使用COCA等在线语料库相关说明

1. Who created these corpora?
The corpora were created by Mark Davies, Professor of Linguistics at Brigham Young University in Provo, Utah, USA. In most cases (though see #2 below) this involved designing the corpora, collecting the texts, editing and annotating them, creating the corpus architecture, and designing and programming the web interfaces. Even though I use the terms "we" and "us" on this and other pages, most activities related to the development of most of these corpora were actually carried out by just one person.
2. Who else contributed?
3. Could you use additional funding or support?
As noted above, we have received support from the US National Endowm ent for the Humanities and Brigham Young University for the developm ent of several corpora. However, we are always in need of ongoing support for new hardware and software, to add new features, and especially to create new corpora. Because we do not charge for the use of the corpora (which are used by 80,000+ researchers, teachers, and language learners each month) and since the creation and maintenance of these corpora is essentially a "one person enterprise", any additional support would be very welcom e. There might be graduate programs in linguistics, or ESL or linguistics publishers, who might want to make a contribution, and we would then "spotlight" them on the front page of the corpora. Also, if you have contacts at a funding source like the Mellon Foundation or the MacArthur grants, please let them know about us (and no, we're not kidding).
4. What's the history of these corpora?
The first large online corpus was the Corpus del Español in 2002, followed by the BYU-BNC in 2004, the Corpus do Português in 2006, TIME Corpus in 2007, the Corpus of Contemporary American English (COCA) in 2008, and the Corpus of Historical American English (COHA) in 2010. (More details...)
5. What is the advantage of these corpora over other ones that are available?
For some languages and time periods, these are really the only corpora available. For example, in spite of earlier corpora like the American National Corpus and the Bank of English, our Corpus of Contemporary American English is the only large, balanced corpus of contemporary American English. In spite of the Brown family of corpora and the ARCHER corpus, the Corpus of Historical American English is the only large and balanced corpus of historical American English. And the Corpus del Español and the Corpus do Português are the only large, annotated corpora of these two languages. Beyond the "textual" corpora, however, the corpus architecture and interface that we have developed allows for speed, size, annotation, and a range of queries that we believe is unmatched with other architectures, and which makes it useful for corpora such as the British National Corpus, which does have other interfaces. Also, they're free -- a nice feature.
6. What software is used to index, search, and retrieve data from these corpora?
We have created our own corpus architecture, using Microsoft SQL Server as the backbone of the relational database approach. Our proprietary architecture allows for size, speed, and very good scalability that we believe are not available with any other architecture. Even complex queries of the more than 425 million word COCA corpus or the 400 million word COHA corpus typically only take one or two seconds. In addition, be cause of the relational database design, we can keep adding on more annotation "modules" with little or no performance hit. Finally, the relational database design allows for a range of queries that we believe is unmatched by any other architecture for large corpora.
7. How many people use the corpora?
As measured by Google Analytics, as of March 2011 the corpora are used by more than 80,000 unique people each month. (In other words, if the same person uses three different corpora a total of ten times that month, it counts as just one of the 80,000 unique users). The most widely-used corpus is the Corpus of Contemporary American English -- with more than 40,000 unique users each month. And people don't just come in, look for one word, and move on -- average time at the site each visit is between 10-15 minutes.
8. What do they use the corpora for?
For lots of things. Linguists use the corpora to analyze variation and change in the different languages. Some are materials developers, who use the data to create teaching materials. A high number of users are language teachers and learners, who use the corpus data to model native speaker performance and intuition. Translators use the corpora to get precise data on the target languages. Some businesses purchase data from the corpora to use in natural language processing projects. And lots of people are just curious about language, and (believe it or not) just use the corpora for fun, to see what's going on with the languages currently. If you are a registered user, you can look at the profiles of other users (by country or by interest) after you log in.
9. Are there any published materials that are based on these corpora?
As of mid-2011, researchers have submitted entries for more than 260 books, articles and conference presentations that are based on the corpora, and this is probably only a sm all fraction of all of the publications that have actually been done. In addition, we ourselves have published three frequency dictionaries that are based on data from the corpora -- Spanish (2005), Portuguese (2007), and American English (2010).
10. How can I collaborate with other users?
You can search users' profiles to find researchers from your country, or to find researchers who have similar interests. In the near future, we may start a Google Group for those who want more interaction.
11. What about copyright?
Our corpora contain hundreds of millions of words of copyrighted material. The only way that their use is legal (under US Fair Use Law) is because of the limited "Keyword in Context" (KWIC) displays. It's kind of like the "snippet defense" used by Google. They retrieve and index billions of words of copyright material, but they only allow end users to access
"snippets" (片段，少许)of this data from their servers. Click here for an extended discussion of US Fair Use Law and how it applies to our COCA texts.
12. Can I get access to the full text of these corpora?
Unfortunately, no, for reasons of copyright discussed above. We would love to allow end users to have access to full-text, but we simply cannot. Even when "no one else will ever use it" and even when "it's only one article or one page" of text, we can't. We have to be 100% compliant with US Fair Use Law, and that means no full text for anyone under any circumstances -- ever. Sorry about that.
13. I want more data than what's available via the standard interface. What can I do?
Users can purchase derived data -- such as frequency lists, collocates lists, n-grams lists (e.g. all two or three word strings of words), or even blocks of sentences from the corpus. Basically anything, as long as it does not involve full-text access (e.g. paragraphs or pages of text), which would violate copyright restrictions. Click here for much more detailed information on this data, as well as downloadable samples.
14. Can my class have additional access to a corpus on a given day?
Yes. Sometimes your school will be blocked after an hour or so of heavy use from a classroom full of students. (This is a security mechanism, to prevent "bots" from running thousands of queries in a short time.) To avoid this, sign up ahead of time for "group access".
15. Can you create a corpus for us, based on our own materials?
Well, I probably could, but I'm not overly inclined to at this point. Creating and maintaining corpora is extremely time intensive, even when you give me the data "all ready" to import into the database. The one exception, I guess, would be if you get a large grant to create and maintain the corpus. Feel free to contact me with questions.
16. How do I cite the corpora in my published articles?
Please use the following information when you cite the corpus in academic publications or conference papers. And please remember to add an entry to the publication database (it takes only 30-40 seconds!). Thanks.
In the first reference to the corpus in your paper, please use the full name. For example, for COCA: "the Corpus of Contemporary American English" with the appropriate citation to the references section of the paper, e.g. (Davies 2008-). After that reference, feel free to
use something shorter, like "COCA" (for example: "...and as seen in COCA, there are..."). Also, please do not refer to the corpus in the body of your paper as "Mark Davies' COCA corpus", "a corpus created by Mark Davies", etc. The bibliographic entry itself is enough to indicate who created the corpus.。