山东新高考高二英语阅读理解专练(含答案精析)

山东新高考高二英语阅读理解专练（含答案精析）
A
When Anna left her car outside Oxford on January 10th, she had little reason to think that criminals would take an interest in the 12-year-old car. Yet the next afternoon a group of thieves were spotted sawing off its catalytic converter(转换器). Such incidents have become more frequent across Britain as prices for palladium and rhodium(铑), metals contained in the devices, have rocketed. The price of rhodium has risen by 63% in the first three weeks of January alone, to $9,850 per ounce, around six times that of gold.
Demand from carmakers is surging. More than four-fifths of global demand for rhodium comes from the automotive industry. The metal, together with platinum and palladium, helps turn toxic gases in a vehicle’s exhaust system into less harmful substances before they leave the tailpipe. Facing stricter emissions regulations around the world, carmakers are taking even more of a shine to these metals.Although the price of palladium has reached a record high, that of platinum has stayed relatively stable. The contrast reflects a shift in production towards petrol and hybrid cars, which tend to use greater quantities of palladium in their converters.
Rhodium is used in both petrol and diesel cars. That is because it is especially good at cleaning up nitrogen oxides(氮氧化物), says Roger Breuer, an analyst at an investment firm. Another reason why its price is sky-high is the tightness of its supply. More than four out of every five ounces of rhodium are mined in South Africa. According to an analysis by Stantec, a consulting firm, a mine in the Waterberg region of South Africa due to begin development this year will produce 63% palladium, 29% platinum, 6.5% gold and just 1.5% rhodium.
Rhodium is expected to remain in high demand this year. BASF, a German chemicals giant, reckons that Chinese carmakers’ demand for the metal will increase by 40% in 2020. But because electric vehicles do not use catalytic converters, demand in the longer term is far from assured. Rhodium could quickly lose its sheen.
1. Why did the thief have an interest in Anna’s old car?
A. Because her car looked good.
B. Because her car was parked outside a college.
C. Because the price of rhodium surged.
D. Because the demand of converter increased.
2. Why do carmakers need metals like rhodium, platinum and palladium?
A. Because these metals make the car valuable.
B. Because these metals are convenient to get.
C. Because the price of these metals is relatively low.
D. Because these metals help clean car emission.
3. What can we learn from Paragraph 3?
A. Neither petrol cars nor diesel cars need rhodium.
B. The price of rhodium is believed to be low.
C. Rhodium is mostly produced in South Africa.
D. Sufficient supply leads to the high price of rhodium.
4. According to the passage, what do you think of the future price of rhodium?
A. The price of rhodium will continue rising.
B. The price of rhodium may decline.
C. The price of rhodium will not change.
D. There isn’t a clear clue in the passage.
【答案】1～4 CDCB
【解析】本文是一篇说明文，说明金属铑价格上涨的现象及原因。

1. 细节理解题。

根据第一段第三句“Such incidents have become more frequent across Britain as prices for palladium and rhodium(铑), metals contained in the devices, have rocketed.”得知，金属铑的价格上涨导致含有这种金属的转换器也备受“青睐”，故选C。

2. 细节理解题。

根据第二段第三句“The metal, together with platinum and palladium, helps convert toxic gases in a vehicle’s exhaust system into less harmful substances before they leave the tailpipe.”得知，这些金属可以净化汽车尾气中有害气体，故选D。

3. 细节理解题。

根据第三段倒数第二句“More than four out of every five ounces of rhodium are mined in South Africa.”得知，大部分铑都产自于南非，故选C。

4. 推理判断题。

根据最后一段倒数第二句和倒数第一句“But because electric vehicles do not use catalytic converters, demand in the longer term is far from assured. Rhodium could quickly lose its sheen.”得知，因为电动汽车不需要转换器，那么未来对于铑的需求无法保证。

也许很快铑的价格会下降。

故选B。

【词汇积累】
toxic [ˈtɒksɪk] adj. 有毒的
tailpipe [ˈteɪlpaɪp] n. 排气管
diesel [ˈdiːz(ə)l] n. 柴油，柴油机
【句法剖析】
1. When Anna left her car outside Oxford on January 10th, she had little reason to think that criminals would take an interest in the 12-year-old car.
句意：1月10日，安娜将车停在牛津郊外时，她几乎没有想过犯罪分子会对这辆开了12年的车产生一点兴趣。

主干部分为she had little reason，主干前是when引导时间状语从句；主干后to think ...整体是不定式作定语，修饰reason，且当中包含that引导宾语从句that criminals would take an interest in the 12-year-old car，做think的宾语。

take an interest in“对……感兴趣”。

2. Although the price of palladium has reached a record high, that of platinum has stayed relatively stable.
句意：尽管钯的价格已达到历史新高，但是铂的价格却保持相对稳定。

Although引导让步状语从句，主句为that of platinum has stayed relatively stable. 此处的that 做代词指the price。

B
Scientists Use Tiny Spring Magnets①to Harmlessly Dissolve Microplastics
A University of Adelaide-led research team has developed a new approach to cleaning water sources of the microplastics that pollute them without harming nearby microorganisms. The researchers have developed a technique to break down the microplastics using tiny coil-shaped carbon-based magnets.
Although often invisible to the naked eye, microplastics are very common pollutants. Microplastics adsorb organic and metal contaminants②as they travel through water and release these hazardous substances into organisms living near water when eaten, causing them to accumulate all the way up the food chain.
To separate the microplastics, the researchers had to generate short-lived chemicals called reactive③oxygen species, which trigger chain reactions that chop the various long molecules that make up microplastics into tiny and harmless parts that dissolve in water. However, reactive oxygen species are often produced using heavy metals such as iron, which are dangerous pollutants in their own right and thus unsuitable in an environmental context.
To get around this challenge, the researchers found a greener solution in the form of carbon
nanotubes④laced⑤with nitrogen（氮）to help boost generation of reactive oxygen species. Shaped like springs, the carbon nanotube catalysts⑥removed a significant part of microplastics from water samples in their lab over the course of just eight hours.
“It turns out that the degradation⑦products of microplastic are completely harmless, and they can also be used as a carbon source for algae growth,” says project co-leader Dr. Xiaoguang Duan. “The microplastics are completely transformed into carbon dioxide or other harmless substances, and they will not cause any unpleasant or poisonous effects to microorganisms or fish or other animals in water.”
Furthermore, the springs were able to remain stable themselves in the harsh oxidative⑧conditions needed for microplastics breakdown because the loop shape increases stability and maximizes reactive surface area. As a bonus, the minute springs became magnetic after the team included a small amount of manganese（锰）buried far from the surface of the nanotubes to prevent it from leaching into water.
As no two microplastics are chemically quite the same, the researchers’ next steps will center on ensuring that the nanosprings work on microplastics of different compositions, shapes and origins. They also intend to continue to absolutely confirm the non-poison of any chemical compounds occurring as in between or by-products during microplastics’ breaking down.
“If plastic contaminants can be repurposed as food for algae growth, it will be a victory for using biotechnology to solve environmental problems in ways that are both green and cost-efficient.” Professor Wang says.
【新词积累】
magnet ['mægnɪt] n. 磁铁, 有吸引力之物, 有吸引力之人
contaminant [kən'tæmɪnənt] n. 污染物
reactive [rɪ'æktɪv] adj.活性的；反动的；反冲的；反应性的；化学反应的
nanotube ['nænə,tjʊb] n.纳米管；奈米碳管；奈米管
lace [leɪs] v. 结带子，饰以花边；缚带子
catalyst ['kætəlɪst] n. 触媒剂；催化剂
degradation [‚degrə'deɪʃn] n. 降格，退化，堕落
oxidative ['ɑksɪdeɪtɪv /'ɒk-] adj. 氧化的
【金句赏析】
1.Microplastics adsorb organic and metal contaminants as they travel through water and release these hazardous substances into organisms living near water when eaten, causing them to accumulate all the way up the food chain.
微塑料在水中吸附有机和金属污染物，并在食用时将这些有害物质释放到水生生物中，导致它们在食物链中一路累积。

2. If plastic contaminants can be repurposed as food for algae growth, it will be a victory for using biotechnology to solve environmental problems in ways that are both green and cost-efficient.
如果塑料污染物可以作为藻类生长的食物，这将是利用生物技术以既环保又经济的方式
解决环境问题的一个胜利。

【全文翻译】
科学家们使用微小的弹簧磁铁将塑料微粒无害地溶解
阿德莱德大学带领的一个研究小组开发了一种新方法，可以在不伤害附近微生物的情况下，清除污染水源中的微塑料。

研究人员已经开发出一种利用微小的螺旋形碳基磁铁来分解微塑料的技术。

微塑料虽然肉眼看不见，但却是无处不在的污染物。

微塑料在水中吸附有机和金属污染物，并在食用时将这些有害物质释放到水生生物中，导致它们在食物链中一路累积。

为了分解这些微塑料，研究人员必须产生一种被称为活性氧的短命化学物质，这种化学物质会引发连锁反应，把构成微塑料的各种长分子切成微小而无害的片段，然后溶解在水中。

然而，活性氧常常是用铁重金属产生的，这些重金属本身就是危险的污染物，因此不适用于环境。

为了克服这一挑战，研究人员发现了一种更环保的解决方案，即碳纳米管与氮气混合，有助于促进活性氧物种的生成。

形状像弹簧的碳纳米管催化剂在8个小时内从实验室的水样中去除了相当一部分的微塑料。

“事实证明，微塑料的降解产物是完全无害的，它们也可以用作藻类生长的碳源，”项目联合负责人段晓光博士说。

“微塑料完全转化为二氧化碳或其他无害物质，不会对水中的微生物或鱼类或其他动物造成任何不良或有毒的影响。

”
此外，弹簧能够在微塑料分解所需的严酷氧化条件下保持稳定，因为盘绕的形状增加了稳定性，并使反应表面积最大化。

作为奖励，在研究小组将少量锰埋在远离纳米管表面的地方以防止其浸出到水中之后，微小的弹簧就具有了磁性。

由于没有两种微塑料在化学成分上是完全相同的，研究人员的下一步工作将集中在确保
纳米材料在不同成分、形状和来源的微塑料上。

他们还打算继续严格地确认在微塑料分解过程中作为中间体或副产品出现的任何化合物的无毒性。

王教授说:“如果塑料污染物可以作为藻类生长的食物，这将是利用生物技术以既环保又经济的方式解决环境问题的一个胜利。

”
C
If people are to travel extensively in space and set up bases on astronomical objects such as the Moon then they will need to make or find out there the things required to support life—including food, water and breathable air. Researchers are already working on ways to grow food in space, and icy deposits that could provide water are known to exist on some stars. Besides being available for drinking, such water could be split into its constituent elements of hydrogen and oxygen using electricity from solar panels. Such electrolysis(电解) is already the main way of making oxygen on the International Space Station. Now, though, a group of European researchers have discovered how to take water out of the loop. They have worked out how to generate oxygen by electrolysing regolith(风化层), the dusty material that covers the Moon’s surface.
The European Space Agency announced on January 17th that a prototype oxygen-generating plant using regolith has been set up at its research center in the Netherlands. Not only could such a machine use a readily available material to make breathable air for people living on the Moon, it could also be used to produce rocket fuel, says Beth Lomax, who is working on the project. Liquid oxygen is one of the main propellants employed in space rockets. A lunar refuelling station would be good for deep-space exploration because the Moon’s low gravity means less fuel is required for take-off.
Oxygen, in the form of oxides, is the most abundant element in lunar regolith, accounting for 40-45% of its mass. That the element can be extracted(提取) from regolith was demonstrated successfully last year by Dr. Lomax and a group of colleagues working with Metalysis, a British company. Metalysis has developed a form of electrolysis that can extract high-value metals such as tantalum from powdered metal oxides mixed into a bath of molten salt. Although the process operates at around 900°C, it does not involve melting the materials, which would require much higher temperatures.
1. How is oxygen mainly made in space?
A. By boiling water.
B. By electrolysing water.
C. By heating regolith.
D. By electrolysing regolith.
2. Which of the following is NOT True about oxygen-generating plant in paragraph 2?
A. This machine can produce air with regolith.
B. This machine can produce rocket fuel.
C. A prototype of this machine has been set up in Holland.
D. This machine has already been set up in the moon.
3. Where is this article most likely from?
A. A guide book.
B. A novel.
C. A diary.
D. A science magazine.
【答案】1～3BDD
【解析】本文是一篇说明文，说明如何利用月球上已有物质制造氧气。

1. 细节理解题。

根据第一段第三句、第四句“… such water could be split into its constituent elements of hydrogen and oxygen using electricity from solar panels. Such electrolysis(电解) is already the main way of making oxygen on the International Space Station.”得知，在太空制造氧气的主要办法是水电解。

故选B。

2. 细节理解题。

根据第二段第一句“…a prototype oxygen-generating plant using regolith has been set up at its research center in the Netherlands.”得知，该机器原型建造在荷兰。

第二句“Not only could such a machine use a readily available material to make breathable air for people living on the Moon, it could also be used to produce rocket fuel”得知，该机器可以用月球表土制造氧气，还可用于制造火箭燃料。

只有D选项没有在第二段提及，故选D。

3.文章来源题。

本文探讨利用月球表土，通过电解得到氧气，判断是一篇科学类文章。

故选D。

【词汇积累】
constituent [kənˈstɪtʃuənt] adj. 构成的n. 成分
hydrogen [ˈhaɪdrədʒən] n.氢气
propellant [prəˈpɛl(ə)nt] n. 推进剂，喷射剂
【句法剖析】
1. Not only could such a machine use a readily available material to make breathable air for people living on the Moon, it could also be used to produce rocket fuel, says Beth Lomax, who is working on the project.
句意：正在进行该项目的Beth Lomax说，这种机器不仅可以使用现成的材料为生活在月球
上的人们提供可呼吸的空气，还可以用来生产火箭燃料。

此句使用了直接引语前置，主句使用了倒装结构says Beth Lomaz；前面的句子整体由连词词组not only...but also....（不仅……而且……）连接且but also有所省略；而not only放于句首，not only所在的句子使用部分倒装；句子最后是who引导的定语从句，修饰Beth Lomax。

注意积累短语be used to do sth. “被用来做某事”。

2. Metalysis has developed a form of electrolysis that can extract high-value metals such as tantalum from powdered metal oxides mixed into a bath of molten salt.
句意：Metalysis已开发出一种电解形式，可以从混合到熔盐中的粉末状金属氧化物中提取高价金属，例如钽。

此句主干为“Metalysis has developed a form of electrolysis”，主干后含有that引导定语从句that can extract high-value metals，修饰先行词electrolysis；mixed into a bath of molten salt做后置定语修饰powdered metal oxides。

D
Leaving a Pet in a Hot Car Maybe Means a Broken Window New York Gov. Andrew Cuomo signed into law a measure expanding the number of public officials who can break into a vehicle to rescue an endangered pet from an extremely hot or cold car.
Until now, only the police could escape liability①for damaging a vehicle in order to rescue a pet. The new law says firefighters and emergency medical professionals will not be liable when they help a pet.
The new law is intended to speed up the rescue of pets since potential rescuers such as firefighters and EMTs will not have to wait for the police to arrive.
Animal advocates had supported the measure before it became law.
"No animal deserves to die an agonizing②and unnecessary death in extreme heat conditions and from being trapped in a hot car," said Kitty Block, president and CEO of the Humane Society of the United States, in a blog post earlier this month. "With greater awareness and greater latitude for Samaritan interventions, we can make this world a safer and better one for our animal companions."
Michigan State University has this rundown of state laws on leaving animals in hot cars.
【新词积累】
liability [laɪə'bɪlɪtɪ] n. 责任；债务；倾向；可能性；不利因素
agonizing ['ægənaɪzɪŋ] adj. 苦恼的；痛苦难忍的
【金句赏析】
1.Until now, only the police could escape liability for damaging a vehicle in order to rescue a pet.直到现在，只有警察才能逃脱为了救宠物而毁坏车辆的责任。

2. No animal deserves to die an agonizing and unnecessary death in extreme heat conditions and from being trapped in a hot car.
在极端高温条件下，任何动物都不应该死于痛苦和不必要的死亡，也不应该死于被困在高温汽车中。

【全文翻译】
将宠物放在炎热的车中，车窗可能会被打碎
纽约州州长Andrew Cuomo签署了一项法案，增添了公职人员的数量，他们可以打破车辆玻璃，从炎热或冰冷的汽车中救助的濒临死亡的宠物。

直到现在，只有警察才能逃脱为了救宠物而毁坏车辆的责任。

新法律规定，消防员和紧急医疗专业人员在帮助宠物时将不承担损坏车辆的责任。

这项新法律旨在加快宠物的救援速度，因为消防员和急救人员等潜在的救援人员将不必等待警察的到来。

动物倡导者在这项措施成为法律之前就已经支持了该措施。

美国人道主义协会主席兼首席执行官Kitty Block本月初在博客中说：“在极端高温条件下，任何动物都不应该死于痛苦和不必要的死亡，也不应该死于被困在高温汽车中。

”对乐善好施者的干预有了更高的认识和更大的自由度，我们就能使这个世界对我们的动物同伴来说更加安全和美好。

”
密歇根州立大学列出了该州有关将动物留在热车内的法律纲要。

E
Coronavirus (冠状病毒）cases spiked in the UK today, as health authorities confirm a total of 87 infections among British citizens, igniting fears of transmission within smaller communities. Coronavirus fears have intensified this week, as cases start to skyrocket in the UK.
As coronavirus has continued its tour through the UK, authorities have stepped up calls for increased personal hygiene vigilance（卫生保健）.Public Health England said people should
ensure they are regularly and thoroughly washing their hands for at least 20 seconds at a time to prevent infection. PHE has also advised people to keep their distance from suspected sufferers, as the main way it spreads is via droplets of bodily fluids. People release droplets into the air when they sneeze or cough, and they remain suspended until someone else breathes them in. Although the aerosol method is a virus’ core transmission mechanism, it can also spread through physical contact.
One risk is that the virus enters the body after people get it on their hands, as it sticks to a range of surfaces. Authorities are currently unclear as to how long coronavirus can survive on different surfaces, but they have identified where people could contract COVID-19.The virus is surprisingly versatile, but the amount of it which survives often varies depending on the item.
Ultimately this means the virus can spread via banknotes, although according to experts, the chances of contracting it from currency are low. Dr. Christine Tait-Burkard, a research fellow and expert in infection at the University of Edinburgh’s Roslin Institute said that people would not contract COVID-19 from a note unless “someone is using a banknote to sneeze in”. She said: “Coins are actually very bad environments for viruses to survive.” She also confirmed the chances of contracting the virus from an inanimate object are low, due to reduced concentrations. A press release from the bank said all banks would now disinfect cash under ultraviolet light and store it for 14 days before releasing it to customers. Authorities also took to cleaning other commonly touched surfaces, including elevator buttons and door handles.
1.What does the underlined word“intensified”mean?
A. Enhance.
B. Weaken.
C. Disappear.
D. Emerge.
2.Which of the following is the advice of PHE?
A.No sneeze or cough in public.
B.No physical contact with family.
C.No contact with suspected patients.
D.No concern for the personal hygiene.
3.What can we learn from the passage?
A.The survival time of coronavirus is not clear.
B.Banknote has a great probability of transmission.
C.Experts don't know where to contract coronavirus.
D.Sneezing or coughing does not infect coronavirus.
4.What is the author's purpose of writing this article?
A.To advise the public not to panic.
B.To tell a story about coronavirus.
C.To help patients with coronavirus.
D.To caution citizens against viruses.
【答案】1-4 ACAD
【解析】本文是一篇说明文，讲述了在英国新冠病毒感染人数激增的情况下，政府人员介绍了病毒传播的方式并提出避免感染的一些措施。

1.词义猜测题。

根据第一段划线单词的后半句“as cases start to skyrocket in the UK（病例开始上升）”可知，恐惧感是加强的，故选A。

2.细节理解题。

根据第二段的第一句“...authorities have stepped up calls for increased personal hygiene vigilance.”以及第二句“they are regularly and thoroughly washing their hands for at least 20 seconds”，可知，要规律地彻底地把手洗干净，属于个人卫生的方面的建议，所以D项不正确，A、B两项没有提及；根据第二段的第三句“PHE has also advised people to keep their distance from suspected sufferers.”可知，建议大家与疑似病人保持距离，可知C项符合，故选C。

3.细节理解题。

根据第三段的第二句“Authorities are currently unclear as to how long coronavirus can survive on different surfaces.”可知，A项正确；根据第四段的第一句“...the chances of contracting it from currency are low.”从货币中传染几率很低，所以B项不正确；根据第三段第二句“...but they have identified where people could contract COVID-19.（但是知道病毒可传染的地方）”可知，C项不正确，D项文章中没有明确说明，故选A。

4.推理判断题。

通读全文，本文讲述了在英国新冠病毒感染人数激增的情况下，政府人员介绍了病毒传播的方式并提出避免感染的一些措施，可知本文旨在呼吁大家防范病毒的传染，故选D。

【词汇积累】
spike [spaɪk] v. 猛增；激增
aerosol [ˈerəsɑːl] n. 气溶胶
versatile [ˈvɜːrsətl] adj. 多功能的；多才多艺的；通用的
inanimate [ɪnˈænɪmət] adj. 无生命的
disinfect [ˌdɪsɪnˈfekt] v. 给……消毒；杀毒
【句法剖析】
1.Public Health England said people should ensure they are regularly and thoroughly washing their hands for at least 20 seconds at a time to prevent infection.
句意：英国公共卫生组织说，人们应该确保他们每次定期彻底洗手至少20秒，以防止感染。

此句said后省略了that，引导宾语从句作said的宾语，ensure后也省略了that引导宾语从句，作ensure的宾语，to prevent infection作目的状语，注意积累at a time，表示“每次”。

2.Dr. Christine Tait-Burkard, a research fellow and expert in infection at the University of Edinburgh’s Roslin Institute said that people would not contract COVID-19 from a note unless “someone is using a banknote to sneeze in”.
句意：爱丁堡大学罗斯林研究所感染专家、研究员克里斯廷·泰特-伯卡德博士说，除非“有人用钞票打喷嚏”，否则人们不会通过钞票感染病毒。

此句含有that引导的宾语从句，作said的宾语，从句中含有unless引导的条件状语从句，a research fellow and expert in infection作Dr Christine Tait-Burkard的同位语，at the University of Edinburgh’s Roslin Institute作地点状语。