《英语语言学概论》期末考试样卷
《英语语言学概论》题与答案
ExercisesI.Multiple Choice1. __________ studies language change over time in contrast to looking at language as it is used at a given moment.A. Diachronic linguisticsB. Synchronic linguisticsC. Prescriptive linguisticsD. Comparative linguistics2. Of all the speech organs, the ______ is/are the most flexible.A. mouthB. lipsC. tongueD. vocal cords3. In terms of place of articulation, the following sounds [p], [b], [m] and [w]share the feature of ______.A. palatalB. alveolarC. bilabialD. dental4. A(n) ______ is a unit that is of distinctive value. It is an abstract unit, a collection of distinctive phonetic features.A. phoneB. soundC. allophoneD. phoneme5. Which of the following sound description is for [d]?A. voiced labiodental fricativeB. voiced alveolar stopC. voiceless labiodental fricativeD. voiceless alveolar stop6. What is the phonetic feature of the sound [u]?A. close back shortB. semi-close front shortC. semi-open central shortD. open front short7. Which of the following sentences contain a derivational affix?A. The cows escaped.B. It was raining.C. Those socks are inexpensive.D. She closed the book.8. The morpheme “ed” in the word “worked” is known as a(n) ______.A. derivational morphemeB. lexical morphemeC. inflectional morphemeD. functional morpheme9. “en-” in “enlarge” is a(n) ______.A. derivational affixB. inflectional affixC. free rootD. bound root10. ______ is the smallest unit of language that carries information about meaning or function.A. SyntaxB. GrammarC. MorphologyD. Morpheme11. Which of the following forms is possible word of English?A. sprokeB. bsarnC. mboodD. coofp12. Which pair of words below shows the relation of antonymy. ______A. flourish—thriveB. intelligent—stupidC. casual—informalD. flog—whip13. We call the relation between “furniture” and “wardrobe” as ______.A. hyponymyB. meronymyC. homophonyD. homonymy14. Most of the violations of the maxims of the CP give rise to ______.A. breakdown of conversationB. confusion of one’s intentionC. hostility between speakers and the listenersD. conversational implicatures15. In the phrase structure rule “S——>NP VP”, the arrow can be read as______.A.is equal toB.consists ofC.hasD.generates16. The meaning carried by the inflectional morpheme is ______.A. lexicalB. morphemeC. grammaticalD. semantic17. The pair of words “hot” and “cold” are ______.A. gradable antonymsB. relational antonymsC. complementary antonymsD. co-hyponyms18. Which pair of the following are complementary antonyms?A. alive / deadB. above / belowC. poor / richD. doctor / patient19. What is the relation between the pair of sentences:He likes seafood.He likes crabsA. synonymyB. inconsistencyC. entailmentD. presupposition20. Which pair of the following are homographs?A. piece n. / peace n.B. tear v. / tear n.C. fast adj. / fast v.D. flower n. / rose n.21. Which pair of the following are dialectal synonyms?A. lorry, truckB. kid, childC. collaborator, accompliceD. amaze, astound22. “Lift” and “elevator” form a pair of ______ synonyms.A. stylisticB. dialecticalC. collocationalD. connotative15. All syllables must have a ______.A. onsetB. codaC. nucleusD. consonant23. ______ studies language and speech as they are used at a given moment and not in terms of how they have evolved over time.A. Diachronic linguisticsB. Synchronic linguisticsC. Prescriptive linguisticsD. Comparative linguistics24. ______ deals with language application to other fields, particularly education.A. PsycholinguisticsB. SociolinguisticsC. Applied linguisticsD. Comparative linguistics25. Of the following sound combination, only ______ is permissible in English.A. iblkB. ilbkC. ilkbD. blik26. Which pair of words below shows the relation of synonymy. ______A. drunk—soberB. uncle—auntC. young—oldD. casual—informal27. The sense relationship between “He has been to France” and “He has been to Europe” is ______.A. hyponymyB. antonymyC. presuppositionD. entailment28. In the phrase structure rule “NP—>(Det) N (PP)…”, the arrow can be readas______.A. is equal toB. branches intoC. transformsD. generates29. In terms of the place of articulation, the following sounds [t][r][s][l][z][n] share the feature of ______.A. palatalB. alveolarC. bilabialD. dental30. Y’s utterance in the following conversation violates the maxim of ______.X: When is Su san’s farewell party?Y: Sometime next month.A.qualityB.quantityC.relationD.manner31. Of the three speech acts, linguists are most interested in the ______because this kind of speech act is identical with the speaker’s intention.A. locutionary actB. constative actC. perlocutionary actD. illocutionary act32. We call the relation between “vehicle” and “car” as ______.A. hyponymyB. synonymyC. polysemyD. homonymy33. Which of the following pairs differs from the others in the sense relation? ______A. good, badB. long, shortC. big, smallD. innocent, guilty34. As far as manners of articulation are concerned, which of the followingdiffers from the others? ______A.[p]B. [b]C. [t]D. [f]35. Which pair of the following belong to meronymy?A. animal, tigerB. hand, fingerC. livestock, dogD. furniture, dresser36. “-En” in “blacken” is a(n) ______.A. derivational affixB. inflectional affixC. free rootD. bound root37. Transformational rules do not change the basic ______ of sentences.A. formB. structureC. meaningD. sound pattern38. According to Searle, those illocutionary acts whose point is to commit the speaker to some future course of action are called____.missivesB. directivesB.expressivesD. declaratives39. The illocutionary point of the____ is to express the psychological state specified in the utterance.A. declarationsB. expressivesmissivesD. directives40. Y’s utterance in the following conversation exchange violates the maxim of______.X: Who was that you were with last night?Y: Did you know that you were wearing odd socks?A. qualityB. quantityC. relationD. mannerII. Blank filling1.Productivityor___ refers to man’s linguistic ability which enables him to produceand understand an infinitely large number of sentences in our native language, including the sentences which were never heard before.2.Some antonyms are g radable_ because there are often intermediate forms betweenthe two members of a pair.3.Duality is the way meaningless elements of language at one level (sounds andletters) combine to form meaningful units (words) at another level.4.According to its position in the new word, affixes are divided into two kinds:prefixes and suffixes.5.Phonological rules that govern the combination of sounds in a particular languageare called sequential rules.6.Root_ constitutes the core of the word and carries the major component of itsmeaning.7.A suffix is added to the end of stems to modify the meaning of the original wordand it may change its part of speech.8.In terms of morphemic analysis, derivation can be viewed as the addition ofaffixes to stems to form new words.9.Some morphemes cannot normally stand alone, but function only as parts ofwords, e.g. –s, -er, -ed and –ing, which are called bound______ morphemes. 10.When pitch, stress and sound length are tied to the sentence rather than the wordin isolation, they are collectively known as intonation.nuguge _is a system of arbitrary vocal symbols used for humancommunication.12.Saussure put forward two important concepts. Langue_ refers to the abstractlinguistic system shared by all members of a speech community.13.Broad transcription is normally used in dictionary and teachingtextbooks for general purposes.14.The root _ constitutes the core of the word and carries the majorcomponent of its meaning.15.Prefixes modify the meaning of the stem, but usually do not change thepart of speech of the original word.16. Displacement is a design feature of human language that enables speakersto talk about a wide range of things, free from barriers caused by separation in time and space.17. An independent unit of meaning that can be used freely by itself is calleda free _ morpheme.18.Clear [l] and dark [l] are allophones of the same one phoneme /l/. They nevertake the same position in sound combinations; thus they are said to be incomplementary distribution.19.Stem is the base to which one or more affixes are attached to create amore complex form that may be another stem or a word.20.Morpheme is the smallest meaningful unit of language.21.The two sounds [p] and [p h] are in complementary distribution, and they areknown as allophones of the phoneme /p/.22. _Syntax_______ is a branch of linguistics that studies how words are combinedto form sentences and the rules that govern the formation of sentences.23. Cooperative Principle (CP) is proposed by Paul Grice .24. “Words are names or labels for things.” This view is called naming theory insemantic studies.25. The sentence “My unmarried sister is married to a bachelor” is a contradition.III. True or false questions.( T ) 1. “Where did he buy the beer” presupposes “He bought the beer”.( F) 2. Sense and reference are the same aspects of meaning.( F ) 3. A word’s category can be told straightforward from its meaning.( T ) 4. The smallest meaningful units that can be used freely all by themselves are free morphemes.(T ) 5. The meaning carried by the inflectional morpheme is grammatical.( T ) 6. “The student’’ in the sentence ‘The student liked the linguistic lecture” and “The linguistic lecture” in the sentence “The linguistic lecture liked thestudent” belong to the same syntactic category.( F ) 7. Compounds with a preposition are in the category of the prepositional part of the compound.(T ) 8. Like other phrases, Infl takes an NP as its specifier and a VP category as its complement.( T ) 9. Linguistic context is concerned with the probability of words or expressions co-occurring or collocating with each other.( T ) 10. When the two words are in the same grammatical category, the compound will be in this category.( F ) 11. Linguistics is the course of language.( F ) 12.In the history of any language the writing system always came into beingbefore the spoken form.( T ) 13. Articulatory phonetics is concerned about how a speaker uses his speech organs to articulate the sounds.( F ) 14. Language system is genetically transmitted.( T) 15. Phonology is the study of the rules governing the structure, distribution, and sequencing of speech sounds and the shape of syllables.(T) 16. Sentences are not formed by randomly combining lexical items, but by following a set of syntactic rules that arrange linguistic elements in aparticular order.( T) 17. Stress has two main semantic functions: distinguish between two words and emphasize the syllable or word.( T) 18. Nouns, verbs, adjectives, and adverbs are closed class words.( T) 19. Linguistic forms with the same reference might differ in sense.(T) 20. The more commonly used a word is, the more likely it has acquired more than one meaning.( T ) 21. Utterance is based on sentence meaning; it is the realization of the Abstract meaning of a sentence in a real situation of communication or simply incontext.( F ) 22.Inviting, suggesting, warning, ordering are instances of commissives.( T ) 23. When performing an illocutionary act of representative, the speaker is making a statement or giving a description which he himself believes to betrue.(T) 24. Coordination refers top the process or result of linking linguistic units so that they have different syntactic status, one being dependent upon the other, and usually a constituent of the other.(T ) 25. Traditionally,sentence is the minimum part of language that express meaning.请浏览后下载，资料供参考，期待您的好评与关注！。
保定学院《英语语言学概论》2022-2023学年第一学期期末试卷
保定学院《英语语言学概论》2022-2023学年第一学期期末试卷1、It is the bus driver who should ______ the safety of the passengers.A．answer for B．search for C．stand for D．go for2、—Good morning. May I help you?—No, tha nk you. I’m just looking around.—________A．It’s up to you.B．How are you feeling today?C．Thanks for coming to see me. D．Take your time then.3、--- My God! I haven’t prepared the files for the new project yet!--- _______. The boss won’t need it until ne xt Friday.A．There’s no doubt B．There’s no panic C．Good luck D．Sounds good4、— I wonder what chance there is of me passing by the old places without thinking of you.— ______. Time cures all wounds.A．My pleasure B．Don’t mention it C．I can’t agree more D．Never mind5、When Paul ________ for the final game of the basketball season, his fans let out shouts of cry.A．made up B．showed upC．caught up D．held up6、We have no idea what air we will be breathing in the future if we anything to stop hazy weather.A．hadn’t done B．didn’t doC．haven’t done D．don’t do7、You can choose not to forgive. ________ you can also choose to let it go.A．Absolutely B．ConsequentlyC．Subsequently D．Alternatively8、Although Jane agrees with me on most points, there was one on which she was unwillingto ______.A．give out B．give inC．give away D．give off9、They intended to have the school better equipped，the local government wasnot able to get enough money to do so.A．unless B．while C．although D．once10、I________________ a flu when I was on a spring outing with my classmate.A．caught up B．picked upC．took up D．brought up第二部分阅读理解（满分20分）阅读下列短文，从每题所给的A、B、C、D四个选项中，选出最佳选项。
《英语语言学概论》题与答案(2)
ExercisesI.Multiple Choice1. __________ studies language change over time in contrast to looking at language as it is used at a given moment.A. Diachronic linguisticsB. Synchronic linguisticsC. Prescriptive linguisticsD. Comparative linguistics2. Of all the speech organs, the ______ is/are the most flexible.A. mouthB. lipsC. tongueD. vocal cords3. In terms of place of articulation, the following sounds [p], [b], [m] and [w]share the feature of ______.A. palatalB. alveolarC. bilabialD. dental4. A(n) ______ is a unit that is of distinctive value. It is an abstract unit, a collection of distinctive phonetic features.A. phoneB. soundC. allophoneD. phoneme5. Which of the following sound description is for [d]A. voiced labiodental fricativeB. voiced alveolar stopC. voiceless labiodental fricativeD. voiceless alveolar stop6. What is the phonetic feature of the sound [u]A. close back shortB. semi-close front shortC. semi-open central shortD. open front short7. Which of the following sentences contain a derivational affixA. The cows escaped.B. It was raining.C. Those socks are inexpensive.D. She closed the book.8. The morpheme “ed” in the word “worked” is known as a(n) ______.A. derivational morphemeB. lexical morphemeC. inflectional morphemeD. functional morpheme9. “en-” in “enlarge” is a(n) ______.A. derivational affixB. inflectional affixC. free rootD. bound root10. ______ is the smallest unit of language that carries information about meaning or function.A. SyntaxB. GrammarC. MorphologyD. Morpheme11. Which of the following forms is possible word of EnglishA. sprokeB. bsarnC. mboodD. coofp12. Which pair of words below shows the relation of antonymy. ______A. flourish—thriveB. intelligent—stupidC. casual—informalD. flog—whip13. We call the relation between “furniture” and “wardrobe” as ______.A. hyponymyB. meronymyC. homophonyD. homonymy14. Most of the violations of the maxims of the CP give rise to ______.A. breakdown of conversationB. confusion of one’s intentionC. hostility between speakers and the listenersD. conversational implicatures15. In t he phrase structure rule “S——>NP VP”, the arrow can be read as______.A.is equal toB.consists ofC.hasD.generates16. The meaning carried by the inflectional morpheme is ______.A. lexicalB. morphemeC. grammaticalD. semantic17. The pair of words “hot” and “cold” are ______.A. gradable antonymsB. relational antonymsC. complementary antonymsD. co-hyponyms18. Which pair of the following are complementary antonymsA. alive / deadB. above / belowC. poor / richD. doctor / patient19. What is the relation between the pair of sentences:He likes seafood.He likes crabsA. synonymyB. inconsistencyC. entailmentD. presupposition20. Which pair of the following are homographsA. piece n. / peace n.B. tear v. / tear n.C. fast adj. / fast v.D. flower n. / rose n.21. Which pair of the following are dialectal synonymsA. lorry, truckB. kid, childC. collaborator, accompliceD. amaze, astound22. “Lift” and “elevator” form a pair of ______ synonyms.A. stylisticB. dialecticalC. collocationalD. connotative15. All syllables must have a ______.A. onsetB. codaC. nucleusD. consonant23. ______ studies language and speech as they are used at a given moment and not in terms of how they have evolved over time.A. Diachronic linguisticsB. Synchronic linguisticsC. Prescriptive linguisticsD. Comparative linguistics24. ______ deals with language application to other fields, particularly education.A. PsycholinguisticsB. SociolinguisticsC. Applied linguisticsD. Comparative linguistics25. Of the following sound combination, only ______ is permissible in English.A. iblkB. ilbkC. ilkbD. blik26. Which pair of words below shows the relation of synonymy. ______A. drunk—soberB. uncle—auntC. young—oldD. casual—informal27. The sense relationship between “He has been to France” and “He has been to Europe” is ______.A. hyponymyB. antonymyC. presuppositionD. entailment28. In the phrase structure rule “NP—>(Det) N (PP)…”, the arrowcan be read as______.A. is equal toB. branches intoC. transformsD. generates29. In terms of the place of articulation, the following sounds [t][r][s][l][z][n] share the feature of ______.A. palatalB. alveolarC. bilabialD. dental30. Y’s utterance in the following conversation violates themaxim of ______.X: When is Susan’s f arewell partyY: Sometime next month.A.qualityB.quantityC.relationD.manner31. Of the three speech acts, linguists are most interested in the ______because this kind of speech act is identical with the speaker’s intention.A. locutionary actB. constative actC. perlocutionary actD. illocutionary act32. We call the relation between “vehicle” and “car” as ______.A. hyponymyB. synonymyC. polysemyD. homonymy33. Which of the following pairs differs from the others in thesense relation ______A. good, badB. long, shortC. big, smallD. innocent, guilty34. As far as manners of articulation are concerned, which of the followingdiffers from the others ______A.[p]B. [b]C. [t]D. [f]35. Which pair of the following belong to meronymyA. animal, tigerB. hand, fingerC. livestock, dogD. furniture, dresser36. “-En” in “blacken” is a(n) ______.A. derivational affixB. inflectional affixC. free rootD. bound root37. Transformational rules do not change the basic ______ ofsentences.A. formB. structureC. meaningD. sound pattern38. According to Searle, those illocutionary acts whose point is to commit the speaker to some future course of action are called____.missivesB. directivesB.expressivesD. declaratives39. The illocutionary point of the____ is to express the psychological state specified in the utterance.A. declarationsB. expressivesmissivesD. directives40. Y’s utterance in the following conversation exchange viola tes the maxim of ______.X: Who was that you were with last night？Y: Did you know that you were wearing odd socks？A. qualityB. quantityC. relationD. mannerII. Blank filling1.Productivityor___ refers to man’s linguistic ability which enables him to produce and understand an infinitely large number of sentences in our native language, including the sentences which were never heard before.2.Some antonyms are g radable_ because there are often intermediate forms between the two members of a pair.3.Duality is the way meaningless elements of language at one level (sounds and letters) combine to form meaningful units (words) at another level.4.According to its position in the new word, affixes are divided into two kinds: prefixes and suffixes.5.Phonological rules that govern the combination of sounds ina particular language are called sequential rules.6.Root_ constitutes the core of the word and carries the major component of its meaning.7. A suffix is added to the end of stems to modify the meaning of the original word and it may change its part of speech.8.In terms of morphemic analysis, derivation can be viewed as the addition of affixes to stems to form new words.9.Some morphemes cannot normally stand alone, but function only as parts of words, . –s, -er, -ed and –ing, which are called bound______ morphemes.10.When pitch, stress and sound length are tied to the sentence rather than the word in isolation, they are collectively known asintonation.nuguge _is a system of arbitrary vocal symbols used for human communication.12.Saussure put forward two important concepts. Langue_ refers to the abstract linguistic system shared by all members of a speech community.13.Broad transcription is normally used in dictionary and teachingtextbooks for general purposes.14.The root _ constitutes the core of the word and carries the majorcomponent of its meaning.15.Prefixes modify the meaning of the stem, but usually do not change thepart of speech of the original word.16. Displacement is a design feature of human language that enables speakersto talk about a wide range of things, free from barriers caused by separationin time and space.17. An independent unit of meaning that can be used freely by itself is calleda free _ morpheme.18.Clear [l] and dark [l] are allophones of the same one phoneme /l/. They nevertake the same position in sound combinations; thus they are said to be incomplementary distribution.19.Stem is the base to which one or more affixes are attached tocreate amore complex form that may be another stem or a word.20.Morpheme is the smallest meaningful unit of language.two sounds [p] and [p h] are in complementary distribution, and they are known as allophones of the phoneme /p/.22. _Syntax_______ is a branch of linguistics that studies how words are combined to form sentences and the rules that govern the formation of sentences.23. Cooperative Principle (CP) is proposed by Paul Grice .24. “Words are names or labels for things.” This view is called naming theory in semantic studies.25. The sentence “My unmarried sister is married to a bachelor” is a contradition.III. True or false questions.( T ) 1. “Where did he buy the beer” presupposes “He bought the beer”.( F) 2. Sense and reference are the same aspects of meaning.( F ) 3. A word’s category can be told straightforward from its meaning.( T ) 4. The smallest meaningful units that can be used freely all by themselves are free morphemes.(T ) 5. The meaning carried by the inflectional morpheme is grammatical.( T ) 6. “The student’’ in the sentence ‘The student liked the linguistic lecture” and “The linguistic lecture”in the sentence “The linguistic lecture liked the student”belong to the same syntactic category.( F ) 7. Compounds with a preposition are in the categoryof the prepositional part of the compound.(T ) 8. Like other phrases, Infl takes an NP as its specifier and a VP category as its complement.( T ) 9. Linguistic context is concerned with the probability of words or expressions co-occurring orcollocating with each other.( T ) 10. When the two words are in the same grammatical category, the compound will be in this category.( F ) 11. Linguistics is the course of language.( F ) the history of any language the writing system always came into being before the spoken form.( T ) 13. Articulatory phonetics is concerned about how a speaker uses his speech organs to articulate the sounds.( F ) 14. Language system is genetically transmitted.( T) 15. Phonology is the study of the rules governing the structure, distribution,and sequencing of speech sounds and the shape of syllables.(T) 16. Sentences are not formed by randomly combining lexical items, but by following a set of syntactic rules thatarrange linguistic elements in a particular order.( T) 17. Stress has two main semantic functions: distinguish between two words and emphasize the syllable or word.( T) 18. Nouns, verbs, adjectives, and adverbs are closed class words.( T) 19. Linguistic forms with the same reference might differ in sense.(T) 20. The more commonly used a word is, the more likely it has acquired more than one meaning.( T ) 21. Utterance is based on sentence meaning; it is the realization of the Abstract meaning of a sentence in a realsituation of communication or simply in context.( F ) , suggesting, warning, ordering are instances of commissives.( T ) 23. When performing an illocutionary act of representative, the speaker is making a statement or giving a description which he himself believes to be true.(T) 24. Coordination refers top the process or result of linking linguistic units so that they have different syntactic status, one being dependent upon the other, and usually a constituent of the other.(T ) 25. Traditionally,sentence is the minimum part of language that express meaning.。
《英语语言学概论》题与答案
《英语语⾔学概论》题与答案ExercisesI.Multiple Choice1. __________ studies language change over time in contrast to looking at language as it is used at a given moment.A. Diachronic linguisticsB. Synchronic linguisticsC. Prescriptive linguisticsD. Comparative linguistics2. Of all the speech organs, the ______ is/are the most flexible.A. mouthB. lipsC. tongueD. vocal cords3. In terms of place of articulation, the following sounds [p], [b], [m] and [w]share the feature of ______.A. palatalB. alveolarC. bilabialD. dental4. A(n) ______ is a unit that is of distinctive value. It is an abstract unit, a collection of distinctive phonetic features.A. phoneB. soundC. allophoneD. phoneme5. Which of the following sound description is for [d]?A. voiced labiodental fricativeB. voiced alveolar stopC. voiceless labiodental fricativeD. voiceless alveolar stop6. What is the phonetic feature of the sound [u]?A. close back shortB. semi-close front shortC. semi-open central shortD. open front short7. Which of the following sentences contain a derivational affix?A. The cows escaped.B. It was raining.C. Those socks are inexpensive.D. She closed the book.8. The morp heme “ed” in the word “worked” is known as a(n) ______.A. derivational morphemeB. lexical morphemeC. inflectional morphemeD. functional morpheme9. “en-” in “enlarge” is a(n) ______.A. derivational affixB. inflectional affixC. free rootD. bound root10. ______ is the smallest unit of language that carries information about meaning or function.A. SyntaxB. GrammarC. MorphologyD. Morpheme11. Which of the following forms is possible word of English?A. sprokeB. bsarnC. mboodD. coofp12. Which pair of words below shows the relation of antonymy. ______A. flourish—thriveB. intelligent—stupidC. casual—informalD. flog—whip13. We call the relation between “furniture” and “wardr obe” as ______.A. hyponymyB. meronymyC. homophonyD. homonymy14. Most of the violations of the maxims of the CP give rise to ______.A. breakdown of conversationB. confusion of one’s intentionC. hostility between speakers and the listenersD. conversational implicatures15. In the phrase structure rule “S——>NP VP”, the arrow can be read as______.A.is equal toB.consists ofC.hasD.generates16. The meaning carried by the inflectional morpheme is ______.A. lexicalB. morphemeC. grammaticalD. semantic17. The pair of words “hot” and “cold” are ______.A. gradable antonymsB. relational antonymsC. complementary antonymsD. co-hyponyms18. Which pair of the following are complementary antonyms?A. alive / deadB. above / belowC. poor / richD. doctor / patient19. What is the relation between the pair of sentences:He likes seafood.He likes crabsA. synonymyB. inconsistencyC. entailmentD. presupposition20. Which pair of the following are homographs?A. piece n. / peace n.B. tear v. / tear n.C. fast adj. / fast v.D. flower n. / rose n.21. Which pair of the following are dialectal synonyms?A. lorry, truckB. kid, childC. collaborator, accompliceD. amaze, astound22. “Lift” and “elevator” form a pair of ______ synonyms.A. stylisticB. dialecticalC. collocationalD. connotative15. All syllables must have a ______.A. onsetB. codaC. nucleusD. consonant23. ______ studies language and speech as they are used at a given moment and not in terms of how they have evolved over time.A. Diachronic linguisticsB. Synchronic linguisticsC. Prescriptive linguisticsD. Comparative linguistics24. ______ deals with language application to other fields, particularly education.A. PsycholinguisticsB. SociolinguisticsC. Applied linguisticsD. Comparative linguistics25. Of the following sound combination, only ______ is permissible in English.A. iblkB. ilbkC. ilkbD. blik26. Which pair of words below shows the relation of synonymy. ______A. drunk—soberB. uncle—auntC. young—oldD. casual—informal27. The sense relationship between “He has been to France” and “He h as been to Europe” is ______.A. hyponymyB. antonymyC. presuppositionD. entailment28. In the phrase structure rule “NP—>(Det) N (PP)…”, the arrow can be readas______.A. is equal toB. branches intoC. transformsD. generates29. In terms of the place of articulation, the following sounds [t][r][s][l][z][n] share the feature of ______.A. palatalB. alveolarC. bilabialD. dental30. Y’s utterance in the following conversa tion violates the maxim of ______.X: When is Su san’s farewell party?Y: Sometime next month.A.qualityB.quantityC.relationD.manner31. Of the three speech acts, linguists are most interested in the ______because this kind of speech act is identical with the speaker’s intention.A. locutionary actB. constative actC. perlocutionary actD. illocutionary act32. We call the relation between “vehicle” and “car” as ______.A. hyponymyB. synonymyC. polysemyD. homonymy33. Which of the following pairs differs from the others in the sense relation? ______A. good, badB. long, shortC. big, smallD. innocent, guilty34. As far as manners of articulation are concerned, which of the followingdiffers from the others? ______A.[p]B. [b]C. [t]D. [f]35. Which pair of the following belong to meronymy?A. animal, tigerB. hand, fingerC. livestock, dogD. furniture, dresser36. “-En” in “blacken” is a(n) ______.A. derivational affixB. inflectional affixC. free rootD. bound root37. Transformational rules do not change the basic ______ of sentences.A. formB. structureC. meaningD. sound pattern38. According to Searle, those illocutionary acts whose point is to commit the speaker to some future course of action are called____./doc/b5eff851bcd5b9f3f90f76c66137ee06eef94e17.html missivesB. directivesB.expressivesD. declaratives39. The illocutionary point of the____ is to express the psychological state specified in the utterance.A. declarationsB. expressives/doc/b5eff851bcd5b9f3f90f76c66137ee06eef94e17.html missivesD. directives40. Y’s utterance in the following conversation exchange violates the maxim of______.X: Who was that you were with last night?Y: Did you know that you were wearing odd socks?A. qualityB. quantityC. relationD. mannerII. Blank filling1.Productivityor___ refers to man’s linguistic ability which enables him to produceand understand an infinitely large number of sentences in our native language, including the sentences which were never heard before.2.Some antonyms are g radable_ because there are often intermediate forms betweenthe two members of a pair.3.Duality is the way meaningless elements of language at one level (sounds andletters) combine to form meaningful units (words) at another level.4.According to its position in the new word, affixes are divided into two kinds:prefixes and suffixes.5.Phonological rules that govern the combination of sounds in a particular languageare called sequential rules.6.Root_ constitutes the core of the word and carries the major component of itsmeaning.7.A suffix is added to the end of stems to modify the meaning of the original wordand it may change its part of speech.8.In terms of morphemic analysis, derivation can be viewed as the addition ofaffixes to stems to form new words.9.Some morphemes cannot normally stand alone, but function only as parts ofwords, e.g. –s, -er, -ed and –ing, which are called bound______ morphemes. 10.When pitch, stress and sound length are tied to the sentence rather than the wordin isolation, they are collectively known as intonation./doc/b5eff851bcd5b9f3f90f76c66137ee06eef94e17.html nuguge _is a system of arbitrary vocal symbols used for humancommunication.12.Saussure put forward two important concepts. Langue_ refers to the abstractlinguistic system shared by all members of a speech community.13.Broad transcription is normally used in dictionary and teachingtextbooks for general purposes.14.The root _ constitutes the core of the word and carries the majorcomponent of its meaning.15.Prefixes modify the meaning of the stem, but usually do not change thepart of speech of the original word.16. Displacement is a design feature of human language that enables speakersto talk about a wide range of things, free from barriers caused by separation in time and space.17. An independent unit of meaning that can be used freely by itself is calleda free _ morpheme.18.Clear [l] and dark [l] are allophones of the same one phoneme /l/. They nevertake the same position in sound combinations; thus they are said to be incomplementary distribution.19.Stem is the base to which one or more affixes are attached to create amore complex form that may be another stem or a word.20.Morpheme is the smallest meaningful unit of language.21.The two sounds [p] and [p h] are in complementary distribution, and they areknown as allophones of the phoneme /p/.22. _Syntax_______ is a branch of linguistics that studies how words are combinedto form sentences and the rules that govern the formation of sentences.23. Cooperative Principle (CP) is proposed by Paul Grice .24. “Words are names or labels for things.” This view is called naming theory insemantic studies.25. The sentence “My unmarried sister is married to a bachelor” is a contradition.III. True or false questions.( T ) 1. “Where did he buy the beer” presupposes “He bought the beer”.( F) 2. Sense and reference are the same aspects of meaning.( F ) 3. A wor d’s category can be told straightforward from its meaning.( T ) 4. The smallest meaningful units that can be used freely all by themselves are free morphemes.(T ) 5. The meaning carried by the inflectional morpheme is grammatical.( T ) 6. “The student’’ in the sentence ‘The student liked the linguistic lecture” and “The linguistic lecture” in the sentence “The linguistic lecture liked thestudent” belong to the same syntactic category.( F ) 7. Compounds with a preposition are in the category of the prepositional part of the compound.(T ) 8. Like other phrases, Infl takes an NP as its specifier and a VP category as its complement.( T ) 9. Linguistic context is concerned with the probability of words or expressions co-occurring or collocating with each other.( T ) 10. When the two words are in the same grammatical category, the compound will be in this category.( F ) 11. Linguistics is the course of language.( F ) 12.In the history of any language the writing system always came into beingbefore the spoken form.( T ) 13. Articulatory phonetics is concerned about how a speaker uses his speech organs to articulate the sounds.( F ) 14. Language system is genetically transmitted.( T) 15. Phonology is the study of the rules governing the structure, distribution, and sequencing of speech sounds and the shape of syllables.(T) 16. Sentences are not formed by randomly combining lexical items, but by following a set of syntactic rules that arrange linguistic elements in aparticular order.( T) 17. Stress has two main semantic functions: distinguish between two words and emphasize the syllable or word.( T) 18. Nouns, verbs, adjectives, and adverbs are closed class words.( T) 19. Linguistic forms with the same reference might differ in sense.(T) 20. The more commonly used a word is, the more likely it has acquired more than one meaning.( T ) 21. Utterance is based on sentence meaning; it is the realization of the Abstract meaning of a sentence in a real situation of communication or simply incontext.( F ) 22.Inviting, suggesting, warning, ordering are instances of commissives.( T ) 23. When performing an illocutionary act of representative, the speaker is making a statement or giving a description which he himself believes to betrue.(T) 24. Coordination refers top the process or result of linking linguistic units so that they have different syntactic status, one being dependent upon the other, and usually a constituent of the other.(T ) 25. Traditionally,sentence is the minimum part of language that express meaning.。
烟台大学《英语语言学概论》期末考试复习题及参考答案
英语语言学概论 A卷普通用卷学习方式: 业余时间：无限制考试科目:《英语语言学概论》（总分） 100分一单选题 (共20题，总分值60分 )1. 判断两种话是不同语言还是同一种语言的不同方言应该主要参考__________________ （3 分）A. 相互理解程度B. 语言结构的差异程度C. 共同的历史文化传统和民族认同感D. 地域临近程度2. 关于语言获得的原因，下列学说中偏重于内部条件解释的一项是（3 分）A. 天赋说B. 摹仿说C. 强化说D. 刺激反应说3. 语言符号具有可变性的根本原因在于语言符号的（3分）A. 任意性B. 强制性C. 离散性D. 系统性4. 构形语素属于（3 分）A. 虚词语素B. 词根语素C. 自由语素D. 黏着语素5. 从语音的社会功能角度划分出来的最小语音单位是________________ （3 分）A. 音位B. 音素C. 音节D. 音渡6. 下列各组辅音中,发音部位相同的一组是__________________ （3 分）A. [k, η]B. [m, n]C. [n, η]D. [k,p]7. “汽车”和“卡车”是__________ （3 分）A. 上下位词B. 同义词C. 等义词D. 近义词8. 机器翻译可以分为四个层级，从低到高的排序是（3分）A. 单词、句子、话语、篇章B. 单词、句子、句群、篇章C. 单词、句法、语义、语境D. 语音、语法、语义、语用9. 英语动词“去”的原形是“go”,过去时的形式是“went”,这在语法手段的词形变化中叫作________________ （3 分）A. 附加B. 屈折C. 异根D. 零形式10. 英语“students”中的“-s”是_________ （3 分）A. 虚词语素B. 词根语素C. 构形语素D. 构词语素11. 下列各项中，谓词和变元之间属于动作与结果关系的是（3 分）A. 写黑板B. 打篮球C. 织毛衣D. 寄包裹12. 从词的构造类型上看，汉语“动人”一词属于（3 分）A. 单纯词B. 复合词C. 派生词D. 简缩词13. 首先提出“能指”和“所指”这对概念的语言学家是（3 分）A. 洪堡特B. 索绪尔C. 乔姆斯基D. 萨丕尔14. 最早的表音文字是（3 分）A. 拉丁文字B. 腓尼基文字C. 古希腊文字D. 古埃及文字15. 在语言谱系分类的层级体系中,最大的类别是__________ （3 分）A. 语族B. 语支C. 语系D. 语群16. 根据字符跟什么样的语言单位相联系的标准来分类,已知自源文字都属于_________ （3 分）A. 词文字B. 语素文字C. 音节文字D. 音位文字17. 认为“思维和语言各自发展，二者没有关系”的学者不包括（3 分）A. 古希腊哲学家柏拉图B. 法国哲学家迪卡尔C. 英国哲学家霍布斯D. 苏联语言学家马尔18. 下列各组中,三个复合词构词类型不一致的一组是_________________ （3 分）A. 席卷耳鸣地震B. 打倒切断推翻C. 发光散热出气D. 天地欢乐爱好19. 听觉上最自然、最容易分辨的最小语音单位是（3分）A. 音素B. 重音C. 音位D. 音节20. 关于语音四要素,下列说法不正确的一项是________________ （3 分）A. 音高变化是语调的主要构成要素B. 能起区别语言意义作用的是绝对的音高、音强和音长C. 音长是由发音体振动的持续时间决定的D. 音强是由发音体振动的振幅大小决定的21. 目前对于语言和思维的关系，比较一致的观点是（3分）A. 有什么样的思维，就有什么样的语言B. 有什么样的语言，就有什么样的思维C. 思维对语言有一定影响，但更重要的是语言决定思维D. 语言对思维有一定影响，但更重要的是思维决定语言22. 以下不属于语言学的三大发源地的是________________ （3 分）A. 中国B. 埃及C. 印度D. 希腊-罗马二多选题 (共5题，总分值20分 )1. 对发音器官功能的描述,不正确的是_________________ （4 分）A. 声带在发音中的作用是次要的B. 被动发音器官是不能自主运动的C. 口腔中最为灵活的部位是上腭D. 口腔中最为灵活的部位是上腭2. 下列关于虚词的表述,正确的是_________________（4 分）A. 虚词可以分为辅助词和功能词两个小类B. 虚词包括助动词、介词、连词和语气词等C. 虚词是没有词汇意义只有语法意义的词D. 虚词不稳固,发展变化比较快3. 下列各组词语中，可以构成最小语义场的有（4 分）A. 毛笔电笔眉笔B. 银河黄河海河C. 南瓜黄瓜冬瓜D. 山头线头桥头E. 货车客车军车4. 下列对“你把这本书好好读一遍!”这个句子类型的分析,正确的是_________________ （4 分）A. 主谓句B. 把字句C. 陈述句D. 单句5. 下列关于基本语汇的表述,正确的是__________ （4分）A. 基本语汇是整个语汇系统的核心和基础B. 基本语汇使用范围广、构词能力强C. 基本语汇大部分是相当稳定的D. 基本语汇也包括大部分新造词和古语词6. 下列关于“地域方言”的表述中，正确的有（4 分）A. 地域方言随社群分化而形成B. 地域方言是语言内部的变体C. 地域方言有独立的结构系统D. 语音差异是方言分区的主要依据E. 地域方言间的差异一定小于语言三简答题 (共1题，总分值20分 )1. 举例说明语言符号的任意性表现在哪些方面? （20分）参考答案一单选题 (共20题，总分值60分 ) 1. 答案：C解析过程：2. 答案：A解析过程：3. 答案：A解析过程：4. 答案：D解析过程：5. 答案：B解析过程：6. 答案：A解析过程：7. 答案：A 解析过程：8. 答案：C 解析过程：9. 答案：C 解析过程：10. 答案：C 解析过程：11. 答案：C 解析过程：12. 答案：D 解析过程：13. 答案：B 解析过程：14. 答案：B 解析过程：15. 答案：C 解析过程：16. 答案：A 解析过程：17. 答案：D 解析过程：18. 答案：A 解析过程：19. 答案：D 解析过程：20. 答案：B 解析过程：1 21. 答案：D解析过程：22. 答案：B解析过程：二多选题 (共5题，总分值20分 ) 1. 答案：A,B,C解析过程：2. 答案：A,B,C解析过程：3. 答案：A,C,E解析过程：4. 答案：A,B,D解析过程：5. 答案：A,B,C解析过程：6. 答案：A,B,D,E解析过程：三简答题 (共1题，总分值20分 )1. 答案：答：语言符号的任意性是指语言符号的音义联系并非是本质的，必然的，而是由社会成员共同约定的，一种意义为什么要用这个声音形式，而不用那种声音形式，这中间没有什么道理可言，完全是偶然的、任意的。
英语专业语言学概论期末考试试卷A卷
A.If you use the strategy, he’ll wipe you out.
B.Thinking about her always gives me a lift.
C.You’re in high spirits.
D.He’s really low these days.
9.Which one of thefollowing words is not from abbreviation ?
A.fan B. plane C. bike D. smog
10.The relation of substitutability is not _________.
3. .The relationship between“furniture”and“sofa”is _______
A. homonymy B. hyponymy C. polysemy D. synonymy
4.Which of the following sounds does not belong to the allomorphs of the English plural morpheme ?
A. [s] B. [iz]C. [ai] D. [is]
5. ______ is a grammatical category used for the analysis of word classes displaying such contrasts as singular, dual, plural, etc.
期末考试试卷
英语语言学试卷及答案
广东技术师范学院2010—2011学年度第 1 学期期末考查试卷科 目：语言学概论A 卷考试形式：闭卷 考试时间: 90分钟 系别、班级：外国语学院英师/译/商08级 班 姓名： __ 学号： __I. Some of the following statements are true, and the others false. Write T or F on your ANSWER SHEET. (每小题1.5分, 总计15分) 1. Phoneme is the smallest meaning-bearing unit.2. In word classification, invariable words are those whose membership is fixed or limited.3. Language can be defined as a system of arbitrary vocal symbols used for humancommunication. 4. Syntax is a branch of linguistics, which studies the internal structure of words and the rules bywhich words are formed.. 5. For complementary antonyms, the denial of one is not necessarily the assertion of the other. 6. Broadening is a process to extend or elevate the meaning from its originally specific sense to arelatively general one. 7. Cardinal vowels provide a reference frame for vowel description.8. A grammatically well-formed sentence can always have semantic meaning.9. NASALIZATION is an instances of ASSIMILATION, a process by which one sound takes onsome or all the characteristics of a neighboring sound. 10. Pragmatics is a subfield of linguistics which studies the ways in which context contributes tomeaning.II. Each of the statements below is followed by four alternative answers. Choose the one that would best complete the statement and write the corresponding letter on your ANSWER SHEET. (每小题2分, 总计20分)11._________ means that linguistic messages may refer to things remote in time and space, or both, fromthe site of the communication.a. Dualityb. Displacementc. Creativityd. Arbitrariness12._____ deals with the way in which speech sounds are produced.a. Acoustic phoneticsb. Articulatory phoneticsc. Segmental phonologyd. Suprasegmental phonology13.____ refers to the way in which a particular verb changes for tense, person, or number.a. Affixationb. Inflectionc. Derivationd. Compounding14.Clause can also be classified into FINITE and NON-FINITE clauses, the latter including thetraditional infinitive phrase, participial phrase, and gerundial phrase. Which of the underlined part is a non-finite clause?a.That John will be defeated is impossible.b.For John to be defeated is impossible.c.John’s defeat is impossible.d.That John will get defeated is impossible.15.Which one is the correct description of the consonant / b /?a. voiced bilabial plosiveb. voiced labiodental frictivec. voiced alveolar plosived. voiced alveolar frictive16.Choose the word that contains a rounded vowel.a. mapb. herdc. sleepd. fruit17.In Ogden & Richards’s Semantic triangle, they argue that the relation between a word and a thing itrefers to is not direct. It’s mediated by _______.a. referenceb. conceptc. meaningd. mind18.Choose the pair of words which are gradables.a. old/youngb. male/femalec. top/bottomd. grandparent/grandchildnguages using tones are called TONE LANGUAGES, of which _________ is one.a. Englishb. Chinesec. Japanesed. German20.____________ has been widely accepted as the forefather of modern linguistics.a. Chomskyb. Bloomfieldc. Saussured. John LyonsIII. Define the following terms. Write your answers on your ANSWER SHEET. (每小题5分，Array总计25分)21.stem22.open syllable23.constituent24.linguistics25.synonymyIV. Analysis. Write the answer on your ANSWER SHEET. (40分)26.Voice or voicing is a term used in phonetics and phonology to characterize speech sounds,with sounds described as either voiceless (unvoiced) or voiced. Describe the properties ofvoicing.( 5分)27.Explain the differences in producing a consonant and a vowel. ( 5分)28.In grammar, the case of a noun or pronoun is a change in form that indicates itsgrammatical function in a phrase, clause, or sentence. Does English have cases? If yes,just list them with examples to show that. ( 5分)29.Translate the following logical forms into English, where a=Ann, b=Bill, c=Carol, L=love,and x and y are variables which may be translated as “someone”, “anyone” or “everyone”depending on the quantifier: ( 5分)a) L(a, b) & ～L(a, c)b) ～ x (L (c, x ))30.Consider the following English words containing the phoneme /ɡ/. ( 10分)[ləɡw un] [bræɡ] [iɡər] [ɡɑn][ɡw oʊt] [ɡæf] [frɑɡ] [ɡaʊn][ɡloʊ] [ɡis] [æŋɡər] [ɡwɔɪɾər][ɡw us] [ɡeɪt] [ɡʌɾər] [ɡreɪd](a) List the allophones of /g/.(b) State in words the environment in which each allophone is found.(c) Write a phonological rule for /g/, listing one allophone as "elsewhere".31.The following sentence is ambiguous. The phrase “in the car”could be being used (a) to indicatewhere the biting took place or (b) to specify that it was the man in the car that was bitten. How would the tree diagram for each differ?: ( 10分)The dog bit the man in the car.广东技术师范学院2010—2011学年度第1学期期末考查试卷科 目：语言学概论 A 卷（答题卷）考试形式：闭卷 考试时间: 90分钟系别、班级： 姓名： 学号：I. 每小题1.5分, 总计15分II. 每小题2分, 总计20分III. 每小题5分, 总计25分 21. 22. 23. 24. 25.IV. 每小题5-10分, 总计40分26.27.28.29.30.31.The dog bit the man in the car (10分)2010—2011学年度第1学期期末考查试卷科目：语言学概论A卷（参考答案及评分标准）考试形式：闭卷考试时间: 90分钟系别、班级：姓名：学号：I. 每小题1.5分, 总计15分1----5 FFTFF 6----10 TTFTTII. 每小题2分, 总计20分11—15 BBBBA 16----20 DBABCIII. 每小题5分, 总计25分21.Stem is any morpheme or combination of morphemes to which an inflectional affixcan be added.22. A syllable that has no coda is called an open syllable.23. A constituent is a word or a group of words that functions as a single unit within ahierarchical structure.24.Linguistics is the branch of learning which studies the languages of any and all humansocieties.25.Synonymy refers to the sameness or close similarity of meaningIV. 每小题5-10分, 总计40分26. A voiced sound is a sound made as the vocal cords vibrate, as opposed to a voicelesssound, where the vocal cords are relaxed.(5分)27.Consonants are created by stopped or obstructed air flow through the mouth. V owelsare created through unobstructed air flow through the mouth.(5分)28.Cases are idetifiable in Enlish but only pronouns have corresponding forms. They are:nominative case/subjective case, e.g. I, we, or heaccusative case/objective case, e.g. me, us, or himgenitive case/possessive case, e.g. my, our, his, or John’s (5分)29.a) Bill loves Ann, but Carol doesn’t love Ann. (2分)b) Not everyone loves Carol. (3分)30.(a) [g], [ɡw] (2分)(b) [ɡw] only occurs in front of [u], [o], [ɔ]; [g] occurs elswhere. (3分)(c) /g/ [ɡw] / __ [u, o, ɔ] (5分)[g] elswhere.31.The dog bit the man in the car (10分)SNP VPDet N V NPDet N’N PPP NPDet NThe dog bit the man in the carSNP VPDet N VP PPV NP P NPDet N Det N The dog bit the man in the car。
03语言学概论期末考试卷A及答案
2003级英语专业（专升本）语言学概论期末试题A卷（请把所有答案写在答题纸上）Ⅰ.Directions:Read each of the following statements carefully and put the letter A,B,C or D in the brackets.(2%×15=30%)1．The study of sound systems and patterns is called ( )A. semanticsB. phoneticsC. phonology D syntax2．The distinction between vowels and consonants lies in .A. the place of articulationB. the obstruction of air streamC. the position of the tongueD. the shape of the lips3．The study of how words are combined to form sentences is called ( ).A. syntaxB. morphologyC. phoneticsD. semantics4. “Sweets” and “candy” are used respectively in Britain in and America,but refer to the same thing. The words are synonyms. ( )A. collocationalB. stylisticC. completeD. dialectal5. The word “ smog” is formed through.( ).A. backformationB. blendingC. clippingD. derivation6. Transformational Generative Grammar was introduced by in 1957. ( )A. L. BloomfieldB. F. SaussureC. M. A. K. HallidayD. N. Chomsky7．The words that contain only one morpheme are called . （）A. bound morphemesB. affixesC. free morphemesD. roots8．Speech act theory was first proposed by . ( )A. John AustinB. John SearleC. Noam ChomskyD. John Firth9．is the study of language in relation to the mind. ( )A. PsycholinguisticsB. SociolinguisticsC. LinguisticsD. Semantics10．Which word can be analyzed as +HUMAN-ADULT-MALE （）A．boy B．girlC．man D．woman11．The pair of words "young" and "old" are_______（）.A. gradable oppositesB. converse oppositesC. co-hyponymsD. synonyms12．There are deixis in the sentence she has sold it here yesterday.（）A.3B.4C. 5D.613．The relationship between "fruit" and "apple" is . （）A. polysemyB.hyponymyC. homonymyD. synonymy14. is defined as the study of meaning. （）A. PhoneticsB. MorphologyC. SyntaxD. Semantics 15．.theories hold that experience is of more importance than innate contribution in learning a second language. ( )A.nativistB.environmentalistC.functionalistD.motivationII. Judge if the following statements are true or false. (1%×10=10%)1．Linguistics may be defined as the scientific study of language. ( )2．A syllable is a phonological unit that is composed of one ormore phonemes. ( )3．The smallest meaningful unit of language is called allomorphs. ( )4．There is only one morpheme in the word “went”. ( )5．The sentence “ He is jogging” belongs to material processes. ( )6．Flour/flower, pale/pail, whole/hole are homophones. ( )7．The bachelor is unmarried. This sentence is contradiction. ( )8. Leech proposes the politeness principle. ( )9. The positive role L1 plays is called interference. ( )10. A regional dialect is the form of a language used by the governmentand communication media, taught in schools and universities. ( )Ⅲ.Paraphrase the following ambiguous sentences. (5%×3=15%)1.Flying planes can be dangers.2.Can you see the man with a pair of binoculars?3.Tom hates his boss and so do I.Ⅳ.Explain the following terms。
英语语言学概论试卷第3套
ThreeⅠMark the choice that best completes the statement.1.Today, the grammar taught to learners of a language is basically __________.A. descriptiveB. prescriptiveC. both A and BD. neither of the two2. The clear /l/ and the dark /f/ are __________.A. in complementary distributionB. in free variationC. both A and BD. neither of the two3. –ed in the word played is __________.A. a free morphemeB. a rootC. a derivational affixD. an inflectional morpheme4. The __________ function of language is primarily to change the social of persons.A. interpersonalB. informativeC. textualD. performative5. Whorf believes that speakers of different languages perceive and experience the worlddifferently and that is the notion of __________.A. linguistic determinismB. language determinismC. social relativismD. linguistic relativism6. What essentially distinguishes semantics from pragmatics is __________.A. whether in the study of meaning the context of use is consideredB. whether it studies the meaning or notC. whether is studies how the speakers use language to effect communicationD. whether it is a branch of linguistics7. Of all the following examples, __________ is NOT an example of the affix addition.A. the addition of –able to a verb, such as in readableB. the addition of –ment to a verb, such as in accomplishmentC. the attachment of –ize to a noun or adjective, such as in stabilizeD. the addition of a or an before a noun, such as in an apple8. In English, inflectional affixes are mostly __________.A. prefixesB. suffixesC. infixesD. stems9. That the use of language involves a network of systems of choices is the opinion of__________.A. HallidayB. SaussureC. ChomskyD. Firth10. Of the following __________ does NOT belong to the three sub-types of antonymy.A. gradable antonymyB. converse antonymyC. complementary antonymyD. complete antonymy11. __________ is NOT included in Firth’s famous Context of Situation theory.A. The non-verbal action of the participantsB. The properties of the phonematic unitsC. The relevant objectsD. The effects of the verbal action12. The phrase backwash effect is often used in __________.A. systemic functional grammarB. error analysisC. testingD. sociolinguistics13. We can often find the phrase immediate constituents in __________.A. transformational generative grammarB. systemic functional grammarC. traditional grammarD. structural grammar14. The following ideas about language are wrong EXCEPT __________.A. Language evolves within specific historical, social and cultural contextB. Language has a form-sound correspondenceC. Language is a means of communicationD. Language is not related to any of the individuals who use it15. Because __________ can distinguish one phoneme from another, it is a distinctive feature for English obstruents.A. voicingB. nasalizationC. placeD. aspirationII. Fill in each of the following blanks with an appropriate word. The first letter of the word is already given.1. The ultimate objective of language is not just to create grammatically well-formed sentences, but to convey m .2. V ibration of the vocal cords results in a quality of speech sounds called “v“.3. Those morphemes that can not be used by themselves, but must be combined with other morphemes to form words are called b morphemes.4. The incorporated, or subordinate, clause is normally called an e clause.5. The study of sounds is called p , and the study of sound patterns is called p .6. Context is generally considered as constituted by the knowledge shared by the s and the hearer.7. The most widely spread morphological changes in the historical development of English are the loss and addition of a .8. A refers to a way of pronunciation which tells the listener something about the speaker’s regional or social background.9. Inflection is the manifestation of grammatical relationships through the addition of inflectional affixes, such as n , p , and f .10. One-word utterances sometimes show an overextension or under extension of r .11. In Katz and Postal’s proposal stated in “An Integrated Theory of Linguistic Description”,the p provides the grammatical classification and semantic information of words.12. Nasalization rule read, a non-nasalized sound is transformed into a n sound when it appears before a nasalized sound.13. The process of insertion of a nasal sound to the article “a” when it appears before a wo rd “orange” is known as c.14. The p relation, Saussure originally called Associative, is a relation holding betweenelements replaceable with each other at a particular place in s structure, or between one element present and the others absent.15. In Chomsky’s linguistic model, the m component is responsible for the correct spelling and pronunciation of the words in the surface structure.Ⅲ. Mark the following statements with “T”if they are true or “F”if they are false. Provide explanations for false statements.nguage is not an isolated phenomenon; it is a social activity carried out in a certain socialenvironment by human being.2.Speech is made up of continuous bursts of sounds.3.Acoustic phonetic is the study of the production of speech sound.4.The primary function of the vocal organs is to fulfill the biological needs of breathing andeating.5.The lungs are involved in the production of speech.6.Even if we think of a sentence as what people actually utter in the course of communication, itis still a sentence.7.Many words that were popular among Middle English speakers have lost their Modern users.For example, Shakespeare’s Romeo and Juliet contain such words as beseem, wot and gyve.8.A lingua franca has to be a native language currently spoken by a particular people.9.To tell whether a sound is a consonant or not, we should judge is its manners of articulation.10.Semi-vowel and semi-consonant actually refer to the same kind sound.11.Two words, or two expressions, which have the same semantic components, will besynonymous to each other.12.Meaning is extracted from text or speech by relating hat is presented to information stored inshort-term memory.13.In English some books is a case of number concord.14.Synchronic linguistics refers to the approach which studies language over various periods oftime and at various historical stages.15.A single phoneme always represents a single morpheme.Ⅳ. Match each term in Column A with one relevant item in Column B.Ⅴ. Explain the following concepts or theories.1.Prescriptive ad descriptive2.Diacritics3.Bound root4.Grammatical relations5.Selectional restrictions6.Speech act theory7.Gradable antonymy8.Standard language9.Esperanto10.EquivalenceⅥ. Fill in each of the following blanks with the original forms of abbreviation itemsin linguistics, and then put in the corresponding square brackets thespecific linguistic field in which the abbreviation forms are used.1.IC __________________________________ ( )2.IPA_________________________________ ( )3.CD _________________________________ ( )4.RP __________________________________ ( )5.UG _________________________________ ( )Ⅶ. Answer the following questions as comprehensively as possible, giving examples if necessary.1. Describe the major ways of word formation with some example.2. What do you know about the minimum free form?3. What does syntax study? Give a brief account of the major approaches in the development of syntax.4. Why do we say that the analysis of a sentence in terms of them and rheme is functional?5. It has been observed that women tend to approximate more closely to the standard language than man do. Why do you think this is so?6. Briefly explain what phonetics and phonology are concerned with and what kind of relationships hold between the two.。
语言学概论期末考试试卷及答案
语言学概论期末考试试卷及答案XXXn One: Fill in the blanks (15 points in total。
1 point for each blank)nguage system has gender and sex.2.Phoneme is the smallest unit of sound that has a n in a specific language or dialect。
divided from a ic perspective.3.XXX can lead to the XXX.4.XXX psycholinguistics are semantics and syntax。
which can also be XXX linguistics.5.XXX.6.XXX。
and can also include XXX。
XXX。
etc.n Two: Multiple Choice ns (10 points in total。
1 point for each n)1.Speech is (B) a system of XXX.2.XXX (B) general linguistics.3.Vowel [o] is (C) a high back XXX.4.The phenomenon of "辛苦" [in k u] in Mandarin being read as [i k u] is (A) n.5."Swimming" is a (D) phrase.6.Among the following grammatical devices。
syntax is (C) n.7.XXX (B) XXX.8.The basic ns for the emergence。
existence and development of language are (C) the need for social n activities.9.XXXXXX (B) XXX.10.XXX of "狗" in Chinese and "dog" in English shows that(A) word meaning reflects the XXX.n Three: ns (16 points in total。
济南大学成人教育《英语语言学概论(114306)》期末考试复习题及参考答案
一、 名词解释二、 规则解释1.Syntax答案： then the combination of words to form grammatically permissible sentences in languages is governed by rules. The study of these rules constitutes a major branch of linguistic studies called syntax.2.Category答案： it refers to a group of linguistic items which fulfill the same or similar functions in a particular language such as a sentence ,a noun phrase or a verb.nguage答案： Language is a system of arbitrary vocal symbols used for human communication.4.IPA(International Phonetic Alphabet)答案： It’s a standardized and internationally accepted system of phonetic transcription. The basic principle of the IPA is using one letter selected from major European languages to represent one speech sound.5.Morpheme答案： the most basic element of meaning is traditionally called morpheme.6.General linguistics答案： The study of language as a whole is often called general linguistics.7.Pragmatics答案： when the study of meaning is conducted, not in isolation, but in the context of language use, it becomes another branch of linguistic study called pragmatics.8.Phoneme答案： is a phonological unit; it is a unit that is of distinctive value. It is an abstract unit. It is not any particular sound, but rather it is represented or realized by a certain phone in a certain phonetic context.9.Phonology答案： how sounds are put together and used to convey meaning in communication.10.broad transcription答案： one is the transcription with letter-symbols only .1.Morphological rules of word formation答案： The ways words are formed are called morphological rules. These rules determine how morphemes combine to form words. Some of the morphological rules can be used quite freely to form new words. They are productive morphological rules. Another way to form new words are compound words, is by stringing words together.2.Classification of English speech sounds答案： The classification will divide the speech sounds in English into 20 vowels and 28 consonants.三、 简答题3.Phrase categories and their structures答案： noun phrase(NP), verb phrase(VP), adjective phrase(AP), prepositional phrase(PP).4.Suprasegmental features答案： stress ；tone ；intonation 。
苏州大学《语言学概论英语》2022-2023学年第一学期期末试卷
苏州大学《语言学概论英语》2022-2023学年第一学期期末试卷课程名称：语言学概论英语专业：英语语言文学班级：英语语言文学2021级考试形式：闭卷考试满分：100分---注意事项：1. 本试卷共四部分，总分100分，考试时间为120分钟。
2. 请将答案写在答题纸上，写在试卷上的答案无效。
3. 所有题目必须回答，选择题请将正确答案的字母填在答题纸上，其余题目请将答案写清楚。
---第一部分选择题（共20题，每题2分，共40分）1. 语言学中的“语音学”主要研究（）A. 词汇的意义B. 句子的结构C. 语音的产生、传递和感知D. 语言的历史演变2. “语法”是指（）A. 语言的发音规则B. 词汇的组成C. 句子结构和形成规则D. 语言的社会功能3. 在语义学中，词的“指称”指的是（）A. 词的发音B. 词所指代的实际事物或概念C. 词在句中的位置D. 词的语法功能4. “形态学”研究的是（）A. 词的结构和形式B. 句子的组成C. 语音的分类D. 语言的社会使用5. 语音学中的“音位”是指（）A. 发音的具体声音B. 语言中的最小的语音单位C. 句子的语调D. 词汇的语音特征6. “语用学”主要关注（）A. 语言形式的变化B. 语言的社会和文化背景C. 语言的语音特征D. 语言的历史演变7. “句法”研究（）A. 词的发音规则B. 句子的组成和结构C. 语法规则的变异D. 词汇的使用频率8. 语言学中的“语境”是指（）A. 语言的词汇量B. 语言的历史背景C. 语言使用中的社会和文化背景D. 语言的语法规则9. 语言的“功能”指的是（）A. 语言的发音特征B. 语言在交流中的作用C. 语言的书写形式D. 语言的词汇变化10. “普遍语法”理论由（）提出A. 乔姆斯基B. 皮尔斯C. 维特根斯坦D. 赛义德11. 在“结构主义语言学”中，语言被看作是（）A. 社会行为的产物B. 一种抽象的符号系统C. 一种行为习惯D. 一种个体创作12. “词汇语义学”主要研究（）A. 词汇的意义和用法B. 句子的语法结构D. 语言的社会变体13. 语言的“语言变化”指的是（）A. 语音、词汇和语法的变化B. 语言的书写方式变化C. 语言的社会功能变化D. 语言的语境变化14. “社会语言学”研究（）A. 语言的历史演变B. 语言的社会使用情况C. 语言的心理机制D. 语言的语法规则15. “言语行为理论”由（）提出A. 奥斯汀B. 维特根斯坦C. 乔姆斯基D. 哈贝马斯16. “语用学”中的“会话含义”是指（）B. 语言的隐含意义C. 语言的语音特征D. 语言的语法规则17. “句法树”用于表示（）A. 词汇的排列顺序B. 句子的结构和层次C. 语音的变化D. 语言的演变历程18. “生成语法”理论强调（）A. 语言的社会使用B. 语言的语法结构和规则C. 语言的历史发展D. 语言的发音特点19. 语音学中的“音素”指的是（）A. 语言中的发音单位B. 词的结构C. 句子的组成部分D. 词汇的变化20. 语言的“隐喻”研究属于（）A. 语法学B. 语音学C. 语义学D. 语用学---第二部分填空题（共10题，每题2分，共20分）1. 语言学的基本研究领域包括**________**、**________**、语音学、形态学和语用学。
《英语语言学概论》精选试题
《英语语言学概论》精选试题1. Which of the following statements about language is NOT true? CA. Language is a systemB. Language is symbolicC. Animals also have languageD. Language is arbitrary2. Which of the following features is NOT one of the design features of language? AA. SymbolicB. DualC. ProductiveD. Arbitrary3. What is the most important function of language? CA. InterpersonalB. PhaticC. InformativeD. Metalingual4. Who put forward the distinction between Langue and Parole?AA. SaussureB. ChomskyC. HallidayD. Anonymous5. According to Chomsky, which is the ideal user's internalized knowledge of his language? A6. The function of the sentence "A nice day, isn't it?" is B .A. informativeB. phaticC. directiveD. performativeA. the physical properties of the sounds produced in speechB. the perception of sounds8. The distinction between vowels and consonants lies inB .A. the place of articulationB. the obstruction of airstreamC. the position of the tongueD. the shape of the lips9.Which is the branch of linguistics which studies the characteristics of speech sounds and provides methods for their description, classification and transcription? A10. Which studies the sound systems in a certain language? B11. Minimal pairs are used toB .A. find the distinctive features of a languageB. find the phonemes of a languageD. find the allophones of language12. Usually, suprasegmental features includeD ,length and pitch.A. phonemeB. speech soundsC. syllablesD. stress13. Which is an indispensable part of a syllable? DA. CodaB. OnsetC. StemD. Peak14. Which is the smallest unit of language in terms of relationship between expression and content? BA. Word B. Morpheme C. Allomorph D. Root15. Which studies the internal structure of words, and the rules by which words are formed? AA. MorphologyB. SyntaxC. PhonologyD. Semantics17. Which of the following sounds does not belong to the allomorphs of the English plural morpheme ? CA. [s] B. [iz] C. [ai] D. [is]18. All words contain aAA. root morpheme B. bound morpheme C. prefix D. suffix19. The relationship between "fruit" and "apple" isB A. homonymy B. hyponymyC. polysemyD. synonymy20. The part of the grammar that represents a speaker's knowledge of the structure of phrases and sentences is calledC A.lexicon B. morphology C. syntax D. semantics21. Which of the following items is not one of the grammatical categories of English pronouns? DA. genderB. numberC. caseD. voice22. The pair of words "lend" and "borrow" areB .A. gradable oppositesB. converse oppositesC. co-hyponymsD. synonyms23. "Big" and "Small" are a pair ofB opposites.24. According to C. Morris and R. Carnap, which is studies the relationship between symbols and their interpreters? CA. syntax B. semantics C. pragmatics D. sociolinguistics25. There areB diesis in the sentence she has sold it here yesterday. A. 3 B. 4 C. 5D. 626. In the following conversation:- Beirut is in Peru, isn't it?- And Rome is in Romania, I suppose.The second person violates the C A. Quantity Maxim B. Quality Maxim C. Relation Maxim D. Manner Maxim27. The maxim of requires that a participant's contribution be relevant to the conversation. DA. quantityB. qualityC. mannerD. relation三、判断：F四、简答题共30分，3题，要求字数不得超过100。
语言学概论1期末复习(4)
《英语语言学1》期末复习题(4)一、判断题（每小题1分，共20分）得分：分Part I.Directions: Decide whether the following statements are true or false. Write “T” for true and “F” for false in the Bracket. (1 point each, 20 points)1.Phonology is a branch of linguistics which studies the sentences patterns of a language. ( )2.According to semantic triangle, there is no direct link between a symbol and referent, i.e.between a word and a thing it refers to.( )3.Constituents that can be substituted for one another with loss of grammaticality belong to thesame syntactic category.( )4.Among the approaches to the study of meaning, the naming theory is better than others. ( )5.In linguistic evolution, speech is prior to writing. ( )6.IC Analysis can be used to analyze all kinds of ambiguous structures ( )7. A morpheme must convey a lexical meaning ( )8.All words can said to contain a root morpheme. ( )9.Free morpheme can be further classified into inflectional and derivational morphemes. ( )10.Vowel sounds can be differentiated by a number of factors: the position of tongue in the mouth,the openness of the mouth, the shape of the lips, and the length of the vowels. ( )11.If two phonetically similar sounds occur in the same environments and they distinguish meaning,they are said to be in complementary distribution. ( )12.The word “modernizations” is made up of three morphemes. ( )13.The English spelling exactly represents its pronunciation.( )14.Phonology is a branch of linguistics which studies the sentences patterns of a language.( )15.English consonants can be classified in terms of place of articulation and the part of the tonguethat is raised the highest. ( )nguage is relatively stable and systematic while parole is subject to personal and situationalconstraints.( )17.Constituents that can be substituted for one another with loss of grammaticality belong to thesame syntactic category. ( )18.onomatopoetic words are found in almost all human languages, which shows the arbitrarynature of languages.( )19.Allophones are described in phonetic terms.( )20.Sense and reference are two terms often encountered in the study of meaning. ( )二、选择题（每小题 1分，共20分）得分：分Part II. Directions: choose the best answer from the four choices to complete the following sentences or answer the questions. Mark the corresponding letter. (1 point each, 20 points)1. language is a system of arbitrary _________ symbols used for human communication.A. culturalB. conventionalC. decodedD. vocal2. A word with several meanings is called _________.A. an abnormal wordB. a polysemous wordC. a synonymous wordD. none of the above3. There are different types of affixes or morphemes. The affix “ed” in the word “learned” is known as a(n) __________.A. derivational morphemeB. free morphemeC. inflectional morphemeD. free form4. The syntactic rules of any language are ________ in number.A. largeB. smallC. finiteD. infinite5. “I picked some tulips.” __________ “I picked some flowers.”A. entailsB. presupposesC. is inconsistent withD. is synonymous with6. Cold and hot is a pair of ________ antonyms.A. gradableB. complementaryC. reversalD. converse7. “Can I borrow your bike?” _____ “You have a bike.”A. is synonymous withB. is inconsistent withC. entailsD. presupposes8. The study of language at one point of time is a _______ study.A. synchronicB. historicC. diachronicD. descriptive9. Which of the following is a typical tone language?A. EnglishB. ChineseC. FrenchD. All of the above10. Two allophones of the same phoneme are said to be in ___________.A. phonemic contrastB. complementary distributionC. minimal pairD. none of the above11. Bloomfield drew on __________ psychology when truing to define the meaning of linguistic forms.A. contextualB. conceptualistC. behavioristD. naming12. Transformational Generative Grammar was introduced by _______ in 1957.A. L. BloomfieldB. N. ChomskyC. F. SaussureD. M. A. K. Halliday13. Which of the following is a correct description of reference?A. a relationship between an expression and other expressions which have the same meaningB. the set of all objects which can potentially be referred to by an expressionC. a relationship between a particular object in the world and an expression used in anutterance to pick out that objectD. an intra-linguistic relationship between lexical items14. What is function of the sentence “How do you do’?A. DirectiveB. PhaticC. InformativeD. Evocative15. Dialectal synonyms are synonyms used in different ________ dialectsA. personalB. regionalC. socialD. professional16. Which of the following languages has the syllabic writing system?A. ChineseB. JapaneseC. EnglishD. French17. Which descr iption of the meaning components of the word “father” is right?A. [+human, +adult,-male]B. [+human, -adult, +male]C. [–human, +adult, -male]D. [+human, +adult, +male]18. Once the notion of ________ was taken into consideration, semantics spilled into pragmatics.A. meaningB. contextC. formD. content19. The classic semantic triangle reflects__________.A. ComponentialB. PredicationC. SyntacticD. none of the above20. The noun tear and the verb tear are __________.A. homophonesB. homographsC. complete homonymsD. none of the above三、填空题（每空1分，共10分）得分：分Part III. Directions: Complete the following sentences by filling in the blank with the most appropriate word. (1 points each, 20 points)1)The three branches of phonetics are labeled as a____________ phonetics, auditory phoneticsand acoustic phonetics respectively.2)One general principle of linguistic analysis is the primacy of speech over w_________.3)S_________ studies the sentence structure of language.4)C____________ analysis is based upon the belief that the meaning of a word can be dividedinto meaning components.5)The noun “tear” and the verb “tear” are h_____________.6)The modern linguistics is d____________, not prescriptive, and its investigations are based onauthentic and mainly spoken language data.7)M___________ is the smallest meaningful unit of language.8)Langue refers to the language system shared by a community of speaker while p________contrasted with langue is the concrete act of speaking in actual situations by an individual speaker.9)The transformational component has transformational rules, which change the deep structuresgenerated by the phrase structure component into s________ structure. (surface)10)In semantic triangle, the relation between a word and a thing it refers to is not direct, and it ismediated by c___________.四、解释专业术语（每小题4分，共20分，）得分：分Part IV. Directions: Define the following terms. Write the definitions of each term in the following required space: (2 points each, 10 points)1. Syntactic category:2. deep structure:3. semantic triangle:4. true condition:5. componential analysis:五、论述题（每题15分, 共30分）得分：分Part V. Essay Question: (30%)1. What are the seven types of meaning proposed by G. Leech in his Semantics?2. What are the differences between modern linguistics and traditional grammar?3. Draw a surface structure and the deep structure for the following sentence.“the girl put the toys in the box”。
英语语言学概论试卷B优选
2013-2014学年第2学期期末考试（B）卷课程名称《英语语言学概论》任课教师签名程建山出题教师签名程建山审题教师签名王婉华考试方式（闭）卷适用专业2011级英语专业考试时间（120）分钟I. Directions: Read each of the following statements carefully. Decide which one of the four choices best completes the statement and blacken the corresponding letter A, B, C or D on the ANSWER SHEET. (2%×10=20%)1. According to Saussure, _______ refers to the abstract linguistic system shared by all the members of a speech community, the set of conventions and rules which language users all have to abide by.A. languageB. langueC. paroleD. competence2. Vowels can be classified in terms of each of the following ways EXCEPT _______.A. position of the tongueB. openness of the mouthC. manner of articulationD. shape of the lips3. In terms of manner of articulation, the English consonants ［s］ and ［z］ are classified as ______.A. liquids B. affricatesC. stopsD. fricatives4. There are _______ morphemes in the word “frightening.”A. 2B. 3C. 4D. 55. Semantically, the sentence “I regret stepping on your book” ______ the sentence “I stepped on your book.”A. presupposesB. entailsC. contradictsD. is synonymous with6. According to John Austin’s speech act theory, a(n) ______ act is the act performed by saying something.A. prelocutionaryB. locutionaryC. illocutionaryD. perlocutionary7. All the following words EXCEPT ______ are the examples which can be used to illustrate semantic narrowing.A. auntB. wifeC. houndD. fowl 8. In many cultures, words relating to sex, sex organs, and natural bodily functions make up a larger part of ______ vocabulary.A. genderB. euphemismC. slangD. taboo9. Speaker A: I’m out of petrol.Speaker B: There’s a garage round the corner.Speaker B is violating the maxim of _______.A. quantityB. qualityC. relationD. manner10. A typical example of a _______ community is an ethnic ghetto where most, if not all, of its inhabitants are either immigrants or children of immigrants.A. diglossicB. bilingualC. pidginizedD. creolizedII. Directions: Fill in the blank in each of the following statements with one word, the first letter of which is already given as a clue. Note that you are to fill in ONE word only, and you are not allowed to change the letter given. (1%×10=10%)11. Cultural t refers to the fact that the details of the linguistic system must be learned anew by each speaker, and they are not simply biologically passed on from generation to generation.12. The phonemic features that occur above the level of the segments are called s features, which are the phonological properties of such units as the syllable, the word, and the sentence.13. D affixes are added to an existing form to create a word. This is a very common way to create new words in English.14. A c sentence contains two or more clauses, oneof which is incorporated into the other.15. If we say “The baby is crying,” we must be talking about a certain baby crying in a certain situation; the word “baby” means a baby known to both the speaker and the hearer, which is the r of the word “baby” in this particular situation.16. The relationship between the words in such pairs as “buy” and “by,” “stationary” and“stationery” can be labeled as h_____.17. In an a process, successive sounds are made identical, or more similar, to one another in terms of place or manner of articulation, or of haplology.18. In sociolinguistic studies, a pidginized dialect may expand and eventually become the native language of a certain population, which is known as c .19. A linguistic t ______ refers to a word or expression that is prohibited by the “polite” society f rom general use.20. Speech v_________ refers to any distinguishable form of speech used by a speaker or group of speakers.III. Directions: Judge whether each of the following statements is true or false. Put a T for true or F for false on the Answer Sheet. If you think a statement is false, you must explain why you think so and then givethe correct version. (2%×10=20%)21. Speech and writing are the two major media of communication. In linguistic evolution, however, speech is prior to writing, therefore, the spoken language rather than the written should be given priority in modern linguistics.22. There are two ways now available to transcribe speech sounds: broad transcription and narrow transcription, of which the really required and used by popular textbook and dictionary writers is the latter.23. Prefixes are added to the beginning of stems; they modify the meaning of the stem, but do not change the part of speech of the original word.24. Compounds have different stress patterns from non-compounded word sequences. In general, the stress of a compound always falls on the second word, while the first word receives secondary stress.25. Sentence is usually conceived as the largest unit of grammar. Normally, a sentence contains at least a subject and a finite verb or a verb phrase as its predicate.26. The pair of words, “husband” and “wife,” are complementary antonyms.27. One linguistic symbol can have different referenceswhile bearing the same sense. There are also occasions, though less frequent, when linguistic forms with the same reference might differ in sense.28. Contextualism is based on the presumption that one can derive meaning from or reduce meaning to observable contexts.29. What essentially distinguishes semantics and pragmatics is whether in the study of meaning the context of use is considered.30. The most distinguishable linguistic feature of a regional dialect is its grammar and uses of vocabulary.Ⅳ. Directions: Explain the following terms and give examples for illustration where appropriate. (3%×10=30%)31. arbitrariness 32. parole33. consonants 34. bound morpheme35. back-formation 36. syntax37. sense 38. pragmatics39. hyponymy 40. sociolectV. Directions: Answer the following questions.(10%×2=20%)41. Draw a tree diagram of constituent structure for each of the following two sentences.(1) A boy found the book.(2) The guide suggested the tourists take a rest.42. State briefly Cooperative Principle and its four maxims and then use it to explain the following conversation:(1) A: How do you like my painting? B: I don’t have an eye for beauty, I’m afraid. (2) He is made of iron.参考答案Ⅰ. Directions： Read each of the following statements carefully. Decide which one of the four choices best completes the statement. (2%×10=20%)1-5 BCDBA 6-10 BADCBII. Directions：Fill in the blank in each of the following statements with one word, the first letter of which is already given as a clue. Note that you are to fill in ONE word only, and you are not allowed to change the letter given. (1%×10=10%)11. transmission 12.suprasegmental 13. derivational 14. complex 15. reference 16. homonymy 17. assimilation18. Creole 19. taboo 20. varietyⅢ. Directions： Judge whether each of the following statements is true or false. Write a “T” for true or “F” for false on the Answer Sheet. (2 % ×10=20% )21-25 TFTFT 26-30 FTTTFⅣ. Directions： Explain the following terms and give examples for illustration where appropriate.(3%×10=30%) 31.arbitrariness: there is no intrinsic connection between the word and the thing it denotes, e.g. “pen”by any other name is the thing we use to write with.32. parole: Parole refers to the realization of langue in actual use; parole is the concrete use of the conventions and the application of the rules; parole varies from person to person, and from situation to situation.33. consonants: consonants are sounds produced by constricting or obstructing the vocal tract at some place to divert, impede or completely shut off the flow of air in the oral cavity.34. bound morpheme: it refers to those morphemes which cannot occur alone. They must appear with at least another morpheme.35. back-formation: It refers to an abnormal type of word-formation where a shorter word is derived by deleting an imagined affix from a longer form already in the language.36. syntax: It refer to the study of the rules governing the way words are combined to form sentences in a language, or simply the study of the formation of sentences.37. sense: sense is concerned with the inherent meaning of linguistic form; it is the collection of all the features of the linguistic form; it is abstract and de-contexualized.38. pragmatics: The study of how speakers of a language use sentences to effect successful communication.39. hyponymy: Hyponymy is a matter of class membership. The upper term in this sense relation, i.e. the class name, is called superordinate, and the lower term, the members, hyponyms.40. sociolect: it is a kind of social variation of language which can reflect a person’s socioeconomic, educational, occupational and ethnic background, as well as their sex and age.Ⅴ. Directions：Answer the following questions. (10% × 2=20%)41. Omitted.42. Speech act theory tells us that a speaker can meana lot more than what is said. The problem is to explain how the speaker can manager to convey more than what is said and how the hearer can understand the speaker’s meaning. H.P. Grice believes that there must be some mechanisms governing the production and comprehension of these utterances. He suggests that there is a set of assumptions guiding the conduct of conversation. This is what he calls Cooperative principle: Make your conversational contribution as is required, at the stage at which it occurs, by the accepted purpose or direction of the exchange in which you are engaged.There are four maxims of CP:1.The maxim of Quality2.The maxim of Quantity3.The maxim of Relation4.The maxim of MannerSimply speaking, we assume that people are normally goingto provide an appropriate amount of information, and that they are telling the truth, being relevant, and trying to be as clear as they can.(1)The conversation violates the maxim of relation andthe conversational implicature is “I don’t like your painting at all”.(2)This utterance violates the maxim of quality. At asuperficial level, it is uninformative because a man cannot be made of iron. At a deeper level, it has implication. The implication of this sentence is “He has the characteristics of iron. He is strong, just like iron.”。
《英语语言学概论》期末考试样卷
I．Decide whether the following statements are True (T) or False (F). (10 points, 1 point each)1.Articulatory Phonetics studies the physical properties of speech sounds.2.Adjectives belong to open class words.3.John Austin made the distinction between a constative and a performative.4.What essentially distinguishes semantics and pragmatics is whether in the study ofmeaning the context of use is considered.5.English is a typical intonation language.6.Phones in complementary distribution should be assigned to the same phoneme.7.Pragmatics treats the meaning of language as something intrinsic and inherent.8.There are words of more or less the same meaning used in different regionaldialects.9.Transformations are the rules which can change the meaning of sentence.10.Sense and reference are two different notions of semantics, and they are related toeach other.II. Fill in the following blanks. (10 points, 1 point each)1.The word “and” is a c____________ conjunction.2.Linguistic c__________ is a native spe aker’s linguistic knowledge of his language.3.The relationship between the sound and the meaning of a word is a________.4. A m________ is the smallest linguistic unit that carries meaning.5. A sentence is formed by phonological rules, m______ rules, syntactic rules andsemantic rules.6.The most recognizable difference between American English and British English arein p________ and vocabulary.7.Speech v________refers to any distinguishable form of speech used by a speaker ora group of speakers.8.P ____ refers to the realization of langue in actual use.9.Linguistics is generally defined as the s ____ study of language.10.As a type of linguistic system in L2 learning, i_______ is a product of L2 training,mother tongue interference, overgeneralization of the target language rules, and learning and communicative strategies of the learner..III. Mark the choice that can best complete the statement. (20 points, 1 point each) 1. Which of the following branch of linguistics takes the inner structure of word as its main object of study?A. Phonetics.B. Semantics.C. Morphology.D. Sociolinguistics.2. ________refers to a marginal language of few lexical items and straightforward grammatical rules, used as a medium of communication.A. DialectB. IdiolectC. PidginD. Register3. Which of the following is a voiceless bilabial stop?A.[w].B. [m].C. [b].D. [p].4. The phenomenon that words having different meanings have the same form is called ________.A. hyponymyB. synonymyC. polysemyD. homonymy5. Which of the following words is NOT formed by blending?A. Smog.B. Botel.C. Brunch.D. Edit.6. What phonetic feature distinguishes the [p] in please and the [p] in speak?A.V oicingB. AspirationC. RoundnessD. Nasality7. The word boyguard is a ______.A. compound wordB. complex wordC. derivational wordD. free morpheme8. All words contain a _________.A. rootB. bound morphemeC. prefixD. suffix9. Of the following sound combinations, only ______ is permissible.A. kiblB. hkilC. ilkbD. ilbk10. Where is the primary stress of the word phonology?A. pho.B. no.C. lo.D. gy.11. Conventionally a ________ is put in slashes.A. allophoneB. phoneC. phonemeD. morpheme12. The plural affix in the word tables is a(n) _______.A. inflectional suffixB. derivational suffixC. free morphemeD. root13. Language is tool of communication. The symbol “highway closed”serves___.A. an expressive functionB. an informative functionC. a performative functionD. a persuasive function14. Which of the following groups of words is a minimal pair?A. but/pubB. wet/whichC. cool/curlD. fail/find15. Whorf believed that speakers of different languages perceive and experienced the world differently, that is relative to their linguistic background, hence the notion of ______________.A. linguistic determinationB. linguistic relativismC. linguistic nativismD. linguistic behaviorism16. What are the dual structures of language?A. Sounds and letters.B. Sounds and meaning.C. Letters and meaning.D. Sounds and symbols.17. The meaning carried by the inflectional morpheme is _______.A. lexicalB. morphemicC. grammaticalD. semantic18. According to Krashen ______ refers to the gradual and subconscious development of ability in the first language by using it naturally in daily communication.A. learningB. competenceC. performanceD. acquisition19. Which of the following is one of the core branches of linguistics?A. Phonology.B. Psycho-linguistics.C. Sociolinguistics.D. Anthropology.20. The relationship between “flower” and “tulip” is _________.A. homonymyB. hyponymyC. polysemyD. synonymyIV. Translate the following linguistic terms: (10 points, 1 point each)A. From English to ChineseB. From Chinese to English1. acoustic phonetics 6. 应用语言学2. closed class words 7. 格语法3. componential analysis 8. 积极迁移4. distinctive features 9. 历史语言学5. Critical Period Hypothesis 10. 声调语言V. Draw a tree diagram for the following sentence by applying TG Grammar. (10 points)The man saw a horse.VI. Answer the following questions briefly. (20 points)1. Define phoneme. (4 points)2. Explain complementary distribution with an example.(5 points)3. What are the four criteria for classifying English vowels. (4 points)4. Analyze the following conversation by applying the Cooperative Principles.(7points)A: Teheran is in Turkey, isn’t it, teacher?B: And London is in France, I suppose.VII. Do the following analysis. (20 points)1. Write the one proper description from the list under B for the underlined part of each word in A. (5 points, 1 point each)A B(1) terroriz ed a. free root(2) un civil ized b. bound root(3) terror ize c. inflectional suffix(4) luke warm d. derivational suffix(5) im possible e. inflectional prefixf. derivational prefix2. Consider the following sentences in Swahili, and anwer the questions:(15 points) mtu amelala The man has slept.mtu analala The man is sleeping.mtu atalala The man will sleep.watu wamelala The men have slept.watu wanalala The men are sleeping.watu watalala The men will sleep.visu vinaanguka The knives are falling.kikapu kimeanguka The basket has fallen.watoto watafika The children will arrive.1)toto in Swahili means ______ in English.2)The meaning of the morpheme wa- in Swahili is _______.3)______ in Swahili means “sleep” in English.4)Translate mtoto anaanguka into English.5)Translate vikapu vimefika into English.台州学院_____学年第___学期___级____专业《英语语言学概论》期末试卷A卷（闭卷）参考答案及评分说明I．Decide whether the following statements are True (T) or False (F). (10 points, 1 point each)II. Fill in the following blanks. (10 points, 1 point each)1. coordinate2. competence3. arbitrary4. morpheme5. morphological6. pronunciation7. variety8. performance9. scientific 10. interlanguage III. Mark the choice that can best complete the statement. (20 points, 1 point each)IV. Translate the following linguistic terms: (10 points, 1 point each)1. 声学语音学 6. applied linguistics2. 封闭词类7. case grammar3. 成分分析8. positive transfer4. 区别性特征9. historical linguistics5. 临界期假说10. tone languageV. Draw a tree diagram for the sentence by applying TG Grammar. (10 points)SNP Infl VPDet N pst V NPDet Nthe man saw a horseVI. Answer the following questions. (20 points)1. A contrastive phonological segment whose phonetic realizations are predictable by rules. (4 points)(or: A phoneme is a phonological unit; it is a unit that is of distinctive value.)2. The situation in which phones never occur in the same phonetic environment.（4 points）e.g. [p] and [p h] never occur in the same position. （1 point）3. the position of the tongue in the mouth(1 point), the openness of the mouth(1 point), the shape of the lips(1 point), and the length of the vowels. (1 point)4. According to the Cooperative Principle, the participants of the conversation should obey the four maxims of the principle: the maxim of quantity, the maxim of quality, the maxim of relation, the maxim of manner. (2 points) In this conversation, B’s reply deliberately violated the maxim of quality, (2 points) because B wanted A to infer the information that Teheran is not in Turkey. The main purpose of B is to let A know that it is absurd to make such a mistake.(3 points)VII. 1. (1) c (2) a (3) d (4) b (5) f (1 point each)2. 1) child （2 points）2) human, plural （3 points）3)lala （2 points）4)The child is falling.（4 points）5)The baskets have arrived.（4 points）。
12-13-1 语言学概论期末考试题B (内附标准答案)
东北林业大学2012－2013学年第一学期2010级英语专业期末考试试题B 考试科目：英语语言学概论考试时间:120分钟试卷总分:100分Part I True or False (10 points) Directions: Decide whether each of the following statements is True or False.1. English consonants can be classified in terms of place of articulation and the part of thetongue that is raised the highest.2. Pragmatics is different from semantics in that pragmatics studies meaning not in isolation,but in context.3. Phonemes are the smallest meaningful units of sounds.4. Phonetically, the stress of a compound always falls on the first element, while the secondelement receives secondary stress.5. Inflectional morphemes manifest various grammatical relations or grammatical categoriessuch as number, tense, degree, and case.6. In a complex sentence, the two clauses hold unequal status, one subordinating the other.7. The meaning of a sentence is the sum total of the meanings of all its components.8. Austin made the distinction between a constative and a performative.9. Black English is linguistically inferior to standard English because Black English is not assystematic as standard English.10. The figurative use of language has the effect of making the concepts under discussion moredomestic and acceptable.Part II Multiple Choices (40 points) Directions: There are four choices following each statement. Mark the choice that can best complete the statement.1. Which of the following is not a design feature of human language?A. ArbitrarinessB. DisplacementC. DualityD. Meaningfulness2. According to F. de Saussure, ____ refers to the abstract linguistic system shared by all themembers of a speech community.A. paroleB. performanceC. langueD. Language3. A historical study of language is a ____ study of language.A. synchronicB. diachronicC. prescriptiveD. comparative4. Language is said to be arbitrary because there is no logical connection between _________and meanings.A. senseB. soundsC. objectsD. ideas5. The sounds produced without the vocal cords vibrating are ____ sounds.A. voicelessB. voicedC. vowelD. consonantal6. __________ is a voiced alveolar stop.A. [z]B. [d]C. [k]D. [b]7. The assimilation rule assimilates one sound to another by “copying” a feature of a sequential phoneme, thus making the two phones ____________.A. identicalB. sameC. exactly alikeD. similar8. Saussure took a (n)__________ view of language, while Chomsky looks at language from a ________ point of view.A. sociological…psychologicalB. psychological…sociologicalC. applied… pragmaticD. semantic and linguistic9. Bound morphemes are those that ___________.A. have to be used independentlyB. can not be combined with other morphemesC. can either be free or boundD. have to be combined with other morphemes.10. “-s” in the word “books” is _______.A. a derivative affixB. a stemC. an inflectional affixD. a root11. The sentence structure is ________.A. only linearB. Only hierarchicalC. complexD. both linear and hierarchical12. “John married a blond heiress.”__________ “John married a blond.”A. is synonymous withB. is inconsistent withC. entailsD. presupposes13. ___________ refers to the phenomenon that words having different meanings have thesame form.A. PolysemyB. SynonymyC. HomonymyD. Hyponymy14. _________ deals with the relationship between the linguistic element and the non-linguisticworld of experience.A. ReferenceB. ConceptC. SemanticsD. Sense15. ___________ is a way in which the meaning of a word can be dissected into meaningcomponents, called semantic features.A. Predication analysisB. Componential analysisC. Phonemic analysisD. Grammatical analysis16. Syntax is the study of ______.A. language functionsB. sentence structuresC. textual organizationD. word formation17. In Austin’s speech act theory, ___________ is the act of expressing the speaker’s intention;it is the act performed in saying something.A. a perlocutionary actB. a locutionary actC. a constative actD. an illocutionary act东北林业大学2012－2013学年第一学期2010级英语专业期末考试试题B18. The positional relations can also be called ________.A. paradigmatic relationB. vertical relationsC. associative relationsD. syntagmatic relations19. A sentence which is used to describe something and can be said to be true or false is a________.A. constativeB. directiveC. utteranceD. expressive20. “hot dog” with the first element stressed means________.A. a dog which is hotB. a barking dogC. a kind of foodD. a dead dogPart III Definitions (20 points) Directions: Define the following terms.1. duality2. consonant3. grammatical subject & logical subject4. gradable antonymyPart ⅣAnswering Questions (30 points) Directions: Answer the following questions as comprehensively as possible. Give examples for your illustration if necessary.1. Language is generally defined as a system of arbitrary vocal symbols used for human communication. Explain it in detail.2.Differentiate phone, phoneme and allophone by citing examples.3. Do you think there are true synonyms in English? Why?标准答案及评分标准考试科目：英语语言学概论考试时间：120分钟试卷总分:100分Part I True or False (10 points) 标准答案：1. F 2. T 3. T 4. T 5. T 6. T 7. F 8. T 9. F 10. T评分标准：本题共10小题，每答对一题得1分，共计10分。
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台州学院____学年第____学期_____级英语专业《英语语言学概论》期末试卷A卷（闭卷）姓名__________ 班级___________ 学号_____________I．Decide whether the following statements are True (T) or False (F). (10 points, 1 point each)1.Articulatory Phonetics studies the physical properties of speech sounds.2.Adjectives belong to open class words.3.John Austin made the distinction between a constative and a performative.4.What essentially distinguishes semantics and pragmatics is whether in thestudy of meaning the context of use is considered.5.English is a typical intonation language.6.Phones in complementary distribution should be assigned to the samephoneme.7.Pragmatics treats the meaning of language as something intrinsic andinherent.8.There are words of more or less the same meaning used in differentregional dialects.9.Transformations are the rules which can change the meaning of sentence.10.Sense and reference are two different notions of semantics, and they arerelated to each other.II. Fill in the following blanks. (10 points, 1 point each)1.The word “and” is a c____________ conjunction.2.Linguistic c__________ is a native speaker’s linguistic knowledge of hislanguage.3.The relationship between the sound and the meaning of a word is a________.4. A m________ is the smallest linguistic unit that carries meaning.5. A sentence is formed by phonological rules, m______ rules, syntactic rulesand semantic rules.6.The most recognizable difference between American English and BritishEnglish are in p________ and vocabulary.7.Speech v________refers to any distinguishable form of speech used by aspeaker or a group of speakers.8.P ____ refers to the realization of langue in actual use.9.Linguistics is generally defined as the s ____ study of language.10.As a type of linguistic system in L2 learning, i_______ is a product of L2training, mother tongue interference, overgeneralization of the target language rules, and learning and communicative strategies of the learner..III. Mark the choice that can best complete the statement. (20 points, 1 point each)1. Which of the following branch of linguistics takes the inner structure of word as its main object of study?A. Phonetics.B. Semantics.C. Morphology.D. Sociolinguistics.2. ________refers to a marginal language of few lexical items and straightforward grammatical rules, used as a medium of communication.A. DialectB. IdiolectC. PidginD. Register3. Which of the following is a voiceless bilabial stop?A.[w].B. [m].C. [b].D. [p].4. The phenomenon that words having different meanings have the same form is called ________.A. hyponymyB. synonymyC. polysemyD. homonymy5. Which of the following words is NOT formed by blending?A. Smog.B. Botel.C. Brunch.D. Edit.6. What phonetic feature distinguishes the [p] in please and the [p] in speak?A.VoicingB. AspirationC. RoundnessD. Nasality7. The word boyguard is a ______.A. compound wordB. complex wordC. derivational wordD. free morpheme8. All words contain a _________.A. rootB. bound morphemeC. prefixD. suffix9. Of the following sound combinations, only ______ is permissible.A. kiblB. hkilC. ilkbD. ilbk10. Where is the primary stress of the word phonology?A. pho.B. no.C. lo.D. gy.11. Conventionally a ________ is put in slashes.A. allophoneB. phoneC. phonemeD. morpheme12. The plural affix in the word tables is a(n) _______.A. inflectional suffixB. derivational suffixC. free morphemeD. root13. Language is tool of communication. The symbol “highway closed”serves___.A. an expressive functionB. an informative functionC. a performative functionD. a persuasive function14. Which of the following groups of words is a minimal pair?A. but/pubB. wet/whichC. cool/curlD. fail/find15. Whorf believed that speakers of different languages perceive and experienced the world differently, that is relative to their linguistic background, hence the notion of ______________.A. linguistic determinationB. linguistic relativismC. linguistic nativismD. linguistic behaviorism16. What are the dual structures of language?A. Sounds and letters.B. Sounds and meaning.C. Letters and meaning.D. Sounds and symbols.17. The meaning carried by the inflectional morpheme is _______.A. lexicalB. morphemicC. grammaticalD. semantic18. According to Krashen ______ refers to the gradual and subconscious development of ability in the first language by using it naturally in daily communication.A. learningB. competenceC. performanceD. acquisition19. Which of the following is one of the core branches of linguistics?A. Phonology.B. Psycho-linguistics.C. Sociolinguistics.D. Anthropology.20. The relationship be tween “flower” and “tulip” is _________.A. homonymyB. hyponymyC. polysemyD. synonymyIV. Translate the following linguistic terms: (10 points, 1 point each)A. From English to ChineseB. From Chinese to English1. acoustic phonetics 6. 应用语言学2. closed class words 7. 格语法3. componential analysis 8. 积极迁移4. distinctive features 9. 历史语言学5. Critical Period Hypothesis 10. 声调语言V. Draw a tree diagram for the following sentence by applying TG Grammar.(10 points)The man saw a horse.VI. Answer the following questions briefly. (20 points)1. Define phoneme. (4 points)2. Explain complementary distribution with an example.(5 points)3. What are the four criteria for classifying English vowels. (4 points)4. Analyze the following conversation by applying the CooperativePrinciples.(7 points)A: Teheran is in Turkey, isn’t it, teacher?B: And London is in France, I suppose.VII. Do the following analysis. (20 points)1. Write the one proper description from the list under B for the underlined part of each word in A. (5 points, 1 point each)A B(1) terroriz ed a. free root(2) un civil ized b. bound root(3) terror ize c. inflectional suffix(4) luke warm d. derivational suffix(5) im possible e. inflectional prefixf. derivational prefix2. Consider the following sentences in Swahili, and anwer the questions:(15 points)mtu amelala The man has slept.mtu analala The man is sleeping.mtu atalala The man will sleep.watu wamelala The men have slept.watu wanalala The men are sleeping.watu watalala The men will sleep.visu vinaanguka The knives are falling.kikapu kimeanguka The basket has fallen.watoto watafika The children will arrive.1)toto in Swahili means ______ in English.2)The meaning of the morpheme wa- in Swahili is _______.3)______ in Swahili means “sleep” in English.4)Translate mtoto anaanguka into English.5)Translate vikapu vimefika into English.台州学院______学年第_____学期_____级___专业《英语语言学概论》期末试卷A卷（闭卷）答题卷姓名__________ 班级___________ 学号_____________I．Decide whether the following statements are True (T) or False (F). (10 points, 1 point each)II. Fill in the following blanks. (10 points, 1 point each)1._________2.__________3. __________4._________5._________6._________7.___________8.___________9._________10._________III. Mark the choice that can best complete the statement. (20 points, 1 point each)IV. Translate the following linguistic terms: (10 points, 1 point each)1._________________ 6.________________2._________________ 7._________________3. ________________ 8._________________4._________________ 9._________________5.__________________ 10.________________V. Draw a tree diagram for the following sentence by applying TG grammar.(10 points)The man saw a horse.VI. Answer the following questions. (20 points)1._________________________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________2._________________________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________3.____________ ___________________________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________________________ _____________4._________________________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________________________ _________________________________________VII. Do the following analysis. (20 points)1. (1) ________ (2) _________ (3) ________ (4) _______ (5) ________2. (1) _______________(2) _______________(3) _______________(4) _______________(5) _______________台州学院_____学年第___学期___级____专业《英语语言学概论》期末试卷A卷（闭卷）参考答案及评分说明I．Decide whether the following statements are True (T) or False (F). (10 points, 1 point each)II. Fill in the following blanks. (10 points, 1 point each)1. coordinate2. competence3. arbitrary4. morpheme5. morphological6. pronunciation7. variety8. performance9. scientific 10. interlanguageIII. Mark the choice that can best complete the statement. (20 points, 1 point each)IV. Translate the following linguistic terms: (10 points, 1 point each)1. 声学语音学 6. applied linguistics2. 封闭词类7. case grammar3. 成分分析8. positive transfer4. 区别性特征9. historical linguistics5. 临界期假说10. tone languageV. Draw a tree diagram for the sentence by applying TG Grammar. (10 points)SNP Infl VPDet N pst V NPDet Nthe man saw a horseVI. Answer the following questions. (20 points)1. A contrastive phonological segment whose phonetic realizations are predictable by rules. (4 points)(or: A phoneme is a phonological unit; it is a unit that is of distinctive value.)2. The situation in which phones never occur in the same phonetic environment.（4 points）e.g. [p] and [p h] never occur in the same position. （1 point）3. the position of the tongue in the mouth(1 point), the openness of the mouth(1 point), the shape of the lips(1 point), and the length of the vowels. (1 point)4. According to the Cooperative Principle, the participants of the conversation shouldobey the four maxims of the principle: the maxim of quantity, the maxim of quality, the maxim of relation, the maxim of manner. (2 points) In this conversation, B’s reply deliberately violated the maxim of quality, (2 points) because B wanted A to infer the information that Teheran is not in Turkey. The main purpose of B is to let A know that it is absurd to make such a mistake.(3points)VII. Do the following analysis. (20 points)1. (1) c (2) a (3) d (4) b (5) f (1 point each)2. 1) child （2 points）2) human, plural （3 points）3)lala （2points）4)The child is falling.（4 points）5)The baskets have arrived.（4 points）。