英国文学名词解释大全(整理版)
英国文学-名词解释-【整理后】汇编
1.epic 史诗:a long narrative poem, grand in style, about heroes and heroic deeds, embodying heroicideals of a nation or race in the making. Beowulf is the English national epic that was passed from mouth to mouth and written down by many unknown hands.2.Conceit:a kind of metaphor that makes a comparison between two startlingly different things. Aconceit usually provides the framework for an entire poem. An especially unusual and intellectual kind of conceit is the metaphysical conceit, used by certain 17th-century poets, such as John Donne..3.Epiphany(顿悟）: a sudden revelation of truth about life inspired by a seemingly trivial incident4.Metaphysical poetry:玄学诗派the poetry of John Donne and other 17th-century poets who wrotein a similar style. It is characterized by verbal wit and excess, ingenious structure, irregular meter, colloquial language, elaborate imagery, and a drawing together of dissimilar ideas .5.Stream of consciousness意识流: a kind of writing technique in which a character's perceptions, thoughts, andmemories are presented in an apparently random form, without regard for logical sequence, chronology, or syntax.Often such writing makes no distinction between various levels of reality--such as dreams, memories, imaginative thoughts or real sensory perception.6.heroic couplet 英雄双韵体two successive lines of rhymed poetry in iambic pentameter. Geoffrey Chaucer’s masterpiece The Canterbury Tale was written in heroic couplet.7.ballad meter 民谣体traditionally a four-line stanza containing alternating four-stress and three-stress lines, usually with a refrain and the rhyme scheme of abcb. Robert Burns’ “A Red, Red Rose” is a great love ballad.8.9.sonnet 十四行诗a fixed form consisting of fourteen lines of 5-foot iambic verse. It first flourished in Italy in the 14thcentury. William Shakespeare was a great English sonnet writer famous for his 154 sonnets.10.iambic pentameter 五步抑扬格the basic line in English verse, with five feet in a line, usually an unaccented syllable followed by an accented syllable. It was probably introduced by Geoffrey Chaucer and certainly established by him in The Canterbury Tales.11.image 意象a concrete representation of an object or sensory experience. Typically, such a representation helpsevoke the feelings associated with the object or experience itself. Many images are conveyed by figurative language. An image may be visual, olfactory, tactile, auditory, gustatory, abstract and kinaesthetic. The rose in Robert Bur ns’ poem “A Red, Red Rose” is a beautiful image.12.“Dramatic monologue”戏剧独白that is a lyric poem which reveals “ a soul in action” through the conversation of one character in a dramatic situation. T he character is speaking to an identifiable but silent listener at a dramatic monent in the speaker’s life.13.blank verse 无韵诗，素体诗unrhymed iambic pentameter, the most widely used of English verse forms and usually used in English dramatic and epic poetry. Willi am Shakespeare’s play Hamlet is written in blank verse.14.Sonnet is a verse form of fourteen lines, in English characteristically in iambic pentameter and most often in one ofthe two rhyme schemes: the Italian(or Petrarchan) or Shakespearean15.essay 散文a composition, usually in prose, which may be of only a few hundred words or of book length andwhich discusses, formally or informally, a topic or a variety of topics. It is one of the most flexible and adaptable of all literary forms. Francis Bacon is a great essayist; his “Of Studies” is a model of good essay.16.English Romanticism 英国浪漫主义a literary movement that aimed at free expression of the writer’s ideas and feelings and flourished inthe early 19th century England. A great representative of this movement is Percy Bysshe Shelley, the author of “Ode to the West Wind”.17.18.Naturalism自然主义: A literary movement seeking to depict life as accurately as possible, without artificialdistortions of emotion, idealism, and literary convention. The school of thought is a product of post-Darwinian biology in the nineteenth century.19.Sentimentalism感伤主义：It is a literal movement in the middle of the 18th century in England which concentrateson the distressed of the poor unfortunate and virtuous people and demonstrates that effusive emotion was evidence of kindness and goodness.20.21.Bildungsroman: a novel that traces the initiation, development, and education of a young person. Examples areDickens’s David Copperfield and James Joyce’s Portrait of the Artist as a Young Man.22.ke poets 湖畔诗人the three romantic poets who lived in the Lake District of England and wrote poems about nature.William Wordsworth was the most famous of the lake poets; he wrote many great nature poems, including “I Wandered Lonely as a Cloud”.24.25.poet laureate 桂冠诗人 A poet honored for his artistic achievement or selected as mostrepresentative of his country or era; in England, a court official appointed by the sovereign, whose original duties included the composition of odes in honor of the sovereign’s birthday and in celebration of state occasions of importance. William Wordsworth became poet laureate in 1843.26.Realism现实主义: An elastic and ambiguous term with two meanings. (1) First, it refers generally to any artistic orliterary portrayal of life in a faithful, accurate manner, unclouded by false ideals, literary conventions, or misplaced aesthetic glorification and beautification of the world. It is a theory or tendency in writing to depict events in human life in a matter-of-fact, straightforward manner.27.Allegory is a tale in verse or prose in which characters, actions, or settings represent abstract ideas ormoral qualities. Thus, an allegory is a story with two meaning, a literal meaning and a symbolic meaning.28.Byronic hero is a character-type found in Byron’s narrative Childe Harold’s Pilgrimage. He is aboldly defiant but bitterly self-tormenting outcast, proudly contemptuous of social norms but suffering for some unnamed sin. Emily Bronte’s Heath cliff is a later example.29.30.启蒙运动:The 18th century marked the beginning of an intellectual movement in Europe, known as theEnlightenment, which was, on the whole, an expression of struggle of the bourgeoisie against feudalism. The enlighteners fought against class inequality, stagnation, prejudices and other survivals of feudalism. They attempt to place all branches of science at the service of mankind by connecting them with the actual needs and requirements of people.31.English Renaissance 英国文艺复兴the literary flowering of England in the late 16th century and early 17th century, with humanism as its keynote. William Shakespeare’s Hamlet is considered the summit of this renaissance.。
(完整版)英国文学名词解释
①Beowulf: The national heroic epic of the English people. It has over 3,000 lines. It describes the battles between the two monsters and Beowulf, who won the battle finally and dead for the fatal wound. The poem ends with the funeral of the hero. The most striking feature in its poetical form is the use if alliteration. Other features of it are the use of metaphors(暗喻) and of understatements(含蓄).②Alliteration: In alliterative verse, certain accented(重音) words in a line begin with the same consonant sound(辅音). There are generally 4accents in a line, 3 of which show alliteration, as can be seen from the above quotation.③Romance:The most prevailing(流行的) kind of literature in feudal England was the Romance. It was a long composition, sometimes in verse(诗篇), sometimes in prose(散文), describing the life and adventures of a noble hero, usually a knight, as riding forth to seek adventures, taking part in tournament(竞赛), or fighting for his lord in battle and the swearing of oaths.④Epic:An epic is a lengthy narrative poem, ordinarily concerning a serious subject containing details of heroic deeds and events significantly to a culture or nation. The first epics are known as primacy, or original epics.⑤Ballad: The most important department of English folk literature is the ballad which is a story told in song, usually in 4-line stanzas(诗节), with the second and fourth lines rhymed. The subjects of ballads are various in kind, as the struggle of young lovers against their feudal-minded families, the conflict between love and wealth, the cruelty of jealousy, the criticism of the civil war, and the matters and class struggle. The paramount(卓越的) important ballad is Robin Hood(《绿林好汉》).⑥Geoffrey Chaucer杰弗里▪乔叟: He was an English author, poet, philosopher and diplomat. He is the founder of English poetry. He obtained a good knowledge of Latin, French and Italian. His best remembered narrative is the Canterbury Tales(《坎特伯雷故事集》), which the Prologue(序言) supplies a miniature(缩影) of the English society of Chaucer’s time. That is why Chaucer has been called “the founder of English realism”. Chaucer affirms men and women’s right to pursue their happiness on earth and opposes(反对) the dogma of asceticism(禁欲主义) preached(鼓吹) by the church. As a forerunner of humanism, he praises man’s energy, intellect, quick wit and love of life. Chaucer’s contribution to English poetry lies chiefly in the fact that he introduced from France the rhymed stanza of various types, especially the rhymed couplet of 5 accents in iambic(抑扬格) meter(the “heroic couplet”) to English poetry, instead of the old Anglo-Saxon alliterative verse.⑦【William Langland威廉▪朗兰: Piers the Plowman《农夫皮尔斯》】The English Bible:The first complete English Bible was translated by John Wycliffe(约翰▪威克里夫). The Authorized Version is King James Bible made in 1611. The result is a monument of English language and English literature.Renaissance:Renaissance or the birth of letters is an intellectual movement. Its two features are a thirsting curiosity for the classical literature and the keen interest in the activities of humanity. Humanism is the key-note of the Renaissance.William Caxton威廉▪卡克斯顿: He is the first English printer and invented in England the profession of publisher.Thomas More托马斯▪莫尔:The greatest of the English humanists was Thomas More, the author of Utopia《乌托邦》. He is also one of such “giants”(巨匠) of the Renaissance. He distinguished himself as a learned scholar, a master of Latin, a witty talker, a lover of music, an honest statesman , and a man of noble character, modest but steadfast(坚定的), to his convictions. He was a far-sighted thinker, aspired for a totally new society with happy, classless, and free from poverty and exploitation. He was one of the forerunners of modern socialist thought.Utopia:It is More’s masterpiece, written in the form of a conservation between More and Hythloday, a returned voyager. It is divided into two books. The first book contains a long discussion on the social conditions of England. In the second book is described in detail an ideal communist society, Utopia. The name “Utopia” comes from Greek words meaning “no place” and was adopted by More as the name of his ideal commonwealth.Philip Sidney菲利普▪锡德尼: He is well-known as a poet and critic of poetry. His collection of love sonnets, Astrophel and Stella《爱星者与星》, was published in 1591.Edmund Spenser埃德蒙▪斯宾塞(莎翁之前最杰出的英国诗人)：The poet’s poet of the period was ES who was buried beside Chaucer in Westminster Abbey. ES has held his position as a model of poetical art among the Renaissance English poets, and his influence can be traced in the works of Milton, Shelley, and Keats. ES is the first master to make that language the natural music of his poetic effusions(感情的流露). His sonnets in Amoretti, together with Sidney’s Astrophel and Stella and Shakespeare’s sonnets ,are the most famous sonnet sequences of the Elizabeth Age.【In 1579 he wrote The Shepherd’s Calendar《牧人日记》which marked the budding(萌芽) of the Renaissance flower in the northern island of England. The faerie Queen 《仙后》is his greatest work which was dedicated to Queen Elizabeth.】Francis Bacon: He is the founder of English materialist philosophy and the founder of modern science in England. His New Instrument is called the Inductive Method of reasoning. He is also the first English essayist. To give a few, “Men fear death as children fear to go in the dark..”“Studies serve for delight.”“Reading makes a full man; conference a ready man; and writing anexact man.”Drama: The Miracle Play圣迹剧The Morality Play道德剧寓意剧The Interlude幕间节目Christopher Marlowe克里斯托弗·马洛: The most gifted of the “university wits”was Christopher Marlowe. His best work include 3 of his plays, Tamburlaine《帖木儿大帝》(1587), The Jew of Malta《马耳岛的犹太人》(1592), and Doctor Faustus《浮士德博士》(1588). He was the greatest of the pioneers of English drama. His work paved the way for the plays of the greatest English dramatist——Shakespeare——whose achievements were the monument of the English Renaissance. 【His plays show the spirit of the rising bourgeoisie, its eager curiosity for knowledge, its towering pride, its insatiable(不知足的) appetite for power won by military, might, knowledge, or gold. The theme of his plays is the praise of individuality freed from the restraints of medieval dogmas and law, and the conviction of the boundless possibility of human efforts in conquering the universe. The heroes in his plays are merely individualists, their individualistic ambition often brings ruin to the world and sometimes to themselves.】William Shakespeare: Shakespeare is one of the founders of realism in world literature. His dramatic creation often used the method of adaptation. Shakespeare long experience with the stage and his intimate knowledge of dramatic art thus acquired make him a master hand for playwriting. Shakespeare was skilled in many poetic forms: the song, the sonnet, the couplet, and the dramatic blank verse. He was especially at home with the blank verse. Shakespeare was a great master of the English language. Shakespeare has been universally acknowledged to be the summit of the English Renaissance, and one of the greatest writers over the world.①The great comedies:A Midsummer Might’s Dream, The Merchant of Venice, As You Like It,Twelfth Night.②The great tragedies:Hamlet, Othello, King Lear, Macbeth.The Merchant of V enice:威尼斯富商安东尼奥Antonio为了成全好友巴萨尼奥Bassanio的婚事，向犹太人高利贷者夏洛克Shylock借债。
英国文学名词术语解释(已整理版)
Iambic pentameter is a commonly used type of metrical line in traditional English poetry and verse drama. The term describes the rhythm that the words establish in that line, which is measured in small groups of syllables called "feet". The word "iambic" refers to the type of foot that is used, known as the iamb, which in English is an unstressed syllable followed by a stressed syllable. The word "pentameter" indicates that a line has five of these "feet".Iambic rhythms come relatively naturally in English. Iambic pentameter is the most common meter in English poetry; it is used in many of the major English poetic forms, including blank verse, the heroic couplet, and some of the traditional rhymed stanza forms. William Shakespeare used iambic pentameter in his plays and sonnets.Allegory Allegories are typically used as literary devices or rhetorical devices that convey hidden meanings through symbolic figures, actions, imagery, and/or events, which together create the moral, spiritual, or political meaning the author wishes to convey.Epic(史诗) An epic is a long oral narrative poem that operates on a grand scale and deals with legendary or historical events of national or universal significance .Most epics deal with the exploits of a single individual and also interlace the main narrative with myths, legends, folk tales and past events; there is a composite effect, the entire culture of a country cohering in the overall experience of the poem . Epic poems are not merely entertaining stories of legendary or historical heroes; they summarize and express the nature or ideals of an entire nation at a significant or crucial period of its history.简史P39Blank verse is poetry written in regular metrical but unrhymed lines, almost always iambic pentameters.[1] It has been described as "probably the most common and influential form that English poetry has taken since the 16th century"[2] and Paul Fussell has estimated that "about three-quarters of all English poetry is in blank verse."[3]Christopher Marlowe was the first English author to make full use of the potential of blank verse. The major achievements in English blank verse were made by William Shakespeare. Blank verse, of varying degrees of regularity, has been used quite frequently throughout the 20th century in original verse and in translations of narrative verse.Ode(颂歌) Long, often elaborate formal lyric poem of varying line lengths dealing with a subject matter and treating it reverently. It aims atglorifying an individual, commemorating an event, or describing nature intellectually rather than emotionally. Conventionally, many odes are written or dedicated to a specifie subject. For instance,Ode to the West Wind is about the winds that bring change of season in England. Ode to the Nightingale is about the nightingale that lures the poet temporarily away from his great misery. The earliest English odes include the Epithalamion and the Prothalamion,or marriage hymns by poet Edmund Spenser.Metaphysical poetry（玄学诗） a derogatory term invented by John Dryden(1631-1700 ) and later adopted by Samuel Johnson(1709-1784) describing a school of highly intellectual poetry marked by bold and ingenious conceits,incongruous imagery,complexity of thought,frequent use of paradox,and often by deliberate harshness or rigidity of expression.The main themes of metaphysical poets are love,death,and religion.According to them,all things in the universe, no matter how dissimilar they are to each other,are closely unified in God.The chief representative of this school was John Donne.Byronic belonging to or derived from Lord Byron(1788-1824)or his works. The Byronic hero is a character-type found in his celebrated narrative poem Childe Harold’s Pilgrimage(1812-18),his verse drama Manfred(1817),and other works:he is a boldly defiant but bitterly self –tormenting outcast,proudly contemptuous of social norms but suffering for some unnamed sin. Emily Bronte’s Heathcliff in Wuthering Heights(1847)is a later example.Heroic couplet a rhymed pair of iambic pentameter lines:Let Observation with extensive ViewSurvey Mankind, from China to Peru (Johnson)Named from its use by Dryden and others in the heroic drama of the late 17th century,the heroic couplet had been established much earlier by Chaucer as a major English verse-form for narrative and other kinds of non-dramatic portry: it dominated English poetry of the 18th century,notably in the couplets of Pope,before declining in importance in the early 19th century.Soliloquy a dramatic speech uttered by one character speaking aloud while alone on the stage (or while under the impression of being alone).The soliloquist thus reveals his or her inner thoughts and feelings to the audience,either in supposed self-communion or in a consciously direct address. Soliloquies often appear in plays from the age of Shakespeare, notably in his Hamlet and Macbeth. A poem supposedly uttered by a solitaryspeaker,like Robert Browning’s‘Soliloquy of the Spanish Cloister’(1842),may also be called a soliloquy. Soliloquy is a form of monologue,but a monologue is not a soliloquy if (as in the dramatic monologue) the speaker is not alone.简史P39 Sonnet a lyric poem comprising 14 rhyming lines of equal length:iambic pentameters in English,alexandrines inFrench,hendecasyllables in ltalian. The rhyme schemes of the sonnet follow two basic patterns.①The Italian sonnet②The English sonnetSpenserian stanza （宾塞诗体）an English poetic stanza of nine iambic lines, the first eight being pentameters while the ninth is a longer line known either as an iambic hexameter or as an alexandrine.The rhyme scheme is ababbcbcc. The stanza is named after Edmund Spenser,who invented it------probably on the basis of the ottava rima stanza-----for his long allegorical romance The Faerie Queene (1590-6). It was revived successfully by the younger English Romantic poets of the early 19th century: Byron used it for Childe Harold’s Pilgrimage(1812,1816), Keats for‘The Eve of St Agnes’(1820),and Shelley for The Revolt of Islam (1818)and Adonais (1821).Lake poets William Wordsworth, Samuel Taylor Coleridge, and Robert Southey became known as the Lake Poets, because they lived in the Lake District in the northwestern part of England. According to the critics, such as, Francis Jeffrey, Thomas De Quincey, the Lake Poets shared only friendship and brief periods of collaboration, not similar philosophies or poetic styles.Wordsworth used his imaginative powers to idealize nature, Coleridge explored the philosophical aspects of poetry,Southey's Romantic efforts centered on travel and adventure.Stream of Consciousness(意识流) Stream of Consciousness(意识流)：Stream of consciousness, which presents the thoughts of a character in the random, seemingly unorganized fashion in which the thinking process occurs, has the following characteristics. First, it reveals the action or plot through the mental processes of the characters rather than through the commentary of an omniscient author. Second, character development is achieved through revelation of extremely personal and often typical thought processes rather than through the creation of typical characters in typical circumstances. Third, the action of the plot seldom corresponds to real, chronological time, but moves back and forth through present time to memories of past eventsand drams of the future. Fourth, it replaces narration, description, and commentary with dramatic interior monologue and free association.Critical Realism(批判现实主义) Critical realism is one of the literary genres that flourished mainly in the 19th century. It reveals the corrupting influence of the rule of cash upon human nature. Here lies the essentially democratic and humanistic character of critical realism. The English critical realists of the 19th century not only gave a satirical portrayal of the bourgeoisie and all the ruling classes, but also showed profound sympathy for the common people. In their best works, they used humor and satire to contrast the greed and hypocrisy of the upper classes with the honesty and good-heartedness of the obscure “simple people” of the lower classes. Humorous scenes set off the actions of the positive characters, and the humor is often tinged with a lyricism which serves to stress the fine qualities of such characters. At the same time,bitter satire and grotesque is used to expose the seamy side of the bourgeois society. The critical realists, however, did not find a way to eradicate the social evils they knew so well. They did not realize the necessity of changing the bourgeois society through conscious human effort. Their works do not point toward revolution but rather evolution or reformism. They often start with a powerful exposure of the ugliness of the bourgeois world in their works, but their novels usually have happy endings or an impotent compromise at the end. Here are the strength and weakness of critical realism.Classicism（古典主义）: A movement or tendency in art, music, and literature to retain the characteristics found in work originating in classical Greece and Rome. It differs from Romanticism in that while Romanticism dwells on the emotional impact of a work, classicism concerns itself with form and discipline.Romanticism(浪漫主义) The term refers to the literary and artistic movements of the late 18th and early 19th century. Romanticism rejected the earlier philosophy of the Enlightenment, which stressed that logic and reason were the best response humans had in the face of cruelty, stupidity, superstition, and barbarism. Instead ,the Romantics asserted that reliance upon emotion and natural passions provided a valid and powerful means of knowing and a reliable guide to ethics and living.The Romantic movement typically asserts the unique nature of the individual, the privileged status of imagination and fancy, the value of spontaneity over “artifice” and “convention”, the human need for emotional outlets, the rejection of civilizedcorruption, and a desire to return to natural primitivism and escape the spiritual destruction of urban life Their writings are often set in rural, or Gothic settings and they show an obsessive concern with “innocent”characters----children, young lovers, and animals. The major Romantic poets included William Blake, William Wordsworth, John Keats , Percy Bysshe Shelley, and Lord Gordon Byron.Aestheticism( 美学主义) The basic theory of the Aesthetic movement----“art for art’s sake”----was set forth by a French poet, Theophile Gautier. The first Englishman who wrote about the theory of aestheticism was Walter Pater, the most important critical writer of the late 19th century. The chief representative of the movement in England was Oscar Wilde,with his Picture of Dorian Gray. Aestheticism places art above life, and holds that life should imitate art, not art imitate life. According to the aesthetes, all artistic creation is absolutely subjective as opposed to objective. Art should be free from any influence of egoism. Only when art is for art’s sake,can it be immortal They believed that art should be unconcerned with controversial issues, such as politics and morality, and that it should be restricted to contributing beauty in a highly polished style. This was one of the reactions against the materialism and commercialism of the Victorian industrial era, as well as a reaction against the Victorian convention of art for morality’s sake, or art for money’s sake.Neoclassicism The term mainly applies to the classical tendency which dominated the literature of the early period. It was, at least in part, the result of a reaction against the fires of passion which had blazed in the late Renaissance, especially in the metaphysical poetry. It found its artistic models in the classical literature of the ancient Greek and Roman writers like Homer, Virgil, Horace, Ovid, etc. and in the contemporary French writers such as Voltaire and Diderot. It put the stress on the classical artistic ideals of order, logic, proportion, restrained emotion, accuracy, good taste and decorum.Such elegant styles were found in almost all the writings of the period, especially in those of John Dryden, Alexander Pope，Jonathan Swift, Joseph Addison, Richard Steele, Henry Fielding, Samuel Johnson, Oliver Goldsmith, Edward Gibbon , the man who wrote the famous history The Decline and Fall of the Roman Empire(1776―1788) , and other neoclassicist writers. They were careful imitators. Their approach was thoroughly professional. Their works, mostly refined and perfect, are conscientiouscraftsmanship and often highly didactic. Neoclassical poetry , as represented by Dryden, Pope, and Johnson, reached its stylistic perfection during the period, although to the modem readers it seems to lack in imagination and energy. The neoclassical poetry is one of the most significant phenomena in the literature of the age, to which it has given its name.Naturalism（自然主义）: it first appeared in France, there naturalists including Zola turned especially to “slum life”, in England flourished in the 2nd half of 19th century; naturalists argued that literature reflect life, be “true to life”, writer must reproduce in his writings life exactly as it is, (including all details without any selection), theory of “a slice of life”; However, a fallacy, for impossible to include all the details in real life; only give the appearance of life but not its essence. In England, two outstanding writers in the last decades: George Gissing, George Moore.Neo-Romanticism（新浪漫主义）: it appeared at the end of 19th century and represented by Robert Louis Stevenson; it protests against the ugly social reality of their day but taking no positive steps about it，in a sense another form of escapism; dissatisfied with the contemporary reality, but at best a mild dissatisfaction; tried to find interest or enjoyment out from sheer imagination and fancy by creating exciting events and romantic characters that can hardly exist in reality，indulge in the description of exciting adventures in distant lands to deal with the heroic, to lay emphasis on the complexity and sensationalism of the material, Treasure Island, the representative in this school.Modernism（现代主义）: Around the two world wars, many writers and artists began to suspect and be discontent with the capitalism. They tried to find new ways to express their understanding of the world. It was a movement of experiments in techniques in writing. It flourished in the 20s and 30s in English literature.They turned their interest to describing what was happening in the minds of their characters. Because of their emphasis on the psychological activities of the characters, their writings are also called psychological novels. The Representatives are W.B. Yeats and T.S. Eliot,D.H. Lawrence, E.M. Foster, James Joyce and Virginia Woolf.。
英国文学史名词解释
英国文学史名词解释1、Romanticism:浪漫主义An artistic and intellectual movement originating in Europe in the late 18th century and characterized by a heightened interest in nature, emphasis on the individual's expression of emotion and imagination, departure from the attitudes and forms of classicism.English literary romanticism is from the publication of Wordsworth and Coleridge’s Lyrical Ballads in 1798 to the death of Sir Walter Scott in 1832.2、Byronic hero: 拜伦式英雄an idealized but flawed character exemplified in the life and writings of Byron:＊an exile流亡者, an outcast流浪者or an outlaw 歹徒＊being cynical愤世嫉俗的, rebellious反抗的, lonely＊against government, religion or moral values singly逐一地＊being passionate热情的, energetic积极的, talented多才的3、ottava rima ：Italian stanza form established by Boccaccio,An eight-line stanza of poetry in iambic pentameter (a five-foot line in which each foot consists of an unaccented syllable followed by an accented syllable), following the abababcc rhyme scheme.4、Critical realism:批判现实主义English critical realism of the 19th century flourished in the forties and in the early fifties. The critical realists described with much vividness and artistic skill the chief traits of the English society and criticized the capitalist system from a democratic viewpoint. The representative realists of the time were Charles Dickens, William Thackeray, the Bronte sisters, Mrs. Gaskell, etc.The critical realists not only gave a satirical portrayal of the bourgeoisie and all the ruling class, but also showed profound sympathy for the common people.5、Dramatic monologue：戏剧独白a kind of poem in which a single fictional or historical character other than the poet speaks to a silent ‘audience’of one or mor e persons. Such poems reveal not the poet ‘s own thoughts; this distinguishes a dramatic monologue from a lyric，while the implied presence of an auditor distinguishes it from a soliloquy. Major examples of this form in English are Tennyson，Browning and T. S. Eliot.6、Aestheticism：美学主义the doctrine that regards beauty as an end in itself, and attempts to preserve the arts from subordination to moral, didactic, or political purposes. The term is often used synonymously with the Aesthetic Movement, a literary and artistic tendency of the late 19th century which may be understood as a further phase of Romanticism in reaction against vulgar bourgeois values of practical efficiency and morality.7、Naturalism:自然主义A literary movement taking place from the 1880s to 1940s that used detailed realism to suggest that social conditions,heredity遗传and environment had inescapable force in shaping human character.8、Modernism:现代主义A general term applied to the wide range of experimental and avant-garde trends in literature of the early 20th century. It takes the irrational philosophy and the theory ofpsycho-analysis as its theoretical base. It is a reaction against realism. It rejects rationalism which is the theoretical base ofrealism; by advocating a free experimentation on new forms and new techniques in literary creation, it casts away almost all the traditional elements in literature such as story, plot, character, chronological narration etc. , which are essential to realism.9、Imagism:意象派A literary movement started by British and American poets early in the 20th century that advocated the use of short lyrics, free verse, common speech patterns, and clear concrete images. Greatly under the influence of Symbolism, and was initially led by Ezra Pound.10、Stream of Consciousness:意识流One of the modern literary techniques, which is used to depict the mental and emotional reactions of characters to external events, rather than plot, story themselves. It adopts the psycho-analytic approach in literary creation to explore the existence of sub-conscious and un-conscious elements in the mind. And it neglects totally “fetters of grammar, syntax, and logic”。
英国文学 名词解释
1.(1) Modernism (现代主义)A movement of experiment in new techniques in writing. Modernist fiction represented a trend drifting away from the tradition of the 19th century realism. It put emphasis on the description ogoometimes it is call ed modern psychological fiction. Lawrence is a typical representative of itRealism（现实主义）Realism was a loosely used term meaning truth to the observed facts of life （especially when they are gloomy）。
Realism in literature is an approach that attempts to describe life without idealization or romantic subjectivity.Realism现实主义: An elastic and ambiguous term with two meanings. (1) First, it refers generally to any artistic or literary portrayal of life in a faithful, accurate manner, unclouded by false ideals, literary conventions, or misplaced aesthetic glorification and beautification of the world. It is a theory or tendency in writing to depict events in human life in a matter-of-fact, straightforward manner. It is an attempt to reflect life "as it actually is"--a concept in some ways similar to what the Greeks would call mimesis. (2) Secondly and more specifically, realism refers to a literary movement that developed out of naturalism in the nineteenth and twentieth centuries. Although realism and the concern for aspects of verisimilitude have been components of literary art to one degree or another in nearly all centuries, the term realism also applies more specifically to the tendency to create detailed, probing analyses of the way "things really are," usually involving an emphasis on nearly photographic details.These writers include such diverse artists as Mark Twain, Tolstoy, &Thomas Hardy.Modernism（现代主义）: Around the two world wars, many writers and artists began to suspect and be discontent with the capitalism. They tried to find new ways to express their understanding of the world. It was a movement of experiments in techniques in writing. It flourished in the 20s and 30s in English literature.They turned their interest to describing what was happening in the minds of their characters. Because of their emphasis on the psychological activities of the characters, their writings are also called psychological novels. The Representatives are W.B. Yeats and T.S. Eliot,D.H. Lawrence, E.M. Foster, James Joyce and Virginia WoolfModernism: 1) The rise Of modernism movement Modernism rose out of skepticism and disillusionment of capitalism, which made writers and artists search for a new ways to express their understanding of the world and the human nature. The French symbolism was the forerunner of modernism. The First World War quickened the rising of all kinds of literary trends of modernism, which,toward the 1920s, converged into a mighty torrent of modernist movement. The major figures associated with the movement were Kafka, Picasso, Pound, Eliot, Joyce, and Virginia Woolf. Modernism was somewhat curbed in the 1930s. but after World War II, Varieties of modernism, or post-modernism, rose again with the spur of Sarter’s existentialism. However, they gradually disappe ared or diverged into other kinds of literary trends in the 1960s. 2) The characteristics of modernism ●Modernism marks a strong and conscious break with the past, by rejecting the moral, religious and cultural values of the past.●Modernism emphasizes on the need to move away from the public to the private, from the objective to the subjective. ●Modernism upholds a new view of time by emphasizing the psychic time over the chronological one. It maintains that the past, the present and the future are one and exist at the same time in the consciousness of individual as a continuous flow rather than a series of separate moments.●Modernism is, in many respects, a reaction against realism. It rejects rationalism, which is the theoretical base of realism; it excludes from its major concern the external, objective, material world, which is the only creative source of realism; it casts away almost all the traditional elements in literature like story, plot, character, chronological narration, etc., which are essential to realism. As a result, the works created by the modernist writers can often be labeled as anti-novel, anti-poetry or anti-drama[22] Realism:（写实主义） A term used in literature and art to present life as it really is without sentimentalizing or idealizing it. Realistic writing often depicts the everyday life and speech of ordinary people. This has led, sometimes to an emphasis on sordid details.Critical Realism (批判现实主义) Critical realism is one of the literary genres that flourished mainly in the 19th century. It reveals the corrupting influence of the rule of cash upon human nature. Here lies the essentially democratic and humanistic character of critical realism. The English critical realists of the 19th century not only gave a satirical portrayal of the bourgeoisie and all the ruling classes, but also showed profound sympathy for the common people. In their best works, they used humor and satire to contrast the greed and hypocrisy of the upper classes with the honesty and good-heartedness of the obscure “simple people” of the lower classes. Humorous scenes set off the actions of the positive characters, and the humor is often tinged with a lyricism which serves to stress the fine qualities of such characters. At the same time,bitter satire and grotesque is used to expose the seamy side of the bourgeois society. The critical realists, however, did not find a way to eradicate the social evils they knew so well. They did not realize the necessity of changing 4 the bourgeois society through conscious human effort. Their works do not point toward revolution but rather evolution or reformism. They often start with a powerful exposure of the ugliness of the bourgeois world in their works, but their novels usually have happy endings or an impotentcompromise at the end. Here are the strength and weakness of critical realism. 批判现实主义是盛行于19世纪的文学流派之一，揭示了金钱控制一切对人性的恶劣影响，这正是19世纪批判现实主义民主和人文特点的根源。
英国文学名词解释综合版
英国文学名词解释综合版(总15页) --本页仅作为文档封面，使用时请直接删除即可----内页可以根据需求调整合适字体及大小--名词解释：1, Humanism: a variety of ethical theory and practice that emphas izes reason, scientific inquiry, and human fulfillment in the natural world and often rejects the importance of belief in God. It fo-cuses on human values and concerns, attaching prime importance to hum an rather than divine or supernatural matters. 人道主义2, Renaissance: the period of European history at the close of t he Middle Ages and the rise of the modern world; a cultural rebirth from the 14th through the middle of the 17th centuries. The renais sance was a cultural movement that profoundly affected European intell ectual life in the early modern period. Beginning in Italy, and spre ading to the rest of Europe by the 16th century, its influence was felt in literature, philosophy, art, music, politics, science, religi on, and other aspects of intellectual inquiry. Renaissance scholars em ployed the humanist method in study, and searched for realism and hu man emotion in art. 文艺复兴3, Spenserian stanza: a fixed verse form invented by Edmund Spens er for his epic poem The Fae-rie Queene. Each stanza contains nine lines in total: eight lines in iambic pentameter followed by a single 'Alexandrine' line in iambic hexameter The rhyme scheme of these lines is "ababbcbcc." 斯宾塞第二节诗4, Metaphysical poets: The metaphysical poets is a term coined by the poet and critic Samuel Johnson to describe a loose group of B ritish lyric poets of the 17th century, whose work was characterized by the inventive use of conceits, and by speculation about topics such as love or religion. 玄学诗5, Lake Poets: The Lake Poets are a group of English poets who all lived in the Lake District of Eng-land at the turn of the nineteenth century. The three main figures of what has become known as the Lakes School are William Wordsworth, Samuel Taylor Coleridge, and Robert Southey 湖畔诗6, Beowulf: It is the oldest poem in the English language and t he most important specimen of Anglo-Saxon literature. The main stories are based on the folk legends of the primitive northern tribes. It is a pagan poem, which presents us an all-round picture of the tribal society. 贝奥武甫7, Byronic hero: The Byronic hero is a variant of the Romantic hero as a type of character, named after the English Romantic poet Lord Byron. a man proud, moody, cynical, with defiance on his brow, and misery in his heart, a scorner of his kind, implacable in rev enge, yet capable of deep and strong affection 拜伦式英雄8, Romanticism: Romanticism is a literary and artistic movement, w hich prevailed in England from 1798 to 1832. It is concerned with the expression of the individual's feeling and emotions and stressed s trong emotion as a resource of aesthetic experience.浪漫主义9, Ode: a lyrical verse written in praise of, or dedicated to s omeone or something which captures the poet's interest or serves as an inspiration for the ode. 颂诗,赋(有特殊主题,多为歌颂特定人物或事的抒情诗)O~ to the West Wind.西风颂(雪莱 (Shelley) 的诗)O~ on a Grecian Urn.希腊古瓮之歌(济慈 (Keats) 的诗)10, University Wits: The University Wits were a group of late 16 th century English playwrights who were educated at the universities and who became playwrights and popular secular writers. Prominent memb ers of this group were Christopher Marlowe, Robert Greene, and Thomas Nashe from Cambridge, and John Lyly, Thomas Lodge, George Peele fro m Oxford. 大学才子11, Sentimentalism: Sentimentalism stresses on material senses as being spiritual and/or consid-ers soul to be material, thus anything done on sentimental level is more or less materialistic rather than spiritual/transcendental. 情感主义12, Alliteration: Alliteration refers to the repetition of a parti cular sound in the first syllables of a series of words or phrases. Alliteration has developed largely through poetry, in which it more narrowly refers to the repetition of a consonant in any syllables that, according to the poem's me-ter, are stressed. Alliteration is commonly used in many languages, e specially in poetry. 头韵13,Glorious Revolution: the name of the overthrow of King James I I of England (James VII of Scot-land and James II of Ireland) by a union of English Parliamentarians with the Dutch stadtholder William III of Orange-Nassau (William of Orange). William's successful invasion of England w ith a Dutch fleet and army led to his ascending the English throne as William III of England jointly with his wife Mary II of Englan d. In 1688, William of orange landed at torbay and marched upon Lon don. This takeover was smooth, with neither bloodshed, nor any execut ion of the King, which became known as the glorious revolution. 光荣革命14, Norman Conquest: the invasion and conquest of England by an army of Normans and French led by Duke William II of Normandy. William, who defeated King Harold II of England on 14 Octo-ber 1066 at the Battle of Hastings, was crowned as king on Christma s Day 1066. He then consoli-dated his control over England and settled many of his followers in England, introducing a number of governmental and societal changes t o medieval England. 诺曼征服15, Ballad: A ballad is a form of verse, often a narrative set to music. Ballads were particularly characteristic of the popular po etry and song of the British Isles from the later medieval period u ntil the 19th century and used extensively across Europe and later t he Americas, Australia and North Africa. Many ballads were written an d sold as single sheet broadsides. The form was often used by poets and composers from the 18th century onwards to produce lyrical ball ads. In the later 19th century it took on the meaning of a slow f orm of popular love song and the term is now often used as synony mous with any love song, particularly the pop or rock power ballad.歌谣16 .Free verse : Free verse has no overall rhyme scheme, nor basic meter informing the whole poem. Ezra pound advised poets to compose in the sequence of the musical phrase, not in the sequence of the metronome. Charles Olson advised poets t compose by listening to their own breath. Walt Whitman created an impressive rhythm by accumulation: keeping writing long lines of approximately the same length and causing the pause to recur at about the same interval after each line. 自由体诗17. Open form, Free verse, Prose Poem问答题：1. Humanism was a study first done in the renaissance. instead of l earning only about god and religion, people, for the first time, sta rted to just think about ourselves as people characteristics of human ism include anatomy, classicism, nature, realism, reason and learning, religion, individualism, youth, and perspective.2, Sonnet 18 theme of man and the natural world. On one level, Son net 18 is clearly concerned with the relationship between man and th e eventual, inescapable death he’ll encounter in nature. On another level, the poet also seems fascinated by the relationship between sea sonal weather and personal, internal "weather" and balance. Sonnet 18 Theme of Literature and Writing Like much of Shakespeare’s work, S onnet 18 is all about writing and expressing one’s self through lan guage. This is, at its clearest, a poem about the power of the wri tten word over death, fate, and possibly even love. Sonnet 18 Theme of Time The speaker of Sonnet 18 is absolutely fixated on fate and mortality, but believes he’s come up with an effective time machi ne: poetry. Sonnet 18 is addressed to a friend, not to a woman!!! Shakespeare compares his friendship to a summer's day. Friendship is unlike summer not changing and it is everlasting. Friendship is likea mild and eternal summer.3 movement of RomanticismThe historical issues and developments of the time played a major role in provoking and shap-ing the new literary movement of Romanticism. The Industrial Revolutio n, its urbanization of Eng-lish life, and its abuses against the working class called for a ch ange in literary concerns and style. The basis aims of romanticism w ere various: a return to nature and to belief in the goodness of m an; the rediscovery of the artist as a supremely individual creator; the exaltation of senses and emotions over reason and intellect. 4，Charlotte BronteIn this novel, Charlotte Bronte pours a great deal of her own exper iences, such as the life at Lo-wood School and life as a governess. One of the central themes of the book is the criticism of the bourgeois system of education. An other problem raised by Charlotte in the novel is the posi-tion of woman in society. Jane Eyre is an orphan child with a fier y spirit and a longing to love and be loved. She is poor and plai n but she dares to love her master, a man superior to her in many ways. As a little governess, she is brave enough to declare to th e man her love for him. She cuts a com-pletely new women image. She represents those middle-class working women who are strug-gling for recognition of their basic rights and equality as a human being.5，metaphysical poetry——complex, highly intellectual verse filled with intricate and far-fetched metaphors. John Donne is considered the greatest of the metap hysical poets.6 Swift's proseAnother important feature of Swift's prose is that he uses the commo n touch. In other words, everybody can understand his language that is why even children can read his books with so much enjoyment. Als o, Swift addresses people as rational and political beings, making th em his equals. Swift wrote in a very plain and downright style. He didn't use any embellishment. At times, when Swift was writing seri ous stuff this same plain style appears dry but when writing humorou sly, this same plainness gives his wit a singular edge. Swift didn't use ornate or rhetorical language.7 the general relation of Normans and SaxonsAfter the Norman Conquest, the general relation of Normans and Saxo ns was that of master and servant. One of the most striking manifes tations of the supremacy of the conquerors was to be seen in the l anguage. The Norman lords spoke French, while their English subjects retained their old tongue. For a long time the scholar wrote in Lat in and the courtier in French. There was al-most no written literature in English for a time. Chronicles and rel igious poems were in Latin. Romances, the prominent kind of literatur e in the Anglo-Norman period, were at first all in French. By the end of the four teenth century, when Normans and English intermingled, English was onc e more the dominant speech in the country. But now it became someth ing different from the old Anglo-Saxon. The structure of the language remained English, and the common words were almost all retained, though often somewhat modified in f orm. But many terms employed by the Nor-mans were adopted into the English language.8 The character Shylock, in Shakespeare's The Merchant of VeniceThe character Shylock, in Shakespeare's The Merchant of Venice, is po rtrayed as a beastly monstrosity, with a lust for Antonio's life. Shylock is clearly a villain in the sense that he takes repeatedly takes advantage of people in vulnerable economic situations and makes a handsome living in this way. He is not an inherently likable ch aracter throughout “The Merchant of Venice”by Shakespeare; he avo ids friendships, he is cranky, and he is steadfast in his beliefs t o the point of being ri-gid. Shylock is also a man who is unreasonable and self-thinking, demanding Shylock is a man who is hardly likable in all a spects throughout “The Merchant of Venice”.9 Robinson Crusoe is one of the protagonists drawn most successfully in English novels. Through his characterization of Crusoe, Defoe des cribes him as a hero struggling against nature and hu-man fate with an indomitable will, and highly praises his creative l abor, physical and mental, an allusion to the glorification of the b ourgeois creativity when it was a rising and more energetic class in the initial stage of its historical development.10 In Shakespeare's Hamlet, a ghost tells Hamlet that his uncle, Cla udius, is responsible for the death of his father. Hamlet is driven to reveal the truth of his father's death and seeks to avenge his murder to achieve justice. In his quest to right the wrongdoing, H amlet delays acting toward justice for many reasons. The main factor for Hamlet's hesitation is attributed to his self-discipline. He lacks of ability to act on his emotions. Hamlet is an intelligent, moral, and reserved character. He restrains himself to act rationally and not on emotion. This hesitation is a tragic flaw for Ham-let, but in order to resolve the truth, it is necessary. Hamlet has doubts about the validity of the ghost; he is too rational a char acter to seek revenge on Claudius based on a conversation with a su pernatural spirit. He is unsure whether it was his father's ghost, or some evil deity trying to trick him.英国文学问答题:Questions:1. Why sleep is so frightening, according to Hamlet, since it can “end” the heartache and the thousand natural shocks”2. Why would people rather hear all the sufferings of the world instead choosing death to get rid of them, according to Hamlet3. What, after all, makes people lose their determination to take action Please explain in relation to the so-called hesitation of Hamlet.4. What does Romeo compare Juliet to in the beginning passage of the selection5. What is Romeo and Juliet’s attitude toward being a Montague or a Capuletdoes Romeo mean when he says “Look thou but sweet, /And I am proof against their e nmity”7.What’s your understanding on the utterance “to be or not be”8. Briefly comment on the characteristics of Hamlet’s personality. were Shakespeare’s major tragedies written What did he write about in his tragediesAnswers for reference:1. Nobody can predict what he will dream of after he falls asleep.is so mysterious that nobody knows what death will bring to us. Maybe bitter sufferings, great pains, heartbreaking stories…3.1) Conscience and over-considerations. 2) He wants to revenge, butdoesn’t know how; 2) He wants to kill his uncle, but find it too risky; 3) He lives in despair and wants to commit suicide,4)however, he kno ws if he dies, nobody will comfort his father’sghost. He is in face of great dilemma.4. Sun.5. They would give up their names for love’s sake.6. Only if you are kind to me, their hatred cannot hurt me.7. “To be or not to be” means to live or end one’s life by self-destruction. Hamlet has already spoken of suicide as a means of escape, and he dwells on it in a later part of this very speech, giving however a different reason for refraining. The notion that in the words “or not to be ” he is speculating on the possibility of “something after death”---whether there is a future life –cannot be entertained for a moment. The whole drift of the speech shows his belief in a future life. Practically the whole speech has become proverbial as an outpouring of utter worldly weariness.8. Hamlet is the typical of humanists under the pen of Shakespeare, who is characteristic of the perfection and perseverance in personality embodied in the Renaissance superman. As Ophelia tells us that he had been the ideal Renaissance prince___ a soldier, scholar, courtier, “the glass of fashion and the mold of form.” But since his father died and his mother hastily remarried, there is transition in his character. He was in the state of depression, melancholy and delay of revenging. Why Because he realizes, as a humanist, what his real duty lies in. So he pretended to be mad, melancholy, depressed and slow in action. By large, he is very sensitive, resourceful and has his own ideas, and the essence of his revenging his father is not for himself or for the bloody family feuds and hatred but lies in punishing the social corruptions, the wrongs, praising the good, and setting it right. As humanist himself he is all alone, detaching himself from the mass, which is the major reason why he failed himself.9. Shakespeare’s main tragedies were written during the period of gloom and depression, which dated from 1600 to 1607.Shakespeare’s great tragedies are associated with a period of gloom and sorrow in his life. During this period, England witnessed a general unrest, and social contradictions became very sharp. What caused the writer’s personal sadness is unknown to us. It is generally attributed to the political misfortune of his friend and patron, Earl of Essex, who was killed by the queen.10.What was the keynote of the Renaissance Can you define itAnswer: Humanism was the keynote of the Renaissance, reflecting the new outlook of the rising bourgeois class. The humanists advocated the emancipation of man, tried to have the new evaluation of man and his powers, fought for equality and justice and opposed feudal tyranny and religious obstinacy.11.What are Shakespeare’s four great comedies and four great tragedies Answer: The four great comedies: A Midsummer Night’s Dream As You Like itThe Merchant of Venice Twelfth NightThe four great tragedies: Hamlet Othello King Lear Macbeth12.What is the theme of Shakespeare’s Sonnet 18Answer: Only literature (“eternal lines”, “this”) can contend with time,and literature is created by man, so in the final analysis, this poem glorifies man’s greatness and immortality, which is a feature of the Renaissance Period.:13.According to Bacon, what studies chiefly serve for14.According to Bacon, what are the disadvantages of studies15.According to Bacon, what is the relationship between studies and life experiences16.According to Bacon, different people have different attitudes toward studies, please name some.17.According to Bacon, what way should we have toward studies18.According to Bacon, how studies exert influence over human character19.Please list at least 4 major works written by Francis Bacon.Answers:13.Studies serve 1)for delight, 2)for ornament, and3) for ability. Their chiefuse for delight, is in privateness and retiring; for ornament, is in discourse; and for ability, is in the judgement and disposition of business.(3points)14.1)To spend too much time in studies is sloth; 2)to use them too much forornament, is affectation; 3) to make judgement wholly by their rules, is the humour of a scholar. (3points)15.1)Studies perfect nature, and are perfectec by experience: 2)for natural abilities are like natural plants, that need pruning by study; 3)and studies themselves do give forth directions too much at large, except they be boundedin by experience. (3points)16.1)Crafty men contemn studies, 2)simple men admire them, and 3)wise men use them; 4)for they teach not their own use; 5)but that is a wisdom without them, and above them, won by observation.(3points)17.1)Read not to contradict and confute;2) nor to believe and take for granted; 3)nor to find talk and discourse;4) but to weigh and consider. (3points)18.1)Histories make men wise; 2)poets witty; 3)the mathematics subtile;4)natural philosophy deep; 5)moral grave; 6)logic and rhetoric able to contend. Abeunt studia in morse. (3points)19.1)Advancement of Learning, 1605; 2)New Instrument,1620; 3)New Atlantis, 1626; 4)Essays, 1625.(3points)Austen:Questions:20. Why do you think of How can you characterize her21. What do you known about Jane Austen’s writing styleAnswers for reference:20. 1) She is mean, her only care is to marry her daughter to rich young men ; 2) She is simple and foolish, even cannot understand her husband’s ironical words. 3) She loves her daughter , though she doesn’t understand them ,but what she do is only for their happiness rather than herself.21. 1) keen observation of society around her , good ear for conversation, use of mild, irony and penetrating Style, clarity, economy, skillful dialogue, tight plotting, simple and clear. 3）Readers can find sth of themselves, comfort, tranquility, escape in her novels.22.Tell the story of Pride and Prejudice.Answer: Bingley, a rich bachelor, takes Netherfield Park, and brings there his friend Darcy. Bingley falls in love with Jane, and Darcy is attracted to her next sister Elizabeth, but offends her by his proud behavior. He proposes to her but is rejected. Her prejudice against him increases as more misunderstanding arises. After many twists and turns, however, things are cleared up, and the two couples are happily united.23.In Jane Austen’s surroundings, what were the only importantissues in lifeAnswer: In Jane Austen’s surroundings, marriage, inheritance of property and maintenance of social prestige were the only important issues in life.24. On what issues were Jane Austen’s novels centeredAnswer: Her novels were centered on such issues as marriage, inheritance of property and maintenance of social prestige.25. From what book is the following paragraph taken Who wrote it“Elizabeth, feeling all the more than common awkwardness and anxiety of his situation, now forced herself to speak; and immediately, though not very fluently, gave him to understand that her sentiments had undergone so material a change, since the periodto which he alluded, as to make her receive with gratitude and pleasure his present assurances. The happiness which this reply produced, was such as he had probably never felt before; and he expressed himself on the occasion as sensibly and as warmly as a man violently in love can be supposed to do. Had Elizabeth been able to encounter his eye, she might have seen how well the expression of heartfelt delight, diffused over his face, became him; but, though she could not look, she could listen, and he told her of feelings, which, in proving of what importance she was to him, made his affection every moment more valuable.”Answer: It is taken from Pride and Prejudice by Jane Austen.26. Who said the following From what book is it taken“I cannot give you credit for any philosophy of the kind. Your retrospections must be so totally void of reproach, that the contentment arising from them is not of philosophy, but, what is much better, of innocence. But with me, it is not so. Painfulrecollections will intrude which cannot, which ought not, to be repelled. I have been a selfish being all my life, in practice, though not in principle. As a child I was taught what was right, but I was not taught to correct my temper. I was given good principles,but left to follow them in pride and conceit. Unfortunately an only son (for many years an only child), I was spoilt by my parents, who, though good themselves (my father, particularly, all that was benevolent and amiable), allowed, encouraged, almost taught me to be selfish and overbearing; to care for none beyond my own family circle; to think meanly of all the rest of the world; to wish at least tothink meanly of their sense and worth compared with my own. Such I was, from eight to eight and twenty; and such I might still have been but for you, dearest, loveliest Elizabeth! What do I not owe you! You taught me a lesson, hard indeed at first, but most advantageous. By you, I was properly humbled. I came to you without a doubt of my reception. You showed me how insufficient were all my pretensions to please a woman worthy of being pleased.”Answer: It was said by Darcy. It is taken from Pride and Prejudice.27. D o you agree with the statement “it is a tr uth universally acknowledged that a single man in possession of a good fortune mustbe in want of a wife” WhyAnswer: To make the statement really true, it would be better to omit “in possession of a good fortune”. The original statement actually is only t he wishful thinking of Mrs. Bennet and is rather ironically amusing. Marriage and money have no relationship at all. We cannot define a man by his possession of fortune; marriage is something really holy and people marry because they fall in love with each other, not with moneyBronte:Questions:28.What’s the theme in Jane Eyre29.Please show your understanding on the love between Jane Eyreand Mr Rochester .Answers for reference:28.1) Jane Eyre is not only a love story; 2) it is also a plea forthe recognition of the individual’s worth and 3) sex equalitythat Women attempt to assert their own identity within the male-dominated society.29.Though poor and plain, Jane Eyre, who had a strong will of life,tried hard to get her rights of equality. She left the man verymuch who was about 20 years older than she and richer. She justwanted him to treat her equally. She was great because her lovemade disillusioned Rochester happy again. Mr. Rochester was a manfull of life’s misery, yet he loved Jane truly a nd respected her very much. That’s why he got her love.30. Why does Jane Eyre decide to stay with Mr. RochesterAnswer: She has always loved him. She doesn’t really want to marry St John. She once left Mr. Rochester because he was already married to Bertha, not because she stopped loving him. The call she hears at the window of “Jane! Jane!” makes her think Rochester is in trouble, so she goes back to find him.31.Tell the story of Jane Eyre.Answer: Jane becomes a governess for Rochester, who falls in love with her, and she with him. They are about to be married when Jane, learning that Rochester has a wife, a lunatic, flees from the house. She is taken in and cared for by Rev. Rivers. Meanwhile, a great misfortune befalls Rochester: he loses his sight during a fire in the house, set by his mad wife. Hearing that Rochester is penniless and disabled, Jane Eyre hurries to him and becomes his wife.32.Why is Jane Eyre so popularAnswer: The heroine is plain and poor; the heroine is the first female character to claim the right to feel strongly about her emotions and act on her convictions; such a psychologically complex heroine had never been created before.33. Who said the following From what book is it taken“Cruel, cruel deserter! Oh, Jane, what did I feel when I discovered you had fled from Thornfield, and when I could nowherefind you; and, after examining your apartment, ascertained that you had taken no money, nor anything which could serve as an equivalent!A pearl necklace I had given you lay untouched in its little casket; your trunks were left corded and locked as they had been prepared for the bridal tour. What could my darling do, I asked, left destitute and penniless And what did she do Let me hear now.”Answer: It was said by Mr. Rochester. It is taken from Jane Eyre.Dickens:Questions:34. How do you understand Pip’s so called “Great Expectation”35. Please explain the reason that Great Expectation is a so-called bildungsroman or growth novel.Answers for reference:(简略版)34.1) W hen he was young,he wanted to become a blacksmith like Joe, hisbrother in law. 2) When he met Havisham and fell in love with Estella, his expectations changed: to raise his social status and become a gentleman, get a better education and then marry Estella. 3) When Pip discovered that his benefactor was in fact a convict, his “greatexpectation” turned out to be bubble, beautiful but transient.Pip finally realized the money and social status is not the most important thing in life. W hat’s important is love and loyalty. M an's true value has nothing to do with his money and status.35.It is the novel of the growth and development of the hero Pip.There is absence of parents for Pip who is raised by his sisterand brother-in-law; As a gentleman, Pip condescends people oflower class, losing sight of the generous, kind aspect of being a gentleman; He is tested and drawn to destructive love etc.36.Tell the story of the excerpt from Great Expectations you haveread.Answer: One night, a familiar figure comes into Pip’s room –- the convict Magwitch, who surprises Pip by saying that he, not Miss Havisham, is the source of Pip’s fortune. He tells Pip that he wasso moved by Pip’ boyhood kindness that he had dedicated his life to making Pip a gentleman, and made a fortune in Australia for that very purpose. Magwitch is caught and sentenced to death, and Pip loses his fortune.37.What is the theme of the excerpt from Great Expectations youhave readAnswer: Affection, loyalty, and conscience were considered more important than social advancement and wealth38.From what book is the following paragraph taken Who wrote it“Nothing was needed but this； the wretched man， after loading wretched me with his gold and silver chains for years, had risked his life to come to me, and I held it there in my keeping！ If I hadloved him instead of abhorring him; if I had been attracted to him by the strongest admiration and affection，instead of shrinking from him with the strongest repugnance； it could have been no worse. On the contrary， it would have been better，for his preservation would then have naturally and ten derly addressed my heart.”Answer: It is taken from Great Expectations by Charles Dickens.39.How do you evaluate the meeting of Pip with Magwitch。
英国文学名词解释
英国文学名词解释英国文学是指在英国境内产生的文学作品，包括散文、诗歌、戏剧等多种文学形式。
以下是一些与英国文学相关的名词解释：1. 莎士比亚戏剧（Shakespearean Drama）：指威廉·莎士比亚所创作的戏剧作品，包括《哈姆雷特》、《罗密欧与朱丽叶》等。
2. 简·奥斯汀小说（Jane Austen Novels）：指英国女作家简·奥斯汀所写的一系列小说，主要描写中上层社会的生活，包括《傲慢与偏见》、《理智与情感》等。
3. 浪漫主义（Romanticism）：指18世纪末至19世纪初的一种文艺运动，强调情感、个人主义和自然之美，代表作家有威廉·华兹华斯、塞缪尔·柯勒律治等。
4. 维多利亚时期文学（Victorian Literature）：指19世纪中后期的英国文学，以女王维多利亚统治时期为背景，作品内容反映了社会变革和道德观念的转变，代表作家有查尔斯·狄更斯、乔治·艾略特等。
5. 符号主义（Symbolism）：指19世纪末20世纪初的一种文学流派，强调象征和隐喻的运用，代表作家有奥斯卡·王尔德、D·H·劳伦斯等。
6. 现代主义（Modernism）：指20世纪初的一种思潮和文学流派，以对现代社会的批判和对传统形式的挑战为特点，代表作家有弗吉尼亚·伍尔夫、詹姆斯·乔伊斯等。
7. 女性主义文学（Feminist Literature）：指关注女性经验和性别平等的文学作品，代表作家有弗吉尼亚·伍尔夫、玛格丽特·阿特伍德等。
8. 后现代主义（Postmodernism）：指二战后出现的一种思潮和文学流派，强调对现实的怀疑和对语言的游戏性，代表作家有萨缪尔·贝克特、艾里奥·卡尔维诺等。
9. 科幻文学（Science Fiction）：指描写未来社会和科技发展的文学作品，代表作家有霍华德·菲利普斯·洛夫克拉夫特、艾萨克·阿西莫夫等。
英国文学名词解释(整理版)
Noun ExplanationAllegory:A tale in verse or prose in which characters, actions, or settings represent abstract ideas or moral qualities. An allegory is a story with two meanings, a literal meaning and a symbolic meaning.Alliteration:The repetition of the initial consonant sounds in poetry. Antagonist:A person or force opposing the protagonist in a narrative; a rival of the hero or heroine.Antithesis:(a figure of speech) The balancing of two contrasting ideas, words phrases, or sentences. An antithesis is often expressed in a balanced sentence, that is, a sentence in which identical or similar grammatical structure is used to express contrasting ideas.Aside:In drama, lines spoken by a character in an undertone or directly to the audience. An aside is meant to be heard by the other characters onstage.Ballad:A story told in verse and usually meant to be sung. In many countries, the folk ballad was one of the earliest forms of literature. Folk ballads have no known authors. They were transmitted orally from generation to generation and were not set down in writing until centuries after they were first sung. The subject matter of folk ballads stems from the everyday life of the common people. Devices commonly used in ballads are the refrain, incremental repetition, and code language. A later form of ballad is the literary ballad, which imitates the style ofthe folk ballad.Biography:A detailed account of a person’s life written by another person. Blank verse:Verse written in unrhymed iambic pentameter. Classicism:A movement or tendency in art, literature, or music that reflects the principles manifested in the art of ancient Greece and Rome. Classicism emphasizes the traditional and the universal, and places value on reason, clarity, balance, and order. Classicism, with its concern for reason and universal themes, is traditionally opposed to Romanticism, which is concerned with emotions and personal themes.Climax:The point of greatest intensity, interest, or suspense in a gogotory’s turning point. The action leading to the climax and the simultaneous increase of tension in the plot are known as the rising action. All action after the climax is referred to as the falling action, or resolution. The term crisis is sometimes used interchangeably with climax.Comedy:in general, a literary work that ends happily with a healthy, amicable armistice between the protagonist and society. Conceit:A kind of metaphor that makes a comparison between two startlingly different things. A conceit may be a brief metaphor, but it usually provides the framework for an entire poem. An especially unusual and intellectual kind of conceit is the metaphysical conceit.Conflict:A struggle between two opposing forces or characters in a shortstory, novel, play, or narrative poem. Usually the events of the story are all related to the conflict, and the conflict is resolved in some way by the story’s end.Couplet:Two consecutive lines of poetry that rhymed. A heroic couplet is an iambic pentameter couplet.Critical Realism:The critical realism of the 19th century flourished in the forties and in the beginning of fifties. The realists first and foremost set themselves the task of criticizing capitalist society from a democratic viewpoint and delineated the crying contradictions of bourgeois reality. But they did not find a way to eradicate social evils.Dramatic monologue:A kind of narrative poem in which one character speaks to one or more listeners whose replies are not given in the poem. The occasion is usually a crucial one in the speaker’s personality as well as the incident that is the subject of the poem.Elegy:A poem of mourning, usually over the death of an individual. An elegy is a type of lyric poem, usually formal in language and structure, and solemn or even melancholy in tone. Enlightenment:With the advent of the 18th century, in England, as in other European countries, there sprang into life a public movement known as the Enlightenment. The Enlightenment on the whole, was an expression of struggle of the then progressive class of bourgeois against feudalism. The ego goes inequality, stagnation, prejudices and other survivals of feudalism. They attempted to place all branches of science at the service of mankind by connecting them with the actual deeds and requirements of thepeople.Epic:A long narrative poem telling about the deeds of a great hero and reflecting the values of the society from which it originated. Many epics were drawn from an oral tradition and were transmitted by song and recitation before they were written down.Essay:A piece of prose writing, usually short, that deals with a subject in a limited way and expresses a particular point or view.Free Verse:Verse that has either no metrical pattern or an irregular pattern.Hyperbole:A figure of speech using exaggeration, or overstatement, for special effect.Iamb抑扬格:It is the most commonly used foot in English poetry, in which an unstressed syllable comes first, followed by a stressed syllable. Iambic pentameter:A poetic line consisting of five verse feet, with each foot an iamb—that is, an unstressed syllable followed by a stressed syllable. Iambic pentameter is the most common verse line in English poetry.Irony:A contrast or an incongruity between what is stated and what is really meant, or between what is expected to happen and what actually happens.Three kinds of irony are(1) verbal irony, in which a writer or speaker says one thing and means something entirely different;(2) dramatic irony, in which a reader or an audience perceives something that a character in the story or play does not know;(3) irony of situation, in which the writer shows a discrepancy between the expected results of some action or situation and its actual results.Lyric:A poem, usually a short one, that expresses a speaker’s personal thoughts or feelings. The elegy, ode, and sonnet are all forms of the lyric.Morality play:An outgrowth of miracle plays. Morality plays were popular in the 15th and 16th centuries. In them, virtues and vices were personified.Myth:A story, often about immortals and sometimes connected with religious rituals, that is intended to give meaning to the mysteries of the world. Myths make it possible for people to understand and deal with things that they cannot control and often cannot see. A body of related myths that is accepted by a people is known as its mythology. A mythology tells a people what it is most concerned about.Narrator:One who narrates, or tells, a story. A story may be told by a first-person narrator, someone who is either a major or minor character in the story. Or a story may be told by a third-person narrator, someone who is not in the story at all. The word narrator can also refer to a character in a drama who guides the audience through the play, often commenting on the action and sometimes participating in it.Naturalism:An extreme form of realism. Naturalistic writers usually depictthe sordid side of life and show characters who are severely, if not hopelessly, limited by their environment or heredity. Neoclassicism:A revival in the 17th agogo of order, balance, and harmony in literature.Ode:A complex and often lengthy lyric poem, written in a dignified formal style on some lofty or serious subject. Odes are often written for a special occasion, to honor a person or a season or to commemorate an event.Pathos:The quality in a work of literature or art that arouses the reader’s feelings of pity, sorrow, or compassion for a character. The term is usually used to refer to situations in which innocent characters suffer through no fault of their own.Poetry:The most distinctive characteristic of poetry is form and music. Poetry is concerned with not only what is said but how it is said. Poetry evokes emotions rather than express facts. Poetry means having a poetic experience. Imagination is also an essential quality of poetry. Poetry often leads us to new perceptions, new feelings and experiences of which we have not previously been aware.Protagonist:The central character of a drama, novel, short story, or narrative poem. The protagonist is the character on whom the action centers and with whom the reader sympathizes most. Usually the protagonist strives against an opposing force, or antagonist , to accomplish something.Renaissance:The term originally indicated a revival of classical (Greek andRoman) arts and sciences after the dark ages of medieval obscurantism.Romance:Any imagination literature that is set in an idealized world and that deals with a heroic adventures and battles between good characters and villains or monsters.Satire:A kind of writing that holds up to ridicule or contempt the weaknesses and wrongdoings of individuals, groups, institutions, or humanity in general. The aim of satirists is to set a moral standard for society, and they attempt to persuade the reader to see their point of view through the force of laughter. Song:A short lyric poem with distinct musical qualities, normally written to be set to music. In expresses a simple but intense emotion.Sonnet:A fourteen-line lyric poem, usually written in rhymed iambic pentameter. A sonnet generally expresses a single theme or idea. Spenserian stanza:A nine-line stanza with the following rhyme scheme: ababbabcc. The first eight lines are written in iambic pentameter. The ninth line is written in iambic hexameter and is called an alexandrine. Stanza:It’s a structural division of a poem, consisting of a series of verse lines which usually comprise a recurring pattern of meter and thyme.Canto:A section or division of a long poem. The cantos can be a great lyric/poemStream of consciousnes s: “Stream-of-Consciousness” or“interior monologue”, is one of the modern literary techniques. It is the style of writing that attempts to imitate the natural flow of a character’s thoughts, feelings, reflections, memories, and mental images as the character experiences them.Wit:A brilliance and quickness of perception combined with a cleverness of expression. In the 18th century, wit and nature were related-nature provided the rules of the universe; wit allowed these rules to be interpreted and expressed.。
(完整word版)英国文学 名词解释
1.(1) Modernism （现代主义)A movement of experiment in new techniques in writing. Modernist fic tion represented a trend drifting away from the tradition of the 19th century realism。
It put emphasis on the description ogoometimes it is called modern psychological fiction. Lawrence is a typical representative of itRealism（现实主义)Realism was a loosely used term meaning truth to the observed facts of life （especially when they are gloomy）。
Realism in literature is an approach that attempts to describe life without idealization or romantic subjectivity。
Realism现实主义： An elastic and ambiguous term with two meanings。
（1） First, it refers generally to any artistic or literary portrayal of life in a faithful， accurate manner, unclouded by false ideals, literary conventions, or misplaced aesthetic glorification and beautification of the world。
完整版英国文学名词解释
Part One:①Beowulf The national heroic epic of the English people. It has over 3,000 lines. It describesthe battles between the two monsters and Beowulf, who won the battle finally and dead for thefatal wound. The poem ends with the funeral of the hero. The most striking feature in its poeticalof ) and of metaphors(暗喻Other alliteration. features of it are the use form is the use if). understatements(含蓄Alliteration: ②) words in a line begin with the sameIn alliterative verse, certain accented(重音). There are generally 4accents in a line, 3 of which show alliteration, as can consonant sound(辅音be seen from the above quotation.③Romance:thewas in feudal England prevailing(most 流行的) kind of literature The), 散文sometimes in prose(sometimes in verse(诗篇), composition, Romance. It was a longseek to riding forth hero, usually a knight, as of describing the life and adventures a noble), or fighting for his lord in battle and the swearing of 竞赛adventures, taking part intournament(oaths.Epic:④An epic is a lengthy narrative poem, ordinarily concerning a serious subject containingdetails of heroic deeds and events significantly to a culture or nation. The first epics are known as primacy, or original epics.Ballad:⑤The most important department of English folk literature is the ballad which is a storyThe lines rhymed. the second and fourth 4-line in song, usually in stanzas(诗节), with toldsubjects of ballads are various in kind, as the struggle of young lovers against their feudal-minded families, the conflict between love and wealth, the cruelty of jealousy, the criticism of the civil war,绿林《(and the matters and class struggle. The paramount(卓越的) important ballad is Robin Hood). 好汉》Geoffrey Chaucer⑥He was an English author, poet, philosopher and diplomat.乔叟:杰弗里?He is the founder of English poetry. He obtained a good knowledge of Latin, French and Italian.the which (《坎特伯雷故事集》), remembered narrative is the Canterbury Tales His bests time. That is why ') supplies a miniature(缩影) of the English society of ChaucerPrologue(序言s'men and women”. Chaucer affirms Chaucer has been called “the founder of English realism) asceticism(禁欲主义the dogma of opposes(pursue their happiness on earth and 反对) right tos energy, intellect, 'preached(鼓吹) by the church. As a forerunner of humanism, he praises man to English poetry lies chiefly in the fact that he s contribution quick wit and love of life.Chaucer'couplet of 5 rhymed stanza of various types, especially the rhymed introduced from France theold the poetry, instead of ) “heroic抑扬格) meter(the couplet”to English iambic(accents in Anglo-Saxon alliterative verse.《农夫皮尔斯》】Piers the Plowman朗兰威廉⑦【William Langland?:1Part TwoThe English Bible:威约翰?The first complete English Bible was translated by John Wycliffe(). The Authorized Version is King James Bible made in 1611. The result is a monument of 克里夫English language and English literature.Renaissance:Renaissance or the birth of letters is an intellectual movement. Its two features area thirsting curiosity for the classical literature and the keen interest in the activities of humanity. Humanism is the key-note of the Renaissance.CaxtonWilliam England the : He is the first English printer and invented in 威廉?卡克斯顿profession of publisher.MoreThomas the Thomas More, English humanists was 莫尔: The greatest of the 托马斯?He Renaissance. ) of the ”of such “giants(巨匠author of Utopia《乌托邦》. He is also one distinguished himself as a learned scholar, a master of Latin, a witty talker, a lover of music, an), to his convictions. 坚定的honest statesman , and a man of noble character, modest but steadfast(He was a far-sighted thinker, aspired for a totally new society with happy, classless, and free from poverty and exploitation. He was one of the forerunners of modern socialist thought.Utopia:andMore a conservation between written in the form of It is More's masterpiece,long a book contains into two books. The first Hythloday, a returned voyager. It is divided discussion on the social conditions of England. In the second book is described in detail an idealand ”“no place“Utopia”comes from Greek words meaning communist society, Utopia. The name was adopted by More as the name of his ideal commonwealth.Philip Sidney He is well-known as a poet and critic of poetry. His collection of 锡德尼?: 菲利普《爱星者与星》, was published in 1591.love sonnets, Astrophel and Stella SpenserEdmund the poet of poet's )埃德蒙?斯宾塞(莎翁之前最杰出的英国诗人：The period was ES who was buried beside Chaucer in Westminster Abbey. ES has held his position asa model of poetical art among the Renaissance English poets, and his influence can be traced inthe works of Milton, Shelley, and Keats. ES is the first master to make that language the naturals 'together with Sidney感情的流露). His sonnets in Amoretti, effusions(music of his poeticthe of sonnet sequences ,are the most famous and Astrophel and Stella Shakespeare's sonnetsElizabeth Age.) of which marked the budding(萌芽s Calendar《牧人日记》【In 1579 he wrote The Shepherd'his is Queen 《仙后》northern the island of England. The faerie Renaissance the flower in】greatest work which was dedicated to Queen Elizabeth.Francis Bacon: He is the founder of English materialist philosophy and the founder of modern science in England. His New Instrument is called the Inductive Method of reasoning. He is also”the to go in dark..fear as fear “a To English the first essayist. give few, Men death children Reading makes a full man; conference a ready man; and writing an“”“Studies serve for delight.2exact man.”Drama: The Miracle Play圣迹剧The Morality Play道德剧寓意剧The Interlude幕间节目Christopher Marlowe: The most gifted of the “马洛university wits”was 克里斯托弗·Christopher Marlowe. His best work include 3 of his plays, Tamburlaine《帖木儿大帝》(1587), The Jew of Malta《马耳岛的犹太人》(1592), and Doctor Faustus《浮士德博士》(1588). He wasthe greatest of the pioneers of English drama. His work paved the way for the plays of the greatest English dramatist——Shakespeare——whose achievements were the monument of the English Renaissance. 【His plays show the spirit of the rising bourgeoisie, its eager curiosity for knowledge, its towering pride, its insatiable(不知足的) appetite for power won by military, might, knowledge, or gold. The theme of his plays is the praise of individuality freed from the restraintsof medieval dogmas and law, and the conviction of the boundless possibility of human efforts in conquering the universe. The heroes in his plays are merely individualists, their individualistic ambition often brings ruin to the world and sometimes to themselves.】William Shakespeare: Shakespeare is one of the founders of realism in world literature. Hisdramatic creation often used the method of adaptation. Shakespeare long experience with the stage and his intimate knowledge of dramatic art thus acquired make him a master hand for playwriting. Shakespeare was skilled in many poetic forms: the song, the sonnet, the couplet, and the dramatic blank verse. He was especially at home with the blank verse. Shakespeare was a great master ofthe English language. Shakespeare has been universally acknowledged to be the summit of the English Renaissance, and one of the greatest writers over the world.①The great comedies:A Midsummer Might's Dream, The Merchant of Venice, As You Like It,Twelfth Night.②The great tragedies:Hamlet, Othello, King Lear, Macbeth.The Merchant of Venice:AntonioBassanio的婚威尼斯富商安东尼奥为了成全好友巴萨尼奥Shylock借债。
英国文学名词解释
1．Romance: a long composition; in verse or in prose; describing the life and adventures of a noble hero; especially for the knight. The most popular theme employed was the legend of King Arthur and the round table knight.2．Ballad民谣: a story told in song; usually in four-line stanzas; with the second and fourth lines rhymed.3．Heroic Couplet英雄偶句诗: a couplet consisting of two rhymed lines of iambic pentameter; and written in an elevated style. 4．Renaissance: a revival or rebirth of the artistic and scientific revival which originated in Italy in the 14th century and gradually spread all over Europe. It has two features: a thirsting curiosity for the classical literature and keen interest in activities of humanity.5．Sonnet 14行诗: 14-line lyric poem; usually written in rhymed iambic pentameter.6．Blank verse无韵诗: poetry written in unrhymed iambic pentameter. 7．Enlightenment启蒙运动: a revival of interest in the old classical works; logic; order; restrained emotion and accuracy. 8．Neoclassicism新古典主义: the Enlightenment brought about a revival of interest in Greek and Roman works. This tendency is known as Neoclassicism.9．Sentimentalism感情主义: it was one of the important trends inEnglish literature of the later decades of the 18 century. It concentrated on the free expression of thoughts and emotions; and presented a new view of human nature which prized feeling over thinking; passion over reason.10．Romanticism: imagination; emotion and freedom are certainly the focal points of romanticism. The particular characteristics of the literature of romanticism include: subjectivity and an emphasis on individualism; freedom from rules; solitary life rather then life in society; the beliefs that imagination is superior to reason; and love of and worship of nature.11．Lake Poets: the English poets who lived in and drew inspiration from the Lake District at the beginning of the 19th century. 12．Byronic Heroes拜伦式英雄: a variant of the Romantic heroes as a type of character enthusiasm; persistence; pursuing freedom; named after the English Romantic Poet Gordon Byron. 13．Aestheticism唯美主义: an art movement supporting the emphasis of aesthetic values more than socio-political themes for literature; fine art; music and other arts.14．Stream-of-Consciousness: it is a literary technique that presents the thoughts and feelings of a character as they occur without any clarification by the author. It is a narrative mode. 15．Dramatic Monologue戏剧独白16．Iambic Pentameter抑扬格五音步: a poetic line consisting of five verse feet; with each foot an unstressed syllable followed by a stressed syllable; that is; with each foot an iamb.17．Epic史诗: a long narrative poem telling about the deeds of a great hero and reflecting the values of the society from which it originated.18．Elegy挽歌: a poem of mourning; usually over the death of an individual; may also be a lament over the passing of life and beauty or a meditation of the nature of death; a type of lyric poem. 19．Spenserian Stanza斯宾塞诗体: a nine-line stanza made up of 8 lines of iambic pentameter ending with an Alexandrine. Its thyme scheme is ababbcbcc. This stanza was common to travel literature.1.杰弗里乔叟：the Father of English Poetry; The Canterbury Tales 埃特伯雷故事集24stories2.Thomas More: Utopia乌托邦- the communication between more and the traveler which just came back from Utopia.3.: the first English Essayist; Essays随笔集- Of Studies; Of Truth philosophical and literary works4. Poet's poet; The Fairy Queen仙后to Queen Elizabeth I四大悲剧：1奥瑟罗叙述摩尔人贵族瑟罗由于听信手下旗官伊阿古的谗言;被嫉妒所压倒;掐死了无辜妻子苔丝狄蒙娜;随后自己也悔恨自杀..奥瑟罗是个襟怀坦白、英勇豪爽的战士;苔丝德蒙娜天真痴情;毅然爱上了他;不顾家庭的反对和社会的歧视;同他结了婚..但是;他们的爱情虽然战胜了种族歧视;却没有逃脱伊阿古的阴谋陷害..伊阿古假装忠诚;心地奸诈;由于升不上副将;就对奥瑟罗怀恨在心;千方百计害死奥瑟罗夫妇;最后自己也得不到好下场..通过这个形象;莎士比亚对原始积累时期新兴资产阶级中的极端利已主义进行了深刻的揭露和批判..2李尔王描写一个专制独裁的昏君;由于刚愎自用;遭受到一场悲惨的结局..悲剧的目的同样在于揭露原始积累时期的利已主义;批判对于权势、财富的贪欲..悲剧还反映了当时广大农民流离失所的英国现实..在第三幕第四场里;李尔被两个女儿驱逐出门以后;跑到暴风雨的荒野;诅咒女儿忘恩负义..在雷电交加中;李尔对穷苦的人们喊道：“衣不蔽体的不幸的人们;无论你们在什么地方;都得忍受着这样无情的暴风雨的袭击;你们的头上没有片瓦遮身;你们的腹中饥肠雷动;你们的衣服千疮百孔;怎么抵挡得了这样的气候呢”这里;莎士比亚通过李尔的口表达了他对无家可归的农民的同情;同时也是对当代现实的揭露..但是;紧接着上面那段话之后;李尔说道：“安享荣华的人们呵;睁开你们的眼睛来;到外面来体味一下穷人所忍受的苦;分一些你们享用不了的福泽给他们;让上天知道你们不是全无心肝的人吧这种求助于剥削阶级发善心以解决社会矛盾的想法;正是一种调和阶级矛盾的人道主义思想..3麦克白野心家麦克白将军从战场上立功凯旋;由于野心的驱使和妻子的怂恿;利用国王邓肯到自己家中作客的机会;弑君而自立;最后;这个血腥的篡位者被邓肯的儿子和贵族麦克德夫所战败而死去..他的妻子也因精神分裂而死..这出悲剧深刻地揭示出个人野心对人所起的腐蚀作用;是莎士比亚心理描写的杰作..4哈姆莱特1601是莎士比亚戏剧创作的最高成就;写的是丹麦王子哈姆莱特为父复仇的故事..悲剧的情节是这样的：丹麦王子哈姆莱特;在德国威登堡大学接受人文主义教育..因为父王突然死去;怀着沉痛的心情回到祖国；不久;母后又同新王——他的叔父结婚;使他更加难堪..新王声言老王是在花园里被毒蛇咬死的;王子正在疑惑时;老王的鬼魂向他显现;告诉他“毒蛇”就是新王;并嘱咐他为父复仇..哈姆莱特认为他这复仇不只是他个人的问题;而是整个社会、国家的问题..他说自己有重整乾坤;挽狂澜于既倒的责任..他考虑问题的各个方面;又怕泄漏心事;又怕鬼魂是假</PGN0315.TXT/PGN>的;怕落入坏人的圈套;心烦意乱;忧郁不欢;只好装疯卖傻..同时;他叔父也怀疑他得知隐秘;派人到处侦察他的行动和心事..甚至利用他的两个老同学和他的情人去侦察他..他趁戏班子进宫演出的机会;改编一出阴谋杀兄的旧戏文贡札古之死叫戏班子演出;来试探叔父..戏未演完;叔父做贼心虚;坐立不住;仓皇退席..这样;更证明叔父的罪行属实..叔父觉得事情不妙;隐私可能已被发觉..宫内大臣波洛涅斯献计;让母后叫儿子到私房谈话;自己躲在帷幕后边偷听；王子发现幕后有人;以为是叔父;便一剑把他刺死..从此;奸王使用借刀杀人法;派他去英国;并让监视他去的两个同学带去密信一封;要英王在王子上岸时就杀掉他；但被哈姆莱特察觉半路上掉换了密信;反而叫英王杀掉了两个密使；他自己却跳上海盗船;脱险回来..回来后知道情人奥菲莉娅因父死、爱人远离而发疯落水溺死..奸王利用波洛涅斯的儿子雷欧提斯为父复仇的机会;密谋在比剑中用毒剑、毒酒来置哈姆莱特于死地..结果;哈、雷二人都中了毒剑;王后饮了毒酒;奸王也被刺死..王子临死遗嘱好友霍拉旭传播他的心愿.. C:鉴赏与品评:莎士比亚的悲剧主要是理想与现实的矛盾和理想的破灭..如哈剧中安排三条复仇线索;以王子复仇为主线;另两条线索穿插糅合其间..李剧中也有两条平行交错的线索..其次;人物形象鲜明;作者善于深入刻画人物的内心世界;使其性格更丰满深刻..如哈姆雷特的着名独白;富有哲理性..麦克白杀人后精神崩溃的过程更是刻画得细腻真切..此外;作者还善于渲染气氛;营造悲剧性的氛围;烘托人物的心理活动..如麦剧中夜与血的形象贯穿始终;阴森恐怖..李剧中暴雨荒原一场;激烈哀愤喜剧：A Midsummer Night's Dream仲夏夜之梦;The Merchant of Venice 威尼斯商人;As You Like It皆大欢喜；Twelfth Night第十二夜悲喜剧：Romeo and Juliet罗密欧与朱丽叶5. Paradise Lost失乐园a revolt against God's authority; Paradise Regained复乐园how Christ overcame Santa ——stories were taken from Bible6.John Bunyan: the son of Renaissance; Pilgrim's Progress天路历程imagination; shadowing; realistic religious allegory7.George Gordon Byron: vigorous; strong and beautiful; Childe Harold's Pilgrimage恰尔德哈罗尔德游记spenserian stanza; fights for liberty; Don Juan唐璜a broad critical picture of European life; When We Two Parted昔日依依别；She Walks in Beauty她走在美的光影中；The Isles of Greece哀希腊8.: Ode to the West Wind西风颂-赞颂西风;希望与其紧密相连; Prometheus Unbound解放了的普罗米修斯the victory for man's struggle against tyranny and oppression9.Jane Austen: wit; dry humour; subtle irony;realistic; Pride and Prejudice傲慢与偏见Elizabeth and Darcy；Sense and Sensibility理智与情感；Emma爱玛10.: critical realist writer; humour; wit; happy endings; A Tale of Two Cities双城记London & Paris; where there is oppression; there is revolution; David Copperfield大卫科波菲尔；Oliver Twist雾都孤儿；Hard Time艰难时世；Great Expectations远大前程； Dombey and Son董贝父子；Pickwick Papers匹克威克外传11.我已故的公爵夫人 7.The Bronte Sisters: ：简·爱是一个心地纯洁、善于思考的女性;她生活在社会底层;受尽磨难..但她有倔强的性格和勇于追求平等幸福的精神..小说以浓郁抒情的笔法和深刻细腻的心理描写;引人入胜地展示了男女主人公曲折起伏的爱情经历;歌颂了摆脱一切旧习俗和偏见..扎根于相互理解、相互尊重的基础之上的深挚爱情;具有强烈的震撼心灵的艺术力量..其最为成功之处在于塑造了一个敢于反抗;敢于争取自由和平等地位的妇女形象.. Emily: Wuthering Heights呼啸山庄：描写吉卜赛弃儿希斯克利夫被山庄老主人收养后;因受辱和恋爱不遂;外出致富;回来后对与其女友凯瑟琳结婚的地主林顿及其子女进行报复的故事..。
英国文学 名词解释
1．Romance: a long composition, in verse or in prose, describing the life and adventures of a noble hero, especially for the knight. The most popular theme employed was the legend of King Arthur and the round table knight.2．Ballad民谣: a story told in song, usually in four-line stanzas, with the second and fourth lines rhymed.3．Heroic Couplet英雄偶句诗: a couplet consisting of two rhymed lines of iambic pentameter, and written in an elevated style.4．Renaissance: a revival or rebirth of the artistic and scientific revival which originated in Italy in the 14th century and gradually spread all over Europe. It has two features: a thirsting curiosity for the classical literature and keen interest in activities of humanity.5．Sonnet 14行诗: 14-line lyric poem, usually written in rhymed iambic pentameter.6．Blank verse无韵诗: poetry written in unrhymed iambic pentameter.7．Enlightenment启蒙运动: a revival of interest in the old classical works, logic, order, restrained emotion and accuracy.8．Neoclassicism新古典主义: the Enlightenment brought about a revival of interest in Greek and Roman works. This tendency is known as Neoclassicism.9．Sentimentalism感情主义: it was one of the important trends in English literature of the later decades of the 18 century. It concentrated on the free expression of thoughts and emotions, and presented a new view of human nature which prized feeling over thinking, passion over reason. 10．Romanticism: imagination, emotion and freedom are certainly the focal points of romanticism. The particular characteristics of the literature of romanticism include: subjectivity and an emphasis on individualism; freedom from rules; solitary life rather then life in society; the beliefs that imagination is superior to reason; and love of and worship of nature.11．Lake Poets: the English poets who lived in and drew inspiration from the Lake District at the beginning of the 19th century.12．Byronic Heroes拜伦式英雄: a variant of the Romantic heroes as a type of character( enthusiasm, persistence, pursuing freedom), named after the English Romantic Poet Gordon Byron.13．Aestheticism唯美主义: an art movement supporting the emphasis of aesthetic values more than socio-political themes for literature, fine art, music and other arts.14．Stream-of-Consciousness: it is a literary technique that presents the thoughts and feelings of a character as they occur without any clarification by the author. It is a narrative mode. 15．Dramatic Monologue戏剧独白16．Iambic Pentameter抑扬格五音步: a poetic line consisting of five verse feet, with each foot an unstressed syllable followed by a stressed syllable, that is, with each foot an iamb.17．Epic史诗: a long narrative poem telling about the deeds of a great hero and reflecting the values of the society from which it originated.18．Elegy挽歌: a poem of mourning, usually over the death of an individual; may also be a lament over the passing of life and beauty or a meditation of the nature of death; a type of lyric poem. 19．Spenserian Stanza斯宾塞诗体: a nine-line stanza made up of 8 lines of iambic pentameter ending with an Alexandrine. Its thyme scheme is ababbcbcc. This stanza was common to travel literature.1.(杰弗里乔叟）：the Father of English Poetry; The Canterbury Tales《埃特伯雷故事集》（24stories)2.Thomas More: Utopia《乌托邦》- the communication between more and the traveler which just came back from Utopia.3.: the first English Essayist; Essays《随笔集》- Of Studies, Of Truth (philosophical and literary works)4. Poet's poet; The Fairy Queen《仙后》(to Queen Elizabeth I)四大悲剧：（1）《奥瑟罗》叙述摩尔人贵族瑟罗由于听信手下旗官伊阿古的谗言，被嫉妒所压倒，掐死了无辜妻子苔丝狄蒙娜，随后自己也悔恨自杀。
英国文学复习整理 名词解释
英国文学复习整理 3名词解释1，Dramatic Monologue 戏剧独白a poem delivered in a dramatic manner by a single persona speakerwho is not identified with the poet usually to achieve an ironical effect.2, Aestheticism 美学主义（唯美主义）Aestheticism (also the Aesthetic Movement) is an intellectual and art movement supporting the emphasis of aesthetic values more than social-political themes for literature, fine art, music and other arts.The Pygmalion Effect 皮格马利翁效应The Pygmalion Effect is that people tend to behave as you expect they will. If you expect a person to take responsibility, they probably will.If you expect them not to even try, they probably won’t.MordenismAgeneral term applied to the experimental and avant-grade trends in literatureand other arts of the early 20th century.Discontinuity and fragmentationJuxtaposition (并列) and multiple points of view（多重视角）Lack of a unitary selfModernism Literature (1918~45)In the second half of the 19th century and the early decades of the 20th century, both natural and social sciences in Europe had enormously advanced. The two world wars destroyed people’s faith in the Victorian values and gave rise to all kinds of philosophical ideas in Western Europe. Modernism become the mainstream literature during that period. Drama is the most famous form in modernism. And dramatic monologue was famous at that period. Oscar Wilde and George Bernard Shaw pioneered the modern drama. Oscar Wilde is be well known for his master work--The Importance of Being Earnest. George Bernard Shaw's works are examples of the play inspired by social criticism. His master work is Widower’s Houses. Furthermore,David Herbert Lawrence was a great writer during this period, too. His master work, Sons and Lovers, is famous all over the world.Modernist fictioncrisisattempts to represent the underlying truths of consciousness & psyche(心智)rejection of external, unitary, coherent appearance of realistconventionslack of causality(因果性)insufficiency of languageoppositional relations between the individual and the social, alienationfirst person narrator, often unreliableA sense of urban dislocation and alienationworks by male writers tend to be misogynistic（厌恶女人的人）Colonialismone country’s domination of another country or people—usually achieved through aggressive, often military actions，and the territory acquired in this manner.Post-colonial theoryis a multicultural theory which mainly studies relations of cultural discourse power between the colonist and the colonized as well as racism (种族主义), cultural imperialism （文化帝国主义）, national culture and culture power identity after colonial periodRepresentatives后殖民理论的“圣三位一体”Edward Said(萨义德)Gayatri C. Spivak(斯皮瓦克)Homi K. Bhabha(霍米·巴巴)Imagism 意象主义The body of theories of a group of anti-Romantic and anti-Georgian British and American poets (1912-18) who aimed at simplicity and detachment in poetic expression by the clear presentation of visual images.Imagery 意象Words or phrases that create picture, or images, in the reader’s mind.Images are primarily visual.Images can appeal to other senses as well: touch, taste, smell and hearing.Symbolism 印象主义Epiphany 顿悟An experience of sudden and striking realization.顿悟Epiphany is an appearance or perception of the essential nature or meaning of something, which is adapted by James Joyce to describe the sudden revelation of whatness of a thing, the moment in which the soul of the commonest object seems to us radiant.Stream of Consciousness 意识流It is a narrative technique that presents thoughts as if they were coming directly from a character’s mind. Lacking chronological order, the events in a stream of consciousness narrative are presented from the character’s point of view, mixed in with the character’s on going feelings and memories. Developed by writers such as James Joyce, Virginia Woolf, stream of consciousness writing is used to reveal a character’s complex psychology and to present it in realistic detail.Feminist Criticism 女性主义Feminism refers to movements aimed at establishing and defending equal political, economic, social rights and opportunities for women.Bloomsbury Group布鲁姆斯伯里文化圈The Bloomsbury Group—or Bloomsbury Set—was an influential group of associated Englishwriters, intellectuals, philosophers and artists,the best known members of which included Virginia Woolf, John Maynard Keynes,E. M. Forster and Lytton Strachey.This loose collective of friends and relatives lived, worked or studied together near Bloomsbury, London, during the first half of the 20th century. Their works and outlook deeply influenced literature, aesthetics,criticism and economics as well as modern attitudes towards feminism, pacifism (反战论), and sexuality.布鲁姆斯伯里团体(the bloomsbury group),是一个英国二十世纪初号称“无限灵感，无限激情，无限才华”知识分子的小团体。
(完整word版)英国文学名词解释大全(整理版)
名词解释1.Epic(史诗)（appeared in the the Anglo-Saxon Period ）It is a narrative of heroic action, often with a principal hero, usually mythical in its content, grand in its style, offering inspiration and ennoblement within a particular culture or national tradition.A long narrative poem telling about the deeds of great hero and reflecting the values of the society from which it originated.Epic is an extended narrative poem in elevated or dignified language, like Homer’s Iliad & Odyssey. It usually celebrates the feats of one or more legendary or traditional heroes. The action is simple, but full of magnificence.Today, some long narrative works, like novels that reveal an age & its people, are also called epic.E.g. Beowulf （the pagan（异教徒），secular(非宗教的) poetry）Iliad 《伊利亚特》，Odyssey《奥德赛》Paradise Lost 《失乐园》，The Divine Comedy《神曲》2.Romance （传奇）(Anglo-Norman feudal England)•Romance is any imaginative literature that is set in an idealized world and that deals with heroic adventures and battles between good characters and villains or monsters.•Originally, the term referred to a medieval (中世纪) tale dealing with the love and adventures of kings, queens, knights, and ladies, and including supernatural happenings.Form:long composition, in verse, in proseContent:description of life and adventures of a noble heroCharacter:a knight, a man of noble birth, skilled in the use of weapons; often described as riding forth to seek adventures, taking part in tournaments(骑士比武), or fighting for his lord in battles; devoted to the church and the king •Romance lacks general resemblance to truth or reality.•It exaggerates the vices of human nature and idealizes the virtues.•It contains perilous (dangerous) adventures more or less remote from ordinary life.•It lays emphasis on supreme devotion to a fair lady.①The Romance Cycles/Groups/DivisionsThree Groups●matters of Britain Adventures of King Arthur and his Knights of the Round Table （亚瑟王和他的圆桌骑士）●matters of France Emperor Charlemagne and his peers●matters of Rome Alexander the Great and the attacks of TroyLe Morte D’Arthur （亚瑟王之死）②Class Nature (阶级性) of the RomanceLoyalty to king and lord was the theme of the romances, as loyalty was the corner-stone（the most important part基石）of feudal morality.The romances were composed not for the common but for the noble, of the noble, and by the poets patronized （supported 庇护,保护）by the noble.3. Alliteration（押头韵）: a repeated initial(开头的) consonant(协调,一致) to successive(连续的) words.e.g. 1.To his kin the kindest, keenest for praise.2.Sing a song of southern singer4. Understatement（低调陈述）（for ironical humor）not troublesome: very welcomeneed not praise: a right to condemn5. Chronicle《编年史》（a monument of Old English prose）6. Ballads （民谣）（The most important department of English folk literature ）①Definition:A ballad is a narrative poem that tells a story, and is usually meant to be sung or recited in musical form.An important stream of the Medieval folk literature②Features of English Ballads1. The ballads are in various English and Scottish dialects.2. They were created collectively and revised when handed down from mouth to mouth.3. They are mainly the literature of the peasants, and give an outlook of the English common people in feudal society.③Stylistic （风格上）Features of the Ballads1. Composed in couplets （相连并押韵的两行诗,对句）or in quatrains （四行诗）known as the ballad stanza （民谣诗节）, rhyming abab or abcb, with the first and third lines carrying 4 accented syllables （重读音节）and the second and fourth carrying 3.2. Simple, plain language or dialect （方言，土语）of the common people with colloquial （口语的，会话的）, vivid and, sometimes, idiomatic （符合当地语言习惯的）expressions3. Telling a good story with a vivid presentation around the central plot.4. Using a high proportion of dialogue with a romantic or tragic dimension （方面）to achieve dramatic effect.④Subjects of English Ballads1. struggle of young lovers2. conflict between love and wealth3. cruelty of jealousy4. criticism of the civil war5. matters of class struggle7. Heroic couplet （英雄双韵体）（introduced by Geoffrey Chaucer）Definition:the rhymed couplet of iambic pentameter; a verse form in epic poetry, with lines of ten syllables and five stresses, in rhyming pairs.英雄诗体/英雄双韵体：用于史诗或叙事诗，每行十个音节，五个音部，每两行押韵。
英国文学 名词解释
Allegory:寓言a story or description in which the characters and events symbolize some deeper underlying meaning, and serve to spread moral teaching.Alliteration:頭韻A poetic device where the first consonant sounds or any vowel sounds in words or syllables are repeated.Allusion：引喻A reference to a familiar literary or historical person or event, used to make an idea more easily understood.Ballad:民謠A short poem that tells a simple story and has a repeated refrain. Ballads were originally intended to be sung. Early ballads, known as folk ballads, were passed down through generations, so their authors are often unknown. Later ballads composed by known authors are called literary ballads.Blank Verse:素體詩unrhymed lines of iambic pentameter.Carpe Diem:A Latin term meaning "seize the day." This is a traditional theme of Poetry, especially lyrics. A carpe diem poem advises the reader or the person it addresses to live for today and enjoy the pleasures of the moment.Two celebrated carpe diem poems are Andrew Marvell's "To His Coy Mistress" and Robert Herrick's poem beginning "Gather ye rosebuds while ye may...."Conceit:奇思妙喻an unusually far-fetched or elaborate metaphor or simile presenting a surprisingly apt parallel between two apparently dissimilar things or feelings.Connotation:暗示The impression that a word gives beyond its defined meaning.Couplet:對聯、兩行詩Two lines of Poetry with the same rhyme and Meter, often expressing a complete and self-contained thought.Epic:史詩A long narrative poem about the adventures of a hero of great historic or legendary importance. The setting is vast and the action is often given cosmic significance through the intervention of supernatural forces such as gods, angels, or demons. Epics are typically written in a classical style of grand simplicity with elaborate Metaphor s and allusions that enhance the symbolic importance of a hero's adventures.Frame story框架故事: a story in which another story is enclosed or embedded as a “tale within a tale”, or which contains several such tales.Heroic Couplet:英雄偶句詩A rhyming couplet written in iambic pentameter (a Verse with five iambic feet).Humanism:人文主義A philosophy that places faith in the dignity of humankind and rejects the medieval perception of the individual as a weak, fallen creature. "Humanists" typically believe in the perfectibility of human nature and view reason and education as the means to that end.Iambic pentametre:抑揚格五音步If a line of a poem has five feet, and in each foot there are two syllables, the first being unstressed, the second, stressed, the line is an iambic pentameter line.Irony:諷刺、反語In literary criticism, the effect of language in which the intended meaning is the opposite of what is stated.Metaphysical Poetry:玄學詩The body of poetry produced by a group of seventeenth-century English writers called the "Metaphysical Poets." The group includes John Donne and Andrew Marvell. The Metaphysical Poets made use of everyday speech, intellectual analysis, and unique imagery. They aimed to portray the ordinary conflict s and contradictions of life. Their poem s often took the form of an argument, and many of them emphasize physical and religious love as well as the fleeting nature of life. Elaborate conceit s are typical in metaphysical poetry.Metaphysical Poets:玄學詩人a group of 17th century English poets whose work is notable for its ingenious use of intellectual concepts in surprising conceits, strange paradoxes, and far-fetched imagery.Oedipus Complex:戀母情結A son's amorous obsession with his mother. The phrase is derived from the story of the ancient Theban hero Oedipus, who unknowingly killed his father and married his mother.Oxymoron:矛盾修飾法A phrase combining two contradictory terms. Oxymorons may be intentional or unintentional.Paradox:駁論A statement that appears illogical or contradictory at first, but may actually point to an underlying truth.Poetic License:詩的破格Distortions of fact and literary convention made by a writer — not always a poet— for the sake of the effect gained. Poetic license is closely related to the concept of "artistic freedom."Renaissance:文藝復興The period in European history that marked the end of the Middle Ages. It began in Italy in the late fourteenth century. In broad terms, it is usually seen as spanning the fourteenth, fifteenth, and sixteenth centuries, although it did not reach Great Britain, for example, until the 1480s or so. The Renaissance saw an awakening in almost every sphere of human activity, especially science, philosophy, and the arts. The period is best defined by the emergence of a general philosophy that emphasized the importance of the intellect, the individual, and world affairs. It contrasts strongly with the medieval worldview, characterized by the dominant concerns of faith, the social collective, and spiritual salvation.Rhyme:韻律When used as a noun in literary criticism, this term generally refers to a poem in which words sound identical or very similar and appear in parallel positions in two or more lines. Rhymes are classified into different types according to where they fall in a line or stanza or according to the degree of similarity they exhibit in their spellings and sounds. Some major types of rhyme are "masculine" rhyme, "feminine" rhyme, and "triple" rhyme. In a masculine rhyme, the rhyming sound falls in a single accent ed syllable, as with "heat" and "eat." Feminine rhyme is a rhyme of two syllables, one stressed and one unstressed, as with "merry" and "tarry." Triple rhyme matches the sound of the accented syllable and the two unaccented syllables that follow: "narrative" and "declarative."Romance: is a tale in verse, embodying the life and adventures of knights. Romance was characteristic of the early feudal age, as it reflected the spirit of chivalry, i. e., the quality and ideal of knightly conduct. The content of romance was usually about love, chivalry, and religion. It generally concerns knights and involves a large amount of fighting as well as a number of miscellaneous adventures;Soliloquy:獨白A monologue in a drama used to give the audience information and to develop the speaker's character. It is typically a projection of the speaker's innermost thoughts. Usually delivered while the speaker is alone on stage, a soliloquy is intended to present an illusion of unspoken reflection.Sonnet:十四行詩A fourteen-line poem, usually composed in iambic pentameter, employing one of several rhyme schemes. There are three major types of sonnets, upon which all other variations of the form are based: the "Petrarchan" or "Italian" sonnet, the "Shakespearean" or "English" sonnet, and the "Spenserian" sonnet. A Petrarchan sonnet consists of an octave rhymed abbaabba and a "sestet" rhymed either cdecde, cdccdc, or cdedce. The octave poses a question or problem, relates a narrative, or puts forth a proposition; the sestet presents a solution to the problem, comments upon the narrative, or applies the proposition put forth in the octave. The Shakespearean sonnet isdivided into three quatrains and a couplet rhymed abab cdcd efef gg. The couplet provides an epigrammatic comment on the narrative or problem put forth in the quatrains. The Spenserian sonnet uses three quatrains and a couplet like the Shakespearean, but links their three rhyme schemes in this way: abab bcbc cdcd ee. The Spenserian sonnet develops its theme in two parts like the Petrarchan, its final six lines resolving a problem, analyzing a narrative, or applying a proposition put forth in its first eight lines.Spenserian stanza:斯賓塞詩體a group of eight lines of iambic pentameter followed by a six-stress iambic line, with a rhyme scheme ababbcbcc.Theme: The main point of a work of literature. The term is used interchangeably with thesis.Tragic Flaw:悲劇性缺陷In a tragedy, the quality within the hero or heroine which leads to his or her downfall.Examples of the tragic flaw include Othello's jealousy and Hamlet's indecisiveness, although most great tragedies defy such simple interpretation.。
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1，alliteration 2，kenning 3，caesura 4,romance 5,chivalery 6,quatrain 7,meter:rhyme 8,heroic couplet 9iambic pentameter 10,bob and wheel 11,realism 12,idealism 13,renaissiance 14,blank verse 15,sonnet 16,comedy 17,tragedy 18,humanism 19,cavalier poets 20,metaphysical poets 21,metaphysical conceit1. Epic(史诗)（appeared in the Anglo-Saxon Period ）Epic is an extended narrative poem in elevated or dignified language, like Homer’s Iliad & Odyssey. It usually celebrates the feats of one or more legendary or traditional heroes. The action is simple, but full of magnificence.Today, some long narrative works, like novels that reveal an age & its people are also called epic.E.g. Beowulf （the pagan（异教徒），secular(非宗教的) poetry）Iliad 《伊利亚特》，Odyssey《奥德赛》Paradise Lost 《失乐园》.1.Romance （传奇）(Anglo-Norman feudal England)•Romance is any imaginative literature that is set in an idealized world and that deals with heroic adventures and battles between good characters and villains or monsters.•Originally, the term referred to a medieval (中世纪) tale dealing with the love and adventures of kings, queens, knights, and ladies, and including supernatural happenings.Form:long composition, in verse, in proseContent:description of life and adventures of a noble heroCharacter:a knight, a man of noble birth, skilled in the use of weapons; often described as riding forth to seek adventures, taking part in tournaments(骑士比武), or fighting for his lord in battles; devoted to the church and the king •Romance lacks general resemblance to truth or reality.•It exaggerates the vices of human nature and idealizes the virtues.•It contains perilous (dangerous) adventures more or less remote from ordinary life.•It lays emphasis on supreme devotion to a fair lady.3. Alliteration（押头韵）: a repeated initial(开头的) consonant(协调,一致) to successive(连续的) words.4. Heroic couplet （英雄双韵体）（introduced by Geoffrey Chaucer）Definition:the rhymed couplet of iambic pentameter; a verse form in epic poetry, with lines of ten syllables and five stresses, in rhyming pairs.英雄诗体/英雄双韵体：用于史诗或叙事诗，每行十个音节，五个音部，每两行押韵。
5. couplet（两行诗，对句）: Two consecutive lines of poetry that rhyme. A heroic couplet is an iambic pentameter couplet. During the Restoration period and the 18th C. it was a popular verse form.6. iambic pentameter(抑扬格五音步): A poetic line consisting of five Verse feet (pentameter- is from a Greek word meaning “five”), with each foot an iamb-- that is, an unstressed syllable followed by a stressed syllable.7. Rhyme（韵，押韵）: the repetition (反复) of sounds in two or more words or phrases that appear close to each other in a poem.E .g. River/shiver, song/long8. meter (格律) （属于Prosody ['prɔsədɪ]（韵文学;诗体学；(某语言的)韵律(学)））: A generally regularpattern of stressed and unstressed syllables（音节）in poetry.9. Rhythm（节奏，韵律）（属于Prosody ['prɔsədɪ]（韵文学;诗体学；(某语言的)韵律(学)））：refersto the regular recurrence（反复，重现）of the accent（重读）or stress in poem or song.E.g. the rhythm of day and night, the seasonal rhythm of the year, the beat of our hearts, and the rise and fall of sea tides, etc.10．Humanism1) Humanism is the essence of the Renaissance. According to humanists, human beings were glorious creatures capable of individual development in the direction of perfection and the world can be questioned, explored and enjoyed.2) By emphasizing the dignity of human beings and the importance of the present life, in contrast to the medieval emphasis on God and contempt for the things of this world, they voiced their beliefs that man did not only have the right to pursue happiness of this life, but had the ability to perfect himself and to perform wanders.11. Tragedy（Drama form）• A serious play or novel representing the disastrous downfall of a central character, the protagonist. According to Aristotle, the purpose is to achieve a catharsis through incidents arousing pity and terror. The tragic effect usually depends on our awareness of admirable qualities in he protagonist, which are wasted terribly in the fated disaster.• E.g. （莎士比亚）Great Tragedies（四大悲剧）（explores the faults/weaknesses of humans）: Hamlet, Othello, King Lear& Macbeth12. Blank Verse （无韵诗）•Unrhymed lines of iambic pentameter. It is a very flexible English verse form which can attain rhetorical grandeur（雄伟，壮观）while echoing the natural rhythms of speech. It was first used by Henry Howard, Earl of Surrey, and soon became a popular form for narrative and dramatic poetry. Marlowe, Shakespeare, Milton, Wordsworth, Tennyson, Stevens and Robert Frost are fond of this form.13. SonnetA sonnet is a lyric poem comprising 14 rhyming lines of equal length: iambic pentameter in English, hendecasyllables [hen,dekə'siləbl]（十一音节）in Italian, and alexandrines.[ˌæliɡˈzɑ:ndrain]（亚历山大诗行）in French.. The English/Shakespearean sonnetIt was introduced into English poetry in the early 16th century by Sir Thomas Wyatt (1503-1542). It consists of 3 quatrains and a final couplet, rhyming abab cdcd efef gg.An important variant is the Spenserian sonnet, which links the 3 quatrains by rhyme, rhyming abab bcbc cdcd ee.（quatrain: 四行诗(每节四行,韵律一般为abab或abba)）14. Allegory（寓言）• A story with a double meaning: a primary or surface meaning, and a secondary or under-the-surface meaning• A story that can be read, understood and interpreted at two levelsTwo levels of allegory•One level examines the moral, philosophical and religious values and is represented by the Red Cross Knight, who stands for all Christians.•The second level is the particular, which focuses on the political, social, and religious conflicts in the then English society.15. Metaphysical(形而上学，超自然，纯哲学) PoetsMETAPHYSICAL POETS refer to a school of poets at the beginning of the 17th century England who wrote under the influence of John Donne. The works of the Metaphysical poets are characterized, generally speaking, by mysticism in content and fantasticality in form.The most eminent poets are John Donne, George Herbert & Andrew Marwell.16. Metaphysical PoetryMetaphysical poetry is concerned with the whole experience of man, especially about love, romantic and sensual; about man's relationship with God, and about pleasure, learning and art.Metaphysical poems are lyric poems of brief but intense meditations, characterized by the striking use of wit, irony and wo rdplay. Beneath the formal structure (of rhyme, meter and stanza) is the underlying structure of the poem’s argument. In “To His Coy Mistress,” the explicit argument (Marvell's request that the coy lady yield to his passion) is a stalking horse for the more serious argument about the transistorizes of pleasure.Rise & Fall of Metaphysical Poetry•Metaphysical poetry was rarely read in the 17th, 18th and early 19th century.•In the late 19th century and early 20th century, there was a renewed interest in metaphysical poetry.•The modernist poets T.S. Eliot, John Ransom and Allen Tate claimed their influence by John Donne. So John Donne became a cult figure in the early 20th century English-speaking countries.Metaphysical conceitThis type of conceit draws upon a wide range of knowledge, and its comparisons are elaborately（苦心经营地，精巧地）rationalized.For instance, Donne’s “The Flea” compares a flea bite to the act of love; and in “A Valediction: Forbidding Mourning” separated lovers are likened to the l egs of a compass, the leg drawing the circle eventually returning home to "the fixed foot."17. neoclassicism（新古典主义）–It found its artistic models in the classical literature of the ancient Greek and Roman writers like Homer, Virgil, Horace, and Ovid.– A partial reaction against the fires of passion blazed in the late Renaissance, especially in the Metaphysical poetry.--- Prose should be precise, direct, smooth and flexible.--- Poetry should be lyrical（抒情的）, epical（叙事的）, didactic（教导的）, satiric or dramatic, and each class should be guided by its own principles.--- Neo-classical writers are: John Dryden, Alexander Pope, Jonathan Swift, Joseph Addison, Richard Steele, Henry Fielding, Samuel Johnson, Oliver Goldsmith, Edward Gibbon, etc.18. Enlightenment Movement(启蒙运动)Under the influence of scientific discoveries (Newton) and flourishing of philosophies, French enlightenment started.Enlightenment thinkers such as V oltaire伏尔泰, Montesquieu孟德斯鸠, Locke洛克, Hobbes霍布斯, and Rousseau卢梭believed that the world was an object of study and that people could understand and control the world by means of reason and empirical（以观察或实验为依据的）research.•an intellectual movement beginning in France and then spread throughout Europe• a continuation of Renaissance in belief in the possibility of human perfection through education•the guiding principle or slogan（标语，标号）is Ration（定量？）/Reason, natural right and equality (American Independence War in 1776; French Revolution in 1789)•Ration became standard for measurement of everything.•In religion, it was against superstition（迷信）, intolerance（心胸狭窄）, and dogmatism（教条主义，独断，武断）; in politics, it was against tyranny（暴政，苛政）; and in society, it was against prejudice, ignorance, inequality, and any obstacles to the realization of an individua l’s full intellectual and physical well-being. At the same time, they advocated（提倡）universal education. In their opinion, human beings were limited, dualistic （二元的）, imperfect, and yet capable of rationality（合理性，合理的行为见解）and perfection through education.The great enlighteners:•Alexander Pope,•Joseph Addison,•Jonathan Swift, and•Samuel Johnson19. Sentimentality literature伤感文学--- It was a partial reaction against that cold, logic rationalism which dominated people’s life since the last decades of the 17th century.--- A ready sympathy and an inward pain for the misery of others became part of accepted social morality and ethics.--- started by Samuel Richardson’s PamelaAnd Clarissa--- represented in novel form by Laurence Sterne’s ASentimental Journey through France andItaly (1768)--- represented in poetry by “The Graveyard School”:Thomas Gray, Edward Young--- emphasizing the emotion/heart instead of ration---gradually merged into Romanticism20. The Realistic NovelThe English middle-class people were ready to cast away the aristocratic romance and to create a new and realistic literature of their own to express their ideas and serve their interests.The whole life in its ordinary aspects of the middle class became the major source of interest in literature.Major novelists: Daniel Defoe, Samuel Richardson, Henry Fielding, Laurence Sterne, Oliver Goldsmith, Tobias George Smollett…Point of viewThe method of narration that determines the position, or angle of vision from which the story is told.Commonly used points of view。