中山大学临床检验诊断学2019年考博真题试卷

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2019年广东中山大学医学综合考研真题解析版

2019年广东中山大学医学综合考研真题法医学综合：一、名词解释（共10题，每题6分）1．心脏指数2．冈崎片段3．动脉瘤4．炎症介质5．猝死6．根本死因7．诈病8．重伤9．等位墓因10．SNP二、简答题（共6题，每题15分）1．胃酸有哪些生理作用?2．体内酶活性的调节受到哪些因素的影响?3．简述组织坏疽的种类、发病机理及其病理改变．4．心脏传导系统有哪些结构组成?5．如何进行新鲜骨折与陈旧骨折的鉴别诊断?6．人类基因组有哪几种遗传方式?三、问答题（共9题，选答6题，每题25分）1．在动物实验中，夹闭一侧颈总动脉后，动脉血压有何变化?为什么?2．以操纵子为例，说明原核生物是如何利用顺式作用元件和反式作用因子相互作用来调控墓因表达的。

3．肝硬化所致门脉高压症的表现有哪些?4．在大地震等灾难事件中，如何通过法医学检验进行死者身份识别?5．在心性猝死中，以哪种心脏疾病为主?有何依据?6．对于外伤性失血性休克失代偿期，如何进行法医学认定?7．在活体损伤鉴定过程中，如何处理损伤与疾病的关系?8．试述目前亲子鉴定的判定标准及其主要理由。

9．试述X染色体和Y染色体上的STR基因座的特点及其在法医学工作中的应用。

生物医学综合：一、名词解释（每题7分；共84分）1．生理性止血2．心脏指数3．肺活量4．肾小球滤过率5．P/O比值6．脂肪动员7．冈崎片段8．启动子9．线粒体嵴10．细胞骨架11．常染色质12．转分化二、简答题（每题10分；共90分）1．胃酸有哪些生理作用?2．影响能量代谢的主要因素有哪些?3．感受器的一般生理特性是什么?4．体内酶活性的调节受到哪些因素的影响?5．简述磷酸戊糖途径的调节因素和生理意义。

6．简述原癌基因活化的机制有哪些?7．高尔基复合体各部分结构的功能是什么?8．溶酶体的生理功能主要有哪些?9．简述细胞减数分裂的生物学意义。

三、问答题，21分/题，（9题选6题作答。

请在试卷上勾出所选题号，答题超过6题的按得分低的题目计分），共126分。

中山大学妇产科学2019年考博真题试卷

1.Poi dor Pof含义
2.子宫肌瘤用
3.gnrh指证
4.胎儿非整倍体产前筛查
四、论述题
1.子宫内膜异位症合并不孕的因素
2.葡萄胎后滋养细胞疾病的诊断
3.子闲前期的预测和预防
五、病例分析题
停经51天hcg6000多，b超提示宫外孕，双侧卵巢囊肿，后手术，术中没看见异常，只剥了右侧囊肿，术后查hcg 10000,mtx保守治疗，复查hcg23333，查b超提示右侧附件宫外孕约7周，胚胎存活，问诊断鉴别诊断，治疗方案？
中山大学
医学考博真题试卷
攻读博士学位研究生入学考试试卷
中山大学
2019年攻读博士学位研究生入学考试试题
考试科目：妇产科学
注意：所有答案一律写在答题纸上，写在试题纸上或其他地方一律不给分。
一、选择题（30个）
二、名词解释
1.席汉综合征
2.前置胎盘/植入
3.绝经过ห้องสมุดไป่ตู้期
4.TORCH综合症
5.卵泡募集
三、简答题

中山大学医学院内科学历年考博专业课真题

中山大学医学院内科学2003年考博专业课真题1.ARDS诊断定义2.食管喷门失弛缓症的诊断和治疗3.糖尿病血脂紊乱分型及诊断治疗----1999年美国标准4.急进型肾小球肾炎的病理分型及治疗5.纯红再障的诊断及治疗中山大学医学院内科学2005年考博专业课真题内科学包括各专业一、公共题（每题13分）1.慢性阻塞性肺疾病要与哪些疾病相鉴别，试述其鉴别要点。

2.简述急性左心衰的治疗。

3.简述糖皮质激素治疗原发性肾病综合征的利尿及消除尿蛋白的可能机制，使用原则和一般方案。

4.试述原发性再生障碍性贫血的诊断标准。

重型再障和慢性再障的诊断标准。

5.胃食管反流病的诊断标准。

6.试述糖尿病酮症酸中毒的治疗原则。

二、专业题（选作一题，22分）1.呼吸科：试述低氧血症和高碳酸血症的发生机制。

2.心内科：试述ST段抬高性心肌梗塞心电图表现的特点和动态性改变。

3.肾病科：简述针对原发性肾病综合征的不同病理类型，循证医学目前提出的相应治疗方案。

4.血液科：血清蛋白电泳出现单克隆蛋白要考虑哪些疾病？试简述其鉴别要点。

5.消化科：简述急性重症胰腺炎的内科处理措施。

6.内分泌科：简述胰岛B细胞功能与2型糖尿病病情演变的关系及评价胰岛B细胞功能的指标。

中山大学医学院内科学2006年考博专业课真题必答题：1.肺炎的分类2.心力衰竭的诱因3.肝硬化腹水的治疗方案4.慢性肾衰引起贫血的原因5.抗甲状腺药物治疗的适应征、如何使用、不良反应如何？6.强直性脊柱炎与类风湿关节炎的区别7.（好象是）慢粒与类白血病的区别选答题：1.有关ARDS方面的2.有关急性冠脉综合征方面的3.功能性消化不良的诊断程序4.有关骨髓瘤肾病方面的5.血尿的诊断程序6.什么是胰岛素强化治疗，与常规治疗有何区别，列举几个常见的强化治疗方案并作出评价。

中山大学2042生物化学2019年考博真题试卷

中山大学医学院
医学考博真题试卷
攻读博士学位研究生学考试试题
考试科目：2042生物化学注意：所有答案一律写在答题纸上，写在试题纸上或其他地方一律不给分。一、名词解释
第1页共1页
1. PC 2. 模体 3. Kin of 酶 cy 4. TCGA 5. transma 6. Gpcr 7. Emsa 8. Sh2结构域 9. mrna编辑 10. The cancer genome altas 二、简答题 1. 红细胞氧化还原机制 2. 阻塞性黄疸，尿胆素尿胆原减少、尿胆红素升高 3. 生即化，化即生，生化即化生，新后陈，陈后新，新陈恒代谢含义 4. 细胞焦亡，列举2条信号通路 5. X染色体，上调不影响，下调表达减少，敲除细胞死亡，试述突变对其影响 6. 断裂基因，意义三、论述题 1. 为什么说地中海贫血的患者是有患者死亡，但他却使所有人免受疟疾？ 2. DNA中有很多回文序列和发夹结构？他们的生物学特征是什么。举3个例子并说明他们的生物学
作用。 3. HPV2008年获得诺贝尔奖。请论述HPV导致宫颈癌的发病机制。 4. 真核生物的基因表达调控是怎样的。请分层叙述。
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中山大学内科学(心血管)2012,2014--2019 年考博真题

3.透析指征
4.甲亢的治疗药物、用法及疗程
5.血液
6.类风关的治疗药物举例
7.一个病例分析
心血管内科学：
1,晕厥的定义，病因，心内的病因/
2,尖端扭转性室速的病因与治疗
3.病理分析题目，风心病，房颤患者，二尖瓣狭窄，心衰，及其抢救措施
中山大学
2019年攻读博士学位研究生入学考试试题
考试科目：内科学（心血管）
注意：所有答案一律写在答题纸上，写在试题纸上或其他地方一律不给分。
必答题：每题10分
1肺栓塞临床分型
2干燥综合征腺体外表现
3肠结核和克罗恩的鉴别要点
4抗甲状腺药物使用疗程
5 70岁老年男性晕厥，作为管床医生1.需要评估的内容。2需要进行的检查（从最重要的开始）
6嗜酸性粒细胞增多症，列举继发性升高的原因。
考试科目：内科学（心内科）
注意：所有答案一律写在答题纸上，写在试题纸上或其他地方一律不给分。
一、论述题
1.从血气分析、发病急缓、发病机制分类呼吸衰竭。
2.β受体阻滞剂应用适应症。
3.克罗恩病罗马III的诊断标准。
4.慢性肾功能不全急性加重的病因。
5.多发性骨髓瘤对组织、器官损害的临床表现。
6.类风湿性关节炎与骨关节病在手部表现的区别。
7肾性贫血的机制。
专业题——心血管内科：30分
心内专业病例分析一份心悸时心电图（房颤）一份缓解时心电图（窦缓）一份动态（窦性停搏）综合以上出一份心电图报告。初步诊断进一步诊断及治疗方案（从最重要的开始）
病例分析，也是晕厥，还伴有心衰和冠心病给了三张心电图，分别是房颤、房速、窦缓，然后让写心电图诊断、临床诊断以及进一步诊疗计划。总之是一个综合了冠心病、心律失常和心力衰竭这三个大章节的一道题目，综合性很强

中山大学免疫学(A)2019年考博真题试卷

3.AIDS的免疫机制
4.T细胞介导的免疫应答和B细胞介导的免疫应答过程中的异同点
5.NK细胞和CD8+T细胞对靶细胞杀伤机制的异同点
6.肿瘤免疫逃逸机制
中山大学
医学考博真题试卷
攻读博士学位研究生入学考试试卷
中山大学
2019年攻读博士学位研究生入学考试试题
考试科目：免疫学（A）
注意：所有答案一律写在答题纸上，写在试题纸上或其他地方一律不给分。
一、论述题（100分）
1.肾移植病人发生的免疫反应及防治原则
2.阐述固有免疫应答中的“模式识Байду номын сангаас理论”，及信号转导机制

中山大学人体解剖学A2019(2039)年考博真题试卷

（5）腹腔探查时，发现胆囊极度膨大，并触及许多结石，用一手指插入网膜孔，触摸胆总管中的结石。简述围成网膜孔（Winslow孔）的结构及结构内走形的血管。
（6）在切口关闭之前，认为有必要留置腹腔引流管，以便发现从缝合的残余部分或从意外损伤的胆管系统中漏出的胆汁。其引流最合适的部位位于何处？
（7）与肋弓平行的泪下切口作分层缝合，术后第一天允许病人起床，第三天去除引流管（无胆汁泄露），第10天病人出院。由于切口的位置和方向，病人在愈合后可能发生什么情况？
（3）损伤后分别可能出现的临床症状
3. 患者女，46岁，酒店服务员。因剧烈腹痛、恶心、呕吐2天而急症入院，诉5年来在饱食后有类似发作时。患者中度肥胖，有2个子女。剧烈而持续性锐痛始于上腹部，并围绕胸部向两侧放射，至两侧肩胛骨的下方，继而疼痛局限于右季肋部。触诊时右季肋部有明显压痛，腹肌略紧张。在不用造影剂的X线片中，胆囊区显示大量结石，但无黄疸。请回答以下士学位研究生入学考试试卷
中山大学
2019年攻读博士学位研究生入学考试试题
考试科目：人体解剖学A（2039）
注意：所有答案一律写在答题纸上，写在试题纸上或其他地方一律不给分。
一、论述题 6选5 每题20分
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1. 一名25岁的妇女分娩已经持续了24h，阴道外口可见胎儿的头部。产科医生考虑胎儿头部过大极有可能发生会阴撕裂，决定性会阴斜向侧切以扩大产道下口。切开前进行阴部神经阻滞麻醉减轻疼痛。请问其中：
（1）阴部神经阻滞麻醉的的体位和骨性标志是什么？
（2）阴部神经的起源、走形和其分支的分部？
（3）在行外科切开时，哪些会阴结构可能被切开？
（4）如果会阴严重撕裂，哪些结构会损伤？
2. 上肢骨折再临床中经常遇到，请问其中：

中山大学历年复试真题Ⅳ

九、耳鼻咽喉科学（一）名词解释1.Corti 器2.OSAHS3.Reinke 间隙4.半月裂孔5.贝佐尔德（Bezold）脓肿6.鼻道7.鼻肺反射8.鼻前庭9.鼻丘10.鼻阈11.鼻中隔偏曲12.传动性聋13.胆脂瘤14.窦口鼻道复合体15.腭扁桃体16.耳聋17.耳硬化症18.负压置换法19.光锥20.喉弹性圆锥（elastic cone）21.喉阻塞22.呼吸暂停低通气指数23.交替性鼻塞24.胶耳26.利特尔区（黎氏区）27.林纳试验（RT）28.梅尼埃病（Meniere’s disease）29.三凹征30.筛漏斗31.筛前神经痛32.生理性鼻周期33.声带小结34.声门裂35.声门旁间隙36.声门区37.声门上区38.声门下区39.四凹征40.听骨链41.听力曲线（纯音听阈图）42.听阈43.蛙鼻44.危险三角区45.韦氏误听46.吴氏鼻-鼻咽静脉丛47.吸气型呼吸困难48.腺样体面容49.响度重振（recruitment phenomenon）50.嗅裂、嗅沟51.牙源性上颌窦炎52.咽淋巴内环53.咽峡54.咽隐窝55.易出血区56.增殖体面容58.总鼻道（二）简答题1.鼻出血病因及止血方法2.鼻咽癌病因、临床表现及治疗方法3.扁桃体切除术适应征和禁忌症，手术并发症4.变应性鼻炎发病机制，分类，临床表现，并发症，治疗方法，该如何选用抗生素5.耳源性颅内外并发症6.喉的生理功能7.喉阻塞病因、临床表现，分级、检查和治疗原则8.急性扁桃体炎鉴别诊断9.急性会厌炎病理、临床表现及治疗10.慢性鼻窦炎的症状、鼻窦炎性头痛的特征、治疗原则及其方法11.慢性单纯性鼻炎和慢性肥厚性鼻炎鉴别12.气管、支气管异物临床表现13.三种慢性化脓性中耳炎鉴别，各型的临床特点和治疗原则14.上颌窦恶性肿瘤临床表现和治疗15.小儿喉部解剖16.咽的生理功能17.蝶窦各壁的毗邻关系18.成人食道生理狭窄的成因及距门齿距离19.化脓性中耳炎并发症20 慢性肥厚型鼻炎的临床表现和治疗21.急性化脓性中耳炎的临床表现和治疗22.腺样体肥大的临床表现23.气管切开术的适应症，并发症及处理24.阻塞性睡眠呼吸暂停综合症的定义及标准25.人体感知声音的过程26.慢性分泌性中耳炎的病因、症状、体征、治疗原则、治疗方法27.急性鼻窦炎的疼痛特点28.耳聋的分级29.林纳试验（－）的临床意义及见于哪些疾病30.咽淋巴结内环包括什么31.鼓室 6 壁结构32.列举有声嘶的十种疾病33.鼻源性框内并发症34.功能性鼻窦内窥镜手术的原理35.阻塞性睡眠呼吸暂停综合征的病因和治疗36.颈淋巴结分区（1991 美国耳鼻喉头颈外科学标准）37.耳源性颅内外并发症病因及感染扩散途径38.鼻窦炎的分型各型最常由哪些病原菌引起临床上该如何选用抗生素39.急性鼻窦炎的发生与鼻窦解剖特点的关系40.急性化脓性鼻窦炎与鼻窦解剖结构有何关系41.鼻内镜手术的并发症42.鼻窦分组及开口43.扁桃体周脓肿的临床表现和治疗44.简述扁桃体血管45.慢性喉炎的临床表现及分型46.小儿急性喉炎临表鉴别诊断和治疗原则47.喉癌的转移途径48.分别列举出可以引起传导性聋和感音神经性聋各 5 种疾病49.小儿急性化脓性中耳炎的诊断标准和治疗原则50.慢性化脓性中耳炎的分类，临床特点，鉴别诊断和治疗原则51.咽鼓管生理功能52.ST(+)见于哪些情况53.施瓦巴赫实验的结果54.韦氏错听定义及原理55.食管四个狭窄部位和成因56.颈淋巴结清扫术分类57.特异性免疫疗法58.简述面神经的分支59.胆脂瘤的临床特点及囊袋内陷学说60.典型部位的鼻咽癌伴耳部症状61.喉癌的诊断依据、进一步的检查、鉴别诊断、治疗方法62.小儿急性喉炎、诊断及根据、还需做什么检查、有哪些鉴别诊断、治疗63.耳硬化的临床表现64.写出用间接喉镜检查喉部可见到的结构名称65.外耳道分哪几部分，各部分的比例如何66.何谓窦口鼻道复合体67.小儿喉炎较成人更易呼吸困难的原因十、眼科学（一）简答题（6 选 5 作答）1.单纯疱疹病毒性角膜炎的临床表现以及治疗2.糖尿病视网膜病变的临床分期3.急性虹膜睫状体炎的临床表现4.急性闭角型青光眼的临床分期以及症状5.引起白瞳症的眼科疾病有哪些6.视网膜萎缩的病因（二）翻译关于角膜内皮（corneal endothelium）的一篇文章2018 年中山大学眼科学复试真题（一）名词解释ber 氏病2.圆锥角膜3.屈光不正4.樱桃红斑5.共同性斜视（二）简答题1.后发性白内障的病因和治疗2.原发性开角型青光眼的治疗3.急性虹膜睫状体炎的临床表现和治疗4.带状疱疹性眼炎的发病机制和临床表现5.屈光手术的新进展（三）翻译1.英译中：视神经的损伤相关内容2.中译英：眼部疾病的发病因素，如白内障和年龄的关系十一、皮肤病与性病学2018 年中山大学第三附属医院皮肤病与性病学复试真题（一）名词解释（都是英文）1.白癜风2.crest 综合征3.溃疡（二）简答题1.痤疮的病因2.足癣的分型和临床表现3.寻常型天疱疮的组织病理和免疫病理4.带状疱疹的临床表现。

中山大学2019博士研究生入学考试英语试题

中山大学博士研究生入学考试英语试题Part I Reading Comprehension(40 points)Part A(30 points)Directions: There are 3 reading passages in this part. Each passage is followed by some questions or unfinished statements. For each of them there are four choices marked A,B,C and D. You should decide on the best choice and mark the corresponding letter on the ANSWER SHEET with a single line through the center．Passage OneQuestions 1~5 are based on the following passage：For the longest time, I couldn’t get worked up about privacy: my right to it；how it’s dying；how we’re headed for an even more wired，underregulated，overinstrusive，privacy-deprived planet．I should also point out that as news director for Pathfinder，Time Inc’s mega info mall，and a guy who makes his living on the Web, I know better than most people that we’re hurtling toward an even more intrusive world. We’re all being watched by computers whenever we visit Websites；by the mere act of“browsing”(it sounds so passive!)we’re going public in a way that was unimaginable a decade ago．I know this because I’m a watcher too．When people come to my Website，without ever knowing their names, I can peer over their shoulders，recording what they look at, timing how long they stay on a particular page，following them around Pathfinder’s sprawling offerings．None of this would bother me in the least，I suspect，if a few years ago，my phone, like Marley’s ghost, hadn’t given me a glimpse of the nightmares to come．On Thanksgivingweekend in 1995, someone(presumably a critic of a book my wife and I had just written about computer hackers)forwarded my home telephone number to an out-of-state answering machine’ where unsuspecting callers trying to reach me heard a male voice identify himself as me and say some extremely rude things．Then，with typical hacker aplomb, the prankster asked people to leave their messages(which to my surprise many Callers, including my mother，did)．This went on for several days until my wife and I figured out that something was wrong (“Hey…why hasn’t the phone rung since Wednesday?”)and got our phone service restored．It seemed funny at first，and it gave us a swell story to tell on our book tour. But the interloper who seized our telephone line continued to hit us even after the tour ended. And hit us again and again for the next six months：The phone company seemed powerless. Its security folks moved us to one unlisted number after another’ half a dozen times．They put special pin codes in place．They put traces on the line．But the troublemaker kept breaking through．If our hacker had been truly evil and omnipotent as only fictional movie hackers are, there would probably have been even worse ways he could have threatened my privacy. He could have sabotaged my credit rating．He could have eavesdropped on my telephone conversations or siphoned off my e-mail．He could have called in my mortgage，discontinued my health insurance or obliterated my Social Security number．Like Sandra Bullock in the Net, I could have been a digital untouchable, wandering the planet without a connection to the rest of humanity．(Although if I didn’t have to pay back school loans，it might be worth it．Just a thought。

中山大学2002,2005,2007,2011,2015--2019年考博真题+资料

2.false neurotransmitter=假神经递质：将结构上与真性神经递质--去甲肾上腺素和多巴胺相似，但不能完成真性神经递质的生理功能的苯乙醇胺和羟苯乙醉胺称为假神经递质。正常生理情况下，蛋白质水解产生的芳香族氨基酸--苯丙氨酸和酪氨酸经肠道细菌脱竣酶作用，分别被分解为苯乙胺和酪胺，进而被吸收入肝在单胺氧化酶作用下被氧化分解而解毒。当肝功能严重障碍时，由于肝脏的解毒功能低下，或经侧支循环绕过肝脏直接进入体循环，大量苯乙胺和酪胺入血，流入脑组织增多；在脑干网状结构的神经细胞内经β-羟化酶作用，苯乙胺和酪胺分别生成苯乙醇胺和羟苯乙醇胺，这两种物质在化学结构上与正常神经递质---去甲肾上腺素和多巴胺相似，可取代正常神经递质而被神经元所摄取、贮存和释放，但其被释放后的生理效应则远较去甲肾上腺素和多巴胺弱。假神经递质学说是肝性脑病的发病机制之一。
2).呼吸性酸中毒（respiratory acidosis）是指因CO2排出障碍或CO2吸入过多，导致血浆H2CO3浓度升高、PH值呈降低趋势为特征的酸碱平衡紊乱类型。
3).代谢性碱中毒（metabolic alkalosis）指细胞外液碱增多和/或H+丢失而引起的以血浆HCO3-增多、PH值呈上升趋势为特征的酸碱平衡紊乱类型。
3.代谢性酸中毒对循环系统的影像。
4.休克早起（代偿期）微循环的特点及其机制，以及对心脏、肾脏、脑功能的影像。
中山大学考博病理生理学名词解释总结
1.septic shock=感染性休克：在sepsis的基础上病情持续加重，虽大量补液但仍发生低血压或需要应用血管活性药物，存在灌注异常表现；但如合并使用影响肌收缩的药物或血管加压药，可以不出现低血压。
中山大学
2015年攻读博士学位研究生入学考试试题
考试科目：病理生理学

2019年中山大学大学博士研究生考试英语真题

中山大学2019年博士研究生入学考试英语试卷第一部分基础英语试题Part I: Grammar & Vocabulary (15%)Directions: Choose the word or phrase that best completes each sentence and then mark your answers on your ANSWER SHEET 1.1. The governor was ___ by the public for misusing his power for personal interests.[A] sneaked [B] praised [C] flailed [D] rebuked2. He ___ at his watch before he left the office.[A] glanced[B] glimpsed [C] glared [D] scribbled3. A recent poll shows that, while 81 percent of college students are eligible for some form of financial aid, only 63 percent of these students are __________ such aid.[A] complaining about [B] recipients of[C] dissatisfied with [D] turned down for4. The ____ landlord refused to return the security deposit, claiming falsely that the tenant had damaged the apartment.[A] unscrupulous [B] resplendent [C] divine [D] deceased5. Moby Dick, now regarded as a great work of American literature, was virtually ____ when itwas first published, and it was not until many years later that Melville’s achievements were ____.[A] renowned ... relegated [B] notorious ... justified[C] hailed ... understood [D] ignored ... recognized6. He refused to _____ that he was defeated.[A] burlesque [B] conceive [C] acknowledge [D] probe7. The people stood ______ at the beautiful picture.[A] glaring [B] gazing [C] peeping [D] gasping8. The judge is committed to maintaining a _____ of impartiality.[A] stance [B] motto [C] pretense [D] commotion9. Dell quit dealing in souped-up versions of other companies’products, and started designing,_______ and marketing his own.[A] fashioning [B] assembling [C] pruning [D] slashing10. This law ______ the number of accidents caused by children running across the road whenthey get off the bus.[A] intends reducing [B] intends to be reduced[C] is intended to reduce [D] is intended reducing11. By the time you arrive in London, we_____in Europe for two weeks.[A] shall stay [B] have stayed [C] will have stayed [D] have been staying12. Without facts, we cannot form a worthwhile opinion for we need to have factual knowledge_____ our thinking.[A] which to be based on [B] which to base upon[C] upon which to base [D] to which to be based13. The little man was _____ one meter fifty high.[A] almost more than [B] hardly more than[C] nearly more than [D] as much as14. The young applicant is under great ___ at the thought of up-coming job interview.[A] comprehension[B] apprehension[C] miscomprehension [D] concern15. The successful launch of the Special Olympic Games has demonstrated that ___ Shanghai iswell on its way to become one of the most internalized metropolises worldwide.[A] imperceptibly [B] conceivably [C] deceivably [D] imaginatively16. I would rather ______ trouble and hardship like that than ____ by others.[A] had….take care of [B] have…taken care of[C] had…taken care of[D] have …be taken care of17. One difficulty _______ the components of economic movements lies in the fact that thosecomponents are not completely independent of one another.[A] of isolation [B] in isolating [C] will isolate [D] to isolate18. Interest on short-term government debt soared to an almost unimaginable 210%, which _____a total collapse of investor confidence.[A] amounts to [B] equals to [C] is added up to [D] reaches to19. It’s a general practice for small factories to _____ more workers during times of prosperity,and lay off some when recession hits.[A] take in [B] take over [C] take on [D] take up20. To ______ freedom against tyranny, our fathers laid down these rules.[A] ensure [B] guarantee [C] assure [D] fulfill21. Merdine is her own woman, with an identity from her mother's.[A] discrete [B] distinctive [C] distinct [D] discreet22. She gave him back the money she'd stolen for the sake of her .[A] conscientious [B] consciousness[C] conscious [D] conscience23. They had the attempt to Anderson to the presidency.[A] evolve [B] elevate [C] evoke [D] evince24. I’m afraid our food stock will be ___ before l ong.[A] put up [B] stayed up [C] saved up [D] used up25. Mr. Morrison has a great ___ for anything that is oriental and exotic[A] vision [B] emotion [C] contribution [D] passion26. The subways and buses tend to be ___ during the rush hours.[A] overcrowded [B] overwhelmed[C] overshadowed [D] overgrown27. Every ___ has been taken to evacuate the stranded sailors from Hurricane Betty.[A] pleasure [B] measure[C] pressure [D] leisure28. We were greatly surprised by the way things were done here.[A] what [B] in which[C] as [D] which29. I __________ to call on you, but was prevented from doing so.[A] meant [B] has meant [C] was meaning [D] had meant30. When it comes __________ his wife with the housework, John never grumbles.[A] to help [B] and helps [C] to helping [D] to have helpedPart II: Reading Comprehension (20%).Direction: There are 2 reading passages in this part. Each passage is followed by some questions or unfinished statements. For each of them there are four choices marked [A], [B], [C], and [D]. You should decide on the best choice and mark the corresponding letter on the Answer Sheet 1 with a single line through the center.Passage OneQuestions 36 to 40 are based on the following passage.Three Yale University professors agreed in a panel discussion tonight that the automobile was what one of them called “Public Health Enemy No.1 in this country.” Besides polluting the air and congesting the cities, cars are involved in more than half the disabling accidents, and they cause heart disease “because we don’t walk anywhere anymore,” said Dr. H. Richard Weinerman, professor of medicine and public health. Dr. Weinerman’s sharp criticism of automobile came in a discussion of human environment on Yale Reports, a radio program broadcast by Station WTIC in Hartford, Connecticut. The program opened a three-part series on “Staying Alive.” “For the first time in human history, the problem of man’s survival has to do w ith his control of man-made dangers,” Dr. Weinerman said. “Before this, the problem had been the control of natural dangers.”Relating many of these dangers of the automobile, Arthur W. Galston, a professor of biology, said it was possible to make a kerosene-burning car that would “lessen smog by a very large factor.” But he expressed doubt that Americans were willing to give up moving about the countryside at 90miles an hour in a large vehicle. “America seems wedded to the motor car - every family has to have at least two, and one has to be a convertible with 300 horsepower,” Professor Galston continued. “Is this the way of life that we choose because we cherish these values?”For Paul B. Sears, professor of conservation, part of the blame lies with “a soc iety that regards profit as a supreme value, under the false idea that anything that’s technically possible is, therefore, ethically justified.” Professor Sears also called the country’s dependence on its modern automobile “lousy economics” because of the large horsepower used simply “moving one person to work.” But he agreed that Americans have painted themselves into a corner by allowing the national economy to become so reliant on the automobile industry.According to Dr. Weinerman, automobiles, not the factories, are responsible for two-thirds of the smog in American cities, and the smog presents the possibility of a whole new kind of epidemic, not due to one germ, but due to polluted environment. “Within another five to ten years, it’s possible to have an epidemic of lung cancer in a city like Los Angeles. This is a new phenomenon in health concern,” he said.The solution, he continued, is “not to find a less dangerous fuel, but a different system of inner-city transportation. Because of the increasing use of cars, public transportation has been allowed to wither and degenerate, so that if you can’t walk to where you want to go, you have to have a car in most cities,” he asserted. This, in turn, Dr. Weinerman contended, is responsible for the “arteriosclerosis” of public roads, for the blight of the inner city and for the middle-class movement to the suburbs.31. The main idea of this article is that _______.[A] Americans are too attached to their cars.[B] American cars run too fast and consume too much fuel.[C] the automobile industry has caused all this to happen.[D] automobiles endanger both the environment and people.32. In paragraph 2, Professor Galston implies that _______.[A] people are more interested in fast automobiles than in their health.[B] kerosene-burning cars would pollute the environment more seriously thangasoline-burning engines do.[C] Americans feel more closely connected to their cars than to the environment.[D] it is not right for every family to have at least two cars.33. In paragraph 3, Professor Sears implies that _______.[A] technology is always good for people.[B] technology is not always good for people.[C] financial profit is more important than technological advancement.[D] technological advancement will improve financial profit.34. It can be inferred from Paragraph 5 that _______.[A] a fuel less dangerous than gasoline must be found.[B] people should get rid of their cars and take the bus to work.[C] public transportation should be improved so that people can become less dependent upontheir cars for inner-city transportation.[D] the only solution to this problem is to build more high ways and more subways.35. Dr. Weinerman would probably agree that _______, if public transportation were improved.[A] the inner city might improve[B] the middle class would move to the suburbs[C] public roads would get worse[D] there would still be an urgent need to build more highwaysPassage TwoQuestions 31 to 35 are based on the following passage.The Food and Drug Administration said on Wednesday that it is trying to track down as many as 386 piglets that may have been genetically engineered and wrongfully sold into the U.S. food supply.The focus of the FDA investigation is on pigs raised by researchers at the University of Illinois in Urbana Champaign. They engineered the animals with two genes: one is a cow gene that increases milk production in the sow; the other, a synthetic gene, makes the milk easier for piglets to digest. The goal was to raise bigger pigs faster.There has been no evidence that either genetically altered plants or animals actually trigger human illness, but critics warn that potential side effects remain unknown. University officials say their tests showed the piglets were not born with the altered genes, but FDA rules require even the offspring of genetically engineered animals to be destroyed so they won’t get into the food supply.The FDA, in a quickly arranged news conference on Wednesday prompted by inquiries by USA TODAY, said the University of Illinois would face possible sanctions and fines for selling the piglets to a livestock broker, who in turn sold them to processing plants.Both the FDA and the university say the pigs that entered the market do not pose a risk to consumers. But the investigation follows action by the U.S. Department of Agriculture in December to fine a Texas company that contaminated 500,000 bushels of soybeans with corn that had been genetically altered to produce a vaccine for pigs.Critics see such cases as evidence of the need for more government oversight of a burgeoning(新兴的)area of scientific research. “This is a small incident, but it’s incidents like this that could destroy consumer confidence and export confidence,” says Stephanie Childs of the Grocery Manufacturers of America. “We already have Europe shaky on biotech. The countries to which we export are going to look at this.”The University of Illinois says it tested the DNA of every piglet eight times to make sure that the animal hadn’t inherited th e genetic engineering of its mother. Those piglets that did were put back into the study. Those that didn’t were sold to the pig broker. “Any pig that was tested negative for the genes since 1999 has been sent off to market,” says Charles Zukoski, vice cha ncellor for research.But FDA deputy commissioner Lester Crawford says that under the terms of the university’s agreement with the FDA, the researchers were forbidden to remove the piglets without FDA approval. “The University of Illinois failed to check w ith FDA to see whether or not the animals could be sold on the open market. And they were not to be used under any circumstance for food.”The FDA is responsible for regulating and overseeing transgenic animals because such genetic manipulation is considered an unapproved animal drug.36. The 386 piglets wrongfully sold into food supply are from ________.[A] Europe[B] an American research organization[C] a meat processing plant[D] an animal farm37. The purpose of the transgenic engineering research is to ________.[A] get pigs of larger size in a shorter time[B] make sows produce more milk[C] make cows produce more milk[D] make pigs grow more lean meat38. The 4th paragraph shows that the University of Illinois ________.[A] was criticized by the FDA[B] is in great trouble[C] is required by the FDA to call back the sold piglets[D] may have to pay the penalty39. The FDA declares that the wrongfully sold piglets ________.[A] may have side effects on consumers[B] may be harmful to consumers[C] are safe to consumers[D] may cause human illness40. It can be inferred from this passage that ________.[A] all the offspring have their mothers’ genetic engineering[B] part of the offspring have their mothers’ genetic engineering[C] none of the o ffspring have their mothers’ genetic engineering[D] half of the offspring have their mothers’ genetic engineeringPart III: English Writing (15%)DIRECTIONS: For this part, you are going to write a short essay on the title. You should write about 250 words and write your essay on the ANSWER SHEET 2.Title:How to handle psychological pressure in today’s competitive lifeNOTES:Marks will be awarded for content, organization, grammar and appropriateness. Failure to follow the instruction may result in a loss of marks.第二部分专业英语试题Part I. Reading comprehensionThere are altogether 12 sections. Please choose from the items given under each question the best one as your answer. 2 marks for each question with a total of 40 marks.Note：You should answer questions to 5 sections only，one of which should be the section corresponding to the major you are applying for and the other 4 sections can be selected at your will. 每名考生最多回答5节下的选择题，其中必须有一节与考生所报专业对应，其余4节考生可以任选。

中山大学肿瘤学考博历年真题

中山大学肿瘤学考博真题（临床部分看万德森的临床肿瘤学；基础部分结合曾益新的肿瘤学及温伯格的癌生物学一起理解看；06及17年真题实在找不齐，抱歉。

）2002年一、必答题1、试述放射生物学的“4R”及临床意义2、肿瘤外科手术治疗的临床意义3、化学治疗根治肿瘤的理论基础及临床应用原则4、癌变的二阶段学说5、 p53的生理功能及功能异常与肿瘤的关系6、细胞凋亡的特征及生理意义二、选答题1、放射治疗的远期并发症是什么？如何预防？2、肿瘤基因治疗的方法。

3、大剂量MTX治疗及用CF解救的方法及原理。

4、上颌窦癌的临床表现及治疗原则。

5、鼻窥镜在鼻咽癌诊治中的应用6、简述作用于抗癌新靶点的药物并举例说明7、试述90年代后使用于临床的对恶性肿瘤有效的新药物，并举例说明8、试述ⅢB期非小细胞肺癌获取细胞学或病理学诊断的方法。

9、中上段食管癌的临床表现2003年一、必答题1、癌发生的二阶段学说2、基因突变的方式与原癌基因活化3、p53基因生物学特性与意义4、信号传导通路的组成二、选答题5、调亡的特点及生物学意义6、肿瘤多步骤转移基本过程7、基因突变形式几检测方法8、化疗药物多药耐药性发生机制9、基因治疗策略10、腹部肿块的类型并举例11、说明胸部肺癌转移的各站淋巴结12、食道癌的X线表现13、四度白细胞减少患者合并严重感染的处理14、简述抗肿瘤药物的副作用及代表药物15、拓扑异构酶I和II的作用及区别，抑制剂的代表药物16、简述肿瘤外科在肿瘤治疗中的作用2004年一、必答题1、简述肿瘤外科在肿瘤综合治疗中的作用。

2、术前放疗的原则3、根治性化疗的理论基础和原则4、肿瘤免疫治疗有哪些方法？5、蒽环类最常见的副作用有哪些？如何防治？6、肿瘤细胞信号传导有哪些基本组成要素？7、信号转导的组成二、选答题8、肺癌淋巴引流分组9、肿瘤外科发展趋势10、试述肿瘤的异型性11、Herceptin的原理、适应症及禁忌症12、什么是预防性手术，有哪些13、低恶性非霍奇金淋巴瘤治疗原则14、凋亡特征及发展机制15、中晚期胸上段食管癌的临床症状有哪些，为什么？16、AFP在肝癌诊治中的意义17、肝动脉栓塞化疗的18、基因突变有哪些及有哪些检查方法19、常见致癌因素及其致癌特点20、烃化剂作用机理，举出3种药物21、抗癌药物的不良反应有哪些，各举1例22、根治性颈淋巴洁清扫并发症有哪些，如何预防23、提高结肠癌疗效有哪些方法24、肿瘤局部，远处扩散机制25、鼻咽癌放疗后主要远期后遗症有哪些，哪些方法预防或减少发生2005年一、必答题1、恶性肿瘤细胞放疗损伤的4R 变化及其临床意义。

中山大学肿瘤学2019年考博真题试卷

中山学位研究生入学考试试卷
中山大学
2019年攻读博士学位研究生入学考试试题
考试科目：肿瘤学
注意：所有答案一律写在答题纸上，写在试题纸上或其他地方一律不给分。
一、必答题
1、简述局限性小细胞肺癌的治疗策略。
2、错配修复基因和微卫星不稳定性的意义。
3、免疫检查点的意义。
4、简述寡转移的定义。
二、选答题
1、MR在加速器中的优势
2、简述高LET射线的生物学特点。
3、肿瘤免疫治疗有哪些方法?
4、PD1/PDL1通路中的疗效预测指标。
5、肿瘤综合性治疗的定义和基本原则。
6、简述局限期小细胞肺癌的治疗的策略。
7、直肠癌TME的手术原则

医学考博2019真题

Listening：无Vocabulary：Section A31. According to the Geneva ______no prisoners of war shall be subjectto abuse.A. CustomsB. CongressesC. ConventionsD. Routines32. Environmental officials insist that something be done to ______acidrain.A. curbB. sueC. detoxifyD. condemn33. It is impossible to say how it will take place, because it willhappen______, and it will not be a long process.A. spontaneouslyB. simultaneouslyC. principallyD. approximately34. Diabetes is one of the most______ and potentially dangerous diseasein the world.A. crucialB. virulentC. colossalD. prevalent35. Rheumatologist advises that those with ongoing aches and pains firstseek medical help to ______the problem.A. affiliateB. alleviateC. aggravateD.accelerate36. How is it possible that such______ deception has come to take placeright under our noses?A. obviousB. significantC. necessaryD. widespread37. Now a paper in Science argues that organic chemicals in the rock comemostly from ______on earth rather than bacteria on Mars.A. configurationB. constitutionC. condemnationD.contamination38. Chronic high-dose intake of vitamin A has been shown to have ______effects on bones.A. adverseB. prevalentC. instantD. purposeful39. Generally, vaccine makers _____ the virus in fertilized chicken eggs in a process that can take four to six months.A. penetrateB. designateC. generateD. exaggerate40. We are much quicker to respond, and we respond far too quickly by giving ______ to our anger.A. ventB. impulseC. temperD. offenceSection B41. The patient's condition has worsened since last night.A. improvedB. returnedC. deterioratedD. changed42. Beijing Television-Station Transmitting Tower really looks magnificent at night when it’s lit up.A. decoratedB. illustratedC. illuminatedD. entertained43. Attempts to restrict parking in the city centre have further aggravated the problem of traffic congestion.A. amelioratedB. aggregatedC. deterioratedD. duplicated44. The applications of genetic engineering are abundant and choosing one appropriate for this case can be rather difficult.A. sufficientB. plentifulC. adequateD. countable45. The defect occurs in the first eight weeks of pregnancy, though no one understands why.A. deficitB. deviationC. draw backD. discrepancy46. He has been on hormone alternate therapy for four years and looks fantastic.A. successorB. replacementC. surrogateD. choice47. It had over 2,000 apartment complexes, a great market, a large number of industrial workshops, an administrative center, a number of massive religious edifices, and a regular grid pattern of streets and buildings.A. ancientB. carefullyC. very largeD. carefully protected48. When patients spend extended periods in hospital, they tend to become overly dependent and lose interest in taking care of themselves.A. extremelyB. exclusivelyC. exactlyD. explicitly49. The anxious parent was vigilant over the injured child in spite ofa full array of emergency room of doctors and nurses.A. preoccupiedB. unwaryC. watchfulD. dozing50. The doctor vacillated so frequently on disease-prevention techniques that his colleagues accused him of inconsistency.A. waveredB. instigatedC. experimentedD. reliedClozeWe spend a lot of time looking at the eyes of others for social 51 —it helps us understand a person’ emotions, and make decisions about how to respond to them. We also know that adults avoid eye contact when anxious. But researchers have known far 52 about eye gazing patterns in children.According to new research by Kalina Michalska, assistant professor of psychology at the University of California, Riverside, we now, know that anxious children tend to avoid making eye contact, and this has consequences for how they experience fear. The 53 and less frequently they look at the eyes of others, the more likely they are to be afraid of them, even when there may be no reason to be. Her study, “Anxiety Symptoms and Children's Eye Gaze During Fear Leaming”, was published in the journal The Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry."Looking at someone’s eyes helps us understand whether a person is feeling sad, angry, fearful, or surprised. As adults, we then make decisions about how to respond and what to do next. But, we know much less about eye patterns in children—so, understanding those patterns can help us learn more about the development of social learning,” Michalska said.Michalska and the team of researchers showed 82 children, 9 to 13 years old, images of two women’s faces on a computer screen. The computer was equipped with an eye tracking device that allowed them to measure 54 on the screen children were looking, and for how long. The participants were originally shown each of the two women a total of four times. Next, one of the images was 55 with a loud scream and a fearful expression, and the other one was not. At the end, children saw both faces again without any sound or scream.The following three conclusions can be drawn from the study:1. All children spent more time looking at the eyes of a face that was paired with the loud scream than the face that was not paired with the scream, 56 they pay attention to potential threats even in the absence of outward cues.2. Children who were more anxious avoided eye contact during all three phases of the experiment, for both kinds of faces. This had consequences for how afraid they were of the faces.3. The more children avoided eye contact；the more afraid they were 57 the faces.The conclusions suggest that children spend more time looking at the eyes of a face when previously paired with something frightening suggesting they pay more attention to potentially threatening information as a way to learn more about the situation and plan what to do next.However, anxious children tend to avoid making eye contact, which leads to greater 58 experience. Even though avoiding eye contact may reduce anxiety 59 , the study finds that—over time—children may be missing out 60_ important social information. This includes that a person may no longer be threatening or scary, and yet the child continues feeling fearful of that person.51. A. environment B. cues C. relations D. answers52. A. less B. more C. enough D. beyond53. A. longer B. more anxious C. shorter D. more54. A. where B. when C. how D. what55. A. followed B. recorded C. paired D. marked56. A. suggest B. suggesting C. suggests D. being suggested57. A. to B. of C.at D. about58. A. fear B. surprise C. sad D. angry59. A. in the long run B. for a long timeC. in the short timeD. in a long time60. A. with B. without C. of D. onReading ComprehensionPassage OneThe British psychoanalyst John Bowlby maintains that separation from the parents during the sensitive “attachment” period from birth to three may scar a child’s personality and predispose to emotional problems in later life.Some people have drawn the conclusion from Bowlby' s work that children should not be subjected to day care before the age of three because of the parental separation it entails, and many people do believe this. It has been argued that an infant under three who is cared for outside the home may suffer because of the separation from his parents. But there are also arguments against such a strong conclusion.But traditional societies are so different from modem societies that comparisons based on just one factor are hard to interpret. Firstly, anthropologists point out that the insulated love affair between children and parents found in modem societies does not usually exist in traditional societies. For example, in some tribal societies, such as the Ngoni, the father and mother of a child did not rear their infant alone—far fromit.Certainty, Bowlby’s analysis raises the possibilities that early day care had delayed effects. The possibility that such care might lead to, say, more mental illness or crime 15 or 20 years later can only explored by the use of statistics. However, statistical studies of this kind have not yet been carried out, and even if they were, the results would certainly be complicated and controversial. Secondly, common sense tells us that day care would not be so widespread today if parents, care-takers found children had problems with it. Thirdly, in the last decade, there have been a number of careful American studies of children in day care, and they have uniformly reported that care had a neutral or slightly positive effect on children’s development.Whatever the long-term effects, parents sometimes find the immediate effects difficult to deal with. Children under three are likely to protest at leaving their parents and show unhappiness. At the age of three or three and a half almost all children find the transition to nursery easy，and this is undoubtedly why more and more parents make use of child care at this time. The matter, then, is far from clear-cut, though experience and available evidence indicate early care is reasonable for infants.61. According to the passage, the consequence of parental separation________.A. still needs more statistical studiesB. has been found negative is more seriousC. is obviousD. in modem times62. The author thinks that John Bowlby’s concern___________.A. is relevant and justifiableB. is too strong to RelieveC. is utterly groundlessD. has something that deserve our attention63. What’s the result of American studies of children in day care in the last decade?A. The children’s unhappiness and protest was due to the day care the children received.B. The bad effects of parental separation were hard to deal with.C. The effect of day care was not necessarily negative on children’s development.D. Early care was reasonable for babies since it’s practiced by so many people nowadays.64. According to the passage, which of the following is probably a reason for parents to send their children under three to day care?A. They don’t know about day care’s negative effect.B. They are too busy to care for their children.C. They want their children to be independent as early as possible.D. They want to facilitate their children to adapt to nursery at the age of about three.65. What’s the author’s attitude to people who have drawn the conclusion from Bowlby’s work that children should not be subjected to day care before the age of three?A. He supports most of their belief because Bowlby's proposition is well-grounded.B. He is sympathetic for them, for he thinks they have been misled by Bowlby.C. He doesn't totally agree with them, since the long-term effect of day care still needs further study.D. He doesn't quite understand them, as they are contradictory inthemselves.Passage TwoBy the end of this century, the average world temperature is expected to increase between one and four degrees, with widespread effects on rainfall, sea levels and animal habitats. But in the Arctic, where the effects of climate change are most intense, the rise in temperature could be twice as much.Understanding how Arctic warming will affect the people, animals, plant and marine life and economic activity in Canada’s North are important to the country's future, says Kent Moore, an atmospheric physicist at University of Toronto Mississauga who is participating in a long-term, international study of the marine ecosystem along the Beaufort Sea, from Alaska to the Mackenzie delta.The study will add to our knowledge of everything from the extent of sea ice in the region to how fish stocks will change to which areas could become targets for oil and gas exploration to the impact on the indigenous people who call this part of the country home.Moore, who has worked in the Arctic for more than 20 years, says his research hasalready found that thinning sea ice and changes in wind patterns are causing an important change in the marine food chain: phytoplankton（淳游植物）is blooming two to three weeks earlier. Many animals time their annual migration to the Arctic for when food is plentiful, and have not adapted to the earlier bloom. " ' Animals' behavior can evolve over a long time, but these climate changes are happening in the space of a decade, rather than hundreds of years, ” says Moore, " Animals can't change their behavior that quickly. ”A warmer Arctic is expected to have important effects on human activity in the region, as the Northwest Passage becomes navigable during the summer, and resource extraction becomes more feasible. Information gained from the study will help government, industry and communities make decisions about resource management, economic development and environmental protection.Moore says the study—which involves Canadian, American and European researchers and government agencies will also use a novel technology to gather atmospheric data: remotely piloted drones. "The drones have the capability of a large research aircraft，and they’re easier to deploy,”he says, showing the researchers to gather information on a more regular basis than they would be able to with piloted aircraft.66. By the end of this century, according to the author, global warming will ______.A. start to bring about extreme weather events to humans and animalsB. increase the average world temperature by four degreesC. cause more damages to the whole world than expectedD. affect the Arctic more than any other parts of the earth67.To help understand the destructive mechanism of Arctic warming, as indicated by the passage, the international study ______.A. is conducted with every single discipline of University of TorontoB. pioneers in pursuing the widespread effects of climate changeC. involves so many countries for different investigationsD.is intended to deal with various aspects in research68. When he ways, “Animals can’t change their behavior that quickly,”what does Moore mean by that quickly?A. The migration of the animals to the Arctic.B. The widespread effects of global warming.C. The rate of the climate change in the Arctic.D.The phytoplankton within the marine ecosystem.69. According to the author, to carry out proper human activities in theArctic______.A. becomes more difficult than ever beforeB. is likely to build a novel economy in the regionC. will surely lower the average world temperatureD. needs the research-based supporting information70. With the drones deployed, as Moore predicts, the researchers will _______.A. involve more collaborating countries than they do nowB. get more data to be required for their researchC. use more novel technologies in researchD. conduct their research at a regular basisPassage ThreeHaving too much caffeine during pregnancy may impair baby’s liver development and increase the risk of liver disease in adulthood, according to a study published in the Journal of Endocrinology. Pregnant rats given caffeine had offspring with lower birth weights, altered growth and stress hormone levels and impaired liver development. The study findings indicate that consumption of caffeine equivalent to 2-3 cups of coffee may alter stress and growth hormone levels in a manner that can impair growth and development, and increase the risk of liver disease in adulthood.Previous studies have indicated that prenatal caffeine intake of 300 mg/day or more in women, which is approximately 2 to 3 cups coffee per day, can result in lower birth weights of their children. Animal studies have further suggested that prenatal caffeine consumption may have more detrimental long-term effects on liver development with an increased susceptibility to non-alcoholic fatty liver disease, a debilitating condition normally associated with obesity and diabetes. However, the underlying link between prenatal caffeine exposure and impaired liverdevelopment remains poorly understood. A better understanding of how caffeine mediates these effects could help prevent these health issues in people in the future.In this study, Prof Hui Wang and colleagues at Wuhan University in China, investigated the effects of low (equivalent to 2-3 cups of coffee) and high dose (equivalent of 6-9 cups of coffee) caffeine, given to pregnant rats, on liver function and hormone levels of their offspring. Offspring exposed to prenatal caffeine had lower levels of the liver hormone, insulin like growth factor (IGF-1), and higher levels of the stress hormone, corticosteroid at birth. However, liver development after birth showed a compensatory 'catch up' phase, characterised by increased levels of IGF-1, which is important for growth.Dr. Yinxian Wen, study co-author, says, “Our results indicate that prenatal caffeine causes an excess of stress hormone activity in the mother, which inhibits IGF-1 activity for liver development before birth. However, compensatory mechanisms do occur after birth to accelerate growth and restore normal liver function, as IGF-1 activity increases and stress hormone signalling decreases. The increased risk of fatty liver disease caused by prenatal caffeine exposure is most likely a consequence of this enhanced, compensatory postnatal IGF-1 activity. ”These findings not only confirm that prenatal caffeine exposure leads to lower birth weight and impaired liver development before birth but also expand our current understanding of the hormonal changes underlying these changes and suggest the potential mechanism for increased risk of liver disease in the future. However, these animal findings need to be confirmed in humans.Dr. Wen comments, "Our work suggests that prenatal caffeine is not good for babies and although these findings still need to be confirmed in people, I would recommend that women avoid caffeine during pregnancy."71. Which of the following is NOT the problem of baby rats of pregnant rats given caffeine?A. Lower birth weight.B. Smaller stress.C. Liver development problem.D. Growth problem.72. If a pregnant woman takes 3 cups of coffee, what will probably happen?A. Her weight will get lower and lower.B. The weight of her baby will get lower and lower.C. She will suffer from non-alcoholic fatty liver disease in a long run.D. Her baby will be more vulnerable to obesity and diabetes because of liver problem.73. Which of following is not correct according to the passage?A. A better understanding of the relationship between caffeine and effects has been achieved.B. 4-5 cups of coffee could be categorized as medium-dose intake.C. Liver development problem may be remedied after birth by increased growth factor.D. The study is mainly conducted on the rats instead of human.74. What is the relationship between stress hormone and liver development when taking in prenatal caffeine?A. Lower stress hormone, lower birth weight before birth.B. Higher stress hormone, lower growth hormone before birth.C. Higher stress hormone, more accelerated growth of weight after birth.D. Lower stress hormone, less accelerated growth of liver after birth.75. What can be the best summary of the last paragraph?A. The research hasn’t been done on humans so pregnant women can ignore the results.B. The compensatory mechanism for liver growth makes prenatal caffeine intake safe.C. Experts suggest pregnant women should still avoidcaffeine.D. We have known enough about the hormone changes underlying the healthPassage FourThe bizarre antics of sleepwalkers have puzzled police, perplexed scientists, and fascinated writers for centuries. There is an endless supply of stories about sleepwalkers. Persons have been said to climb on steep roofs, solve mathematical problems, compose music, walk through plate-glass windows, and commit murder in their sleepHow many of these stories have a basis in fact, and how many are pure fakery? No one knows, but if some of the most sensational stories should be taken with a barrel of salt, others are a matter of record.In Revere, Massachusetts, a hundred policemen combed a waterfront neighborhood for a lost boy who left his home in his sleep and woke up five hours later on a strange sofa in a strange living room, with no idea how he had got there.There is an early medical record of a somnambulist who wrote a novel in his sleep. And the great French writer Voltaire knew a sleepwalker who once got out of bed, dressed himself, made a polite bow, danced a minuet, and then undressed and went back to bed.At the University of Iowa, a student was reported to have the habit of getting up in the middle of the night and walking three-quarters of a mile to the Iowa River. He would take a swim and then go back to his room to bed.The world's champion sleepwalker was supposed to have been an Indian, Pandit Ramrakha, who walked sixteen miles along a dangerous road without realizing that he had left his bed. Second in line for the title is probably either a Vienna housewife or a British farmer. The woman did all her shopping on busy streets in her sleep. The farmer, in his sleep, visited a veterinarian miles away.The leading expert on sleep in America claims that he has never seen a sleepwalker. He is Dr. Nathaniel Kleitman, a physiologist at the University of Chicago. He is said to know more about sleep than any otherliving man, and during the last thirty-five years had lost a lot of sleep watching people sleep. Says he, "Of course, I know that there are sleepwalkers because I have read about them in the newspapers. But none of my sleepers ever walked, and if I were to advertise for sleepwalkers for an experiment, I doubt that I'd get many takers."Sleepwalking, nevertheless, is a scientific reality. Like hypnosis, it is one of those dramatic, eerie, awe-inspiring phenomena that sometimes border on the fantastic. It lends itself to controversy and misconceptions, what is certain about sleepwalking is that it is a symptom of emotional disturbance, and that the only way to cure it is to remove the worries and anxieties that cause it. Doctors say that somnambulism is much more common than is generally supposed. Some have estimated that there are four million somnambulists in the United States. Others set the figure even higher. Many sleepwalkers do not seek help and so are never put on record, which means that an accurate count can never be made.The simplest explanation of sleepwalking is that it is the acting out of a vivid dream. The dream usually comes from guilt, worry, nervousness, or some other emotional conflict. The classic sleepwalker is Shakespeare’s Lady Macbeth. Her nightly wanderings were caused by her guilty conscience at having committed murder. Shakespeare said of her, “The eyes are open but their sense is shut.”The age-old question is: Is the sleepwalker actually awake or asleep. Scientists have decided that he is about half-and-half. Like Lady Macbeth, he has weighty problems on his mind. Dr. Zeida Teplitz, who made a ten-year study of the subject, says, “Some people stay awake all night worrying about their problems. The sleepwalker thrashes them out in his sleep. He is awake in the muscular area, partially asleep in the sensory area." In other words, a person can walk in his sleep, move around, and do other things, but he does not think about what he is doing.76. The second sentence in the second paragraph means that_________.A. no one knows, but certainly all the sleep walking stories have something incredibleB. the sleepwalking stories are like salt adding flavor to people’s lifeC. sleepwalking stories that are most fantastic should be sorted out from ordinary storiesD. the most fantastic sleepwalking stories may be just fictions, yet there are still truthfully recorded stories77. ________was supposed to be the world's champion sleepwalker.A. The student habitually walked to the Iowa River and swam in his sleepB. The man danced a minuet in his sleepC. The man walker sixteen miles along a dangerous roadD. The boy walked five hours in his sleep78. Sleepwalking is the result of ______ according to the passage.A. emotional disorderB. a vivid dreamC. lack of sleep and great anxietyD. insanity79. Dr. Zeida Teplitz seemed to_________.A. agree that sleepwalking sometimes leads to dangerous actsB. conclude that sleepwalkers are awake in their sensory areaC. disagree with the belief that sleep walkers are immune to injuryD. think that sleepwalking can turn into madness80. The writer makes it obvious that_________.A. sleepwalkers are often awakened by dangersB. most sleepwalkers can find ways to avoid self-injuryC. it is important to find out the underlying cause of sleepwalkingD. sleepwalking is actually a kind of hypnosisPassage FiveBeyond the basic animal instincts to seek food and avoid pain, Freud identified two sources of psychic energy, which he called "drives”: aggression and libido. The key to his theory is that these were unconscious drives, shaping our behavior without the mediation of our waking minds; they surface, heavily disguised, only in our dreams. The work of the past half-century in psychology and neuroscience has been to downplay the role of unconscious universal drives, focusing instead on rational processes in conscious life. But researchers have found evidence that Freud s drives really do exist, and they have their roots in the limbic system, a primitive part of the brain that operates mostly below the horizon of consciousness. Now more commonly referred to as emotions, the modem suite of drives comprises five: rage, panic, separation distress, lust and a variation on libido sometimes called seeking.The seeking drive is proving a particularly fruitful subject for researchers. Although like the others it originates in the limbic system, it also involves parts of the forebrain, the seat of higher mental functions. In the 1980s, Jaak Panksepp, a neurobiologist at Bowling Green State University in Ohio, became interested in a place near the cortex known as the ventraltegmental area, which in humans lies just above the hairline. When Panksepp stimulated the corresponding region in a mouse, the animal would sniff the air and walk around, as though it were looking for something. Was it hungry? No. The mouse would walk right by a plate of food, or for that matter any other object Panksepp could think of. This brain tissue seemed to cause a general desire for something new. “What I was seeing,” he says, “was the urge to do stuff. ” Panksepp called this seeking.To neuropsychologist Mark Solms of University College in London, that sounds very much like libido. “Freud needed some sort of general, appetitive desire to seek pleasure in the world of objects,” says Solms. "Panksepp discovered as a neuroscientist what Freud discovered psychologically.” Solms studied the same region of the brain for his work on dreams. Since the 1970s, neurologists have known that dreaming takes place during a particular form of sleep known as REM—rapid eye movement —which is associated with a primitive part of the brain known as the pons. Accordingly, they regarded dreaming as a low-level phenomenon of no great psychological interest. When Solms looked into it, though, it turned out that the key structure involved in dreaming was actually the ventral。