陶洁版 美国文学期末笔记
陶洁《美国文学选读》(第2版)复习笔记(第20单元 田纳西
20.1复习笔记Tennessee Williams(1911-1983)（田纳西·威廉斯）1.Life（生平）Tennessee Williams was one of the greatest American dramatists.He was born Thomas Lanier Williams but he changed“Thomas”to“Tennessee”in1939.He was born in Columbus,Mississippi,in1911.Several years later,the family moved to the University City neighborhood of St.Louis,Missouri.In1929attended the University of Missouri,and dropped out in1932because of poverty.He finally earned a degree in1938from the University of Iowa.His first play,Battle of Angels, proved to be such a fiasco that he did not surface again,until1945when The Glass Menagerie won him international recognition.After that he kept writing at the rate of every two years and enjoyed popularity all along.He was also a novelist and a poet.He wrote a novel,two volumes of poetry,and six volumes of prose,including three collections of short stories.田纳西·威廉斯是美国最伟大的剧作家之一。
陶洁《美国文学选读》(第3版)笔记和课后习题详解(第2单元 埃德加
第2单元埃德加•爱伦•坡2.1复习笔记I.Introduction to author（作者简介）Edgar Allan Poe(1809-1849)is a novelist,poet,and critic.埃德加·爱伦·坡（1809—1849），小说家，诗人，评论家。
1.Life（生平）Poe’s childhood was a miserable one.He lost both of his parents when still very small,and was taken care of by a wealthy merchant.Father and son enjoyed nothing but an unhappy relationship together.Poe entered the University of Virginia but did not finish.He went to West Point as a cadet but was dismissed because of misbehavior.Poe wrote and worked as editor most of his short life.He was poor all his life.At27he married his cousin,whose death in1847left him inconsolable and bitter with life than ever.He died,in October,1849.坡有着悲惨的童年。
他年幼时父母双亡，他被一位富商收养，父子之间关系紧张。
坡进入弗吉尼亚大学学习，但是没能完成学业。
后来去了西点军校，却又因为行为不端而被校方开除。
他短暂的一生中大部分时间都在从事写作和编辑工作。
他终身贫困潦倒。
27岁时，他和他的表妹结婚，1847年妻子的离世使他悲痛万分。
陶洁《美国文学选读》(第2版)复习笔记(第4单元 纳撒尼尔
4.1复习笔记I.Introduction to author（作者简介）Nathaniel Hawthorne(1804-1864)is a novelist.纳撒尼尔·霍桑（1804-1864）是一位小说家。
1.Life（生平）Hawthorne was born in Salem,Massachusetts.Some of his ancestors were men of prominence in the Puritan theocracy.One of his ancestors was a colonial magistrate,notorious for his part in the persecution of the Quakers,and another was a judge at the Salem Witchcraft Trial in1692.Gradually,the family fortune declined.Hawthorn was intensely conscious of the wrongdoing of his ancestors, and this awareness led to his understanding of evil being at the core of human life, so he seemed to be haunted by his sense of sin and evil in his life.霍桑出生于马萨诸塞州的萨勒姆镇，他的一些祖先是17世纪新英格兰清教神权统治中的显赫人物。
他的一位祖先是殖民地行政官，因参与迫害贵格派教徒而臭名昭著。
另一位祖先则是1692年萨勒姆审巫案的法官。
家族渐渐走向没落。
霍桑强烈地意识到他祖先的罪恶，这也让他明白了邪恶存在于人生命的核心部分，因此终其一生，他心中的罪恶感都挥之不去。
陶洁《美国文学选读》(第2版)复习笔记(第22单元 20世纪美国诗人(2))【圣才出品】
22.1复习笔记Robert Lowell(1917-1977)（罗伯特·洛威尔）1.Life（生平）Lowell came from a distinguished New England family.This background endowed him with culture and taste in the very texture of his being,and meanwhile offered a window of opportunity for him to scrutinize and dissect the decline of his New England tradition.He was well educated at Harvard and then at Kenyon College,Ohio under the well-known New Critical poet and critic John Crowe Ranson.Lowell’s poetic career reached a height when he received a Pulitzer for his second volume,Lord Weary’s Castle in1946.In1959his Life Studies came out,at that time he had switched from the New Critical style to open form,and had inadvertently initiated a new school of verse,the Confessional School poetry.He received the National Book Award for the new book.In the late1960s he once was arrested for his part in the march on the Pentagon against the Vietnam War.洛威尔来自显赫的新英格兰家庭。
陶洁《美国文学选读》(第2版)复习笔记(第6单元 亨利
6.1复习笔记I.Introduction to author（作者简介）Henry David Thoreau(1917-1862)is a renowned New England Transcendentalist,essayist,philosopher and poet.亨利·大卫·梭罗（1917-1862）是著名的新英格兰超验主义者、散文家、哲学家，诗人。
1.Life（生平）Thoreau was a friend of Emerson and his junior by some fourteen years. Thoreau was born in Concord,Massachusetts.He went to Harvard at17.After graduation,he made friends with Emerson and embraced his ideas.In1845he moved in a cabin on Walden Pond and lived there in a very simple manner for a little over two years.During his stay in Walden,he went back occasionally to his village,and on one visit he was detained for a night in jail for refusing to pay a poll-tax he thought unjust.This inspired him to write his famous essay,“Civil Disobedience”.He wrote about his experience in the famous book,Walden,after he moved back to Concord.He became a major voice for nineteenth-century America,now better heard perhaps than Emerson’s.His influence goes beyond America.His status was placed in the Hall of Fame in New York in1969.梭罗是爱默生的好友，比爱默生小14岁。
陶洁《美国文学选读》（第3版）笔记和课后习题详解（第13单元凯萨琳
陶洁《美国⽂学选读》（第3版）笔记和课后习题详解（第13单元凯萨琳第13单元凯萨琳?安?波特13.1复习笔记I.Introduction to author（作者简介）1.Life（⽣平）Katherine Anne Porter(1890-1980)was born in Indian Greek,Texas.She began her life as a news reporter and sometimes as an actress and ballad /doc/0a7395332.htmlter she stayed in Europe and Mexico which proved very valuable for her writing.She was basically a short-story writer.Her Collected Stories won her both a Pulitzer Prize and a National Book Award.She lectured at various universities and received honorary doctorates from various institutions.She was vice president of the National Institute of Arts and Lettersfrom1950to1952.凯萨琳·安·波特(1890—1980)出⽣于德克萨斯州印第安河市。
她曾做过报社记者，演员和民谣歌⼿。
后来她到过欧洲和墨西哥。
这段经历对她⽇后的写作很有帮助。
她主要是短篇⼩说家。
她的《短篇⼩说集》获得了普利策奖和全国图书奖。
她曾到许多⼤学做讲座，收到了许多机构授予的荣誉博⼠学位。
从1950年到1952年她担任美国国家艺术与⽂学协会副主席。
2.Major Works（主要作品）The Flowering Judas(1930)《开花的紫荆树》Pale Horse,Pale Rider(1939)《灰⾊骑⼠灰⾊马》Old Mortality(1939)《修墓⽼⼈》The Leaning Tower(1944)《斜塔》The Old Order(1944)《旧秩序》A Ship of Fools(1962)《愚⼈船》II.Selected works（选读作品）◆The Jilting of Granny Weatherall《被背弃的⽼祖母》The Granny in this story is a very strong and hardy woman.At first,her lover abandoned her,and then her husband died at an early age,but she was confronted with frustrations bravely and took care of farm all by herself and successfully brought up her children.However,the Granny also has weaknesses.She has always been trying to forget about the shame and anguish brought about by her lover’s abandon,but unfortunately,she couldn’t dismiss them form her mind until she died.On her deathbed,she was hurt again;because that God did not come to her to take her to the heaven as her religious belief meant,but her life was took away by Death before she was ready to die.故事中的⽼祖母是⼀位坚强的⼥性。
陶洁《美国文学选读》笔记和课后习题(含考研真题)详解(本杰明 富兰克林)【圣才出品】
第1单元本杰明•富兰克林1.1 复习笔记I. Introduction to author（作者简介）Benjamin Franklin (1706—1790) was a rare genius in human history. He became everything: a printer, postmaster, almanac maker, essayist, scientist, inventor, orator, statesman, philosopher, political economist, ambassador, —“Jack of all trades.”本杰明·富兰克林(1706—1790)是人类历史上少有的天才。
他是出版家、邮政总长、历书作者、散文家、科学家、发明家、演说家、政治家、哲学家、政治经济学家、大使等等。
1. Life（生平）He was born into a poor family. He was a voracious reader. At 16 he published essays under the pseudonym Silence Dogood. At 17 he ran away to Philadelphia to make his own fortune. He became a printer. He helped found the Pennsylvania Hospital, an academy which led to the University of Pennsylvania, and the American Philosophical Society. He was a preeminent scientist of his day. He signed the Declaration of Independence. He was one of the makers of the new nation.富兰克林出生于一个贫穷的家庭。
陶洁《美国文学选读》（第3版）笔记和课后习题详解（第18单元尤金
陶洁《美国⽂学选读》（第3版）笔记和课后习题详解（第18单元尤⾦第18单元尤⾦?格拉斯通?奥尼尔18.1复习笔记I.Introduction to author（作者简介）1.Life（⽣平）Eugene Glastone O’Neill(1888-1953)was the greatest playwright of US.He was born in New York.His father was a famous actor and O’Neill traveled around with his father’s group and took a year in Princeton,from which he was expelled because of misbehavior.Then he began his experience of wandering and loafing about which stand him in good stead.In the winterof1912-13he developed tuberculosis and was sent to a sanitarium.In this period he read widely in the world’s dramatic literature.In1916his one-act play Bound East for Cardiff was staged.The event marked the beginning of O’Neill’s long and successful dramatic career and ushered in the modern era of the American Theater.O’Neill was a prize-winning playwright.He received the Pulitzer Prize for his Beyond the Horizon and Anna Christie between1920and1922,and the Nobel Prize in1936.尤⾦·格拉斯通·奥尼尔(1888—1953)是美国最伟⼤的剧作家。
陶洁《美国文学选读》(第3版)笔记和课后习题详解(第21单元 拉尔夫
第21单元拉尔夫•华尔多•埃利森21.1复习笔记I.Introduction to author（作者简介）1.Life（生平）Ralph Waldo Ellison(1914-1994)was born in Oklahoma City.From his birth, Ellison’s parents knew he was bound for prosperity.His father even named him for the great writer Ralph Waldo Emerson in an effort to ensure such success.Mrs. Ellison,a maid,would bring home books,magazines,and record albums that had been discarded in the homes she cleaned.Ellison revered and admired the musicians of his area.At Douglas High School,Ellison followed his inclination toward music.From there,he went to Tuskegee Institute on a scholarship and dreamed of writing a symphony.After there was a mix-up with his scholarship, Ellison chose to go north in order to save money for tuition.Arriving in New York, Ellison found it difficult to find work and even harder to find work as a musician. The result was a succession of odd jobs at Harlem’s YMCA with a psychiatrist.There Ellison acted as a file clerk and a receptionist,and held various other jobs around town.During this time,Ellison met the writer Richard Wright, who encouraged him to be a writer rather than a musician.From this point on, Ellison followed a life of writing in which he earned many awards.拉尔夫·华尔多·埃利森(1914—1994)出生在俄克拉荷马市。
陶洁《美国文学选读》笔记和课后习题（含考研真题）详解（斯蒂芬克莱恩）【圣才出品】
陶洁《美国⽂学选读》笔记和课后习题（含考研真题）详解（斯蒂芬克莱恩）【圣才出品】第10单元斯蒂芬?克莱恩10.1 复习笔记I. Introduction to author（作者简介）1. Life（⽣平）Stephen Crane was an American novelist, short story writer, poet and journalist. Prolific throughout his short life, he wrote notable works in the Realist tradition as well as early examples of American Naturalism and Impressionism. He is recognized by modern critics as one of the most innovative writers of his generation.斯蒂芬·克莱恩是美国⼩说家、短篇⼩说家、诗⼈、记者。
他在短暂的⼀⽣中著作颇丰，在现实主义传统下写了许多著名作品，也成为美国⾃然主义和印象主义的早期范例。
他被当代批评家认为是同时代最具有创意的作家。
2. Major Works（主要作品）Maggie: A Girl of the Street (1893) 《街头⼥郎麦姬》The Red Badge of Courage (1895) 《红⾊英勇勋章》“The Open Boat” (1897) 《海上扁⾈》The Bride Comes to Yellow Sky (1898)《新娘来到黄天镇》The Blue Hotel (1898) 《蓝⾊旅店》Ⅱ. Selected works（选读作品）◆The Open Boat《海上扁⾈》This story is based on Crane’s personal experiences. While traveling to Cuba to work as a newspaper correspondent during the Cuban insurrection against Spain, Crane was stranded at sea after his ship the Commodore sank off the coast of Florida. Stephen Crane and three others endured the rage of the sea for thirty hours. Billy Higgins a friend of Cranes drowned while swimming to shore. This realistic story of their life-threatening ordeal captures the emotions of four men in a fight against nature.Th e most significant aspect of this struggle lies in the men’s attempts to help one another survive when they are confronted with danger and disaster.故事取材于克莱恩真实的个⼈经历。
陶洁《美国文学选读》(第3版)笔记和课后习题详解(第8单元 马克
第8单元马克•吐温8.1复习笔记I.Introduction to author（作者简介）1.Life（生平）Mark Twain(1835-1910)is the pen name of Samuel Langhorne Clemens.He was an American novelist and humorist.Twain grew up in Missouri,which would later provide the setting for Huckleberry Finn and Tom Sawyer.He apprenticed with a printer.He also worked as a typesetter and contributed articles to his older brother Orion’s newspaper.After toiling as a printer in various cities,he became a master riverboat pilot on the Mississippi River before heading west to join Orion.He was a failure at gold mining, so he next turned to journalism.While a reporter,he wrote a humorous story,"The Celebrated Jumping Frog of Calaveras County,"which became very popular and brought nationwide attention.His travelogues were also well received.He achieved great success as a writer and public speaker.His wit and satire earned praise from critics and peers,and he was a friend to presidents,artists, industrialists,and European royalty.马克·吐温(1835—1910)是萨缪尔·朗赫恩·克莱门斯的笔名。
陶洁《美国文学选读》(第2版)笔记和课后习题详解-第1~13单元【圣才出品】
第1单元本杰明•富兰克林1.1 复习笔记I. Introduction to author（作者简介）Benjamin Franklin (1706-1790) was a rare genius in human history. He became everything: a printer, postmaster, almanac maker, essayist, scientist, inventor, orator, statesman, philosopher, political economist, ambassador,—“Jack of all trades.”富兰克林是人类历史上少有的天才。
他是出版家、邮政总长、历书作者、散文家、科学家、发明家、演说家、政治家、哲学家、政治经济学家、大使、业务员等等。
1. Life（生平）He was born into a poor family. He was a voracious reader. At 16 he published essays under the pseudonym Silence Do good. At 17 he ran away to Philadelphia to make his own fortune. He became a printer. He helped found the Pennsylvania Hospital, an academy which led to the University of Pennsylvania, and the American Philosophical Society. He was a preeminent scientist of his day. He signed the Declaration of Independence. He was one of the makers of the new nation.富兰克林出生于一个贫穷的家庭。
陶洁《美国文学选读》(第3版)笔记和课后习题详解(第10单元 斯蒂芬
第10单元斯蒂芬•克莱恩10.1复习笔记I.Introduction to author（作者简介）1.Life（生平）Stephen Crane was an American novelist,short story writer,poet and journalist. Prolific throughout his short life,he wrote notable works in the Realist tradition as well as early examples of American Naturalism and Impressionism.He is recognized by modern critics as one of the most innovative writers of his generation.斯蒂芬·克莱恩是美国小说家、短篇小说家、诗人、记者。
他在短暂的一生中著作颇丰，在现实主义传统下写了许多著名作品，也成为美国自然主义和印象主义的早期范例。
他被当代批评家认为是同时代最具有创意的作家。
2.Major Works（主要作品）Maggie:A Girl of the Street(1893)《街头女郎麦姬》The Red Badge of Courage(1895)《红色英勇勋章》“The Open Boat”(1897)《海上扁舟》The Bride Comes to Yellow Sky(1898)《新娘来到黄天镇》The Blue Hotel(1898)《蓝色旅店》II.Selected works（选读作品）◆The Open Boat《海上扁舟》This story is based on Crane’s personal experiences.While traveling to Cuba to work as a newspaper correspondent during the Cuban insurrection against Spain, Crane was stranded at sea after his ship the Commodore sank off the coast of Florida.Stephen Crane and three others endured the rage of the sea for thirty hours. Billy Higgins a friend of Cranes drowned while swimming to shore.This realistic story of their life-threatening ordeal captures the emotions of four men in a fight against nature.The most significant aspect of this struggle lies in the men’s attempts to help one another survive when they are confronted with danger and disaster.故事取材于克莱恩真实的个人经历。
陶洁《美国文学选读》(第3版)笔记和课后习题考研真题详解
陶洁《美国文学选读》（第3版）笔记和课后习题（含考研真题）详解攻重浩精研学习网提供资料第1单元本杰明•富兰克林1.1复习笔记I.Introduction to author（作者简介）Benjamin Franklin(1706—1790)was a rare genius in human history.He became everything: a printer,postmaster,almanac maker,essayist,scientist,inventor,orator,statesman, philosopher,political economist,ambassador,—“Jack of all trades.”本杰明·富兰克林(1706—1790)是人类历史上少有的天才。
他是出版家、邮政总长、历书作者、散文家、科学家、发明家、演说家、政治家、哲学家、政治经济学家、大使等等。
1.Life（生平）He was born into a poor family.He was a voracious reader.At16he published essays under the pseudonym Silence Dogood.At17he ran away to Philadelphia to make his own fortune. He became a printer.He helped found the Pennsylvania Hospital,an academy which led to the University of Pennsylvania,and the American Philosophical Society.He was a preeminent scientist of his day.He signed the Declaration of Independence.He was one of the makers of the new nation.富兰克林出生于一个贫穷的家庭。
陶洁《美国文学选读》(第3版)笔记和课后习题详解(第12单元 舍伍德·安德森)【圣才出品】
第12单元舍伍德·安德森12.1复习笔记I.Introduction to author（作者简介）1.Life（生平）Sherwood Anderson(1876-1941),a novelist,was born in Camden,Ohio,the third of seven children of his family.After his father’s business failed,the family was forced to move frequently,finally settling down at Clyde,Ohio,in1884.Partly as a result of these misfortunes,young Sherwood found various odd jobs to help his family,which earned him the nickname"Jobby."He left school at age14.Anderson moved to Chicago near his brother’s home and worked as a manual laborer until near the turn of the century,when he enlisted in the United States Army.He was called up but did not see action in Cuba during the Spanish-American War.After the war,in1900,he enrolled at Wittenberg University in Springfield,Ohio. Eventually he secured a job as a copywriter in Chicago and became more successful.舍伍德·安德森(1876—1941)是一位小说家，出身于俄亥俄州卡姆丹镇，在七个孩子中排行第三。
陶洁《美国文学选读》(第3版)笔记和课后习题详解(第24单元 索尔
第24单元索尔•贝娄24.1复习笔记I.Introduction to author（作者简介）1.Life（生平）Saul Bellow was about the best-known writer of his generation.He was born into a Russian Jewish family in Canada,he grew up in Chicago.His first book, Dangling Man,was published in1944,and for over a half a century,he wrote a good number of novels,short stories and plays,and won a good number of awards. His career reached its exciting climax in1976when he was awarded the Pulitzer Prize and the Nobel Prize for Literature.索尔·贝娄(1915—2005)是当代美国最著名的小说家。
他出生于加拿大一个俄国犹太移民家庭。
他在芝加哥长大。
他的第一部小说《摇来晃去的人》发表于1944年。
在接下来的半个多世纪，他创作了大量的长篇小说、短篇小说和剧本，赢得了众多的奖项。
1976年他的创作事业到达巅峰，他同时被授予普利策奖和诺贝尔文学奖。
2.His Themes（主题）Saul Bellow’s basic themes are essentially Three-fold:first,he views contemporary society as a threat to human life and human integrity.Then living in such an environment,people tend to become paranoid,high-strung,and impotent, and so lose their sanity.Finally,there is the quest motif,a quest for truth and values,difficult,excruciating,but successful in a way.索尔·贝娄的主题主要是如下三方面：首先，他认为当代社会对人们的生活和独立人格是个威胁。
陶洁《美国文学选读》(第3版)笔记和课后习题(含考研真题)详解-第1~6单元【圣才出品】
第1单元本杰明•富兰克林1.1 复习笔记I. Introduction to author（作者简介）Benjamin Franklin (1706—1790) was a rare genius in human history. He became everything: a printer, postmaster, almanac maker, essayist, scientist, inventor, orator, statesman, philosopher, political economist, ambassador, —“Jack of all trades.”本杰明·富兰克林(1706—1790)是人类历史上少有的天才。
他是出版家、邮政总长、历书作者、散文家、科学家、发明家、演说家、政治家、哲学家、政治经济学家、大使等等。
1. Life（生平）He was born into a poor family. He was a voracious reader. At 16 he published essays under the pseudonym Silence Dogood. At 17 he ran away to Philadelphia to make his own fortune. He became a printer. He helped found the Pennsylvania Hospital, an academy which led to the University of Pennsylvania, and the American Philosophical Society. He was a preeminent scientist of his day. He signed the Declaration of Independence. He was one of the makers of the new nation.富兰克林出生于一个贫穷的家庭。
陶洁《美国文学选读》(第3版)笔记和课后习题详解(第26单元 托尼
第26单元托尼•莫里森26.1复习笔记I.Introduction to author（作者简介）1.Life（生平）Toni Morrison(1931-)was born Chloe Anthony Wofford in1931in Lorain,Ohio, the second of four children in a black working-class family.She displayed an early interest in literature.She took the nickname Toni in college.Morrison inherits the legacy of African American literature.She is an award-winning writer.The many literary awards include the National Book Award, the National Book Critical Circle Award,the Pulitzer Prize,and the Nobel Prize for Literature in1993.托尼·莫里森(1931—)原名克洛伊·安东尼·沃福德，1931年出生于俄亥俄州洛雷恩的一个黑人工人家庭，在四个孩子中排行第二。
她从小就对文学感兴趣。
她在大学期间开始使用托尼这个名字。
莫里森继承了非裔美国文学的传统。
她获奖无数，这些文学奖包括：国家图书奖、国家图书批评奖、普利策奖以及1993年的诺贝尔文学奖。
2.Major Works（主要作品）The Bluest Eyes(1970)《最蓝的眼睛》Sula(1973)《秀拉》Song of Solomon(1977)《所罗门之歌》Tar Baby(1981)《柏油孩子》Beloved(1987)《宠儿》Jazz(1992)《爵士乐》Paradise(1999)《天堂》Love(2003)《爱》A Mercy(2008)《恩惠》II.Selected works（主要选读）◆Recitatif《宣叙》Recitatif is Toni Morrison‘s only published short story.It was first published in 1983in Confirmation:An Anthology of African American Women,an anthology edited by Amiri Baraka and his wife Amina Baraka.It is a pioneering story in racial writing as the race of Twyla and Roberta are debatable.Though the characters are clearly separated by class,neither is affirmed as African American or Caucasian.《宣叙》是莫里森发表的唯一一部短篇小说，发表于1983年，被收录于艾米利和艾米纳·巴拉卡编辑的《实证》。
陶洁《美国文学选读》(第3版)笔记和课后习题详解(第1单元 本杰明
第1单元本杰明•富兰克林1.1复习笔记I.Introduction to author（作者简介）Benjamin Franklin(1706-1790)was a rare genius in human history.He became everything:a printer,postmaster,almanac maker,essayist,scientist,inventor,orator, statesman,philosopher,political economist,ambassador,-“Jack of all trades.”富兰克林(1706—1790)是人类历史上少有的天才。
他是出版家、邮政总长、历书作者、散文家、科学家、发明家、演说家、政治家、哲学家、政治经济学家、大使、业务员等等。
1.Life（生平）He was born into a poor family.He was a voracious reader.At16he published essays under the pseudonym Silence Dogood.At17he ran away to Philadelphia to make his own fortune.He became a printer.He helped found the Pennsylvania Hospital,an academy which led to the University of Pennsylvania,and the American Philosophical Society.He was a preeminent scientist of his day.He signed the Declaration of Independence.He was one of the makers of the new nation.富兰克林出生于一个贫穷的家庭。
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美国文学笔记I. Colonial Period（殖民地时期）（约1607-1765）II. The Revolutionary period（革命时期) :( 1765-18世纪末）Benjamin Franklin（1706-1790）III.The Romantic period （浪漫主义时期）: （1800-1865）Edgar Allan Poe（1809-1849）Ralph Waldo Emerson (1803-1882)Henry Daivd Thoreau (1817-1862)Nathaniel Hawthorne (1804-1864)Herman Melville (1819-1891)Walt Whitman (1819~1892)Emily Dickinson (1830-1886)IV.The Realism and Naturalism（现实主义和自然主义) : （1865-1918）Mark Twain (1835-1910)Henry James (1843-1916)Stephen Crane (1881-1900)V. The Modern period (现代主义时期）: 1918-1945F. Scott Fitzgerald (1896-1940)William Faulkner (1897-1962)Ernest Hemingway (1899—1961)Ezra Pound (1885—1972)Robert Frost（1847-1963）Eugene O’ Neil (1888-1953)VI. Contemporary literature（当代文学):（1945- ）I. Colonial Period（殖民地时期）（约1607-1765）II. The Revolutionary period（革命时期): (1765-18世纪末）Benjamin Franklin（1706-1790）：1. Summary:One of the greatest founding fathers of the American NationFirst great self-made man in AmericaThe embodiment of American dream2. Major works:The Autobiograph y《自传》：the first of its kind in literature, one of the classics ofthe genrePoor Richard’s Almanack《穷人理查德的年历》III. The Romantic period （浪漫主义时期）: （1800-1865）Edgar Allan Poe（1809-1849）1. Summary:Novelist, poet, criticgood at writing Gothic(哥特式）and detective fictionFather of western detective stories and psychoanalytic criticism2. Major works:PoetryThe Raven《乌鸦》To Helen《献给海伦》Short storiesHorror ( suspense, terror, Insanity, death，Revenge and rebirth）The Fall of the House of Usher《厄舍古屋的倒塌》The Masque of the Red Death 《红色死亡的化妆舞会》The Black Cat《黑猫》The Cask of Amontillado《一桶白葡萄酒》Ligeia《丽姬娅》Detective /ratiocinative(推理的）(originator)The Purloined Letter 《窃信案》The Muder in the Rue Morgue 《莫格街谋杀案》The Mystery of Marie Rog《玛丽.罗热疑案》The Gold Bug 《金甲虫》American Transcendentalism(美国超验主义）（1830s- Civil War）Summit of Romanticism/ American Renaissance1. Appearance1836, “Nature” by Emerson2. Features of Transcendentalism(1). Spirit(思想）/Oversoul（超灵）(2). importance of individualism(3). nature – symbol of spirit/God；garment of the oversoul(4). focus in intuition (irrationalism and subconsciousness)Ralph Waldo Emerson (1803-1882):1. Summary:American essayist,lecturer, poetThe Founder of Transcendentalism2. Major works:Nature《论自然》：the manifesto of American transcendentalismThe American Scholar《论美国学者》: American's Declaration of IntellectualIndependenceSelf-reliance《论自助》Henry Daivd Thoreau (1817-1862)1. Summary:American Essayist, Poet, Philosopher2. Major WorksCivil Disobedience «论公民之不服从»Walden , or Life in the woods 《瓦尔登湖，或林中的生活》:Walden is a record of Thoreau’s two year experiment of living alone at Walden pond in a self-built house at the edge of the woods.Late RomanticismNathaniel Hawthorne (1804-1864):1. Summary:American novelist and short story writer2. His point of view : Hawthorne is influenced by Puritanism（清教主义）deeply.(1). Evil is at the core of human life(2).whenever there is sin, there is punishment. Sin or evil can be passed fromgeneration to generation(3). Evil educates.(4). He has disgust in science. One source of evil is overweening (自负的) (tooproud of oneself) intellect . His intellectual characters are villains, dreadful and cold-blooded3. Major WorksThe Scarlet Letter《红字》Herman Melville (1819-1891): Novelist, PoetMajor works:Moby Dick 《白鲸》,1851Main characters:Ishmael(以实玛利）: the narratorAhab（埃哈伯）: the protagonistMoby DickWalt Whitman (1819~1892)1. Summary:American poet, essayist, journalist, and humanist/The father of free verse（自由诗）2. Major works:Leaves of Grass《草叶集》Famous poemsSong of Myself《自我之歌》One’s Self I Sing 《我歌唱一个人的自己》O Captain! My Captain! 《噢，我的船长！我的船长！》3. Writing themes (almost everything):➢equality of things and beings➢divinity of everything➢Immanence（无所不在）of God➢democracy➢evolution of cosmos（宇宙）➢multiplicity of nature➢self-reliant spirit➢death, beauty of death➢expansion of America➢brotherhood and social solidarity（团结一致）(unity of nations in the world) ➢pursuit of love and happiness4. S tyle: “free verse（自由诗）: the verse that does not follow a fixed metrical pattern,the verse without a fixed beat or regular rhyme scheme.(1).Parallelism（排比）(2).phonetic recurrence（同字起句法）（the repetition of words or phrases at thebeginning of the line, in the middle or at the end)(3).the use of a certain pronoun “I” (the first person narrator)(4).strong tendency to use oral English(5).the habit of using snapshots(6).a looser and more open-ended syntactic structure(7).use of conventional image(8).vocabulary –powerful, colourful, rarely used words of foreign origins, someeven wrong(9). sentences – catalogue technique: long list of names, long poem lines5. Significance of Leaves of GrassLeaves of Gras s, either in content or in form, is an epoch-making work in American literature:→Its democratic content marked the shift from Romanticism to Realism.→Its free-verse form broke from old poetic conventions to open a new way for American poetry.Emily Dickinson (1830-1886)1. Summary: American poetShe wrote altogether 1775 poems, of which only 7 appeared in print in herlifetime.2. Some famous poems:I Died for BeautyBecause I Can’t Stop for DeathA Narrow Fellow in the GrassI Heard a Fly Buzz—When I DiedToMake a PrairieI’m Nobody3. ThemeMainly based on her own experiences/joys/sorrows (inner world):(1). Death and immortality(2) .Love—sufferings and frustration caused by love(3) .Nature-Kind and cruel(4). Religion-doubt and belief about religious subjects(5) .Beauty (beauty, truth and goodness are ultimately one)(6). physical aspect of desire(7). free will and human responsibility4. Style1). Poems without titles2) .Use of capital letters –emphasis and dashes-create cadence (抑扬顿挫）3).Economy of expression. (Plainest words, directness, brevity)4). Short poems, mainly two stanzas5). Fresh and strange images6) .Bold and unconventional and often startling metaphors7) .Rhetoric techniques: personification —make some abstract ideas vivid8). off-rhyme(半韻) and defamiliarization(陌生化）IV. The American Realism 现实主义时期(1865-1918)1. Three Giants in Realistic PeriodWilliam Dean Howells –“Dean of American Realism”Henry James Mark Twain2. Comparison:Theme:Howells –middle class，James –upper class，Twain –lower class Technique:Howells –smiling/genteel realismJames –psychological realismTwain –local colourism and colloquialismMark Twain (1835-1910):1. Summary:American writer, short story writer/Humorist2. Major works:The Celebrated jumping Frog of Calaveras County (1865)《卡拉维拉县弛名的跳蛙》Innocents Abroad (1869) 《傻子国外旅行记》The Adventures of Tom Sawyer (1876) 《汤姆.索亚历险记》Life on the Mississippi (1883) 《密西西比河上》The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn (1886)《哈克贝里.费恩历险记》:All modern American literature comes from his masterpiece “The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn.”——Ernest Hemingway3. Style:(1). colloquial language（口语）, vernacular (本土的）language, dialects(2). local colour(3). syntactic feature: sentences are simple, brief, and sometimes ungrammatical(4). humour(5). tall tales (highly exaggerated) （荒诞不经的故事）(6). social criticism (satire on the different ugly things in society)4. ContributionOne of Mark Twain’s significant contributions to American literature lies in the fact that he made colloquial speech an accepted, respectable literary medium in the literary history of the country.Henry James (1843-1916)1. Summary:An American and British novelist, literary criticFounder of psychological realismFirst of the modern psychological novelistInitiator of the international theme: American innocence in face of European sophistication2. Major works:Daisy Miller （1878）《戴茜·米勒》The Portrait of a Lady (1881) 《贵妇的肖像》The Wings of the Dove (1902)《鸽翼》The Ambassadors (1903)《专使》The Golden Bowl (1904)《金碗》The Art of Fiction(1884)《小说的艺术》3. His Point of view(1). Psychological analysis, forefather of stream of consciousness(2).Psychological realism(3). Highly-refined language4. Style –“stylist”(1). Language: highly-refined, polished, insightful, and accurate(2).V ocabulary: large(3). Construction: complicated, intricateNaturalism（自然主义）1. Background:(1). Darwin’s theory: “natural selection”(2).Spenser’s idea: “social Darwinism”(3). French Naturalism: Zora2. Features(1). environment and heredity(2). scientific accuracy and a lot of details(3). general tone: ironic and pessimistic, hopelessness, despair, gloom, ugly side ofthe societySt ephen Crane (1881-1900)1. Summary:Novelist, poetPioneer in the naturalistic traditionPrecursors（先驱）of Imagist poetry2. Major Works:Maggie: A Girl of the Streets 《街头女郎麦姬》: the first naturalistic novel inAmericaThe Red Badge of Courage 《红色英勇勋章》The Open Boat《海上扁舟》V. AMERICAN MODERNISM (1918-1945)（美国现代主义）F. Scott Fitzgerald (1896-1940)1. Summary:Famous American novelist, short story writer, and essayistthe representative of the 1920sthe spokesman for the Jazz Ageone of the“lost generation”writers2. Major WorksThis Side of Paradise (1920) 《人间天堂》Tales of the Jazz Age (1922) 《爵士乐时代的故事》Tender Is the Night (1934) 《夜色温柔》The Great Gatsby (1925) 《了不起的盖茨比》:Narrative point of view – Nick CarrawayTheme: The decline of the American Dream3. His Point of view(1). He expressed what the young people believed in the 1920s, the so-called“American Dream” is false in nature.(2). He had always been critical of the rich and tried to show the integratingeffects of money on the emotional make-up of his character. He found thatwealth altered people’s characters, making them mean and di strusted. Hethinks money brought only tragedy and remorse.(3). His novels follow a pattern: dream – lack of attraction – failure and despair.4. His ideas of “American Dream”It is false to most young people. Only those who were dishonest couldbecome rich.William Faulkner (1897-1962)1. Sumary:An American novelist and poetInitiator of American Southern RenaissanceOne of the most influential modern novelists of 20th centuryNobel Prize winner for literature in 19492. Major Works:The Sound and the Fury 《喧哗与骚动》As I Lay Dying 《在我弥留之际》Light in August 《八月之光》Absalom, Absalom 《押沙龙，押沙龙！》Go Down, Moses 《去吧，摩西》Barn Burning 《烧牲口棚》Yoknapatawpha County（约克纳帕塔法县）:--- A fictional county in northern Mississippi, the setting for most of William Faulkner’s novels and short stories, and patterned upon Faulkner’s actual home in Lafayette County, Mississippi.3. Major Themes of his Works(1). history and race(2). Deterioration(3). Conflicts between generations, classes, races, man and environment(4). Horror, violence and the abnormal4. Faulkner's narrative technique(1).Withdrawal of the author as a controlling narrator(2). Dislocation of the narrative time: The most characteristic way of structuringhis stories is to fragment the chronological time.(3). the modern stream-of-consciousness（意识流）technique and the interiormonologue（内心独白）：(4). Multiple points of view（多重视角）(5). symbolism and mythological and biblical（圣经的）allusionsErnest Hemingway (1899—1961)1. Summary:Novelist and short-story writerOne of the great American writers of the 20th centuryThe Spokesman of the “Lost Generation”（American writers after World War I self-consciously acknowledged that they were lost generation, devoid of faith and alienated from the Western civilization．）Nobel Prize winner for literature in 1954 （for his “mastery of the art of modern narration”）2. Major worksThe Sun Also Rises 《太阳照常升起》A Farewell to Arms《永别了，武器》For Whom the Bell Tolls 《丧钟为谁而鸣》/ 《战地钟声》The Old Man and the Sea 《老人与海》A Clean, Well-lighted Place 《一个干净，明亮的地方》3. Major Themes(1).The “Nada”(虚无) Concept(2).Grace under pressure(压力下的优雅）“Man is not made for defeats. A man can be destroyed but not defeated.”------The Old Man and the Sea(3). Code Hero（准则英雄/ 硬汉）a. The Hemingway hero is not a thinker; he is a man of action.b.“Grace under pressure is their motto.c.The Hemingway code heroes are best remembered for theirindestructible(不可毁灭的）spirit.4. Artistic features(1) .The iceberg（冰山）techniqueThe dignity of movement of an ice-berg is due to only one-eighth of it being above water.(2). Language stylea. simple and naturalb.direct, clear and freshc. lean and economicald.simple, conversational, common found, fundamental wordse. simple sentencesf. Iceberg principle: understatement, implied thingsg.SymbolismEzra Pound (1885—1972)1. Summary:A leading spokesman of the “Imagist Movement”(意象主义运动）One of the most influential American poets and critic2. Major works:Cathay:《华夏集》《神州集》《中国诗章》Hugh Selwyn Mauberley《休·赛尔温·毛伯利》Cantos /《诗章》3. Imagism (1909-1917)(1) .Background:Imagism was influenced by French symbolism, ancient Chinesepoetry and Japanese literature “haiku”(2). Defintion : The imagists, with Ezra Pound leading the way, hold that the mosteffective means to express the these momentary impressions is through the use of one dominant image.(3): Manifesto of Imagism:•Direct treatment•Economy of expression•New rhythmIn a station of the Metro《在一个地铁站》:a quintessential（典型的）imagist text Robert Frost（1847-1963）1. Summary:the most popular American poetWon Pulitzer Prize four timesReceived honorary degrees from forty-four colleges and universitiesRead “The Gift Outright”at the inauguration of President John F. Kennedy in 19612. Famous Poems:F ire and Ice《火与冰》The Road Not Taken 《未选择的路》Stopping by Woods on a Snowy Evening 《雪夜伫立林边有感》Mending Wall《补墙》After Apple-Picking《摘罢苹果》3. Frost’s writing featureHis combination of the traditional verse pattern and a colloquial distinctive language (New England Speech)1.Imagism: Imagism is a literary movement which came into being in Britain and U.S .around 1910 as a reaction to the traditional English poetry to express the sense of fragmentation and dislocation. The imagists, with Ezra Pound leading the way, hold that the most effective means to express these momentary impressions is through the use of one dominant image. Ezra Pound’s In a Station of the Metro is a well-known imagist poem.2. The Lost Generation:The “Lost Generation”is a term used to characterize a general motif of disillusionment of American literary notables who lived in Europe, mostly Paris, after the First World War. Figures identified with the “Lost Generation ”included authors and artists such as Ernest Hemingway, F. Scott Fitzgerald, Ezra Pound , Sherwood Anderson and so on.3.Local Colorism: Local Colorism or Regionalism as a trend first came to prominence in the late 19th century in America. The local colorists were devoted to capturing the unique customs, manners, speech, folklore, and other qualities of a particular regional community, usually in humorous short stories. The most famous of the local colorists was Mark Twain, with his masterpiece The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn.4.Multiple points of view: The employment of several narrators or narrative points of views to tell a story, thus making the structure of the book somewhat radioactive. For example, The Sound and the Fury uses four different narrative voices to piece together the story and thus challenges the reader by presenting a fragmented plot told from multiple points of view.。