英国文学作品名字名词解释
英国文学名词解释
Ballad(民谣)In more exact literary terminology, a ballad is a narrative poem consisting of quatrains of iambic tetrameter alternating with iambic trimester. Common traits of the ballad are that(a) the beginning is often abrupt ,(b) the story is told through dialogue and action (c) the language is simple or “folksy,”(d) the theme is often tragic---though comic ballads do exist, (e) the ballad contains a refrain repeated several times. The ballad became popular in England in the late 14th century and was adopted by many writers. One of the most important anthologies of ballads is F. J. Child’s The English and Scottish Popular Ballads. 在更为精确的文学术语中，民谣指的是抑扬格四音步与抑扬格三音步诗行交替出现的四行叙事诗。
民谣的共同特色包括：（a）诗歌的起首通常十分出其不意。
（b）故事通过对话和行为讲述。
（c）语言简单，民风十足。
（d）尽管存在喜剧民谣，但大多数民谣的主题具有悲剧意味。
（e）民谣通常包含重复多遍的叠句。
民谣这种诗歌形式在14世纪晚期的英格兰十分盛行，从此以后许多作家对其进行模仿创作。
英国文学 名词解释
1.(1) Modernism (现代主义)A movement of experiment in new techniques in writing. Modernist fiction represented a trend drifting away from the tradition of the 19th century realism. It put emphasis on the description ogoometimes it is call ed modern psychological fiction. Lawrence is a typical representative of itRealism（现实主义）Realism was a loosely used term meaning truth to the observed facts of life （especially when they are gloomy）。
Realism in literature is an approach that attempts to describe life without idealization or romantic subjectivity.Realism现实主义: An elastic and ambiguous term with two meanings. (1) First, it refers generally to any artistic or literary portrayal of life in a faithful, accurate manner, unclouded by false ideals, literary conventions, or misplaced aesthetic glorification and beautification of the world. It is a theory or tendency in writing to depict events in human life in a matter-of-fact, straightforward manner. It is an attempt to reflect life "as it actually is"--a concept in some ways similar to what the Greeks would call mimesis. (2) Secondly and more specifically, realism refers to a literary movement that developed out of naturalism in the nineteenth and twentieth centuries. Although realism and the concern for aspects of verisimilitude have been components of literary art to one degree or another in nearly all centuries, the term realism also applies more specifically to the tendency to create detailed, probing analyses of the way "things really are," usually involving an emphasis on nearly photographic details.These writers include such diverse artists as Mark Twain, Tolstoy, &Thomas Hardy.Modernism（现代主义）: Around the two world wars, many writers and artists began to suspect and be discontent with the capitalism. They tried to find new ways to express their understanding of the world. It was a movement of experiments in techniques in writing. It flourished in the 20s and 30s in English literature.They turned their interest to describing what was happening in the minds of their characters. Because of their emphasis on the psychological activities of the characters, their writings are also called psychological novels. The Representatives are W.B. Yeats and T.S. Eliot,D.H. Lawrence, E.M. Foster, James Joyce and Virginia WoolfModernism: 1) The rise Of modernism movement Modernism rose out of skepticism and disillusionment of capitalism, which made writers and artists search for a new ways to express their understanding of the world and the human nature. The French symbolism was the forerunner ofmodernism. The First World War quickened the rising of all kinds of literary trends of modernism, which, toward the 1920s, converged into a mighty torrent of modernist movement. The major figures associated with the movement were Kafka, Picasso, Pound, Eliot, Joyce, and Virginia Woolf. Modernism was somewhat curbed in the 1930s. but after World War II, Varieties of modernism, or post-modernism, rose again with the spur of Sarter’s existentialism. However, they gradually disappe ared or diverged into other kinds of literary trends in the 1960s. 2) The characteristics of modernism ●Modernism marks a strong and conscious break with the past, by rejecting the moral, religious and cultural values of the past.●Modernism emphasizes on the need to move away from the public to the private, from the objective to the subjective. ●Modernism upholds a new view of time by emphasizing the psychic time over the chronological one. It maintains that the past, the present and the future are one and exist at the same time in the consciousness of individual as a continuous flow rather than a series of separate moments.●Modernism is, in many respects, a reaction against realism. It rejects rationalism, which is the theoretical base of realism; it excludes from its major concern the external, objective, material world, which is the only creative source of realism; it casts away almost all the traditional elements in literature like story, plot, character, chronological narration, etc., which are essential to realism. As a result, the works created by the modernist writers can often be labeled as anti-novel, anti-poetry or anti-drama[22] Realism:（写实主义） A term used in literature and art to present life as it really is without sentimentalizing or idealizing it. Realistic writing often depicts the everyday life and speech of ordinary people. This has led, sometimes to an emphasis on sordid details.Critical Realism (批判现实主义) Critical realism is one of the literary genres that flourished mainly in the 19th century. It reveals the corrupting influence of the rule of cash upon human nature. Here lies the essentially democratic and humanistic character of critical realism. The English critical realists of the 19th century not only gave a satirical portrayal of the bourgeoisie and all the ruling classes, but also showed profound sympathy for the common people. In their best works, they used humor and satire to contrast the greed and hypocrisy of the upper classes with the honesty and good-heartedness of the obscure “simple people” of the lower classes. Humorous scenes set off the actions of the positive characters, and the humor is often tinged with a lyricism which serves to stress the fine qualities of such characters. At the same time,bitter satire and grotesque is used to expose the seamy side of the bourgeois society. The critical realists, however, did not find a way to eradicate the social evils they knew so well. They did not realize the necessity of changing 4 the bourgeois society through conscious human effort. Their works do notpoint toward revolution but rather evolution or reformism. They often start with a powerful exposure of the ugliness of the bourgeois world in their works, but their novels usually have happy endings or an impotent compromise at the end. Here are the strength and weakness of critical realism. 批判现实主义是盛行于19世纪的文学流派之一，揭示了金钱控制一切对人性的恶劣影响，这正是19世纪批判现实主义民主和人文特点的根源。
英国文学的一些名词解释
英国文学的一些名词解释英国文学是世界文学宝库中的明珠，众多文学名著诞生于这片土地上。
提到英国文学，我们不仅仅要了解其中众多名著的作者和故事情节，我们还需要掌握一些专业术语和概念。
在本文中，我将为大家解释一些与英国文学相关的名词，帮助读者更好地理解英国文学的精髓。
一、浪漫主义浪漫主义是18世纪末到19世纪初兴起的一种文学运动，它强调个人感受、想象力和超凡脱俗的体验。
浪漫主义充满了激情和对自然、人类内心世界的热爱。
在英国文学史上，浪漫主义给予了众多优秀的作品，如《弗兰肯斯坦》、《唐吉诃德》等。
二、维多利亚时代维多利亚时代是指1837年至1901年英国女王维多利亚统治下的时期。
这个时代是英国工业革命达到巅峰的时期，但也是社会动荡和不平等的时期。
维多利亚时代的文学作品通常描写社会阶级落差、人性的复杂以及对女性地位的思考。
其中最著名的代表作品包括《雾都孤儿》、《呼啸山庄》等。
三、现代主义现代主义是20世纪初兴起的一种文学运动，它试图打破传统的叙事形式，挑战读者的理解和想象力。
现代主义作品通常以碎片化的结构、内心独白和流露出的不确定性为特点。
英国文学史上的现代主义代表作品有《尤利西斯》、《荒原》等。
四、战后文学战后文学是指第二次世界大战结束后，英国文学的新兴潮流。
在这一时期，英国文学持续呈现多样性和实验性。
战后文学关注社会变革、性别政治以及民族认同，并通过多种不同的写作风格和技巧来探索个体心理和文化理解。
该时期的代表作品包括《动物农场》、《1984》等。
五、北方现实主义北方现实主义是19世纪中叶至20世纪初期在英国出现的文学派别，它对于社会的现象和底层人民的生存状况进行了深刻而真实的描写。
北方现实主义作品通常关注社会困境和阶级冲突，以真实主义的手法展现人物的命运和社会环境的影响。
代表作品有《红与黑》、《战争与和平》等。
六、文学奖项文学奖项是评选和表彰优秀文学作品和作者的机构或组织举办的活动，也是文学界的重要盛事。
英国文学史名词解释
英国文学史名词解释英国文学史是西方文学史中重要的一个分支，它以英国作家的作品为研究对象，涵盖了从中世纪到现代的众多文学作品和文学流派。
在这篇文章中，我将解释一些与英国文学史相关的重要名词，帮助读者更好地理解和欣赏英国文学的发展历程。
1. Beowulf (《贝奥武夫》)《贝奥武夫》是一部古老的英国史诗，被认为是英国文学史上最早的重要文学作品之一。
它讲述了贝奥武夫这位英勇的斗士与怪物格列伦德之间的战斗，强调了英雄气概和荣誉观念。
2. Elizabethan Age (伊丽莎白时代)伊丽莎白时代是英国文学史上一段璀璨的时期，时间跨度大约是1558年到1603年，得名于当时的女王伊丽莎白一世。
莎士比亚和培根等众多杰出的文学家在这个时代涌现，他们的作品对英国戏剧和文学产生了深远的影响。
3. Restoration (复辟时期)复辟时期是指英国历史上查理二世复辟王朝（1660年至1688年）期间的文学时期。
在这个时期，英国文学经历了从古典主义到启蒙思想的转变，作家们开始关注社会问题，并使用更加通俗的语言创作。
4. Romanticism (浪漫主义)浪漫主义是18世纪末至19世纪初在英国兴盛的一种文学运动，它强调个人情感和情感共鸣，对自然界、个体感受和非理性有着强烈的兴趣。
威廉·华兹华斯、塞缪尔·柯勒律治和约翰·济慈等浪漫主义诗人的作品在这一时期达到了巅峰。
5. Victorian Era (维多利亚时代)维多利亚时代是19世纪英国的一个时期，得名于维多利亚女王。
这个时期的文学作品反映了当时社会的道德伦理观念和社会问题，女性权益和道德拯救等主题常常被探索和讨论。
查尔斯·狄更斯、艾米丽·勃朗特和托马斯·哈代是这个时期最著名的文学家之一。
6. Modernism (现代主义)现代主义是20世纪初在英国兴起的一种文学运动，它反对传统形式和传统价值观，并试图通过新颖的写作风格和形式来呈现当时复杂多变的现实。
（完整）英国文学名词解释大全（整理版）,推荐文档
（完整）英国文学名词解释大全（整理版）,推荐文档名词解释1.Epic(史诗)（appeared in the the Anglo-Saxon Period ）It is a narrative of heroic action, often with a principal hero, usually mythical in its content, grand in its style, offering inspiration and ennoblement within a particular culture or national tradition.A long narrative poem telling about the deeds of great hero and reflecting the values of the society from which it originated.Epic is an extended narrative poem in elevated or dignified language, like Homer’s Iliad & Odyssey. It usually celebrates the feats of one or more legendary or traditional heroes. The action is simple, but full of magnificence.Today, some long narrative works, like novels that reveal an age & its people, are also called epic.E.g. Beowulf （the pagan（异教徒），secular(非宗教的) poetry）Iliad 《伊利亚特》，Odyssey《奥德赛》Paradise Lost 《失乐园》，The Divine Comedy《神曲》2.Romance （传奇）(Anglo-Norman feudal England)Romance is any imaginative literature that is set in an idealized world and that deals with heroic adventures and battles between good characters and villains or monsters.Originally, the term referred to a medieval (中世纪) tale dealing with the love and adventures of kings, queens, knights, and ladies, and including supernatural happenings.Form:long composition, in verse, in proseContent:description of life and adventures of a noble hero Character:a knight, a man of noble birth, skilled in the use of weapons; often described as riding forth to seek adventures,taking part in tournaments(骑士比武), or fighting for his lord in battles; devoted to the church and the king ?Romance lacks general resemblance to truth or reality.It exaggerates the vices of human nature and idealizes the virtues.It contains perilous (dangerous) adventures more or less remote from ordinary life.It lays emphasis on supreme devotion to a fair lady.①The Romance Cycles/Groups/DivisionsThree Groups●matters of Britain Adventures of King Arthur and his Knights of the Round Table （亚瑟王和他的圆桌骑士）●matters of France Emperor Charlemagne and his peers●matters of Rome Alexander the Great and the attacks of TroyLe Morte D’Arthur （亚瑟王之死）②Class Nature (阶级性) of the RomanceLoyalty to king and lord was the theme of the romances, as loyalty was the corner-stone（the most important part基石）of feudal morality.The romances were composed not for the common but for the noble, of the noble, and by the poets patronized （supported 庇护,保护）by the noble.3. Alliteration（押头韵）: a repeated initial(开头的) consonant(协调,一致) to successive(连续的) words.e.g. 1.To his kin the kindest, keenest for praise.2.Sing a song of southern singer4. Understatement（低调陈述）（for ironical humor）not troublesome: very welcomeneed not praise: a right to condemn5. Chronicle《编年史》（a monument of Old English prose）6. Ballads （民谣）（The most important department of English folk literature ）①Definition:A ballad is a narrative poem that tells a story, and is usually meant to be sung or recited in musical form.An important stream of the Medieval folk literature②Features of English Ballads1. The ballads are in various English and Scottish dialects.2. They were created collectively and revised when handed down from mouth to mouth.3. They are mainly the literature of the peasants, and give an outlook of the English common people in feudal society.③Stylistic （风格上）Features of the Ballads1. Composed in couplets （相连并押韵的两行诗,对句）or in quatrains （四行诗）known as the ballad stanza （民谣诗节）, rhyming abab or abcb, with the first and third lines carrying 4 accented syllables （重读音节）and the second and fourth carrying 3.2. Simple, plain language or dialect （方言，土语）of the common people with colloquial （口语的，会话的）, vivid and, sometimes, idiomatic （符合当地语言习惯的）expressions3. Telling a good story with a vivid presentation around the central plot.4. Using a high proportion of dialogue with a romantic or tragic dimension （方面）to achieve dramatic effect.④Subjects of English Ballads1. struggle of young lovers2. conflict between love and wealth3. cruelty of jealousy4. criticism of the civil war5. matters of class struggle7. Heroic couplet （英雄双韵体）（introduced by Geoffrey Chaucer）Definition:the rhymed couplet of iambic pentameter; a verse form in epic poetry, with lines of ten syllables and five stresses, in rhyming pairs.英雄诗体/英雄双韵体：用于史诗或叙事诗，每行十个音节，五个音部，每两行押韵。
英国文学名词解释
英国文学名词解释英国文学I. Multiple choice 20’unit10--211. Charles dickens:小说：The Posthumous Papers of Pickwick Club《匹克威克外传》第一部长篇小说Oliver Twist《雾都孤儿》The Old Curiosity Shop《老古玩店》Dombey and Son《董贝父子》Bleak House《荒凉山庄》David Copperfield《大卫·科波菲尔》 A Tale of Two Cities《双城记》Great Expectation《远大前程》课本选文：《great expectation》Characters: Pipe, Joe, Magwitch, Estella, Miss Havisham描写主人公匹普的生活经历和心理发展，揭示他对上等生活的种种渴望和幻想破灭后的道德感受和精神反思过程。
作品把个人生活经历同社会批判结合起来，突出显示社会各种邪恶势力对主人公心理成长的影响。
并含蓄的批判了大英帝国对殖民地进行剥削掠夺的事实。
2.Victorian Poets⑴ Alfred Tennyson (the most popular poet in England in Victorian Age, Poet Laureate桂冠诗人) Works：Poems by Tow Brothers《两兄弟诗集》1827 The Princess《公主》1847 In Memoriam A.H.H.《悼念》1850 Maud《毛黛》1855Enoch Arden《伊诺克·阿登》1864 Idylls of the King《国王之歌》1859-85Crossing the Bar《过沙洲》The charge of the light brigade 《轻骑旅进攻》Tear，idle tears《泪水，无端地流》1.Terms explanation 5’*4Dramatic monologue: dramatic monologue in poetry, alsoknown as a persona poem, shares many characteristics with a theatrical monologue; an audience is implied; there is no dialogue; and the poet speaks through an assumed voice-- a character , a fictional identity, or a persona.A poem in which the speaker reveals his or her character through an extended speech or a one-way dialogue. A lyric poem in which the speaker addresses a silent listener, revealing himself/herself in the context of a dramatic situation. The speaker provides information, not only about his/her personality, but also about the time, the setting, the key events, and any other characters involved in the situation at hand.Aesthetic movement: the aesthetic movement, occurred during the late 19th century from about 1868 to about 1900,is a 19th century European design style that emphasized aesthetic values more than social-political theme for literature, fine art, the decorative and interior design. It was part of the anti-19th century reaction and had post-romantic origins, and as such anticipates modernism.Britain the best representatives were Oscar and Algernon Charles Swinburne. The slogan of the movement is “Art for Art’s Sake”, the artists and writers of the Aesthetic movement tended to profess that the Arts should provide refined sensuous or pleasure, rather than convey moral or sentimental messages. Instead, they believed that Art did not have any didactic purpose, it need only be beautiful.Steam of consciousness: it is a narrative device that attempts to give the written equivalent of thecharacter’s thought processes, eit her in a loose interior monologue, or in connection to his or her actions. Stream-of-consciousness writing is usually regarded as a special form of interior monologue and is characterized by associative leaps inthought and lack of some or all punctuation.Epiphany: it refers to a sudden revelation of truth about life inspired by a seemingly trivial incident, it is a spiritual and intellectual illumination of the nature of a thing ,or a sudden revelation of spiritual or moral meaning, usually as to the essential being of a person or thing.Naturalism: it describes a type of literature that attempts to apply scientific principles of objectivity and detachment to its study of human beings. Unlike realism, which focus on literary technique, naturalism implies a philosophical position: for naturalistic writers, since human beings are, in Emile Zola’s phrase, “human beats,” characters can be studied through their relationships to their surroundings.Metafiction: metafiction is essentially writing about writing or “foregrounding the apparatus”, making the artificiality of art or the fictionality of fiction apparent to the reader and generally disregards the necessity for “ willful suspension of disbelief ”. It is often employed to undermine the authority of the author, for unexpected narrative shifts, to advance a story in a unique way, for emotional distance, or to comment on the art of storytelling.胡敏Metafiction is a term given to fictional writing which self-consciously and systematically draws attention to its status as an artifact in order to pose questions about the relationship between fiction and reality. In providing a critique of their own methods of construction, such writings not only examine the fundamental structures of narrative fiction, they also explore the possible fictionality of the world outside the literary fictional text.。
英国文学名词解释
英国文学名词解释英国文学是指在英国境内产生的文学作品，包括散文、诗歌、戏剧等多种文学形式。
以下是一些与英国文学相关的名词解释：1. 莎士比亚戏剧（Shakespearean Drama）：指威廉·莎士比亚所创作的戏剧作品，包括《哈姆雷特》、《罗密欧与朱丽叶》等。
2. 简·奥斯汀小说（Jane Austen Novels）：指英国女作家简·奥斯汀所写的一系列小说，主要描写中上层社会的生活，包括《傲慢与偏见》、《理智与情感》等。
3. 浪漫主义（Romanticism）：指18世纪末至19世纪初的一种文艺运动，强调情感、个人主义和自然之美，代表作家有威廉·华兹华斯、塞缪尔·柯勒律治等。
4. 维多利亚时期文学（Victorian Literature）：指19世纪中后期的英国文学，以女王维多利亚统治时期为背景，作品内容反映了社会变革和道德观念的转变，代表作家有查尔斯·狄更斯、乔治·艾略特等。
5. 符号主义（Symbolism）：指19世纪末20世纪初的一种文学流派，强调象征和隐喻的运用，代表作家有奥斯卡·王尔德、D·H·劳伦斯等。
6. 现代主义（Modernism）：指20世纪初的一种思潮和文学流派，以对现代社会的批判和对传统形式的挑战为特点，代表作家有弗吉尼亚·伍尔夫、詹姆斯·乔伊斯等。
7. 女性主义文学（Feminist Literature）：指关注女性经验和性别平等的文学作品，代表作家有弗吉尼亚·伍尔夫、玛格丽特·阿特伍德等。
8. 后现代主义（Postmodernism）：指二战后出现的一种思潮和文学流派，强调对现实的怀疑和对语言的游戏性，代表作家有萨缪尔·贝克特、艾里奥·卡尔维诺等。
9. 科幻文学（Science Fiction）：指描写未来社会和科技发展的文学作品，代表作家有霍华德·菲利普斯·洛夫克拉夫特、艾萨克·阿西莫夫等。
(完整word版)英国文学 名词解释
1.(1) Modernism （现代主义)A movement of experiment in new techniques in writing. Modernist fic tion represented a trend drifting away from the tradition of the 19th century realism。
It put emphasis on the description ogoometimes it is called modern psychological fiction. Lawrence is a typical representative of itRealism（现实主义)Realism was a loosely used term meaning truth to the observed facts of life （especially when they are gloomy）。
Realism in literature is an approach that attempts to describe life without idealization or romantic subjectivity。
Realism现实主义： An elastic and ambiguous term with two meanings。
（1） First, it refers generally to any artistic or literary portrayal of life in a faithful， accurate manner, unclouded by false ideals, literary conventions, or misplaced aesthetic glorification and beautification of the world。
外国文学名词解释
外国文学名词解释一、名词解释1、威塞克斯小说是指十九世纪英国现实主义小说家哈代以他的故乡多塞特郡（古称威塞克斯）地区为背景的小说。
这些作品反映了资本主义渗入农村后，小农破产的悲惨命运，深刻揭露了使人窒息的资产阶级道德和法律的虚伪性。
主要作品有《还乡》、《卡斯特桥市长》、《德伯家的苔丝》等。
小说人物形象突出，感情炽热，内心生活丰富，而且他们都生活在富有特色的环境下，环境烘托着他们的命运，因此又称“性格和环境小说”2、解冻文学西方学者对20世纪50年代至60年代中期苏联文艺思潮的概括，因爱伦堡的中篇小说《解冻》得名。
“解冻文学”倡导人道主义和写真实，表现出干预生活、写阴暗面、表现重大社会政治问题，关注人的命运的创作倾向。
主要作品有奥维奇金《区里的日常生活》、爱伦堡《解冻》等。
3、拜伦式英雄是拜伦塑造的一系列叛逆者形象。
主要有异教徒（《异教徒》）、康拉德（《海盗》）、莱拉（《莱拉》）、阿尔普（《柯林斯的围攻》）、曼弗雷特（《曼弗雷特》）。
他们的精神面貌和性格并不完全一致，但有共同的基本特征：高傲、孤独、倔强，他们都有不凡的才能和力量，为了个人自由与爱情幸福而斗争，具有强烈坚定的反叛热情，但无明确的政治目标，大都带有个人主义和无政府主义倾向，最后往往遭到失败或死亡。
4、湖畔派湖畔派指19世纪前期住在英国北部昆布兰湖区的华兹华斯、柯勒律治和骚塞三诗人结成的诗歌流派。
他们有共同的政治态度和文学主张，对资本主义文明及人与人之间的金钱关系极为不满，反对古典主义清规戒律。
他们的诗歌或讴歌宗法式的农村生活和自然风景，或描写奇异神秘的故事和异国风光。
华兹华斯的《丁登寺》和柯勒律治的《古舟子咏》被认为优秀的作品。
5、社会主义现实主义是一种文学艺术的创作方法。
1934年全苏第一次作家代表大会上被正式确定下来，并且写入协作章程。
其含义是“要求艺术家从现实的革命发展中真实地、历史具体地描写现实；同时艺术描写的真实性和历史具体必须与社会主义精神从思想上改造和教育劳动人民的任务结合起来”。
外国文学2名词解释
威塞克斯小说：指19世纪英国作家哈代现实主义创作的最高成就是一类被他称作“性格与环境”的小说，包括：《远离尘嚣》、《还乡》、《卡斯特桥市长》、《德伯家的苔丝》、《无名的裘德》等。
由于这些小说主要以英国西南部多塞特郡及附近地区为背景，哈代在小说中给它起了一个假想的名字“威塞克斯”，所以又称之为“威塞克斯小说”。
这类作品一般以威塞克斯人的命运不测为主题，具有浓郁的悲剧色彩。
复调小说：复调本是音乐术语，指多声部音乐，著名文艺家巴赫金称陀氏的小说是“复调小说”，复调性指的是“多声部”小说、全面对话的小说，复调小说的主人公不仅是作家描写的对象和客体，也是存在着独立意识、表现自己观念的主体，主人公与作家的关系是平等的对话的关系，各自有其独立意识，不可替代。
陀思妥耶夫斯基的《罪与罚》是复调小说的典范。
小人物：19世纪俄国文学中由普希金开创的一类艺术形象。
他们是小公务员或城市底层人民的典型，社会地位卑微，在经济上极度贫困，他们的安分守己、性格懦弱，胆小怕事，不敢反抗，成为被侮辱被损害的对象。
普希金的《驿站长》里德维林是第一个小人物的形象，果戈里、陀斯妥耶夫斯基都塑造过这类人物形象。
多余人：19 世纪30年代以后俄国文学史中出现的一类贵族青年典型。
他们出身于贵族，接受了西方启蒙主义思想，有民主自由的要求，要求变革专制农奴制的社会现实，但由于他们阶级和自身的局限性，自恃清高，与周围的人格格不入，远离人民，想要有所作为而实际上无所作为，忧郁苦闷，最终一事无成，成为生活中的“多余人”。
普希金笔下的奥涅金是第一个“多余人”形象，莱蒙托夫笔下的毕巧林，屠格涅夫笔下的罗亭，冈察洛夫笔下的奥勃洛摩夫都属于“多余人”形象。
自然派：指19世纪40年代--60年代，以果戈理为代表的俄国现实主义文学流派，真实描写和强烈批判沙俄农奴制罪恶，以下层人民为作品主人公，同情下层人民，反映人民疾苦，描绘现实日常生活图景。
具有民主主义和人道主义的倾向。
外国文学名词解释
一、名词解释1、威塞克斯小说是指十九世纪英国现实主义小说家哈代以他的故乡多塞特郡（古称威塞克斯）地区为背景的小说。
这些作品反映了资本主义渗入农村后，小农破产的悲惨命运，深刻揭露了使人窒息的资产阶级道德和法律的虚伪性。
主要作品有《还乡》、《卡斯特桥市长》、《德伯家的苔丝》等。
小说人物形象突出，感情炽热，内心生活丰富，而且他们都生活在富有特色的环境下，环境烘托着他们的命运，因此又称“性格和环境小说”2、解冻文学西方学者对20世纪50年代至60年代中期苏联文艺思潮的概括，因爱伦堡的中篇小说《解冻》得名。
“解冻文学”倡导人道主义和写真实，表现出干预生活、写阴暗面、表现重大社会政治问题，关注人的命运的创作倾向。
主要作品有奥维奇金《区里的日常生活》、爱伦堡《解冻》等。
3、拜伦式英雄是拜伦塑造的一系列叛逆者形象。
主要有异教徒（《异教徒》）、康拉德（《海盗》）、莱拉（《莱拉》）、阿尔普（《柯林斯的围攻》）、曼弗雷特（《曼弗雷特》）。
他们的精神面貌和性格并不完全一致，但有共同的基本特征：高傲、孤独、倔强，他们都有不凡的才能和力量，为了个人自由与爱情幸福而斗争，具有强烈坚定的反叛热情，但无明确的政治目标，大都带有个人主义和无政府主义倾向，最后往往遭到失败或死亡。
4、湖畔派湖畔派指19世纪前期住在英国北部昆布兰湖区的华兹华斯、柯勒律治和骚塞三诗人结成的诗歌流派。
他们有共同的政治态度和文学主张，对资本主义文明及人与人之间的金钱关系极为不满，反对古典主义清规戒律。
他们的诗歌或讴歌宗法式的农村生活和自然风景，或描写奇异神秘的故事和异国风光。
华兹华斯的《丁登寺》和柯勒律治的《古舟子咏》被认为优秀的作品。
5、社会主义现实主义是一种文学艺术的创作方法。
1934年全苏第一次作家代表大会上被正式确定下来，并且写入协作章程。
其含义是“要求艺术家从现实的革命发展中真实地、历史具体地描写现实；同时艺术描写的真实性和历史具体必须与社会主义精神从思想上改造和教育劳动人民的任务结合起来”。
英国文学名词解释
1．Romance: a long composition; in verse or in prose; describing the life and adventures of a noble hero; especially for the knight. The most popular theme employed was the legend of King Arthur and the round table knight.2．Ballad民谣: a story told in song; usually in four-line stanzas; with the second and fourth lines rhymed.3．Heroic Couplet英雄偶句诗: a couplet consisting of two rhymed lines of iambic pentameter; and written in an elevated style. 4．Renaissance: a revival or rebirth of the artistic and scientific revival which originated in Italy in the 14th century and gradually spread all over Europe. It has two features: a thirsting curiosity for the classical literature and keen interest in activities of humanity.5．Sonnet 14行诗: 14-line lyric poem; usually written in rhymed iambic pentameter.6．Blank verse无韵诗: poetry written in unrhymed iambic pentameter. 7．Enlightenment启蒙运动: a revival of interest in the old classical works; logic; order; restrained emotion and accuracy. 8．Neoclassicism新古典主义: the Enlightenment brought about a revival of interest in Greek and Roman works. This tendency is known as Neoclassicism.9．Sentimentalism感情主义: it was one of the important trends inEnglish literature of the later decades of the 18 century. It concentrated on the free expression of thoughts and emotions; and presented a new view of human nature which prized feeling over thinking; passion over reason.10．Romanticism: imagination; emotion and freedom are certainly the focal points of romanticism. The particular characteristics of the literature of romanticism include: subjectivity and an emphasis on individualism; freedom from rules; solitary life rather then life in society; the beliefs that imagination is superior to reason; and love of and worship of nature.11．Lake Poets: the English poets who lived in and drew inspiration from the Lake District at the beginning of the 19th century. 12．Byronic Heroes拜伦式英雄: a variant of the Romantic heroes as a type of character enthusiasm; persistence; pursuing freedom; named after the English Romantic Poet Gordon Byron. 13．Aestheticism唯美主义: an art movement supporting the emphasis of aesthetic values more than socio-political themes for literature; fine art; music and other arts.14．Stream-of-Consciousness: it is a literary technique that presents the thoughts and feelings of a character as they occur without any clarification by the author. It is a narrative mode. 15．Dramatic Monologue戏剧独白16．Iambic Pentameter抑扬格五音步: a poetic line consisting of five verse feet; with each foot an unstressed syllable followed by a stressed syllable; that is; with each foot an iamb.17．Epic史诗: a long narrative poem telling about the deeds of a great hero and reflecting the values of the society from which it originated.18．Elegy挽歌: a poem of mourning; usually over the death of an individual; may also be a lament over the passing of life and beauty or a meditation of the nature of death; a type of lyric poem. 19．Spenserian Stanza斯宾塞诗体: a nine-line stanza made up of 8 lines of iambic pentameter ending with an Alexandrine. Its thyme scheme is ababbcbcc. This stanza was common to travel literature.1.杰弗里乔叟：the Father of English Poetry; The Canterbury Tales 埃特伯雷故事集24stories2.Thomas More: Utopia乌托邦- the communication between more and the traveler which just came back from Utopia.3.: the first English Essayist; Essays随笔集- Of Studies; Of Truth philosophical and literary works4. Poet's poet; The Fairy Queen仙后to Queen Elizabeth I四大悲剧：1奥瑟罗叙述摩尔人贵族瑟罗由于听信手下旗官伊阿古的谗言;被嫉妒所压倒;掐死了无辜妻子苔丝狄蒙娜;随后自己也悔恨自杀..奥瑟罗是个襟怀坦白、英勇豪爽的战士;苔丝德蒙娜天真痴情;毅然爱上了他;不顾家庭的反对和社会的歧视;同他结了婚..但是;他们的爱情虽然战胜了种族歧视;却没有逃脱伊阿古的阴谋陷害..伊阿古假装忠诚;心地奸诈;由于升不上副将;就对奥瑟罗怀恨在心;千方百计害死奥瑟罗夫妇;最后自己也得不到好下场..通过这个形象;莎士比亚对原始积累时期新兴资产阶级中的极端利已主义进行了深刻的揭露和批判..2李尔王描写一个专制独裁的昏君;由于刚愎自用;遭受到一场悲惨的结局..悲剧的目的同样在于揭露原始积累时期的利已主义;批判对于权势、财富的贪欲..悲剧还反映了当时广大农民流离失所的英国现实..在第三幕第四场里;李尔被两个女儿驱逐出门以后;跑到暴风雨的荒野;诅咒女儿忘恩负义..在雷电交加中;李尔对穷苦的人们喊道：“衣不蔽体的不幸的人们;无论你们在什么地方;都得忍受着这样无情的暴风雨的袭击;你们的头上没有片瓦遮身;你们的腹中饥肠雷动;你们的衣服千疮百孔;怎么抵挡得了这样的气候呢”这里;莎士比亚通过李尔的口表达了他对无家可归的农民的同情;同时也是对当代现实的揭露..但是;紧接着上面那段话之后;李尔说道：“安享荣华的人们呵;睁开你们的眼睛来;到外面来体味一下穷人所忍受的苦;分一些你们享用不了的福泽给他们;让上天知道你们不是全无心肝的人吧这种求助于剥削阶级发善心以解决社会矛盾的想法;正是一种调和阶级矛盾的人道主义思想..3麦克白野心家麦克白将军从战场上立功凯旋;由于野心的驱使和妻子的怂恿;利用国王邓肯到自己家中作客的机会;弑君而自立;最后;这个血腥的篡位者被邓肯的儿子和贵族麦克德夫所战败而死去..他的妻子也因精神分裂而死..这出悲剧深刻地揭示出个人野心对人所起的腐蚀作用;是莎士比亚心理描写的杰作..4哈姆莱特1601是莎士比亚戏剧创作的最高成就;写的是丹麦王子哈姆莱特为父复仇的故事..悲剧的情节是这样的：丹麦王子哈姆莱特;在德国威登堡大学接受人文主义教育..因为父王突然死去;怀着沉痛的心情回到祖国；不久;母后又同新王——他的叔父结婚;使他更加难堪..新王声言老王是在花园里被毒蛇咬死的;王子正在疑惑时;老王的鬼魂向他显现;告诉他“毒蛇”就是新王;并嘱咐他为父复仇..哈姆莱特认为他这复仇不只是他个人的问题;而是整个社会、国家的问题..他说自己有重整乾坤;挽狂澜于既倒的责任..他考虑问题的各个方面;又怕泄漏心事;又怕鬼魂是假</PGN0315.TXT/PGN>的;怕落入坏人的圈套;心烦意乱;忧郁不欢;只好装疯卖傻..同时;他叔父也怀疑他得知隐秘;派人到处侦察他的行动和心事..甚至利用他的两个老同学和他的情人去侦察他..他趁戏班子进宫演出的机会;改编一出阴谋杀兄的旧戏文贡札古之死叫戏班子演出;来试探叔父..戏未演完;叔父做贼心虚;坐立不住;仓皇退席..这样;更证明叔父的罪行属实..叔父觉得事情不妙;隐私可能已被发觉..宫内大臣波洛涅斯献计;让母后叫儿子到私房谈话;自己躲在帷幕后边偷听；王子发现幕后有人;以为是叔父;便一剑把他刺死..从此;奸王使用借刀杀人法;派他去英国;并让监视他去的两个同学带去密信一封;要英王在王子上岸时就杀掉他；但被哈姆莱特察觉半路上掉换了密信;反而叫英王杀掉了两个密使；他自己却跳上海盗船;脱险回来..回来后知道情人奥菲莉娅因父死、爱人远离而发疯落水溺死..奸王利用波洛涅斯的儿子雷欧提斯为父复仇的机会;密谋在比剑中用毒剑、毒酒来置哈姆莱特于死地..结果;哈、雷二人都中了毒剑;王后饮了毒酒;奸王也被刺死..王子临死遗嘱好友霍拉旭传播他的心愿.. C:鉴赏与品评:莎士比亚的悲剧主要是理想与现实的矛盾和理想的破灭..如哈剧中安排三条复仇线索;以王子复仇为主线;另两条线索穿插糅合其间..李剧中也有两条平行交错的线索..其次;人物形象鲜明;作者善于深入刻画人物的内心世界;使其性格更丰满深刻..如哈姆雷特的着名独白;富有哲理性..麦克白杀人后精神崩溃的过程更是刻画得细腻真切..此外;作者还善于渲染气氛;营造悲剧性的氛围;烘托人物的心理活动..如麦剧中夜与血的形象贯穿始终;阴森恐怖..李剧中暴雨荒原一场;激烈哀愤喜剧：A Midsummer Night's Dream仲夏夜之梦;The Merchant of Venice 威尼斯商人;As You Like It皆大欢喜；Twelfth Night第十二夜悲喜剧：Romeo and Juliet罗密欧与朱丽叶5. Paradise Lost失乐园a revolt against God's authority; Paradise Regained复乐园how Christ overcame Santa ——stories were taken from Bible6.John Bunyan: the son of Renaissance; Pilgrim's Progress天路历程imagination; shadowing; realistic religious allegory7.George Gordon Byron: vigorous; strong and beautiful; Childe Harold's Pilgrimage恰尔德哈罗尔德游记spenserian stanza; fights for liberty; Don Juan唐璜a broad critical picture of European life; When We Two Parted昔日依依别；She Walks in Beauty她走在美的光影中；The Isles of Greece哀希腊8.: Ode to the West Wind西风颂-赞颂西风;希望与其紧密相连; Prometheus Unbound解放了的普罗米修斯the victory for man's struggle against tyranny and oppression9.Jane Austen: wit; dry humour; subtle irony;realistic; Pride and Prejudice傲慢与偏见Elizabeth and Darcy；Sense and Sensibility理智与情感；Emma爱玛10.: critical realist writer; humour; wit; happy endings; A Tale of Two Cities双城记London & Paris; where there is oppression; there is revolution; David Copperfield大卫科波菲尔；Oliver Twist雾都孤儿；Hard Time艰难时世；Great Expectations远大前程； Dombey and Son董贝父子；Pickwick Papers匹克威克外传11.我已故的公爵夫人 7.The Bronte Sisters: ：简·爱是一个心地纯洁、善于思考的女性;她生活在社会底层;受尽磨难..但她有倔强的性格和勇于追求平等幸福的精神..小说以浓郁抒情的笔法和深刻细腻的心理描写;引人入胜地展示了男女主人公曲折起伏的爱情经历;歌颂了摆脱一切旧习俗和偏见..扎根于相互理解、相互尊重的基础之上的深挚爱情;具有强烈的震撼心灵的艺术力量..其最为成功之处在于塑造了一个敢于反抗;敢于争取自由和平等地位的妇女形象.. Emily: Wuthering Heights呼啸山庄：描写吉卜赛弃儿希斯克利夫被山庄老主人收养后;因受辱和恋爱不遂;外出致富;回来后对与其女友凯瑟琳结婚的地主林顿及其子女进行报复的故事..。
英国文学名词解释
Ode 颂诗A complex and often lengthen lyric poem, written in a dignified formal style on some lofty or serious subject. Odes are often written for a special occasion, to honor a person or a season or to commemorate an event.Ottava Rima八行体诗A form of eight line stanza. The rhyme sheme is abababcc. Don Juan by George Gordon, Lord Bryon is written in Ottava Rima.Oxymoron 矛盾修饰A figure of speech that combines opposite or contradictory ideas or terms. An oxymoron suggests a paradox, but it does so very briefly, usually in two or three words, such “living death”“dear emery”“sweet sorrow”Paradox 似是而非的隽语A statement that reveals a kind of truth, although it seems at first to be self contradictory and untrue.Pastoral田园诗，牧歌A type of poem that deals in an idealized way with shepherds and rustic life.Pathos哀婉The quality in a work of literature or art that arouses the reader’s feelings of pity, sorrow or compassion for a character.Psalm 赞美诗，圣歌A song or lyric poem in praise of God. The term usually refers to the one hundred and fifty sacred lyrics in the Book of Psalms in the Bible.Pun 双关The use of a word or phrase to suggest two or more meanings at the same time. Puns are generously humorous.Realism现实主义The attempt in literature and art to represent life as it really is, without sentimentalizing or idealizing it. Realistic writing often depicts the everyday life and speech of ordinary people.Romanticism 浪漫主义A literary movement of the late 18th and early 19th centuries. Romantic literature generally exhibits some of these six characteristics 1/a profound love o fnature 2/a focus on the self and the individual 3/a fascination with the supernatural, thee mysterious, the gothic 4/a yearning for the picturesque and the exotic 5/a deep-rooted idealism 6/a passionate nationalism or love of country.Satire 讽刺A kind of writing that holds up to ridicule or contempt the weaknesses and wrongdoings of individuals, groups, institutions, or humanity in general. The aim is to set a moral standard for society, and they attempt to persuade the reader to see their point of view through the force of laughter. Swift’ Gulliver’ Travels is the best satirical work.Stanza诗节A group of lines which are set off and form a division in a poem.Stream of consciousness 意识流The style of writing that attempts to imitate the natural flow of a character’s thoughts, feelings, reflections, memories, and mental images as the character experiences them.Symbolism象征主义A writing technique of using symbols. To the symbolist poets, an emotion is indefinite and therefore difficult to communicate. Symbolist poets tend to avoid any direct statement of meaning. Instead, they work through emotionally powerful symbols that suggest meaning and mood.Wit 机智A brilliance and quickness of perception combined with a cleverness of expression. Personification拟人A figure of speech in which something nonhuman is given human qualities. Naturalism 自然主义An extreme form of realism. Naturalistic writers usually depict the sordid side of life and show characters who are severely, if not hopelessly, limited by their environment or heredity.Lost generation 迷惘的一代this term has used again and again to describe the people of the postwar years. When the first world war broke out, many young men volunteered to take part in “the war to end all wars” only to find that modern warfare was not as glorious or heroic as they thought it to be. Disillusioned and disgusted by the frivolous, greedy, and heedless way of life in America, they began to write and they wrote from their own experience in the war. Among these young writers were the most prominent figures in American literature。
英国文学名词解释
①Beowulf: The national heroic epic of the English people. It has over 3,000 lines. It describes the battles between the two monsters and Beowulf, who won the battle finally and dead for the fatal wound. The poem ends with the funeral of the hero. The most striking feature in its poetical form is the use if alliteration. Other features of it are the use of metaphors(暗喻) and of understatements(含蓄).②Alliteration: In alliterative verse, certain accented(重音) words in a line begin with the same consonant sound(辅音). There are generally 4accents in a line, 3 of which show alliteration, as can be seen from the above quotation.③Romance:The most prevailing(流行的) kind of literature in feudal England was the Romance. It was a long composition, sometimes in verse(诗篇), sometimes in prose(散文), describing the life and adventures of a noble hero, usually a knight, as riding forth to seek adventures, taking part in tournament(竞赛), or fighting for his lord in battle and the swearing of oaths.④Epic:An epic is a lengthy narrative poem, ordinarily concerning a serious subject containing details of heroic deeds and events significantly to a culture or nation. The first epics are known as primacy, or original epics.⑤Ballad: The most important department of English folk literature is the ballad which is a story told in song, usually in 4-line stanzas(诗节), with the second and fourth lines rhymed. The subjects of ballads are various in kind, as the struggle of young lovers against their feudal-minded families, the conflict between love and wealth, the cruelty of jealousy, the criticism of the civil war, and the matters and class struggle. The paramount(卓越的) important ballad is Robin Hood(《绿林好汉》).⑥Geoffrey Chaucer杰弗里▪乔叟: He was an English author, poet, philosopher and diplomat. He is the founder of English poetry. He obtained a good knowledge of Latin, French and Italian. His best remembered narrative is the Canterbury Tales(《坎特伯雷故事集》), which the Prologue(序言) supplies a miniature(缩影) of the English society of Chaucer’s time. That is why Chaucer has been called “the founder of English realism”. Chaucer affirms men and women’s right to pursue their happiness on earth and opposes(反对) the dogma of asceticism(禁欲主义) preached(鼓吹) by the church. As a forerunner of humanism, he praises man’s energy, intellect, quick wit and love of life. Chaucer’s contribution to English poetry lies chiefly in the fact that he introduced from France the rhymed stanza of various types, especially the rhymed couplet of 5 accents in iambic(抑扬格) meter(the “heroic couplet”) to English poetry, instead of the old Anglo-Saxon alliterative verse.⑦【William Langland威廉▪朗兰: Piers the Plowman《农夫皮尔斯》】The English Bible:The first complete English Bible was translated by John Wycliffe(约翰▪威克里夫). The Authorized Version is King James Bible made in 1611. The result is a monument of English language and English literature.Renaissance:Renaissance or the birth of letters is an intellectual movement. Its two features are a thirsting curiosity for the classical literature and the keen interest in the activities of humanity. Humanism is the key-note of the Renaissance.William Caxton威廉▪卡克斯顿: He is the first English printer and invented in England the profession of publisher.Thomas More托马斯▪莫尔:The greatest of the English humanists was Thomas More, the author of Utopia《乌托邦》. He is also one of such “giants”(巨匠) of the Renaissance. He distinguished himself as a learned scholar, a master of Latin, a witty talker, a lover of music, an honest statesman , and a man of noble character, modest but steadfast(坚定的), to his convictions. He was a far-sighted thinker, aspired for a totally new society with happy, classless, and free from poverty and exploitation. He was one of the forerunners of modern socialist thought.Utopia:It is More’s masterpiece, written in the form of a conservation between More and Hythloday, a returned voyager. It is divided into two books. The first book contains a long discussion on the social conditions of England. In the second book is described in detail an ideal communist society, Utopia. The name “Utopia” comes from Greek words meaning “no place” and was adopted by More as the name of his ideal commonwealth.Philip Sidney菲利普▪锡德尼: He is well-known as a poet and critic of poetry. His collection of love sonnets, Astrophel and Stella《爱星者与星》, was published in 1591.Edmund Spenser埃德蒙▪斯宾塞(莎翁之前最杰出的英国诗人)：The poet’s poet of the period was ES who was buried beside Chaucer in Westminster Abbey. ES has held his position as a model of poetical art among the Renaissance English poets, and his influence can be traced in the works of Milton, Shelley, and Keats. ES is the first master to make that language the natural music of his poetic effusions(感情的流露). His sonnets in Amoretti, together with Sidney’s Astrophel and Stella and Shakespeare’s sonnets ,are the most famous sonnet sequences of the Elizabeth Age.【In 1579 he wrote The Shepherd’s Calendar《牧人日记》which marked the budding(萌芽) of the Renaissance flower in the northern island of England. The faerie Queen 《仙后》is his greatest work which was dedicated to Queen Elizabeth.】Francis Bacon: He is the founder of English materialist philosophy and the founder of modern science in England. His New Instrument is called the Inductive Method of reasoning. He is also the first English essayist. To give a few, “Men fear death as children fear to go in the dark..”“Studies serve for delight.”“Reading makes a full man; conference a ready man; and writing anexact man.”Drama: The Miracle Play圣迹剧The Morality Play道德剧寓意剧The Interlude幕间节目Christopher Marlowe克里斯托弗·马洛: The most gifted of the “university wits”was Christopher Marlowe. His best work include 3 of his plays, Tamburlaine《帖木儿大帝》(1587), The Jew of Malta《马耳岛的犹太人》(1592), and Doctor Faustus《浮士德博士》(1588). He was the greatest of the pioneers of English drama. His work paved the way for the plays of the greatest English dramatist——Shakespeare——whose achievements were the monument of the English Renaissance. 【His plays show the spirit of the rising bourgeoisie, its eager curiosity for knowledge, its towering pride, its insatiable(不知足的) appetite for power won by military, might, knowledge, or gold. The theme of his plays is the praise of individuality freed from the restraints of medieval dogmas and law, and the conviction of the boundless possibility of human efforts in conquering the universe. The heroes in his plays are merely individualists, their individualistic ambition often brings ruin to the world and sometimes to themselves.】William Shakespeare: Shakespeare is one of the founders of realism in world literature. His dramatic creation often used the method of adaptation. Shakespeare long experience with the stage and his intimate knowledge of dramatic art thus acquired make him a master hand for playwriting. Shakespeare was skilled in many poetic forms: the song, the sonnet, the couplet, and the dramatic blank verse. He was especially at home with the blank verse. Shakespeare was a great master of the English language. Shakespeare has been universally acknowledged to be the summit of the English Renaissance, and one of the greatest writers over the world.①The great comedies:A Midsummer Might’s Dream, The Merchant of Venice, As You Like It,Twelfth Night.②The great tragedies:Hamlet, Othello, King Lear, Macbeth.The Merchant of V enice:威尼斯富商安东尼奥Antonio为了成全好友巴萨尼奥Bassanio的婚事，向犹太人高利贷者夏洛克Shylock借债。
bildungsroman名词解释 英国文学
bildungsroman名词解释英国文学
"Bildungsroman"是一种德国词汇，由两个部分组成：Bildung （意为教育）和Roman（意为小说）。
在英国文学中，Bildungsroman是指一种以主人公成长、发展和嬗变为主题的长篇小说体裁。
这种小说通常描述主人公从青少年时期到成年期的故事，主要关注他们在社会、道德和愿望方面的成长和变化。
Bildungsroman小说的特点包括以下几点：
1. 主人公经历一系列的挫折和成长，从而获得智慧和成熟；
2. 故事通常以第一人称的叙述方式展开，读者可以深入了解主人公的内心世界和思想；
3. 小说往往描绘了主人公与社会、家庭和教育制度的关系，强调教育对塑造个性和价值观的重要性；
4. 主人公通常会在经历各种经历后找到自己的道路，并实现自己的个人目标。
英国文学中的一些典型的Bildungsroman小说包括：查尔斯·狄更斯的《雾都孤儿》、伊丽莎白·盖斯凯尔的《简·爱》、塞缪尔·贝克特的《摇篮》等。
这些小说通过描绘主人公的成长和学习过程，反映了社会变革和个体发展的复杂性。
英国文学作品名字名词解释
Part One: Early and Medieval English LiteratureWhat’s epic?Epic is one of the ancient types of poetry and plays a very important role in early development of literature and civilization. An epic is a long narrative poem of great scale and grandiose style about the heroes who are usually warriors or even demigods. It deals with noble characters and heroic deeds.Basically, it is a story about hero, more significantly, it reflects national history.The significance of Beowulf:It sings of the exciting adventures of a great legendary hero whose physical strength demonstrates his high spiritual qualities, i.e. his resolution to serve his country and kind folk, his true courage, courteous conduct, and his love of honor. In the poem, Beowulf is strong, courageous, selfless, and ready to risk his life in order to rid his people evil monsters.Geoffrey Chaucer杰佛利•乔叟1340-1400长诗：The House of Fame声誉之堂;Troilus and Criseyde特罗勒斯与克丽西德小说：Canterbury Tales坎特伯雷故事集----英国文学史上现实主义第一部杰作（他是最早有人文主义思想的作家，现实主义文学的奠基人Father of English poetry & Founder of English realism）(Boccacio 薄伽丘The Decameron十日谈)The significance of The Canterbury Tales is as follows:1.It gives a comprehensive picture of Chaucer‟s time.2.The dramatic structure of the poem has been highly commended by critics.3.Chaucer‟s humour: Humour is a characteristic feature of the English literature.4.Chaucer‟s contribution to the English language.Heroic couplet英雄双行体Part Two: The English Renaissance (1550-1642)Renaissance is commonly applied to the movement or period in western civilization, which marks the transition from the medieval to the modern world. It first started in Florence and Venice. HumanismAccording to them it was against human nature to sacrifice the happiness of this life for an after life. They argued that man should be given full freedom to enrich their intellectual and emotional life.In religion, the H thinking was a relation against the narrow mindedness of the Catholic Church; they demanded the information of the church.In art and literature, instead of singing praise to God, they sang in praise of man and of the pursuit of happiness in this life. H shattered the shackles of spiritual bo ndage of man‟s mind by the Roman Catholic Church and opened his eyes to “a brave new world” in front of him.Edmund Spenser (1552?-1599) The Fearie Queene仙后Christopher Marlowe (1564-1593) They were predecessors to Shakespeare and were later called the University Wits（大学才子派）.William Shakespeare莎士比亚1564-1616“He was not of an age, but for all time.”The Tempest暴风风雨;The Two Gentlemen of Veronaz维罗纳二绅士;The Mercy Wives of Windsor温莎的风流妇人;Measure for Measure恶有恶报;The Comedy of Errors错中错;Much Ado about Nothing无事自扰;Love‟s Labour‟s Lost空爱一场;A Midsummer Night‟s Dream仲夏夜之梦;The Merchant of Venice威尼斯商人;As You Like It如愿;The Taming of the Shrew驯悍记;All‟s Well That Ends Well皆大欢喜;Twelfth Night第十二夜;The Winter‟s Tale冬天的故事;The Life and Death of King John/Richard the Second/Henry the Fifth/Richard the Third约翰王/理查二世/亨利五世/理查三世;The First/Second Part of King Henry the Fourth亨利四世（上、下）;The First/Second/Third Part of King Henry the Sixth亨利六世（上、中、下）;The Life of King Henry the Eighth亨利八世；Troilus and Cressida脱爱勒斯与克莱西达;The Tragedy of Coriolanus考利欧雷诺斯;Titus Andronicus泰特斯•安庄尼克斯;Romeo and Juliet罗密欧与朱丽叶；Timon of Athens雅典的泰门;The Life and Death of Julius Caesar;朱利阿斯•凯撒；Macbeth 麦克白; Hamlet哈姆雷特/王子复仇记;King Lear李尔王;Othello奥塞罗;Antony and Cleopatra 安东尼与克利欧佩特拉;Cymbeline辛白林;Pericles波里克利斯;Venus and Adonis维诺斯•阿都尼斯;Lucrece露克利斯;The Sonnets十四行诗Shakespeare’s achievements:1.Shakespeare represented the trend of history in giving voice to the desires and aspirations ofthe people.2.Shakespeare‟s humanism3.Shakespeare‟s characterization4.Shakespeare‟s originality5.Shakespeare as a great poet6.Shakespeare as master of the English languageHamlet as a Character(Hamlet‟s theme is revenge interrelated with theme of faithlessness, love and ambition.)Soliloquy（自言自语，独白）is a dramatic speech delivered by on character speaking aloud while under the impression of being alone. The soliloquist thus reveals his or her inner thoughts and feelings to the audience, either direct address. It is also known as interior monologue.“To be, or not to be.” The speech conveys a sense of world weariness as well as the author‟s. SonnetA sonnet is a short song in the original meaning of the word. Later it became a poem of 14 lines, usually in iambic（长短格，抑扬格，抑扬格诗）pentameter（五步格诗）with various rhyming schemes.Part Three: Literature of Revolution Period (1603-1688)Francis Bacon培根1561-1626 essayist 散文家(the chief figure in English Prose in the first half of the 17th century and his essays began the long tradition of the English essay in the history of English literature.) Advancement of Learning学术的进展;Novum Organum 新工具;New Atlantic新大西岛;Essays论文集（Of Studies论学习;Of Wisdom for a Man‟s Self）Of Studies purpose: This essay is intended to tell people how to be efficient and make their way in public life.Language Appreciation:Parallel structure; succinct（简明的）expression; long complex sentences side by side with short simple ones; classical diction（发音）; good and clear logical reasoning, with examples and fa cts; objective impersonal, persuasive writing without “we”, “I”.Conceit(高傲，骄傲自大)Conceit originally means “concept” or “idea” and later came to mean “fanciful idea”. A conceit is a metaphor or simile that is mad elaborate (far-fetched), often extravagant（奢侈的，夸张的）. The difference between a conceit and a metaphor or simile is largely to degree. A metaphor or simile appeals mainly to the reader‟s 5 senses and is easier to understand; a conceit may strike the reader as weird.Founder of the Metaphysical school——John Donne; features of the school: philosophical poems, complex rhythms and strange images; the most famous preacher of his time. (In the first stage he was Donne the courtier, the lover, and the soldier. In the second stage he was Dr. John Donne, Dean of St. Paul‟s Cathedral.)John Milton约翰•弥尔顿1608-1674 (He was the man of revolution enthusiasm. The military leader of the revolution, John Milton was the man of thought, and with his pen he defended the revolutionary cause.) L…Allegro欢乐的人;Il Penseroso沉思的人;Comus科马斯;Lycidas列西达斯;Areopagitica论出版自由;Pro Populo Anglicano Defense为英国人民声辩; Pro Populo Anglicano Defense Secunda再为英国人民声辩; Paradise Lost失乐园; Paradise Regained复乐园; Samson Agonistes力士参孙.The blank verse 素体无韵诗, i.e., the unrhymed lines of iambic pentameter, is used throughout the epic and is characterized by its employment of long and involved sentences, which run on many lines with a variety of pauses, and achieving sometimes an oratorical and sometimes an elaborately logical effect.John Bunyan班扬1628-1688 The Pilgrim‟s Progress天路历程(Vanity Fair名利场);The Life and Death of Mr Badman培德曼先生的一生Part Four: The Eighteenth Century and Neo-classicism (1688-1798)What is Neo-classicism新古典主义?Neo-classicism was a reaction against the intricacy and occasional obscurity, boldness and the extravagance of European literature of the late Renaissance, as seen for instance, in the works of the metaphysical. In favor of simplicity, charity restraint regularity and good sense.The characteristics of neo-classicism can be summed up as follows:1.People emphasized reason rather than emotion, form rather than content.2.As reason was stressed, most of the writings of the age were didactic（迂腐的）and satirical.3.As elegance, correctness, appropriateness and restraint were preferred; the poet found closed couplet the only possible verse form for serious work.4.It is almost exclusively a “town” poetry, catering to the interests of the “society” in greatcities.5.It is entirely wanting in all those elements that are related with the “romantic”.Daniel Defoe丹尼尔•笛福1660-1731 （标志着近代英国小说的形成）Hymn to the Pillory枷刑颂;Robinson Crusoe鲁宾孙飘流记;Captain Singleton辛格顿船长;Moll Flanders莫尔弗兰德斯;A Journal of the Plague Year大疫年日记Jonathan Swift斯威夫特1667-1745 The Battle of Books书的战争;A Tale of A Tub一个木桶的故事;The Drapier‟s Letters布商的书信;A Modest Proposal一个温和的建议;Guilliver‟s Travels格列佛游记(A V oyage Lilliput/Brobdingnag/Laputa,Balnibarbi, Luggnagg, Glubbdubdriba and Japan/The Country of the Houyhnhnms小人国/大人国/拉普他等地/智马国游记)The rise and growth of the realistic novel (Bourgeois in essence) is the most prominent achievement of 18th century English literature. Gothic Novel 哥特式小说（早期恐怖小说）Alexander Pope蒲柏1688-1744 Pastorals田园诗集;An Essay on Criticism批评论;Windsor Forest温莎林;The Rape of the Lock卷发遇劫记;The Duncial愚人志;Moral Essays道德论;An Essay on Man人论;Epistle to Dr Arbuthnot与阿布斯诺博士书Samuel Johnson塞缪尔•约翰逊1709-1784 A Dictionary of the Engligh Language英语语言辞典;Lives of Poets诗人传;Vanity of Human Wishes人类欲望的虚幻;Rasselas拉塞勒斯名文：Letter to Lord Chesterfield给吉士菲尔伯爵的信Henry Fielding亨利•菲尔丁1707-1754 （英国现实主义小说的奠基者）剧本：The Coffeehouse Politician咖啡屋政客;Don Quixote in England堂•吉诃德在英国;The Historical Register for the Year历史记事长篇小说：The History of the Adventures of Joseph Andrews,and of His Friend Mr Abraham Adams约瑟•安德鲁传;The Life of Mr Jonathan Wild the Great大伟人江奈生•魏尔德传;The History of Tom Jones,a Foundling汤姆•琼斯;Amelia阿美利亚Sentimentalism感伤主义A trend of thought begins at the second half of 18th century during the ago of Enlightenment in England. It gains its name from an English author Strne‟s “A Sentimental Journey”. It carefully depicts persons‟ sympathy, reflecting the disdain towards the actual world and deep sympathy to the ordinary people. The authors usually like to use death, dark, loneliness, etc. as their subject. Their works are always melancholy, obscure, and full of pessimistic. The representative was Thomas Gray.Graveyard Poetry:A poet school, derived from English Sentimentalism, which began in the middle of 18th century.Thomas Gray 1716-1771 classical scholar Elegy Written In a Country Churchyard墓园挽歌：歌颂的对象不仅仅为死者The Epitaph墓志铭Pre- Romantic Poets:Robert Burns彭斯1759-1796 (A celebrated Scottish poet, the national poet of Scotland, the greatest song writer in the world. His famous song: Auld Lang Syne whose English name“old long since”.)Poems Chiefly in the Scottish Dialect苏格兰方言诗集名诗：The Tree of Liberty自由村;Scots Wha-Hae苏格兰人;The Two Dogs两只狗;Holy Willie‟s Prayer威利长老的祈祷;My Heart‟s in the Highlands我的心呀在高原;A Red,Red Rose一朵红红的玫瑰;John Anderson约翰•安德生,My Jo;A Man‟s A Man for A‟That不管身在何处都须保持尊严;Robert Bruce‟s March to BannockburnWilliam Blake布莱克1757-1827 Poetical Sketches素描诗集;Songs of Innocence天真之歌;Songs of Experience经验之歌The French Revolution法国革命;The Marriage of Heaven and Hell天堂与地狱的婚姻;America; Milton; Jerusalem名诗：London; The TigerPart Five: The Age of Romanticism (1798-1832)Romantic Movement: From the publication of Lyrical Ballads by Wordsworth and Coleridge in 1798 to the death of Sir Walter Scott in 1832.The essence of this new movement is:1.the glorification of instinct（本能）and emotion;2. a deep veneration（对自然的无限崇拜）of nature;3. a flaming zeal to remake the world（改变世界的一种热情）.Characteristic features of the Romantic Movement:1.Subjectivism（主观性）: Ins tead of regarding poetry as “a mirror to nature”, romantic poets describe poetry as “the spontaneous overflow of powerful feelings”. The interest of the romantic poets is in the feelings, thoughts, and experiences of the poets themselves. In short, romanticism is related to subjectivism. The poetry of the Romantic Age in England is distinctive for its high degree of imagination.2.Spontaneity（自然流露）3.Singularity（独创性）4.Worship of nature（把自然看得神圣）: The romantic poets are worshippers of nature, especially the sublime（伟大的，令人赞叹的）aspect of a natural scene.5.Simplicity（简约）6.There is a dominating note of melancholy（忧郁，悲伤）in the poems of the romantic poets.7.It was an age of poetry by which the poets outpoured their feelings and emotions.It should be known that the term “romanticism” was not known to the poets themselves in their lifetime. It was a term applied to them half a century later by literary historians. Contemporary critics treated them as independent individuals or grouped them into separatePoetry: The Age of (Romantic) PoetryLake Poets :( William Wordsworth, Samuel Taylor Coleridge and Robert Southey were known as “Lake Poets” because they lived in the Lake District in the N orthwestern England, and knew one another in the last few years of 18th century.)William Wordsworth威廉•华兹华斯1770-1850 An Evening Walk黄昏漫步;Lyrical Ballads抒情歌谣集（与柯勒律治合编）;Lucy Poems露西组诗(She Dwett Among the Untrodden Ways;To the Cuckoo杜鹃颂;I Wandered Lonely as a Cloud我如一朵孤独的云(The theme: Through describing a scene of joyful daffodils黄水仙花. In the poem, he sings of the harmony between things in nature and the harmony between nature and the poet himself.);The Solitary Reaper孤寂的刈麦人);Ode on Intimations of Immorality不朽颂;Ode to Duty义务颂;The Excursion远足;The Prelude序曲What is nature?His love for nature is boundless（无限的）. To him nature means more than rivers, trees, rocks, mountains, lakes, and so on. Nature has a moral value and has its philosophical significance.Nature is for him the embodiment of the Divine Spirit（圣灵代表）. He believes that God and universe are identical, that God is everything and everything is God. To Wordsworth nature is the greatest of all teachers, and those who are uncorrupted by urban society, especially those simple rustic（有农村或农民特色的，粗野的）people, can communicate directly with nature which gives them power, peace, and happiness.What is poetry?Poetry is the spontaneous overflow of powerful feelings, which originates in emotion recollected in tranquility（安静）.(He is a man speaking to men.)Samuel Taylor Coleridge柯勒律治1772-1834 Lyrical Ballads; The Fall of the Bastille巴士底狱的毁灭;The Rime of the Ancient Mariner古舟子咏; Kubla Khan忽必烈汗;Biographia Literaria文学传记Satanic Poets :( These poets were romantic, rebellious and revolutionary.)George Gordon Byron乔治•拜伦1788-1824 Hours of Idleness闲暇时光;English Bords and Scottish Reviewers英国诗人与苏格兰评论家;Childe Harold‟s Pilgrimage, Cantos I and II,Canto III 1818恰罗德•哈罗德游记;Ode to the Framers of the Frame-bill编织机法案编制者颂;Oriental Tales东方叙事诗(The Bride of Abydos阿比道斯的新娘;The Corsa海盗;The Siege of Corinth 柯林斯之围);Manfred曼弗雷德;The Age of Bronze青铜世纪;Don Juan唐•璜名诗：She Walks in Beauty; The Isles of Greece“I awoke one morning and found myself famous.”Feature:the heroes rebellious in character, defying conventional morality and even fate, but moody and sometimes misanthropic（令人憎恶的）. Byronic hero拜伦式英雄Percy Bysshe Shelley波西•比希•雪莱1792-1822 Queen Mab麦布女王;Prometheus Unbound 解放了的普罗米修斯;Adonais阿东尼斯;The Cenci钦契;Song to the Men of England致英国人民;England in 1819;The Masque of Anarchy专制魔王的化装游行;Ode to the West Wind西风颂(If Winter comes, can Spring be far behind?乐观)；Ode to a Skylark云雀颂; A Defence of Poetry 诗辩John Keats约翰•济兹1795-1821Endymion恩底弥翁;Isabella伊莎贝拉;The Eve of Sanit Agnes圣爱尼节前夜;Ode on a Grecian Urn希腊古瓮颂;Ode to a Nightingale夜莺颂;To Autumn 秋颂;Hyperion赫披里昂（未完成）NovelJane Austin简•奥斯丁1775-1817 Pride and Prejudice傲慢与偏见;Sense and Sensibility理智与情感;Emma爱玛;Mansfield Park曼斯菲尔德公园;Persuasion好事多磨;Northanger Abbey诺桑觉寺New poetic featuresnguage: simple everyday life speech, common vocabulary, accent dialect2.form: lyric, narrative, sonnet, ode, ballad3.subject: nature, beauty (the rural/pastoral, the past/historical, the alien/exotic, original, the supernatural/ mysterious-dreams or dreamlike, the personal, the common/low class, the revolutionary/justic主要体现于撒旦派, the patriotic)4.purpose: emotional, confessional and visionary/ prophetic5.principles: imaginationCharles Lamb查尔斯•兰姆1775-1834 Tales from Shakespeare莎士比亚故事集;Alburn Verses诗集;Essay of Elia伊利亚散文集(Dream Children梦中儿女;A Dissertation unpon Roast Pig烤猪论;Old China古瓷;New Year‟s Eve除夕;The Praise of Chimney Sweepers扫烟囱童工赞;The Superannuated Man领取养老金的人;A Bachelor‟s Complaint of the Behavior of Married People单身汉对结过婚的人的行为的抱怨)Walter Scott瓦尔特•司各特1771-1832 (founder and great master of the historical novel; his death marks the ending of Romantic Period in English literature)诗：The Minstrlsy of the Scottish Border苏格兰边区歌谣集;Marimion玛里恩;The Lady of the Lake湖上夫人小说：Waverley威弗利;Guy Mannering盖•曼纳令;Rob Roy罗布罗伊;The Heart of Midlothian 米德洛西恩监狱;Ivanhoe艾凡赫;Kenilworth坎尼尔华斯;Woodstock皇家猎馆;Queentin Durward昆廷•达沃Part Six: English Critical Realism--Victorian Age (1832-1901)The Origin of Species(1859)，science came to the forefront in the debate against the church. The influence of Darwin was great, as his discovery conflicted with the Bible and was applied in social science.The golden age of novel (97%people able to read by 1900) Reasons:1.The growth of urban population resulted in the appearance of a new reading public.2.With the development of the method of printing and paper making, the price of books dropped, and besides regular books, there were serial publications3.Writing had become a profession.4.The ascendancy of the industrial capitalists.Victorian novels are characterized by the common features below:1.The plot is unfolded against a social background which is broader than what it had been in previous novels.（以现实社会为依据）2.The cause-effect（因果）sequence is much more striking than in previous novels.3.Most of the Victorian novels were first published in serial form, that is, by installment（连载）, before they were fully published in a single book.4.The Victorian novels were tainted by the spirit of Puritanism（清教主义的印记，从不允许谈及sex）of the Victorian age.5.The Victorian novels were characterized by their moral purpose（道德教育）.Critical Realism批判现实主义Critical realist novel reveal the social reality and criticize the injustice, poverty and religious hypocrisy.Charles Dickens狄更斯1812-1870 The Posthumous Papers of the Pickwick Club匹克威克外传;Oliver Twist雾都孤儿;American Notes美国札记;Martin Chuzzlewit马丁•朱述尔维特;The Old Curiosity Shop老古玩店;Dombey and Son董贝父子;David Copperfield大卫•科波菲尔;Hard Times艰难时世;A Tale of Two Cities双城记;Great Expectation远大前程William Makepeace Thackery萨克雷1811-1863 The Book of Snobs势利者集;Vanity Fair 名利场;History of Pendennis潘丹尼斯的历史;The History of Henry Esmond亨利•艾斯芒的历史;The Newcomes纽可谟一家;The Virginians弗吉尼亚人Robert Browning 勃朗宁1812-1889 （写作手段：dramatic monologue）Paracelsus巴拉塞尔士;Strafford斯特拉福;Pippa Passes比芭走过;Dramatic Lyrics戏剧抒情诗;Dramatic Romances and Lyrics戏剧传奇与抒情诗(Home Thoughts;From Abroad;Prospice向前看);Dramatic Personae登场人物;Men and Women男男女女Charlote/Emily/Anne Bronte夏洛蒂/爱米丽/安妮•勃郎特1816-1855 (“The novel of the 19th century was female”, how the Bronte sisters became writers is a mystery to western scholars.) Jane Eyre简爱;Shirley雪丽/Wuthering Height呼啸山庄/Agones Grey艾格尼斯•格雷Part Seven: Prose-writers and poets of the mid and later 19th centuryThomas Carlyle卡莱尔1795-1881 Sartor Resartus衣裳哲学/旧衣新裁;The Life of Schiller 席勒传;The French Revolution;Heroes and Hero-worship论英雄与英雄崇拜George Eliot爱略特1819-1880 Adam Bede亚当•贝德;The Mill on the Floss弗洛斯河上的磨坊；Silas Marner织工马南;Middlemarch米德尔马契;Felix Holt,the RadicalThomas Hardy哈代1840-1928 (Novel of character and environment自然主义小说) Under the Greenwood Tree绿茵下;Far from the Madding Crowd远离尘嚣;The Return of the Native还乡;The Mayor of Casterbridge卡斯特桥市长;Tess of the D‟urbervilles德伯家的苔丝;Jude the Obscure无名的裘德诗集：Wessex Poems 威塞克斯诗集史诗剧：The Dynasts统治者三部曲Aestheticism唯美主义(1.Beauty is the purpose of art. 2.Art is independent of reality of life. 3.Art is above life. 4.Art is objective creation of subjective world.)Oscar Wilde王尔德1856-1900 (who believed in “art for art sake”)长篇小说：The Picture of Dorian Gray道丁的画像童话：The Happy Prince and Other Tales快乐王子诗集：De Prafundis惨痛的呼声;The Ballad of Reading Gaol累丁狱之歌剧作：Lady Windermere‟s Fan温德米尔夫人的扇子;A Woman of No Importance一个无足轻重的妇女;An Ideal Husband理想丈夫;The Importance of Being Earnest埃耐斯特的重要性Drama: George Bernard Shaw萧伯纳1856-1950长篇小说：An Unsocial Socialist业余社会主义者评论：Quintessence of Ibsenism剧本：Widoer‟s Houses鳏夫的房产;Mrs Warren‟s Profession华伦夫人的职业The Devil‟s Disciple魔鬼的门徒;Man and Superman人与超人;John Bull‟s Other Island英国佬的另一个岛;Major Barbara巴巴拉少校;Pygmalion劈克美梁;Heartbreak House伤心之家;The Apple Cart 苹果车;Too True to be Good真相毕露Naturalist自然主义：深刻揭示社会的不公平现象。
evans的名词解释
evans的名词解释Evans，这个名词，在不同的背景下可以有着不同的含义。
在本文中，我们将从文学、音乐、历史和人名等多个方面来解释Evans。
一、Evans的文学含义在文学领域，Evans可以指代一位重要的作家或文学作品。
例如，在英国文学中，留下深远影响的女作家乔治·艾略特（George Eliot）的原名就是玛丽·安·埃文斯（Mary Ann Evans）。
她以其高度自由的笔触和对社会现实的刻画而广为人知。
她的作品《弗洛丽丝》（The Mill on the Floss）、《欧威·道伏斯》（Adam Bede）以及《中尉法兰西斯萨·卡维勒》（The Lieutenant of France）等被公认为英国文学的经典之作。
此外，在美国文学中，Evans也可以指称该国一位著名的多产作家伊汶斯·理查德·尤金斯（Edgar Rice Burroughs），他以科幻小说和奇幻小说而闻名于世。
伊汶斯创作了《约翰·卡特系列》（The John Carter series）、《泰尔斯·特威斯特兰》（Tarzan of the Apes）等经典作品，给读者们带来了许多刺激和想象力的空间。
二、Evans的音乐含义在音乐领域，Evans通常指代一位杰出的爵士乐手比尔·埃文斯（Bill Evans）。
比尔·埃文斯被公认为现代爵士乐的重要创作家和演奏家之一。
他以其流畅的钢琴演奏技巧和富有创造力的曲风而著称。
他的专辑《Sunday at the Village Vanguard》和《Waltz for Debby》等被誉为爵士乐历史上的经典之作。
三、Evans的历史含义在历史上，Evans笼统地指代着许多拥有该姓氏的人。
在英国历史上，埃文斯一族可以追溯到11世纪诺曼底入侵后的威尔士人。
Everard de Evers或Eduuardus de Euans是该家族最早的可追溯到的记录。
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Part One: Early and Medieval English LiteratureWhat’s epic?Epic is one of the ancient types of poetry and plays a very important role in early development of literature and civilization. An epic is a long narrative poem of great scale and grandiose style about the heroes who are usually warriors or even demigods. It deals with noble characters and heroic deeds.Basically, it is a story about hero, more significantly, it reflects national history.The significance of Beowulf:It sings of the exciting adventures of a great legendary hero whose physical strength demonstrates his high spiritual qualities, i.e. his resolution to serve his country and kind folk, his true courage, courteous conduct, and his love of honor. In the poem, Beowulf is strong, courageous, selfless, and ready to risk his life in order to rid his people evil monsters.Geoffrey Chaucer杰佛利•乔叟1340-1400长诗：The House of Fame声誉之堂;Troilus and Criseyde特罗勒斯与克丽西德小说：Canterbury Tales坎特伯雷故事集----英国文学史上现实主义第一部杰作（他是最早有人文主义思想的作家，现实主义文学的奠基人Father of English poetry & Founder of English realism）(Boccacio 薄伽丘The Decameron十日谈)The significance of The Canterbury Tales is as follows:1.It gives a comprehensive picture of Chaucer‟s time.2.The dramatic structure of the poem has been highly commended by critics.3.Chaucer‟s humour: Humour is a characteristic feature of the English literature.4.Chaucer‟s contribution to the English language.Heroic couplet英雄双行体Part Two: The English Renaissance (1550-1642)Renaissance is commonly applied to the movement or period in western civilization, which marks the transition from the medieval to the modern world. It first started in Florence and V enice.HumanismAccording to them it was against human nature to sacrifice the happiness of this life for an after life. They argued that man should be given full freedom to enrich their intellectual and emotional life.In religion, the H thinking was a relation against the narrow mindedness of the Catholic Church; they demanded the information of the church.In art and literature, instead of singing praise to God, they sang in praise of man and of the pursuit of happiness in this life. H shattered the shackles of spiritual bo ndage of man’s mind by the Roman Catholic Church and opened his eyes to “a brave new world” in front of him.Edmund Spenser (1552?-1599) The Fearie Queene仙后Christopher Marlowe (1564-1593) They were predecessors to Shakespeare and were later called the University Wits（大学才子派）.William Shakespeare莎士比亚1564-1616“He was not of an age, but for all time.”Shakespeare’s achievements:1.Shakespeare represented the trend of history in giving voice to the desires and aspirations ofthe people.2.Shakespeare‟s humanism3.Sh akespeare‟s characterization4.Shakespeare‟s originality5.Shakespeare as a great poet6.Shakespeare as master of the English languageHamlet as a Character(Hamlet‟s theme is revenge interrelated with theme of faithlessness, love and ambition.)Soliloquy（自言自语，独白）is a dramatic speech delivered by on character speaking aloud while under the impression of being alone. The soliloquist thus reveals his or her inner thoughts and feelings to the audience, either direct address. It is also known as interior monologue.“To be, or not to be.” The speech conveys a sense of world weariness as well as the author‟s. SonnetA sonnet is a short song in the original meaning of the word. Later it became a poem of 14 lines, usually in iambic（长短格，抑扬格，抑扬格诗）pentameter（五步格诗）with various rhyming schemes.Part Three: Literature of Revolution Period (1603-1688)Francis Bacon培根1561-1626 essayist 散文家(the chief figure in English Prose in the first half of the 17th century and his essays began the long tradition of the English essay in the history of English literature.) Advancement of Learning学术的进展;Novum Organum 新工具;New Atlantic新大西岛;Essays论文集（Of Studies论学习;Of Wisdom for a Man‟s Self）Of Studies purpose: This essay is intended to tell people how to be efficient and make their way in public life.Language Appreciation:Parallel structure; succinct（简明的）expression; long complex sentences side by side with short simple ones; classical diction（发音）; good and clear logical reasoning, with examples and facts; objective impersonal, persuasiv e writing without “we”, “I”.Conceit(高傲，骄傲自大)Conceit originally means “concept” or “idea” and later came to mean “fanciful idea”. A conceit is a metaphor or simile that is mad elaborate (far-fetched), often extravagant（奢侈的，夸张的）. The difference between a conceit and a metaphor or simile is largely to degree. A metaphor or simile appeals mainly to the reader‟s 5 senses and is easier to understand; a conceit may strike the reader as weird.Founder of the Metaphysical school——John Donne; features of the school: philosophical poems, complex rhythms and strange images; the most famous preacher of his time. (In the first stage he was Donne the courtier, the lover, and the soldier. In the second stage he was Dr. John Donne, Dean of St. Paul‟s Cathedral.)John Milton约翰•弥尔顿1608-1674 (He was the man of revolution enthusiasm. The military leader of the revolution, John Milton was the man of thought, and with his pen he defended the revolutionary cause.) L…Allegro欢乐的人;Il Penseroso沉思的人;Comus科马斯;Lycidas列西达斯;Areopagitica论出版自由;Pro Populo Anglicano Defense为英国人民声辩; Pro Populo Anglicano Defense Secunda再为英国人民声辩; Paradise Lost失乐园; Paradise Regained复乐园; Samson Agonistes力士参孙.The blank verse 素体无韵诗, i.e., the unrhymed lines of iambic pentameter, is used throughout the epic and is characterized by its employment of long and involved sentences, which run on many lines with a variety of pauses, and achieving sometimes an oratorical and sometimes an elaborately logical effect.John Bunyan班扬1628-1688 The Pilgrim‟s Progress天路历程(Vanity Fair名利场);The Life and Death of Mr Badman培德曼先生的一生Part Four: The Eighteenth Century and Neo-classicism (1688-1798)What is Neo-classicism新古典主义?Neo-classicism was a reaction against the intricacy and occasional obscurity, boldness and the extravagance of European literature of the late Renaissance, as seen for instance, in the works of the metaphysical. In favor of simplicity, charity restraint regularity and good sense. The characteristics of neo-classicism can be summed up as follows:1.People emphasized reason rather than emotion, form rather than content.2.As reason was stressed, most of the writings of the age were didactic（迂腐的）and satirical.3.As elegance, correctness, appropriateness and restraint were preferred; the poet found closed couplet the only possible verse form for serious work.4.It is almost exclusively a “town” poetry, catering to the interests of the “society” in greatcities.5.It is entirely wanting in all those elements that are related with the “romantic”.28、Classicism (新古典主义)名词解释Classicism implies (意味着) the revival (复苏) of the forms and traditions of the ancient world，a return to works of old Greek literature from Homer to Plato and Aristotle. But French classicism of the 17th century was not conscious of being a classical revival (并非古典主义的复苏)。