欧洲文化 简介

5. Drama(2)
Comedy Aristophanes(about 450---380B.C)
Athenian playwright considered to be the greatest ancient writer of satirical comedy. Among his surviving plays are The Clouds (423) and Lysistrata (411). 阿里斯托芬雅典剧作家，被认为是最伟大的古典讽刺 喜剧作家。现存的剧本有 云（公元前423年）和 吕西 斯特拉特（公元前411年）
Pindar(about 518---438B.C.)
Greek lyric poet remembered especially for his Odes.
5. Drama(1)
Aeschylus(525---456B.C)
Greek tragic dramatist whose plays were the first to include two actors in addition to the chorus. Only 7 of his 90 dramas survive, including the Oresteia trilogy(奥瑞斯忒亚三部曲)(458).
7. Philosophy and Science(2)
Plato
Greek philosopher. A follower of Socrates, he founded the Academy (386), where he taught and wrote for much of the rest of his life. Plato presented his ideas in the form of dramatic dialogues, as in The Republic. 柏拉图希腊哲学家，苏格拉底的信徒，他创办了学园（公元前386 年），在这里他教书写作度过他余生的大部分时间柏拉图以戏剧 对话的形式表述了他的思想，如在 理想国中
Euripides(484---406B.C)
Greek dramatist who ranks with Sophocles and Aeschylus as the greatest classical tragedians. He wrote more than 90 tragedies, although only 18, including Medea, Hippolytus, and The Trojan Women, ( 美狄亚，希波吕托斯和 特洛伊妇女) survive in complete form.
European Culture: an Introduction
外语部 常开媛
Why should Chinese students of English bother about European culture? What do you think are the basic elements in European culture? Two major elements in European culture: the Greco-Roman element the Judeo-Christian element
2.
Social and Political Structure
Politics Athens was a democracy Democracy means “exercise of power by the whole people.” Economy Sports Greeks loved sports Olympus Mount ---- Olympic Games Modern Olympic Games revived in 1896 顾拜 旦(法)
8.
Architecture
(2). the Ionic Style ( feminine style ) graceful and elegant (slightly ornamental style ) ( While the Doric Style is monotonous and unadorned, the Ionic style often shows a wealth of ornament)
8.
Architecture
(3). Corinthian Style known for its ornamental luxury
Sculpture
Sophocles(496---406B.C)
Greek dramatist. Together with Euripides and Aeschylus, he is considered one of the greatest dramatists of ancient Greece. His surviving plays include Ajax, Oedipus Rex, Antigone, and Oedipus at Colonus.(他现存的剧作包括 埃阿斯、俄狄浦斯王、安提戈涅以及 俄狄 浦斯在科勒罗斯)
The main contents of European culture in a chronological order
1. Greek Culture and Roman Culture 2. The Bible and Christianity 3. The Middle Ages 4. Renaissance and Reformation 5. The Seventeenth Century 6. The Age of Enlightenment 7. Romanticism 8. Marxism and Darwinism 9. Realism 10. Modernism and Other Trends
3.
Homer
probably lived around 700 B.C.) Two epics: Iliad Odysseus are about great men and wars of a remoter age, probably in the period 1200—1100 B.C.
4.
Lyric Poetry
Sappo(about 612--- 580B.C)
Greek lyric poet considered one of the greatest poets of antiquity although only fragments of her romantic lyrics survive. I could not hope to touch the sky with my two arms In gold sandals dawn like a thief fell upon me
Greek Culture
1.
The Historical Context
(1). 1200 B.C. a war of Troy. (2). 5th century B.C. Greek culture reached a high point of development. civil war between Athens and Sparta (3). In the second half of the 4th century B.C. all Greece was brought under the rule of Alexander, king of Macedom.Greek culture was spread (4). In 146 B.C. the Romans conquered Greece
6. History
Historical writing started early in Greece

Herodotus(484---430B.C.)
Greek historian whose writings, chiefly concerning the Persian Wars, are the earliest known examples of narrative history. 希罗多德希腊历史学家，他的作品主要涉及波斯战争，系人们所知的叙述 体史书的最早样品
8. Architecture Greek architecture can be grouped into 3styles (1). the Doric Style ( masculine style ) sturdy (strong and firm), powerful, severe looking, showing a good sense of proportions and numbers.
7. Philosophy and Science(3)
Aristotle
Greek philosopher. A pupil of Plato, the tutor of Alexander the Great, and the author of works on logic, metaphysics, ethics, natural sciences, politics, and poetics, he profoundly influenced Western thought. In his philosophical system theory follows empirical observation and logic, based on the syllogism, is the essential method of rational inquiry. 亚里士多德希腊哲学家。柏拉图的学生，亚历山大大帝的教师，他 的著述论及逻辑学，形而上学，伦理学，自然科学，政治学和诗 学，对西方思想产生了深远影响，在其哲学体系里，理论服从实 地观察和逻辑，以三段论为基础，基本上是理性研究的理论方法
7. Philosophy and Science(1)
The greatest names in European philosophy
Socrates
Greek philosopher who initiated a question-and-answer method of teaching as a means of achieving self-knowledge. His theories of virtue and justice have survived through the writings of Plato, his most important pupil. Socrates was tried for corrupting the minds of Athenian youth and subsequently put to death (399). 苏格拉底希腊哲学家，首创了问答工教学方法，作为获得认识自我 的一种方法。他关于道德和正义的理论，通过柏拉图（他最著名 的学生）的著作而得以流传下来。苏格拉底因被指控毒害雅典年 轻人的头脑而受到审判，并因此被处死（公元前339年）
Thucydides(about 460---404B.C.)
Greek historian. Considered the greatest historian of antiquity, he wrote a critical history of the Peloponnesian War that contains the funeral oration of Pericles. 修希德狄斯希腊历史学家，曾被认为是远古时代最伟大的历史学家，著有 一部关于伯罗奔尼撒战争的批评史，其中有佩里克莱斯的葬礼演讲