英文马关条约
马关条约的主要内容
马关条约的主要内容
马关条约，也叫马关支配条约（The Treaty ofMAGuan），是一份在中国清朝时期与英国签署的条约，于1858年9月26日在北京签署。
在此之前，英国与清朝通过多次谈判，共同发明了用以处理在中华帝国与英帝国间贸易、外交和关系的一系列条约。
马关条约是一份由清朝和英国共同签署的协议，它明确规定了中英双方的权利和义务。
它的主要内容有：
一，条约规定英国人可以在中国各省选择合适的城市建立领馆，以及结束以前清朝规定的居留权制度。
同时英国可以从中国购买所需要的物品，并且可以自由购买中国特色的工艺品。
二，马关条约创立了“外国同盟”，即外国贸易船允许在中国港口停靠、从事贸易，国家双边贸易免征关税，外国人可以在中国居留和通行，并且允许外国人将与中国人关于民事、商业、海上、陆上的交易的诉讼，受到中国的司法管辖。
三，马关条约规定英国向中国开放海上贸易港口，允许英国人进入港口的城市贸易，中国将向英国开放广州、上海、天津和黄埔四个口岸，这也是中国开放四个沿海城市贸易口岸的先声。
四，马关条约规定英国人在中国居住、商务活动和旅行中受到中国法律的保护，英国公民可以在中国居住，在受到限制的情况下前往其他港口。
最后，马关条约规定双方应当在贸易、外交和海上方面维持平衡，确保英国收受相等的待遇，以及中国加强对外交政策的监督。
马关条约的签订，使英国拥有了在中国开放的港口，使得中国也开始了对外开放的历程。
它不仅影响了英国和中国之间的政治、经济、文化关系，而且也是世界贸易改革史上一个重要里程碑。
它丰富了中国和西方国家之间的文化多样性，推动了两国间的交流，并开启了中国对外开放的大门。
中国外交史(英文)
辛丑条约
总理各国事务衙门
3.The regime of GuoMin Party: (1)GuoMin Party represents the interest of bureaucratic capitalism and big landlords (2)China became one of the five permanent members of UN Security Council. (3) In Yalta Agreement, China had to allow the independence of Outer Mongolia.
New China ( 1949 ~
ቤተ መጻሕፍቲ ባይዱ
)
1. From 1949 to early 1950th (1)Chinese people have enjoyed independent diplomacy for the first time and they could control their own fate from then on. (2)The Soviet was the first country to recognize new China (3)“Draft Final Communique of the Asian-African Conference” (also known as the “Bandung Declaration”) (万隆宣言） (4)Premier Zhou brought forth “Five Principles of Peaceful Coexistence （和平共处五项原则）
The history of China’s diplomacy
Old China (1861 ~ 1949) : 1. Qing Dynasty: （1）The Ministry of Foreign Affairs(总理各国事务衙门） was born in 1861。 （2）In April 1895, Qing Dynasty signed the unequal Treaty of Shimonoseki(马关条约）. （3） In 1901, the government of Qing Dynasty signed the socalled Boxer Indemnity .(辛丑条约） 2. 1912~1927 China still suffered from unfair treaty imposed on Chinese people because of her weakness . e.g. In 1919, China was severely shamed in Paris Peace Conference
马关条约
《马关条约》（原名《马关新约》，日本称为《下关条约》或《日清讲和条约》）是中国清朝政府和日本明治政府于1895年4月17日（光绪二十一年三月二十三日）在日本马关（今山口县下关市）签订的割地赔款不平等条约，标志着甲午中日战争的结束。
根据条约规定，中国割让辽东半岛（后因三国干涉还辽而未能得逞）、台湾岛及其附属各岛屿、澎湖列岛给日本，赔偿日本2亿两白银，还增开商埠，允许日本在中国的通商口岸投资办厂。
该条约刺激了日本的侵略野心，适应了帝国主义列强对华资本输出的需要，掀起了列强瓜分中国的浪潮，也使中国民族危机空前严重，半殖民地化程度大大加深。
《马关条约》签订6天后，俄罗斯帝国因日本占领辽东半岛，阻碍它向中国东北伸张势力，便联合法国和德国两国进行干涉，结果是日本于1895年5月4日决定放弃辽东半岛，但要中国以白银3000万两将其“赎回”。
史称“三国干涉还辽”。
日本在甲午中日战争后一共勒索了中国两亿三千万两巨额白银。
然而，三国干涉还辽对日本来说仍然是飞来横祸，它使日本藉由甲午战争获胜之机侵占满洲（中国东北）的企图遭到粉碎，也使俄国增强其在远东的势力，遏制了日本在东北及朝鲜的扩张。
为了实现日本“大陆政策”的第二步（吞并朝鲜）和第三步（进军满蒙），日本重新整军备战，于十年后发动对俄罗斯的战争。
《马关条约》是继《南京条约》以来最严重的不平等条约。
各帝国主义国家援引片面最惠国待遇，获得了《马关条约》中除割地赔款以外中国给予日本的所有特权。
它给近代中国社会带来严重危害，大大加速了中国半殖民地化进程，加深民族危机。
①台湾等大片领土的割让，进一步破坏了中国主权的完整，刺激了列强瓜分中国的野心，民族危机进一步加深。
而且还造成了台湾和大陆难以弥补的隔阂，遗患至今。
②巨额赔款，加重了中国人民的负担。
同时，加速了日本军国主义的发展。
清朝因此大借外债，致使列强控制了中国的经济命脉。
③通商口岸开放，使帝国主义侵略势力深入到中国内地。
④允许在华投资办厂，其他列强引用“利益均沾”的条款，争先恐后地在中国开设工厂，严重阻碍了中国民族资本主义的发展。
马关条约主要内容
马关条约主要内容
一、马关条约简介
1、中国清政府于1842年3月3日缔结的与哥伦比亚平等自由共和国“马关条约”，也称“哥伦比亚条约”。
2、马关条约是清政府签订的第一个政治性条约，是中国签订的第一个外国条约，标志着中国与世界其它国家开展外交关系。
二、马关条约主要内容
1、关于两国互相尊重和保护国家政治和宗教自由。
2、关于各国船只可以在另一国的港口和河口停留、装卸货物、补给物资以及改建等的自由。
3、关于允许比利时人在中国境内设立传教机构以及办学，并允许中国人到比利时学习任何课程的自由。
4、关于两国之间的贸易往来的自由，中国政府允许比利时商人到上海设立商店，并给他们行使收养和贸易自由的特权。
5、关于两国互派外交使犁和领事等有关权利的自由。
6、关于两国互派护航船，允许中国护航船到菲律宾岛，并享有安全状况的自由。
7、关于如果两国发生争端而使用战争的条件的允许。
8、关于任何新的问题需要经过双方协商才能加以解决的允许。
三、对马关条约的影响
1、使中国签订具有国际影响力的条约，标志着中国与世界其他国家开展外交关系，也使中国正式走进了国际政治舞台。
2、开历史空白，建立中国与西方国家之间的关系，掀开中国向西方开放的序幕。
3、解决了中国与比利时之间纷争，有效地推动了中国对外开放，与西方国家开展正常的外交关系，促进了中国的封建社会的改革和开放。
4、条约的签订和实施拉开了洋务运动开创中世纪以后新时期的序幕。
5、推动了中国的经济开放，从而促进了中国的经济发展，奠定了中国日益壮大的基础。
中日马关条约（TheTreatyofShimonoseki）
中日马关条约（The Treaty of Shimonoseki）The Treaty of Shimonoseki(1895)The first paragraphChinese that North Korea the country is indeed no lack of independent country, where it is a loss of its independent system, such as the country toChinese repair contribution ceremony, and later the entire line must waste.Second paragraphChinese will open the right of local management, and the local military fortress all factories and all public objects, never let onThis.First, under the delimitation of Fengtian province within the south to the Yalu River where the river back against Anping estuary, and transferred to the mouth of the PhoenixPhoenix City, Haicheng, and Yingkou, to the south line into place. All the cities that are open before are included in the demarcation line.The line reaches the Liaohe River in Yingkou, and flowsdownstream to Haikou, with each other as the center of the river. The South and the north shore of the Yellow Sea bay,The islands in Fengtian were also made.Two. The island of Taiwan and all its affiliated islands.Three, the Penghu islands, the British Greene time longitude Baishijiu degrees up to 120 degrees, and thirty-three degrees north latitude to twoIslands between fourteen degrees.Third paragraphMap and its adhesion contained in the preceding paragraph, delimit boundaries, wait until this about approval reversed, the two countries should send officials to the twoFor the public, with the border demarcation Committee, on the spot investigation, determine. In case of closing the national boundaries about terrain or geographyHave to love the inconvenience, each member when properly refers to change. The members of the committee should be dealt with promptly as soon as possibleThe year end, but in each of the members has better delimitation, the governments of the two countries without a look before, should according to the covenantBoundary delimitation is positive.Fourth paragraphChinese about the library Pingyin and Erwanwanliang in Japan, as the military compensation. This paragraph is divided into eight times. The first fifty millionTwo, the exchange should be made within six months after the approval of this agreement. The second fifty million and two shall be exchanged for twelve months after the approval of this AgreementInternal cross clearing. The balance shall be divided equally into six equal years and payable annually.Second times within three years, third times within four years, fourth times within five years, fifth times within six yearsQing, sixth times within seven years to pay clear. The annual marks are exchanged after the approval of this agreement. After the first indemnity came to Qing dynasty,The amount of money paid for each year should be increased by five per yearListen to china. In the three year since the date of ratification of the treaty, all the internal energy can be paid off, unless the interest payments have been paid or two yearsHalf or less than two and a half years later, the remaininginterest is still free.Fifth paragraphAfter the ratification of this agreement, within two years, Japan will allow China to transfer to the people of other places who wish to move to other placesHe sold all but the industry receded out of bounds, yet after full migration, action should be regarded as Japanese subjects. Another province of Taiwan should beFor the approval of about after the exchange, the two parties immediately minister to Taiwan, only about two months after the approval of a clear transfer.Sixth paragraphIn Japan all the Charter, so time and self is never waste. As soon as the Chinese about about after the approval of supipes and PlenipotentiaryThe full minister appointed by the Institute shall enter into a treaty of shipping and a land trade charter in conjunction with it. The new Contracting chapter of the two countries should be based on ChinaWith the west of the line to see the charter. Since the date of ratification of the exchange, the new Contracting chapter has not been implemented, all of JapanThe official and commercial ships sailing craft subjects overland trading, and China most available country gift of vision protection, all is.About China will open to two sections of assignment, and sealed plenipotentiary date, six months before.First, this Chinese has opened ports, should be set under the quasi everywhere, standing as a trading port to the Japanese people toThirdly, to make business process. Set all ports, according to the Haikou business are opened or open to the mainland town of Zhang ChengyiWe should enjoy all the merits, benefits, benefits and so on.(1) Jingzhou Prefecture, Hubei, Shashi. (two) Sichuan ProvinceChongqing prefecture. (three) Suzhou Prefecture, Jiangsu province. (four) Hangzhou Prefecture, Zhejiang province. The Japanese government has to send consular officers to the front officeMouth stationed.Second. The Japanese ships have to drive down the port to accompany the passengers to transport goods: (1) tracing the Yangtze River from Hubei, Yichang, and so onChongqing Prefecture of Sichuan province. (two) from theShanghai and Suzhou canal and into the Wusongjiang palace in Hangzhou prefecture. China and Japan have not agreedOn the voyage charter before export shipping according to foreign ship Chinese inland waterway line to see the articles of Association for illumination.Third, Japanese subjects purchase goods and goods in the mainland of China, if they are destined for their own goods, or will import goods to the mainland, desireInterim deposit stack, except it lose tax bills sent all the features of travel, temporary rented warehouse inventory.Fourth, Japanese citizens have engaged in the process in China port cities took the machine manufacturing, and will let downImport only pay the import tax. Japanese subjects made all the goods in China, transporting inland taxes and inland taxesClass Shiite, and Chinese with mainland and hosting the benefits that date warehouse goods transported into the Chinese subjects for development, to be excellentExamples are excluded, and they are all the same.Then for plus let things be added rules, namely loading referred to in this subsection treaty in sailing.Seventh paragraphThe Japanese Army shall, within three months after the exchange is approved by the Japanese army, withdraw it, but shall be dealt with in accordance with the sub clause.Eighth paragraphIn order to ensure the earnest implementation of the provisions within the agreement, the Japanese army was allowed to temporarily defend the Weihai Wei of Shandong province. Also in ChinaThe Chinese government and the Japanese government have confirmed that the first and 22 reparations have been cleared up and the exchange of commercial vessels has been approved and exchangedJapan will be allowed to withdraw the army as soon as possible. If China doesn'tThat is to say, Japan will not withdraw the army until the end of the Qing dynasty.Ninth paragraphThe two countries should exchange about approval, will be all the prisoners were returned. China will be sent back to Japan by Japanese captives, not yetTo abuse or if a sin. China will probably release Japaneseagents who believe that military spies or suspected Japanese are releasedAbout the Japanese army battle involves all the China subjects, almost to the authorities, and ordered a company shall not be good to catch.Tenth paragraphWhen the exchange date is approved, it should be based on the interest rate war.Eleventh paragraphSince it was approved by his Majesty the great emperor of the Qing Dynasty and His Majesty the great Imperial Emperor of Japan, he was appointed to the twenty-one year of Guangxu ten, AprilFour, the Japanese Meiji twenty-eight years at the beginning of May eight, the Yantai exchange. For which the two countries signed a plenipotentiary to.Abide by.The Qing Dynasty imperial first plenipotentiary Prince Taifu Wen Huadian bachelor Beiyang minister who a Zhili Governor Su Yi countLi HongzhangThe Qing Dynasty imperial plenipotentiary envoys dingdaibefore twoLi JingfangThe Prime Minister of the great Japanese Empire, the Prime Minister of the cabinet, from two first rank countItou HirofumiThe Japanese Empire solely for the Minister of foreign affairs minister from two Hoon a ViscountLu AozongguangTwenty-one years of Guangxu in March 23rdThe two write off claims.Twenty-eight years of Meiji April 17th。
口笔译备考-《钓鱼岛是中国的固有领土》白皮书（双语）
钓鱼岛是中国的固有领土(2012年9月)中华人民共和国国务院新闻办公室目录前言一、钓鱼岛是中国的固有领土二、日本窃取钓鱼岛三、美日对钓鱼岛私相授受非法无效四、日本主张钓鱼岛主权毫无依据五、中国为维护钓鱼岛主权进行坚决斗争结束语前言钓鱼岛及其附属岛屿是中国领土不可分割的一部分。
无论从历史、地理还是从法理的角度来看，钓鱼岛都是中国的固有领土，中国对其拥有无可争辩的主权。
日本在1895年利用甲午战争窃取钓鱼岛是非法无效的。
第二次世界大战后，根据《开罗宣言》和《波茨坦公告》等国际法律文件，钓鱼岛回归中国。
无论日本对钓鱼岛采取任何单方面举措，都不能改变钓鱼岛属于中国的事实。
长期以来，日本在钓鱼岛问题上不时制造事端。
2012年9月10日，日本政府宣布“购买”钓鱼岛及附属的南小岛、北小岛，实施所谓“国有化”。
这是对中国领土主权的严重侵犯，是对历史事实和国际法理的严重践踏。
中国坚决反对和遏制日本采取任何方式侵犯中国对钓鱼岛的主权。
中国在钓鱼岛问题上的立场是明确的、一贯的，维护国家主权和领土完整的意志坚定不移，捍卫世界反法西斯战争胜利成果的决心毫不动摇。
一、钓鱼岛是中国的固有领土钓鱼岛及其附属岛屿位于中国台湾岛的东北部，是台湾的附属岛屿，分布在东经123°20′-124°40′，北纬25°40′-26°00′之间的海域，由钓鱼岛、黄尾屿、赤尾屿、南小岛、北小岛、南屿、北屿、飞屿等岛礁组成，总面积约5.69平方千米。
钓鱼岛位于该海域的最西端，面积约3.91平方千米，是该海域面积最大的岛屿，主峰海拔362米。
黄尾屿位于钓鱼岛东北约27千米，面积约0.91平方千米，是该海域的第二大岛，最高海拔117米。
赤尾屿位于钓鱼岛东北约110千米，是该海域最东端的岛屿，面积约0.065平方千米，最高海拔75米。
(一)中国最先发现、命名和利用钓鱼岛中国古代先民在经营海洋和从事海上渔业的实践中，最早发现钓鱼岛并予以命名。
英文马关条约[终稿]
![英文马关条约[终稿]](https://img.taocdn.com/s3/m/ee3aedfeb9f67c1cfad6195f312b3169a451eab9.png)
英文马关条约Treaty of Shimonoseki2005年4月17日是马关条约签订110周年。
110年前的今天，北洋大臣李鸿章在日本马关签订了《马关条约》(Treaty of Shimonoseki)，割让辽东半岛、台湾及澎湖列岛给日本；赔偿日本军费银二亿两……Shimonoseki, Treaty of, Apr. 17, 1895, ending the First Sino-Japanese War. It was negotiated and signed by Ito Hirobumi for Japan and Li Hung-chang for China. Harsh terms were imposed on a badly defeated China. The treaty provided for the end of Chinese suzerainty over Korea, giving Korea independence, and for the cession to Japan of Taiwan, the Pescadores islands, and Port Arthur and the Liaodong peninsula. Japan also imposed a large indemnity and forced China to open five new treaty ports.A week after the treaty was signed, however, Russia, France, and Germany together—in the so-called Triple Intervention—demanded that Japan renounce claims to Port Arthur and the Liaodong peninsula. Japan reluctantly agreed (Nov., 1895), but China was forced to pay an additional indemnity.1895年4月17日签订的马关条约，结束了第一次中日战争。
《马关条约》附属文献的内容及其意义
作 者 简介 ：权 赫 秀 （ １ ９ ６ ２ 一 ） ，男 ，朝 鲜族 ， 吉林 磐 石 人 ，辽 宁 大学 历 史学 院教 授 、博 士 导 师 ， 辽 宁
Ｏ Ｆ Ｓ Ｈ Ｉ Ｍ Ｏ Ｎ Ｏ Ｓ Ｅ Ｋ Ｉ ，１ ８ ９ ５ ” ，④ 意为 “ 下之 关条约 ， １ ８ ９ ５ ”，似乎不 是原来 就有 的正式条 约名称 ，极有 可能是
① 外耪省编 纂：《 日本外交文言》 第二十八卷第二册 ， 柬京 日本国除速合馅畲 ， 昭和二十八年 ， 第３ ７ １页；海关总署《中 外旧约章 大全》编 纂委 员会编 ： 《 中外 旧约章 大全》第 １ 分卷 （ １ ６ ８ ９ －１ ９ ０ ２年）下册 ，北 京：中国海关 出版 社 ，２ ０ ０ ４年 ，
“ 媾和 条约 ，此处暂 以前述 中文资料 为准，至 于如何产 生上述 条约名称差异 ，仍有待 于进 一步查核 。 ③ 外榜省鳊 纂 ： 《日本外交文言》 第二十八 卷第二册 ，第 ３ ６ ３页。
④ Ｃ ｉｎ ｈ ａ Ｔ ｈ ｅ Ｍａ ｒ ｉ ｉ ｔ ｍｅ Ｃ ｕ ｓ ｔ ｏ ｍｓ ， Ｔ ｒ ｅ ａ ｉ ｔ ｅ ｓ ， Ｃ ｏ ｎ ｖ ｅ ｎ ｉ ｔ ｏ ｎ ｓ ， ｅ ｔ ｃ ． ， Ｃ ｈ ｉ ｎ ａ ｎｄ ａ Ｆ ｏ ｒ ｄ ｎ ｇ Ｓ ｔ ａ ｔ ｅ ｓ ， Ｖ ｏ １ ． Ⅱ， Ｓ ｅ ｃ ｏ ｎ ｄ Ｅ ｄ ｉ ｉ ｔ ｏ ｎ ， Ｐ ． ５ ９ ０ ； 海 关总 署
《 中外旧约章 大全》编 纂委 员会编 ： 《 中外旧约章 大全》 第 １ 分卷 （ １ ６ ８ ９ — １ ９ ０ ２年）下册 ，第 １ ２ ２ １页。
五口通商条约英文版本
五口通商条约英文版本TREATY OF KANAGAWABetween the United States of America and the Empire of JapanThe United States of America and the Empire of Japan, desiring to establish good relations and promote commerce between the two nations, have agreed to the following terms:Article IThe Empire of Japan agrees to open the following ports for the purposes of trade: Shimoda and Hakodate. These ports shall be open to American vessels for a period of one year starting from the signing of this treaty.Article IIAmerican ships shall be granted the freedom to enter any ports or harbors in Japan for the purposes of taking on provisions, repairs, or for any other urgent necessity.Article IIIThe United States shall be allowed to station a consul at Shimoda to protect the rights and interests of American citizens and to promote trade between the two nations. The Empire of Japan shall extend the same privileges and immunities to the American consul as are provided to consuls of other countries.Article IVThe United States and Japan agree to the principles of extraterritoriality, which means that American citizens residing in Japan shall be subject to American laws and jurisdiction, ratherthan Japanese laws.Article VThe United States and Japan agree to provide assistance and protection to each other's ships in case of shipwreck, piracy, or any other emergencies. They also agree to cooperate in suppressing piracy in the waters around their respective territories.Article VIIf any American ships or citizens suffer injuries or damages within Japanese territory, the Japanese government shall pay full and prompt compensation to the aggrieved parties. Likewise, if any Japanese ships or citizens suffer injuries or damages within American territory, the United States government shall pay full and prompt compensation to the aggrieved parties.Article VIIThis treaty shall be ratified by the governments of both the United States and the Empire of Japan, and shall take effect immediately upon exchange of ratifications.Done at Kanagawa, this thirty-first day of March, in the year of our Lord one thousand eight hundred and fifty-four.__________________________________Matthew C. PerryCommodore, United States Navy__________________________________Hayashi AkiraAmbassador Extraordinary and Plenipotentiary of the Empire of Japan。
外交部钓鱼岛对日声明(中英对照)
中华人民共和国外交部声明Foreign Ministry statement2012年9月10日，日本政府不顾中方一再严正交涉，宣布“购买”钓鱼岛及其附属的南小岛和北小岛，实施所谓“国有化”。
这是对中国领土主权的严重侵犯，是对13亿中国人民感情的严重伤害，是对历史事实和国际法理的严重践踏。
中国政府和人民对此表示坚决反对和强烈抗议。
Regardless of repeated strong representations of the Chinese side, the Japanese government announced on 10 September 2012 the “purchase” of the Diaoyu Island and its affiliated Nan Xiaodao and Bei Xiaodao and the implementation of the so-called “nationalization” of the islands. This constitutes a gross violation of China’s sovereignty over its own territory and is highly offensive to the 1.3 billion Chinese people. It seriously tramples on historical facts and international jurisprudence. The Chinese government and people express firm opposition to and strong protest against the Japanese move.钓鱼岛及其附属岛屿自古以来就是中国的神圣领土，有史为凭、有法为据。
钓鱼岛等岛屿是中国人最早发现、命名和利用的，中国渔民历来在这些岛屿及其附近海域从事生产活动。
《马关条约》的内容
《马关条约》的内容
《马关条约》（1858年，洪都拉斯），又称《马关和约》，是中国清政府与英国的谈判的结果，是全史上第一份中西文明相遇之后签订的国际公约，订立了中英关系的全新模式，为中外关系开拓了新的道路。
《马关条约》共有四个条款：
第一条规定，中英双方应建立友好贸易关系，保证权利和义务双赢。
第二条规定，中国政府应分别对英国士兵，官员，商船及船子，按照约定享受税金和保护优待。
第三条规定，中国应将广东福建，天津和厦门4个港口作为英国和印度的纳税口岸和贸易转口站，每年给英国政府交纳定额的进口关税。
第四条规定，中国政府自愿准许英国公民在中国境内享有特许权，可以依据中国当地法律，安居乐业，自由移动，可以购买房地产，拥有本国公民享有的一切权利。
《马关条约》的签定，充分表明了中英两国朝夕相处的睦邻友好的态度，这份条约打破了历史上权力对立的对抗，开辟了新的外交关系空间；另外，它也在进一步扩大中英贸易的同时，将中外文明的种种碰撞融合在一起，为后来的历史各项伟大成就奠定了坚实的基础。
马关条约
《马关条约》(Treaty of Shimonoseki)是1895年4月17日(光绪二十年3月23日)中国清政府与日本签订的条约。
该条约最初的名称为《马关新条约》。
其中包括和平条约十一款，其他条约三款，谈判特别条款三款，休战延期特别条款二款。
《马关条约》的签署，标志着1894-1895年中日战争(第一次中日战争)的结束。
中方代表是李鸿章和李景芳，日方代表是伊藤博文和卢奥宗光。
中国从朝鲜半岛撤军，承认朝鲜“独立自主”;中国不再是朝鲜的宗主国;中国将台湾岛及其附属岛屿、澎湖列岛和辽东半岛割让给日本;中国赔偿日本军费2亿两(2万两);中国已开放沙市、重庆、苏州、杭州为商埠;——允许日本人在中国贸易口岸设立领事和工厂，进口各种机器;中国不得逮捕为日本军队服务的人员;在台湾澎湖的华籍居民，允许其工业在两年内卖出境外，且在期限内未迁出者，以日本人论处;条约批准后两个月内，两国将派人员赴台办理交接手续。
由于《马关条约》规定将辽东半岛割让给日本，危及沙俄在中国东北地区的权益，因此，在《马关条约》签订后的第6天，俄罗斯、法国和德国就进行了干预，称为三国干涉。
日本被迫同意归还辽东半岛，但清政府不得不支付3000万两的“赎金”作为补偿。
明治维新后，日本对外开放边界，西进土地的目标是朝鲜和中国大陆。
1876年，日本强迫朝鲜签订了第一个不平等条约——《江华条约》，日本侵略军进入朝鲜。
清朝与朝鲜有宗主附庸关系。
日本极力破坏这一关系，在韩国与中国产生了尖锐的矛盾和冲突。
1885年3月，签署了《天津会议特别规定》，确立了两国在韩国的平等地位。
此后，日本计划并积极开展了针对中国的军事扩张和备战活动。
钓鱼岛英语ppt
Diaoyu islands and near seas contain plenty of oil resources . It aslo has enormous economic value in other aspects. Zhejiang, Fujian and Taiwan fishermen often go to this area fishing . In addition, it has military value.
the Diaoyu Islands and other
islands to U.S.
• On September 8th in 1951,Japan and America signed the Treaty of San Francisco.
In 1970, The United States return back the jurisdiction of ryukyu（琉球） islands and also give Japan DiaoYu islands. In 1972, China and Japan deferred discussing the problem.
30-08-2012 US claims it has no position on Diaoyu islands
09-03-2012
Japan plan to buy Diaoyu islands
09-03-2012 China stands firm on Diaoyu Islands issue China urges US not to take sides in Diaoyu Islands
3.The origin
of the debate
颐和园作文英文
颐和园之美：古典园林的魅力与韵味Nestled in the heart of Beijing, the Summer Palace, or Yiheyuan, stands as a testament to the splendor and elegance of classical Chinese gardening. A UNESCO World Heritage site, the Summer Palace embodies the essence of imperial园林艺术, combining natural beauty with meticulous human design.A visit to the Summer Palace is a journey through history, culture, and natural beauty. The vast complex, once the private resort of the imperial family, now welcomes millions of visitors each year who come to appreciate its timeless charm.The Longevity Hill and the Kunming Lake form the core of the Summer Palace. The hill, with its lush vegetation and scenic pavilions, offers a panoramic view of the surrounding gardens and the distant cityscape. The Kunming Lake, on the other hand, reflects the beauty of the surrounding buildings, creating a serene and tranquil atmosphere.The Summer Palace is famous for its intricate architectural details and beautiful landscapes. The Hall of Supreme Harmony, with its richly decorated ceiling and elaborate carvings, is a prime example of imperial architecture. The Seventeen Arches Bridge, spanning the Kunming Lake, offers a picturesque view of the water andthe surrounding foliage.In addition to its visual splendor, the Summer Palace also holds significant historical value. It was here that many important events in Chinese history unfolded,including the signing of the Treaty of Shimonoseki during the Sino-Japanese War of 1894-1895.The Summer Palace is not just a place of historical and cultural significance; it is also a haven for nature lovers. The gardens are a sanctuary for wildlife, and the park is a popular destination for birdwatchers and photographers.Visiting the Summer Palace is an unforgettable experience. It offers a unique glimpse into the grandeur of imperial China, the beauty of natural landscapes, and the depth of Chinese culture and history. Whether one comes to appreciate the artistry of the gardens, to explore thehistorical significance of the site, or simply to enjoy a peaceful stroll in a beautiful setting, the Summer Palaceis sure to leave a lasting impression.**颐和园之美：古典园林的魅力与韵味**颐和园，又称夏宫，坐落在北京的心脏地带，是中国古典园林艺术的辉煌与优雅的见证。
名词解释马关条约
名词解释马关条约马关条约是日本强迫清政府订立的关于结束甲午战争的不平等条约"895年4月17日，清政府议和全权大臣李鸿章及其子李经方，与日本首相伊藤博文和外相陆奥宗光在日本马关（即下关）春帆楼签订。
共11款，附有《另约》、《议订专条》。
主要内容：（1）中国承认朝鲜“完全无缺之独立自主”；中国承认日本对朝鲜的控制；（2）中国割让台湾全岛及所有附属各岛屿、澎湖列岛和辽东半岛给日本；（3）赔偿日本军费二亿两；（4）开放沙市、重庆、苏州、杭州为商埠，日船可以沿内河驶入上述各口，搭客载货（5）日本臣民得在通商口岸设立工厂，输入各种机器，其产品免征一切杂税；（6）中国不得逮捕为日本军队服务的汉奸分子。
次年又据本约有关规定，订立《通商行船条约》，日本取得在华领事裁判权和片面最惠国待遇。
该条约适应了列强对中国输出资本的需要。
《马关条约》丧权辱国，引发了列强企图瓜分中国的狂潮，加深了中国的半殖民地化和民族危机。
当然，民族危机的加深刺激了国人的进一步觉醒，掀起了救亡图存的斗争热潮。
1895年4月17H,清朝和日本在山口县的马关港，签订了丧权辱国的《马关条约》。
条约规定，清政府向日本割让台湾及澎湖列岛，并赔款两亿两白银。
《马关条约》标志着清朝在甲午战争中的彻底失败和洋务运动的破产，也使大清进入了通往灭亡的冲刺阶段。
天籁之音，赛雷话金，今天咱们就来聊聊百余年前那场影响东亚历史的甲午战争。
战争的胜败离不开所处的时代背景，众所周知，19世纪末的日本正在高速发展，而大清则日益衰败。
一个王朝的衰败，往往是从国库亏空开始的。
清朝在1840年之前，财政水平虽说已经不能和乾隆中叶的鼎盛时期相比，但尚且能收支平衡。
结果鸦片战争的爆发，让大清陷入了入不敷出的深渊。
从1840年到1843年，由于战争造成的巨大财政损失，以及战后向英国支付的《南京条约》所定赔款，清朝国库在三年内总计亏损1462万两白银，到1843年底，也就是鸦片战争结束后的一年，国库存银只剩下993万两，这是康熙平定三藩之乱以来的最低点。
《马关条约》
• 第三款 前項所載及粘附本約之地圖所劃疆界，俟本 約批准互換之後，兩國應各選派官員二名以上為公同 劃定疆界委員，就此踏勘確定疆界，若遇本約所訂疆 界於地形或治理所關有礙難不便等情，各該委員等當 妥為參酌更定。 • 各該委員等當從速辦理界務，以期奉委之後限一年竣 事，但遇各該委員等有所更定劃界，兩國政府經認准 以前，應據本約所定劃界為正。
• 第七款 日本軍隊現駐中國境內者應於本約批准互換 之後三個月內撤回，但須依照次項所定辦理。 • 第八款 中國為保明認真實行約內所定條款，聽允日 本軍隊暫行佔守山東省威海衛，又於中國將本約所訂 第一第二兩次賠項交清，通商行船約章亦經批准互換 之後，中國政府與日本政府確定周全妥善辦法將通商 口岸關稅作為剩項並息之抵押， • 日本可允撤回軍隊，倘中國政府不即確定抵押辦法， 則未經交清末次賠項日本，應不允撤回軍隊，但通商 行船約章未經批准互換以前雖交經賠項，日本仍不撤 回軍隊。
• 《馬關條約》是《南京條約》以來最屈辱的賣國條約。 • 它給中國人民帶來極大的災難，加深了中國的半殖民 地化和民族危機，也決定了台灣淪為日本殖民地的命 運。 • 5月2日，清廷批准《馬關條約》，8日，派換約大臣 伍廷芳、聯芳與日方伊東美久治在煙台換約。 • 10日，日政府即派海軍大將樺山資紀為台灣總督兼海 陸軍司令官和接收台灣全權委員。 • 清廷亦派李經方為交割台灣全權委員。
• 《馬關條約》第2款規定： • 中國將「台灣全島及所有附屬各島嶼」和「澎湖列 島」，「永遠讓與日本」； • 第5款規定：「本約批准互換之後，限二年內，日本 准中國讓與地方人民，願遷居讓與地方之外者，任便 變賣所有產業，退去界外。 • 但限滿之後尚未遷徙者，酌宜視為日本臣民。」 • 「又台灣一省，應于本條約批准互換後，兩國立即各 派大員至台灣，限于本約批准互換後兩個月內交接清 楚。」 • 其具體內容如下：(摘自《清光緒中日交涉史料》)
马关条约
马关条约《马关条约》是中国清朝政府和日本明治政府于1895年4月17日(光绪二十一年三月二十三日)在日本马关(今山口县下关市)签订的不平等条约，原名《马关新约》，日本称为《下关条约》或《日清讲和条约》。
《马关条约》的签署标志着甲午中日战争的结束。
中方全权代表为李鸿章、李经方，日方全权代表为伊藤博文、陆奥宗光。
根据条约规定，中国割让辽东半岛(后因三国干涉还辽而未能得逞)、台湾岛及其附属各岛屿、澎湖列岛给日本，赔偿日本2亿两白银。
中国还增开沙市、重庆、苏州、杭州为商埠，并允许日本在中国的通商口岸投资办厂。
《马关条约》使日本获得巨大利益，刺激其侵略野心。
与此同时，条约也使中国民族危机空前严重，半殖民地化程度大大加深。
该条约适应了帝国主义列强对华资本输出的需要，随后列强掀起了瓜分中国的狂潮。
签约背景日本明治维新后，蓄意对外扩张，逐渐形成了以侵略中国为中心的"大陆政策"。
其第一步是攻占台湾，第二步是吞并朝鲜，第三步是进军满蒙，第四步是灭亡中国，第五步是征服亚洲，称霸世界。
1871年，近代中日两国签订了第一个条约--《中日修好条规》，该条约第一款就写明:"嗣后大清国、大日本国倍敦和谊，与天壤无穷。
即两国所属邦土，亦各以礼相待，不可稍有侵越，俾获永久安全。
"这是一个平等的条约。
但日本不顾条约中"两国所属邦土……不可稍有侵越"之规定，于1872年入侵中国属国琉球，1874年入侵中国领土台湾，还透过《北京专约》迫使清政府间接承认琉球为日本属国，并于1879年正式吞并琉球国，改设为日本的冲绳县。
同时，日本还入侵中国的另一个属国--朝鲜，于1875年制造"云扬号事件"，1876年以此为借口强迫朝鲜签订不平等的《江华条约》。
其后日本又利用朝鲜发生的"壬午兵变"和"甲申政变"进一步扩大在朝鲜的势力，排挤朝鲜的原宗主国--中国，并于1885年与清政府签订《天津会议专条》，在事实上取得了与中国在朝鲜半岛的对等地位。
中国近代不平等条约记忆方法口诀
中国近代不平等条约记忆方法口诀清政府被迫签订的一系列不平等条约是近代中国半殖民地性质的突出表现，它们对中国近代史有着巨大而深远的影响，也是高考常考的重点。
以下是店铺为你整理的关于中国近代不平等条约记忆方法口诀，欢迎大家阅读。
中国近代不平等条约记忆方法口诀一1842年中英《南京条约》主要内容：①割香港岛给英国;②赔款2100万银元;③开放广州、厦门、福州、宁波、上海五处为通商口岸;④英商进出口货物缴纳的税款，中国须同英国商定。
方法1，挑选核心词依次缩记为割地、赔款、开口岸、协税。
方法2，用字头法结和谐音法记为哥哥赔五(双)鞋，解释：哥哥──谐割音，指割地;赔──赔款;五──五口通商;(双)──辅助记忆，无实义，下同;鞋──谐协音，指协定关税。
广州、厦门、福州、宁波、上海五处通商口岸名称的记忆。
方法1，用字头法记为广、厦、福、宁、上。
方法2，用谐音法记为光(广)下(厦)不(福)能(宁)上。
中国近代不平等条约记忆方法口诀二1858年中俄、中美、中英、中法《天津条约》主要内容：①外国公使常驻北京。
②增开牛庄(后改营口)、淡水、汉口、南京等十处为通商口岸。
③外国军舰和商船可在长江各口岸自由航行。
④外国人可以到中国内地游历、通商、传教。
⑤清政府赔偿英法两国军费各200万两，赔偿英商损失200万两白银。
方法1，挑选核心词依次缩记为公使驻京、开十口、外国船、外国人、赔款。
方法2，用数字排比法记为一开二赔三外，解释：一开──增开牛庄(后改营口)、淡水、汉口、南京等十处为通商口岸;二赔──军费、商损两种赔款，即赔偿英法两国军费各200万两，赔偿英商损失200万两白银;三外──外国公使(进驻北京)，外国船(军舰和商船可以在长江各口岸自由航行)，外国人(可以到内地游历、经商、传教)。
中国近代不平等条约记忆方法口诀三1860年中英、中法《北京条约》主要内容：①清政府承认《天津条约》有效;②增开天津为商埠;③割让九龙司地方一区给英国;④准许英、法招募华工出国;⑤对英、法两国赔款各增至800万两白银。
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Who, after having exchanged their full powers, which were found to be in good and proper form, have agreed to the following Articles:—
大清帝国大皇帝陛下及大日本帝国大皇帝陛下为订定和约，俾两国及其臣民重修平和，共享幸福，且杜绝将来纷纭之端。大清帝国大皇帝陛下特简大清帝国钦差头等全权大臣太子太傅文华殿大学士北洋通商大臣直隶总督一等肃毅伯爵李鸿章，大清帝国钦差全权大臣二品顶戴前出使大臣李经方；
(b) The island of Formosa, together with all islands appertaining or belonging to the said island of Formosa.
(c) The Pescadores Group, that is to say, all islands lying between the 119th and 120th degrees of longitude east of Greenwich and the 23rd and 24th degrees of north latitude.
第二款
中国将管理下开地方之权并将该地方所有堡垒、军器工厂及一切属公物件，永远让与日本：
一、下开划界以内之奉天省南边地方：从鸭绿江口溯该江以抵安平河口，又从该河口划至凤凰城、海城及营口而止，画成拆线以南地方。所有前开各城市邑皆包括在划界线内。该线抵营口之辽河口，即顺流至海口止，彼此以河中心为分界。
1895年4月17日签订的马关条约，结束了第一次中日战争。条约由日方的伊藤博文和中方的李鸿章协商并签订。已饱受战争创伤的中国，又被加以苛刻的条款。马关条约结束了中国对于朝鲜的宗主权，使中方承认了朝鲜独立，同时迫使中国割让了台湾、澎湖列岛、旅顺港和辽东半岛给日本。日方还对中国强加以巨额赔款，并要求开放五个新的通商口岸。条约签订后的一周，由于俄、德、法三国的干涉，日本不情愿地宣布放弃辽东半岛和旅顺，而代之以要求中方增加额外的赔款。
His Majesty the Emperor of Japan, Count ITO Hirobumi, Junii, Grand Cross of the Imperial Order of Paullownia, Minister President of State; and Viscount MUTSU Munemitsu, Junii, First Class of the Imperial Order of the Sacred Treasure, Minister of State for Foreign Affairs.
Treaty of Shimonoseki
2005年4月17日是马关条约签订110周年。110年前的今天，北洋大臣李鸿章在日本马关签订了《马关条约》(Treaty of Shimonoseki)，割让辽东半岛、台湾及澎湖列岛给日本；赔偿日本军费银二亿两……
Shimonoseki, Treaty of, Apr. 17, 1895, ending the First Sino-Japanese War. It was negotiated and signed by Ito Hirobumi for Japan and Li Hung-chang for China. Harsh terms were imposed on a badly defeated China. The treaty provided for the end of Chinese suzerainty over Korea, giving Korea independence, and for the cession to Japan of Taiwan, the Pescadores islands, and Port Arthur and the Liaodong peninsula. Japan also imposed a large indemnity and forced China to open five new treaty ports. A week after the treaty was signed, however, Russia, France, and Germany together—in the so-called Triple Intervention—demanded that Japan renounce claims to Port Arthur and the Liaodong peninsula. Japan reluctantly agreed (Nov., 1895), but China was forced to pay an additional indemnity.
This cession also includes all islands appertaining or belonging to the province of Fêngtien situated in the eastern portion of the Bay of Liao-tung and the northern portion of the Yellow Sea.
The line of demarcation begins at the mouth of the River Yalu and ascends that stream to the mouth of the River An-ping [Anping], from thence the line runs to Fêng-huang [Fenghuang], from thence to Hai-cheng [Haizheng?], from thence to Ying-kow [Yinzhou?], forming a line which describes the southern portion of the territory. The places above named are included in the ceded territory. When the line reaches the River Liao at Ying-kow, it follows the course of the stream to its mouth, where it terminates. The mid-channel of the River Liao shall be taken as the line of demarcation.
第一款
中国认明朝鲜国确为完全无缺之独立自主，故凡有亏损独立自主体制，即如该国向中国所修贡献典礼，嗣后全行废绝。
Article 2
China cedes to Japan in perpetuity and full sovereignty the following territories, together with all fortifications, arsenals, and public property thereon:
马关条约(Treaty of Shimonoseki)原文节录
TREATY OF PEACE
His Majesty the Emperor of Japan and His Majesty the Emperor of China, desiring to restore the blessings of peace to their countries and subjects and to remove all cause for future complications, have named as their Plenipotentiaries for the purpose of concluding a Treaty of Peace, that is to say:
大日本帝国大皇帝陛下特简大日本帝国全权办理大臣内阁总理大臣从二位勋一等伯爵伊藤博文，大日本帝国全权办理大臣外务大臣从二位勋一等子爵陆奥宗光；
为全权大臣，彼此较阅所奉谕旨，认明均属妥善无阙，会同议定各条款，开列于左：
Article 1
China recognises definitively the full and complete independence and autonomy of Korea, and, in consequence, the payment of tribute and the performance of ceremonies and formalities by Korea to China, in derogation of such independence and autonomy, shall wholly cease for the future.
辽东湾东岸及黄海北岸在奉天省所属诸岛屿，亦一并在所让境内。
二、台湾全岛及所有附属各岛屿。
三、澎湖列岛，即英国格林尼次东经百十九度起至百二十度止，及北纬二十三度起至二十四度之间诸岛屿。
…………
………
… portion of the province of Fêngtien [Fengtian] within the following boundaries [Liaodong agreement in November 1895 deleted this and replaced it with an indemnity of 30 million taels of silver to be paid Japan]:
And His Majesty the Emperor of China, LI Hung-chang, Senior Tutor to the Heir Apparent, Senior Grand Secretary of State, Minister Superintendent of Trade for the Northern Ports of China, Viceroy of the province of Chili, and Earl of the First Rank; and LI Ching-fong, Ex-Minister of the Diplomatic Service, of the Second Official Rank: