自考英语(本科 )《现代语言学》 复习大纲设计

Chapter 1 Introduction 绪论

what is linguistics?

1.1 定义 definition

Linguistics is generally defined as scientific study of language.

1.2 语言学的研究范畴 the scope of linguistics

a. The study of language as a whole is often called general linguistics.

把语言作为一个整体而进行的全面的语言学研究一般称为普通语言学。

b. The study of sounds used in linguistic communication led to the establishment of a branch of linguistics

called phonetics.语音学

How speech sounds are produced and classified.

c. how sounds are put together and used to convey meaning in communication.

how sounds form systems and function to convey meaning. phonology音位学/ 音系学交际中语音的组合规律及传达意义的方式

d. The study of the way in which these symbols are arranged to form words has constituted the branch of

study called morphology.形态学

how morphemes are combined to form words.

这些符号通过排列组合而成构成语词，对于这种排列组合方式的研究构成了语言学研究的另一个分支，如对形态学的研究。

e. The combination of these words to form permissible sentences in languages is governed by rules. The

study of these rules constitutes a major branch of linguistic studies, syntax. 句法学

how morphemes and words are combined to form sentences.

f. The study of meanin

g. semantics 语义学 (in abstraction)

g. the study of meaning is conducted in context of use. pragmatics 语用学

h. the study of language with reference to society. sociolinguistics.社会语言学

i. the study of language with reference to the workings of the mind. psycholinguistics 心里语言学

j. the application of linguistic principles and theories to language teaching and learning. applied linguistics

1.3 语言学研究中的一些基本概念 some important distinctions in linguistics.

1.3.1 规定性和描述性 prescriptive vs. descriptive

if a linguistic study describes and analyzes the language people actually use;

如果一种语言学的研究是对人们实际使用中的语言进行的描述和分析——描述性的descriptive

if it aims at to lay down rules for “correct” behaviour to tell people what they should say and what they should not say

如果某种研究的目的是在对所谓“正确的”行为制定一些规则——规定性的prescriptive

现代语言学通常是描述性的，与“语法”的语言研究是大相径庭的

1.3.2 共时性和历时性 synchronic vs. diachronic

the description of a language at some point in time is a synchronic study;

the description of a language as it changes through time is a diachronic study.

现代语言学中，共时性研究比历时性研究更受人青睐。

1.3.3 口头语和书面语 speech and writing

Speech and writing are two major media of communication. Modern linguistics regards the spoken language as primary, not the written.

In the past, traditional grammarians tended to over-emphasize the importance of the written word, partly because of its permanence.

1.3.4 语言和言语 langue and parole (both from French words)

瑞士语言学家F. de索绪尔