被动语态的译法

被动语态的译法
英语中被动语态使用范围很广。凡是在不必说出主动者、不愿说出主动者、无从说出主动者或者是为了便于连贯上下文等等场合，往往都用被动语态。汉语中虽也有被动语态，但使用范围狭窄得多。英语被动语态的句子，译成汉语时，很多情况下都可译成主动句，但也有一些可以保持被动语态。



一、译成汉语主动句



英语中被动结构的句子译成汉语主动句可以有几种不同情况：



（一）原文中的主语在译文中仍作主语



1) The whole country was armed in a few days.

几天以内全国武装起来了。

2) The sense of inferiority that he acquired in his youth has never been totally eradicated.

他在青少年时期留下的自卑感，还没有完全消除。

3) On their domestic stations events in the Middle East were dismissed briefly.

在他们国内电台的广播中，中东事件只轻描淡写地报导了一下。



（二）原文中的主语在译文中作宾语



1) By the end of the war 800 people had been saved by the organization, but at a cost of over 200 Belgian and French lives.

大战终了时，这个组织拯救了八百人，但那是以二百多比利时人和法国人的生命为代价的。

2) It would be astonishing if that loss were not keenly felt.

如果（人们）不强烈地感到损失，那倒是奇怪了。

3) Mr. Billings cannot be deterred from his plan.

（人们）不能阻止比林斯先生实行他的计划。



（三）译成带表语的主动句



1) The crew were trained at Eglin Field, Fla.

（轰炸机）机组人员是在佛罗里达州埃格林空军基地训练的。

2) The decision to attack was not taken lightly.

进攻的决定不是轻易作出的。

3) He (Barrymore) then continued his walk down the alley. His (Sir Charles') body was found at the end of it.

然后巴里莫尔继续沿着小道走下去。查尔斯爵士的尸体就是在小道的尽头发现的。



（四）常用被动句型的翻译



有一类以it作为形式主语的英语句子，在译文中常要改成主动形式，有时不加主语，有时则加上不确定的主语，如“有人”、“大家”、“人们”、“我们”等。





1. 不加主语时



It is hoped that... 希望……

It is reported that... 据报……

It is said that... 据说……

It is supposed that... 据推测……

It may be said without fear of exaggeration that... 可以毫不夸张地说……

It must be admitted that... 必须承认……

It must be pointed out that... 必须指出……

It will be seen from this that... 由此可见……



2. 可加主语的



It is asserted that... 有人主张……

It is believed that... 有人相信（认为）……

It is generally considered that... 大家认为……

It is well known that... 大家知道……（众所周知……）

It will be said that... 有人会说……

It was told that... 有人曾经说……



二、译成汉语被动句



汉语也有用被动形式来表达的情况。这一类句子，都是着重被动的动作，有些说出了动作的主动者，有些则不说出动作的主动者。英语被动句译成汉语被动句时往往借助于以下各种方式：



（一）“被……”或“给……”



1) Any minute we would surely be spotted by enemy planes flying in and out of the airfield.

我们随时都会被出入机杨的敌机发现。

2) But shortly afterwards they heard that every single member of that first party had been captured by Spanish Froniter police and put into a concentration camp.

可是，不久以后他们听说，第一批的所有人都被西班牙的边防警察逮捕并关进了集中营。

3) I started to explain that I could not do my best since my spectacles had been taken away from me, but she wouldn't let me finish.

我开始解释，我不可能干得很好，因为我的眼镜已给拿走了，但她不准我讲完。

4) I closed my eyes and said to myself, "I am not a number. My name will be remembered as an anti-Nazi writer, and I have done more harm to your system than you can ever do me. I am not a number!"

我闭上眼睛想，“我不是个号码。我的名字将作为一个反纳粹的作家而被纪念着。我给你们制度造成的损害比你们能加在我身上的要大得多。我不是个号码！”



（二）“（遭）受……”



1) Our foreign policy is supported by the people all over the world.

我们的对外政策受到全世界人民的支持。

2) I was seized with sadness as I thought of how the ancient city had been spared during the Second World War and now might be destroyed by an impending riot.

我想到了这座古城在第二次世界大战时得到幸免而现在却要遭到即将来临的暴乱的破坏，内心感到悲伤。

3) They were given a hearty welcome.

他们受到热烈欢迎。

4) He was policed by the bosses' cops.

他受到老板雇用的警察的监督。

5) Therefore, when we are received with so much honour and so much kindness in this great country I believe that the People's Republic of China is doing a very significant thing.

因此，当我们在这个伟大国家里受到这样隆重和盛情的接待时，我认为中华人民共和国这样做是有重大意义的。



（三）“为……所”



1) These views of Marx and Engels have now been adopted by all proletarians who are fighting for their emancipation.

马克思和恩格斯的这种观点，现

在已为正在争取解放的全体无产阶级所采纳。

2) Once the men had been accepted by the Comet organization, they were brought to Brussels.

士兵们一旦为彗星组织所接受，就被送到布鲁塞尔去。

3) I was so impressed by these words that I used them later for a Christmas card.

我为这些话所深深感动，后来我就把它们写在圣诞贺片上。



三、译成“把”、“使”和“由”字句



1) By evening the occupation was complete, and the people were chased off the streets by an eight o'clock curfew.

至傍晚，占领已告完成。八点钟开始的宵禁把人们从街道赶走。

2) Since the wingspan of the twin-engine bombers was too wide for the ship's elevators, they couldn't be stored below.

由于这种双引擎轰炸机翼展超过了升降机的宽度，所以不能把它们放在甲板下的机库内。

3) The famous hotel had been practically destroyed by the big fire.

大火使这著名旅馆几乎全部毁灭。

4) Organizational leadership must be made fully equal to the task of ensuring the realization of the political slogans and decisions of the Party.

必须使组织上的领导能完全保证党的政治口号及其决议的实现。

5) Most letters from his wife, are read to him by the nurse in the hospital.

他的妻子给他的信件，大多数是由医院里的护士念给他听的。

6) And the astonishing thing is that this most dangerous operation was organized by a young attractive twenty-three-year-old Belgian girl, Andree De Jongh by name.

令人惊奇的是，这个极其危险的作战行动是由一个年青美貌的比利时姑娘组织的，她名叫安德·岱荣，年二十三岁。