowell, and William Carlos Williams. Pound later associated himself with Vorticism旋涡主义, and Amy Lowell took over the leadership of the Imagist movement. Many English and American poets were influenced by Imagism, such as D.H. Lawrence, T. S. Eliot, Conrad Aiken, Marianne Moore, and Wallace Stevens.Imagery: The art of using expressive images in art, literature, or music to present ideas or feelings. Images created in a literary work may not be only of the visual sense, but also of sensation (touch, taste, smell, sound, orientation) and emotion.Limited Omniscient: said when the narrator tells the story in the third person, but tells it from the viewpoint of one (sometimes more) character(s) in the story. This unnamed narrator knows everything about the main character, but does not reveal the inner thoughts of other characters.Magic realismFiction which displays a mingling of the mundane with the fantastic, giving the narrative dual dimensions of realism and fantasy. One of its purposes is to draw attention to the fact that all narrative is an invention. The technique is mainly associated with South American writers, such as Jorge Luis Borges and Gabriel García Márquez, but has also been used by writers such as the British Angela Carter, and the Anglo-Indian Salman Rushdie.Middle Ages: the period in Western European history that followed the disintegration of the West Roman Empire in the 4th and 5th cent, and lasted into the 15th cent., i.e., into the period of the Renaissance.Middle English:the English language from about 1100 to about 1450, from which the Scots of Lowland Scotland and other modern dialects developed.Modern English:the English language since about 1450, esp. any of the standard forms developed from the S. East Midland dialect of Middle English.Neoclassicism:Following the archaeological rediscovery of Herculaneum and Pompeii in the 18th century, there was a renewed interest in the culture of ancient Rome and, subsequently, ancient Greece. This period (1660-1798) is generally designated as neoclassicism. In literature, neoclassicists thought that all forms of literature were to be modeled after the classical works of the ancient Greek and Roman writers and those of the contemporary French ones. They held that the artistic ideals should be order, logic, restrained emotion and accuracy, and literature should be judged in terms of its service to humanity.Ode: Ode is a type of lyrical verse which is elaborately structured praising or glorifying an event or individual, describing nature intellectually as well as emotionally. There are three typical forms of odes: the Pindaric, Horatian, and irregular. Pindaric odes follow the form and style of Pindar(Thomas Gray‟s “The Progress of Poesy” and “The Bard.”). Horatian odes follow conventions of Horace (“Ode on a Grecian Urn” and “Ode to aNightingale”). Irregular odes are rhyming, but they do not employ the three-part form of the Pindaric ode nor the regular stanzas of the Horatian ode.Old English literature: Literature extending from about 450 to 1066, the year of Norman Conquest.Old English:the English language from the time of the earliest settlements in the fifth century AD to about 1100. The main dialects were West Saxon (the chief literary form), Kentish, and Anglian. Also called Anglo-Saxon.Passive Romanticism: Romanticism prevailed in England during the period 1798-1832. Some romantic writers reflected the thinking of classes ruined by the bourgeoisie, and by way of protest against capitalist development turned to the feudal past as their ideal. These were the elder and sometimes called passive or escapist romanticists, represented by Wordsworth, Coleridge and Southey.Petrarchan sonnet: The Petrarchan sonnet (also Italian sonnet) was first developed by the Italian humanist and writer, Francesco Petrarca. The original Italian sonnet form divides the poem's 14 lines into two parts, an octave (first eight lines) and a sestet (last six lines). The rhyme scheme for the octave is typically abba abba. The sestet is more flexible. Petrarch typically used cde cde or cdc dcd for the sestet.Protagonist: The leading character, hero, or heroine of a drama or other literary work.Realism / social realism / Socialist realismBroadly - writing about people and settings which could really exist, and events which could really happen. In particular the term Realism refers to a movement of nineteenth-century European art and literature which rejected Classical models and Romantic ideals in favour of a realistic portrayal of actual life in realistic settings, often focusing on the harsher aspects of life under industrialism and capitalism. Forerunners in literature were the French novelist Honoré de Balzac (1799-1850), and the English novelist George Eliot (1819-1880). In the twentieth century the writing of the Angry Young Men can be seen as a reassertion of the values of realism.…Social realism‟, a term borrowed from art criticism, is often used synonymously with …realism‟.…Socialist realism‟ refers to literature or criticism presented from the Marxist viewpoint.RomanticismRomanticism was a movement prevalent in European art, music, and literature in the late 18th and early 19th centuries. The style was revolutionary in that it emphasized subjective experience, and favoured innovation over adherence to traditional or Classical forms, and the expression of feeling over reason. In English literature, William Wordsworth (1770-1850) and Samuel Taylor Coleridge (1772-1834) werefirst-generation or passive Romantic poets, and Byron (1788-1824), Shelley (1792-1822), and Keats (1795-1821) were second-generation or active Romantics.Renaissance: Renaissance was a cultural movement that spanned roughly the 14th to the 17th century, beginning in Italy in the Late Middle Ages and later spreading to the rest of Europe. As a cultural movement, it encompassed a flowering of literature, science, art, religion, and politics, and a resurgence of learning based on classical sources, the development of linear perspective in painting, and gradual but widespread educational reform.Rhyme: “R hyme (rime)” is a repetition of similar sounds in two or more words and is most often used in poetry and songs. Normally the last stressed vowel in the line and all sounds following it make up the rhyming element: this may be a monosyllable, or two syllables, or even three syllables, which are regarded a s “perfect rhyme.” Departures from this norm include general rhyme, eye rhyme, and mirror rhyme.Romance: A popular literary form in the medieval period, using a long, narrative verse or prose to sing knightly adventures or other heroic deeds, in which romantic love is an important part of the plot.Stream of consciousnessSometimes called …continuous monologue‟. Literary technique developed in the 1920s, as part of Modernism which attempts to reproduce the moment-to-moment flow of subjective thoughts and p erceptions in an individual‟s mind. The technique was used by Dorothy Richardson, James Joyce, and Virginia Woolf. The term was originally coined by the American philosopher and psychologist William James in Principles of Psychology (1890).SymbolismThe Symbolist movement originated in France with the volume of poetry Les Fleurs du Mal (1857) by Charles Baudelaire (1821-1867), and was taken up by such poets as Stéphane Mallarmé, Paul Verlaine, Arthur Rimbaud, and Jules Laforgue. They aimed to break away from the formal conventions of French poetry, and attempted to express the transitory perceptions and sensations of inner life, rather than rational ideas. They believed in the imagination as the arbiter of reality, were interested in the idea of acorrespondence between the senses, and aimed to express meaning through the sound patterns of words and suggestive, evocative images, rather than by using language as a medium for statement and argument.The Symbolists were a major influence on British, Irish, and American writers such as W. B. Yeats, Ezra Pound, T. S. Eliot, Dylan Thomas, e e cummings, Wallace Stevens, and William Faulkner.Viewpoint / Point of viewThe viewpoint which the reader shares while reading a narrative. Fiction writers use three main viewpoints: 1. The omniscient (all-knowing) narrator's viewpoint. The narrator of the story theoretically knows everything about all the characters. Referring to them in the third-person, the author can tell us about the characters in an objective way and switch between them at will, showing us what each is doing thinking and feeling at any time. 2. The first-person viewpoint, in which the narrator speaks as 'I' and conveys the story through his/her own subjective experience. 3. The viewpoint of the main character, or characters, in the story, but conveyed in the third-person. Here the narrative is ostensibly being presented by a narrator, in that we read 'she did this', or 'he did that', but the narrator's viewpoint is merged with that of the character(s) so that everything in the story is seen through the subjective experience of the character(s). Shakespearean Sonnet:The sonnet form used by Shakespeare, composed of three quatrains and a terminal couplet in iambic pentameter with the rhyme pattern abab cdcd efef gg. Shakespearean sonnet is also called Elizabethan sonnet, or English sonnet. Third Person Omniscient:the point of view with which t he narrator can, and usually does, report the inner feelings and thoughts of characters. The narrator is usually not an actual character in story but an invisible storyteller who can see and report anything. Third-Person Objective:the point of view with which the facts of a narrative are reported by a seemingly neutral, impersonal observer or recorder.Tragedy:A drama or literary work in which the main character is brought to ruin or suffers extreme sorrow, especially as a consequence of a tragic flaw, moral weakness, or inability to cope with unfavorable circumstances.Metaphysical Poetry: Metaphysical poetry is a term commonly used to name the work of the 17th-century writers who wrote under the influences of John Donne, who tried to break away from the Elizabethan love poetry. Less concerned with expressing feeling than with analyzing it, Metaphysical poetry is marked by bold and ingenious conceits. The form is frequently that of an argument with the poet‟s beloved, with God or with himself.。
英国文学 名词解释
1．Romance: a long composition, in verse or in prose, describing the life and adventures of a noble hero, especially for the knight. The most popular theme employed was the legend of King Arthur and the round table knight.2．Ballad民谣: a story told in song, usually in four-line stanzas, with the second and fourth lines rhymed.3．Heroic Couplet英雄偶句诗: a couplet consisting of two rhymed lines of iambic pentameter, and written in an elevated style.4．Renaissance: a revival or rebirth of the artistic and scientific revival which originated in Italy in the 14th century and gradually spread all over Europe. It has two features: a thirsting curiosity for the classical literature and keen interest in activities of humanity.5．Sonnet 14行诗: 14-line lyric poem, usually written in rhymed iambic pentameter.6．Blank verse无韵诗: poetry written in unrhymed iambic pentameter.7．Enlightenment启蒙运动: a revival of interest in the old classical works, logic, order, restrained emotion and accuracy.8．Neoclassicism新古典主义: the Enlightenment brought about a revival of interest in Greek and Roman works. This tendency is known as Neoclassicism.9．Sentimentalism感情主义: it was one of the important trends in English literature of the later decades of the 18 century. It concentrated on the free expression of thoughts and emotions, and presented a new view of human nature which prized feeling over thinking, passion over reason. 10．Romanticism: imagination, emotion and freedom are certainly the focal points of romanticism. The particular characteristics of the literature of romanticism include: subjectivity and an emphasis on individualism; freedom from rules; solitary life rather then life in society; the beliefs that imagination is superior to reason; and love of and worship of nature.11．Lake Poets: the English poets who lived in and drew inspiration from the Lake District at the beginning of the 19th century.12．Byronic Heroes拜伦式英雄: a variant of the Romantic heroes as a type of character( enthusiasm, persistence, pursuing freedom), named after the English Romantic Poet Gordon Byron.13．Aestheticism唯美主义: an art movement supporting the emphasis of aesthetic values more than socio-political themes for literature, fine art, music and other arts.14．Stream-of-Consciousness: it is a literary technique that presents the thoughts and feelings of a character as they occur without any clarification by the author. It is a narrative mode. 15．Dramatic Monologue戏剧独白16．Iambic Pentameter抑扬格五音步: a poetic line consisting of five verse feet, with each foot an unstressed syllable followed by a stressed syllable, that is, with each foot an iamb.17．Epic史诗: a long narrative poem telling about the deeds of a great hero and reflecting the values of the society from which it originated.18．Elegy挽歌: a poem of mourning, usually over the death of an individual; may also be a lament over the passing of life and beauty or a meditation of the nature of death; a type of lyric poem. 19．Spenserian Stanza斯宾塞诗体: a nine-line stanza made up of 8 lines of iambic pentameter ending with an Alexandrine. Its thyme scheme is ababbcbcc. This stanza was common to travel literature.1.(杰弗里乔叟）：the Father of English Poetry; The Canterbury Tales《埃特伯雷故事集》（24stories)2.Thomas More: Utopia《乌托邦》- the communication between more and the traveler which just came back from Utopia.3.: the first English Essayist; Essays《随笔集》- Of Studies, Of Truth (philosophical and literary works)4. Poet's poet; The Fairy Queen《仙后》(to Queen Elizabeth I)四大悲剧：（1）《奥瑟罗》叙述摩尔人贵族瑟罗由于听信手下旗官伊阿古的谗言，被嫉妒所压倒，掐死了无辜妻子苔丝狄蒙娜，随后自己也悔恨自杀。
英国文学史及选读 2017期末复习-名词解释(最新中英)
名词解释 ENGLISH LITERATURE--DEFINITION OF TERMS1singing the goods of Robin Hood. Coleridge’s The Rime of the Ancient Mariner is a2Critical Realism of the 19th centuryof fifties.2)The realists first and foremost set themselves the task of criticizing capitalist society from a democratic viewpoint and delineated the crying contradictions of bourgeois reality. But they did not find a way to eradicate social evils.3) Charles Dickens is the most important3With the advent of the 18th century, in England, as in otherthere sprang into life a public movement known as the Enlightenment. The Enlightenment on the whole, was an expression of struggle of the then progressive class of bourgeois against feudalism. The social inequality, stagnation, prejudices and other survivals of feudalism. They attempted to place all branches of science at the service of mankind by connecting them with the actual deeds and requirements of the people.启蒙主义：启蒙主义是在18世纪在英国发生的。
英国文学史名词解释
Enlightenment 启蒙运动With the advent of the 18th century, in England, as in other European countries, there sprang into life a public movement known as the Enlightenment. The Enlightenment on the whole, was an expression of struggle of the then progressive class of bourgeois against feudalism. The egogo inequality, stagnation, prejudices and other survivals of feudalism. The attempted to place all branches of science at the service of mankind by connecting them with the actual deeds and requirements of the people.Byronic hero 拜伦式英雄The creation of the Byronic hero is G.G.Byron’s chief contribution to English poetry. Such a hero is a proud, mysterious rebel figure of noble origin. Passionate and powerful, he is to right all the wrongs in a corrupt society, religious and moral. Thus this figure is a rebellious individual against outworn social system and conventions. Because Byron’s poetry is one of experiences on the whole, such a hero is more or less a surrogate of himself. He appears first in “Childe Harold’s Pilgrimmage”, and then further developed in later works such as the “Oriented Tales,” and “Don Huan”.Heroic Couplets 英雄双韵体It is a pair of rhymed lines of iambic pentameter. The form was introduced into English by Chaucer and widely used subsequently. This form was employed in the “heroic” poem and plays of the seventeenth century, and in translations of the heroic poems of antiquity, such as “Odyssey by Gorge Chapman. Hence it is widely known as the heroic couplet.Allegory 寓言A tale in verse or prose in which characters, actions, or settings represent abstract ideas or moral qualities. An allegory is a story with two meanings, a literal meaning and a symbolic meaning.Neoclassicism 新古典主义The tendency the Enlightenment Movement brought about in reviving the interest in old classical works, is known as neoclassicism. On the one hand, neoclassicists took classical works as their models; on the other, they kept to order, logic, restrained emotion and accuracy. They also had specific rules for almost every genre of literature. For example, in drama, they held that plays should be written in the Heroic Couplets, and that , as far as their content is concerned, they should stick to the unities of time, space and action.。
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英美文学史名词翻译Neoclassicism (新古典主义) Renaissance (文艺复兴) Metaphysical poetry (玄学派诗歌) Classism (古典主义)
Enlightenment (启蒙运动) Romanticism (浪漫主义)
Byronic Hero (拜伦式英雄) Aestheticism（美学主义）
Stream of consciousness (意识流)
the Age of Realism (现实主义时期) Naturalism (自然主义)
Local Colorist (乡土文学)
Imagism (意象主义)
The Lost Generation (迷惘的一代) Surrealism (超现实主义)
The Beat Generation (垮掉的一代) Metaphysical poets (玄学派诗人）New Criticism (新批评主义) Feminism(女权主义)
Hemingway Code Hero (海明威式英雄) Impressionism (印象主义)
Post modernity (后现代主义) Realism (现实主义)
Allegory (寓言)
Romance (传奇)
epic(史诗)
Blank Verse (无韵诗或素体广义地说Essay (随笔)
Masques or Masks (假面剧) Spenserian Stanza (斯宾塞诗节) Three Unities (三一.原则)
Meter (格律)
Soliloquy (独白)
Cavalier poets (骑士派诗人)
Elegy (挽歌) .
Action/plot (情节)
Atmosphere (基调)
Epigram (警句)
The Heroic Couplet (英雄对偶句) Sentimentalism (感伤主义文学)
Aside (旁白)
Denouement (戏剧结局) [deɪnuː'mɒŋ] parable (寓言) Genre (流派)
Irony (反讽)
Satire (讽刺)
Lyric (抒情诗)
Ode (颂歌)
Pastoral (田园诗)
Canto (诗章)
Lake Poets (湖畔诗人)
Image (意象)
Dramatic monologue（戏剧独白Psychological novel (心理小说)
Allusion (典故)
Protagonist and Antagonist (正面人物与反面人物)
Symbolism (象征主义)
Existentialism (存在主义)
Anti-hero (反面人物)
Round Character (丰满的人物)
Flat character (平淡的人物)
Oedipus complex (俄狄浦斯情结/蛮母厌父情结) ['i:dipəs; 'e-]
Rhyme (押韵)
Iambic pentameter (五音步诗)
Poetic license (诗的破格)
Legend (传说)
Myth (神话)
Pessimism (悲观主义)
Tragicomedy (悲喜剧)
Comedy of manners (风俗喜剧)
Free Verse (自由体诗歌)
Magic realism (魔幻现实主义) Autobiography (自传)
Biography (传记)
Foot (脚注)
Protagonist (正面人物)
Psychological Realism (心理现实主义) Setting (背景)。