2019年中山大学考博英语真题

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2018年中山大学考博英语真题

2018年中山大学考博英语真题

2018年中山大考博英语真题Directions: In each question, decide which of the choices given will most suitably complete the sentences if inserted at the place marked. Write your choices on the Answer Sheet.31. The secretary was harshly——by her boss for misplacing some important files.A) rebuked B)teased C) washed D) accused32. The jet airliner has ——from the Wright brothers’ small airplane.A) Involved B) evolved C) devolved D) revolved33. Chinese products enjoy high international prestige because of their, quality.A) Indistinctive B) indisputable C) indispensable D) indistinguishable34. This can something that the students may not have comprehended in English.A) Signify B) specify C) clarify D) testify35. I must you on your handling of a very difficult situation.A) meditate B) complement C) elaborate D) compliment36. I've had my car examined three times now but no mechanic has been able to the problem.A) deduce B) notify C) highlight D) pinpoint37. Architectural pressure groups fought unsuccessfully to save a terrace of eighteenth century houses from _A) abolition B) demolition C) disruption D) dismantling38.Having decided to rent a flat, we____ contacting all the accommodation dt, agencies in the city.A) set out B) set to C) set about D) set off39. The police decided to the department store after they had received a bomb warning.A) evict B) expel C) abandon D) evacuate40. If the work-force respected you, you wouldn't need to your authority so often,A) affirm B) restrain C) assert D) maintain41. Miss Rosemary Adang went through the composition carefully to all errors from it.A) eliminate B) terminate C) illuminate D) alleviate42. Several months previously, the workers had petitioned the company for a 25 percent wage increase and of stricter safety regulations.A) implement B) endowment C) enforcement D) engagement43. The rebel army __ the democratic government of the, country lawlessly.A) overthrew B) overtook C) overturned D) overruled44. Judges are ____increasingly heavy fines for minor driving offencesA). B) demanding C) imparting D) imposing45. The of all kinds of necessary goods was caused by natural calamity.A) variety B) scarcity C) solidarity D) commodity46. It is essential to be on the for any signs of movement in the undergrowth since there are poisonous snakes in the area.A) guard B) care C) alert D) alarm47. She took up so many hobbies when she retired that she had hardly any timeA) in hand B) at hand C) on her hands D) at her hand48. Working with the mentally handicapped requires considerable -`_ of patience; and understanding.A) means B) stocks C) provisions D) resources49. He still suffers from a rare t2-opical disease which he, while working to Africa.A) infected B) incurred C ) contracted D) infested50. Giving up smoking is just one of the ways to heart diseases.A) ward off C) push off B) put off D) throw off51. There is no for hard work and perseverance of you want to succeed.. A) alteration B) equivalent C) alternative D)substitute52. What the film company needs is an actor who can take on any kinds of roles.A) diverse B) versatile C) variable D) changeable53. With their modern, lightweight boat, they soon the older vessels in the race.A) overran B) exceeded C) outstripped D) caught up54. Research suggests that, heavy penalties do not act as a to potential criminals. .A) deterrent B) prevention C) safeguard D) distraction55. There has been so much media of the coming election that people have got bored with it.A) circulation B) concern C) broadcasting D) coverageA) applications B) connotations C) implications D) complications64. I thought 1 saw water in the distance but it must have been an opticalA) perception B) delusion C) illusion D) deception61. He was intensely_____ by the way the shop assistant spoke to him.A) intervened C) injected B) irritated D) insulated62. The people who were _ hurt in the accident were taken to the only hospital in the immediate_________A) vicinity B) mobility C) velocity D) integrity63. With all his experience abroad he was a major to the company.A) attendant B) asset C) attachment D) attribute64. Don't thank me for helping in the garden. It was pleasure to be working out of doors.A) mere B) sheer C) plain D) simple65. The peace of the public library was by the sound of a transistor radio.A) shuttered B) shattered C) smashed D) fractured66. It is doubtless that those who wish to succeed should beA) aggressive B) possessive C) cooperative D) conventional56. You've done more of the work than I have recently so I'll give up my day off' inA) offset B)redress C)herald D) compensatewith the usual formalities since we all know each other57. I think we can______with the usual formalities since we all know each other already.A) dispose B) dispatch C) dispense D) discharge58. He joined a computer dating scheme but so far it hasn't a suitable patter.A) come by B) some across C) come up with D) come round to59. Have you thought what the _ might be if you didn't win your case in court?67. The damp and cold weather had painfully the patient's rheumatism.A) activated B)aggregatedC) aggravated D) accelerated68.1 utterly your argument. In my opinion, you have distorted the facts.A) dispute B) refute C) confound D) decline69.1 think you will find that the inconvenience of the diet is by the benefits.A) out looked B) outranked C) outfought D) outweighed70. A good friend is one who will you when you arc in trouble.A) stand for B) stand by C) stand up to D) stand overPart III. Reading Comprehension (30 paints)DirectionsThere are 6 passages in this pail. Each Passage is followed by some questions or unfinished statements. Each question or unfinished statement is given four suggested answers marked A), B), C) and D). Y ou should choose the one best answer and write the corresponding letter on the Answer Sheet.Passage OneSome of the earliest diamonds known came from India. In the eighteenth century they were found in Brazil, and in 1866, huge deposits were found near Kimberley in South Africa. Though evidence of extensive diamond deposits has recently, been found in South Africa, the continent of Africa still produces nearly all the world's supply of these stones.The most valuable diamonds are large, individual crystals of pure crystal lint carbon. Less perfect forms, known as 'boars'and 'carbonado' arc clusters of tiny crystals. Until diamonds are cut and polished, they do not sparkle lice those you sec on a ring--they just look like small, blue-grey stones.In a rather crude form the cutting and polishing of precious stones was an art known to the Ancient Egyptians, and in the Middle Ages it became 1Lidcspread iii north-west Europe. However, a revolutionary change in the methods of cutting and polishing was made in 1476 when Ludwig V an Berquen of Bruges in Belgium invented the use of a swiftly revolving wheel with its edge faced with fine diamond powder. The name 'boast' is given to this fine powder as well as the natural crystalline material already mentioned. It is also gimp to badly flawed or broken diamond crystals, useless as jewels, that are broken into powder for grinding purposes, the so-called `industrial' diamonds.Diamond itself is the only material hard enough to cut and polish diamonds--though recently, high-intensity light beams called lasers have been developed which can bore holes in them. It may be necessary to split or cleave the large stones before they arc cut and polished. Every diamond has a natural line of cleavage, along which it may be split by a sharp blow with a cutting edge.A fully cut 'brilliant' diamond has 58 facets, or faces, regularly arranged. For cutting or faceting, the stones arc fixed into copper holders and held against a wheel, edged with a mixture of Oil and fine diamond dust, which is revolved at about 2,500 revolutions a minute. Amsterdam and Antwerp, in Holland and Belgium respectively, have been the centre of the diamond cutting and polishing industry for over seven centuries.The jewel value of brilliant diamonds depends greatly on their colour, or `water' as it is called. The usual colours of diamonds are white, yellow, brown, green or blue- Surrounding rocks and take on their color. thus black ,red and even bright pink diamonds have occasionally been found.The trade in diamonds Is not only in the valuable gem stones but also in the industrial diamonds mentioned above. Zaire produces 70% of such stones. They are fixed into the rock drills used in mining and civil engineering, also for edging band saws for cutting stone. Diamond-faced tools are used for cutting and drilling glass and fine porcelain and for dentists' drills. They are used as bearings in watches and other finely balanced instruments. Perhaps you own some diamonds without knowing it--in your wristwatch!71. 'Carbonado' is the name given toA) only the very best diamonds B) lumps of pure carbonC) Spanish diamonds D) diamonds made up of many small crystals72. The art of cutting and polishing precious stones remained crude untilA) the fourteenth century B) the fifteenth centuryC) the sixteenth century D) the seventeenth century73. During faceting, diamonds are held in copper holdersA) to facilitate accurate cutting B) to make them shine more brilliantlyC) so that they can revolve more easily D) as a steel holder might damage the diamond74. The value order of `water' in diamond, _A) is more important than their colour B) ranges from blue-white upwardsC) ranges from blue-white downwards D) has never been reliably established75. Industrial diamonds are usedA) for a wide range of purposes B) mainly for dentists' drillsC) for decoration in rings and watches D) principally in mass-produced jewelleryPassage TwoJust about everyone knows the meaning of `value" though you'd never know it from the excesses of the Eighties. Clever campaigns often allowed marketers to charge more for their product and reap ever-higher profits. It worked like a dream until suddenly, facing difficult economic times, consumers work up. Now, to the extent that they're buying, many consumers are choosing the car that delivers the most for the money--not necessarily the one they coveted as a status symbol a few years ago, they are shifting to the toothpaste that works from the ones with it slickest promotions. Companies that understand this new consumer have come up wit something new: "value marketing".A word of caution is necessary. In marketing, watchwords quickly metamorphos intobuzzwords--and value is no exception. We're not taping about ads that merely boast of a product's value or even such legitimate sates tools as price cuts and discount: Used correctly, value marketing amounts to much more than just stashing prices distributing coupons. It means giving the customer an improved product, with adds, features and enhancing the role of marketing itself:In value marketing, marketing becomes part of the system for delivering value t( the consumer. Instead of merely shaping image, such a program might offer enhance guarantees or longer warranties, ads that educate rather than hype, membership club: that build loyalty, frequent-buyer plans, improved communications with customer. through 800 numbers, or package design that makes the product easier to use or more environmentally friendly.These and other value-marketing techniques can be expensive. They can tncar added production and marketing costs added to lower unit prices, Even so, the principle involved in value marketing value for money, an improved product, enhanced =Nice, and added features--are just %fiat U_S_ business needs to enhance its competitiveness in the global marketplace. That's why it will be all to the good if the commonsensical virtues of value marketing become part of the permanent strategy of U.S. business.76. Consumers have waken up because ofA) the poor products they bought B) the high price they paid for what they boughtC) the difficult economic times D) a horrible dream77. Many consumers are choosing the commoditiesA) that are precious B) that are warrantedC) that can show their status D) that deliver the most for the money78. In the 1980s, people would like to go after the productsA) that were most expensive B) that were up-to-dateC) that could show their status D) that were in fashion79. Communications with customers malj be improvedA) through annual customers congress B) through ton free 800 numbersC)through membership clubs D) through frequent education80. A value marketing program may not includeA)daily visits to customers B)longer warrantiesC)membership clubs D)environmentally friendly packagesPassage ThreeGreat emotional and intellectual resources are demanded in quarrels; stamina helps, as does a capacity for obsession. But no one is born a good quarreller; the craft must be learned.There are two generally recognised apprenticeships. First, and universally preferred, is a long childhood spent in the company of fractious siblings. After several years of rainy afternoons, brothers and sisters develop a sure feel for the tactics of attrition and the niceties of strategy so necessary in first-rate quarrelling.The only child, or the child of peaceful or repressed households, is likely to grow up failing tounderstand that quarrels, unlike arguments, arc not about an)1hing, least of all the pursuit of truth. The apparent subject of a quarrel is a mere pretext; the real business is the quarrel itself.Essentially, adversaries in a quarrel are out to establish or rescue their dignity. I fence the elementary principle: anything may be said. The unschooled, probably no less quarrelsome by inclination than anyone else, may spend an hour with knocking heart, sifting the consequences of roiling this old acquaintance a lying fraud. Too late! With a cheerful wave the old acquaintance has left the room.Those who miss their first apprenticeship may care to enrol in the second, the bad marriage. This can be perilous for the neophyte; the mutual intimacy of spouses makes them at once more vulnerable and more dangerous in attack. Once sex is involved, the stakes are higher all round. And there is an unspoken rule that those who love, or have loved, one another are granted a licence for unlimited beastliness such as is denied to mere sworn enemies. For all that, some of our most tenacious black belt quarrellers have come to it late in fife and mastered every throw, from the Crushing Silence to the Gloating Apology, in less than ten years of marriage.A quarrel may last years. Among brooding types Kith time on their hands, like writers, half a lifetime is not uncommon. In its most refined form, a quarrel may consist of the participants not talking to each other. They will need to scheme laboriously to appear in public together to register their silence.Brief, violent quarrels are also known as rows. In all cases the essential ingredient remains the same; the original cause must be forgotten as soon as possible. From here on, dignity, pride, self-esteem, honour ate the crucial issues, which is why quarrelling… like jealousy, is an all-consuming business, virtually a profession. For the quarreller's very self-hood is on the fine. To lose an argument is a brief disappointment, much like losing a game of tennis; but to be crushed in a quarrel ... rather bite off your tongue and spread it at your opponent's feet.81. Unschooled quarrellers are said to be at a disadvantage becauseA) their insults fail to offend their opponent B) they reveal their nervousness to their opponentC) they suffer from remorse for what they've said D) they are apprehensive about speaking their minds82. According to the writer, quarrels between married couples may be_-__- A) physically violent B) extremely IYitterC) essentially trivial D) sincerely regretted83.when quarrelling both children and married couples may, according to the writerA) be particularly brutal B) use politeness as a weaponC) employ skillful manoeuvres D) exaggerate their feelings84. The difference between a quarrel and an argument is said to be thatA) the former involves individual egos B) the former concerns strong points of viewC) the latter has well-established miles D) the latter concerns trivial issues85. In the passage as a whole, the writer treats quarrelling as if it wereA) a military campaign B) a social skillC) a moral evil D) a natural giltPassage Four`I just couldn't do it. I don't know what it is. It's not embarrassment. No that's not it. Y ou see, you're putting your head in a noose; that's what it seems to me.' Derek am armed robber with a long record of bank jobs, was talking about hoisting (shop-lifting). `No I just couldn't do it. I mean just going in there.' He paused to try to fund a more exact way of fixing; his antipathy. `I tell you what. It's too blatant for my liking.'It seemed a fanny way to put it. Pushing a couple of ties in your pocket at a shop was hardly the last word in extroversion, and even a bit on the discreet side when compared to all that firing of shotguns and vaulting over counters which made up the typical bank raid.But my ideas of shop-lifting were still bound up with teenage memories of nicking packets of chewing gum from the local newsagents. A lot of guilt and not much loot_ After a few conversations with professional holsters, I realised that `blatant' was just about right.Nobody took a couple of ties they took the whole rack. The fast member of the gang would walk in nice and purposefully. Their job was to set up the goods: perhaps put an elastic bawd round the ends of a few dozen silk scarves; move the valuable pieces of jewellery nearer the edge of the counter; slide the ties on the rack into a compact bunch. Then, wine somebody else diverts the assistant or provides some fort of masking, the third member lifts the lotIf the walk to the door is a little long, then there mm be someone else to take over for the last stretch. No one is in possession for more than a few seconds, and there's always a couple of spare bodies to obstruct any one who seems to be getting too near the carrier.Store detectives who move forward with well-founded suspicions may still find themselves clutching empty air. Store detectives watch for three main give-sways: am- sort of loitering which looks different from the usual hanging around and dithering that characterises the real customer; any covert contact between individuals %N-ho %v shown no other sign of knowing each other, any over-friendliness towards sales staff which might be acting as a distraction. 'There's one other little angle', said one detective. 'l often pop round the back stairs; that's where you'll occasionally find one of them; trying to relax and get themselves in the right mood before starting the next job.'86. The bank robber wouldn't consider shop-lifting becauseA) it was beneath his dignity B) the penalties were too highC) it wasn't challenging enough D) the risks were too great87. The writer's experience led rum to think that most shop-liftersA) were I their teens B) stole modest amountsC) used violent methods D) stole for excitement88. The; role of the first member of the gang is toA) convince the staff he's a serious shopper B) remove die goods from the shelvesC) establish the easiest goods to steal D) smooth the. path for his accomplice .89. Professional shop-lifters avoid being caught in the act byA) passing goods from one to another B) hiding behind ordinary shoppersC) racing for the nearest exit D) concealing goods in ordinary bath90. Potential shop-lifters may be identified when the:.A) seem unable to decide what to buy B) openly signal to apparent strangersC) are unusually chatty to assistants D) set off towards emergency exitsPassage FivePerhaps there are far more wives than I imagine who take it for granted that housework ii neither satisfying nor even important once the basic demands of hygiene and feeding have been met. But home and family is the one realm in which it is really difficult to shale free: of one's upbringing and create new values. My parents' house was impeccably kept; cleanliness was a moral and social virtue, and personal untidiness, visibly old clothes, or long male hair provoked biting jocularity. If that had been all, maybe I could have adapted myself to housework on an easy-going, utilitarian basis, refusing the moral overtones but shill believing in it as something constructive because it is part of creating a home. But at the same time my mother used to recant doing it, called it drudgery, and convinced me that it wasn't a fit activity for an intelligent being. I was an only child, and once I was at school there was no reason why she should have continued against her will to remain housebound, unless, as I suspect, my father would not hear of her having a job of her own.I can now begin to understand why a woman in a small suburban house, with no infants to look after, who does not enjoy reading because she has not had much of an education, and who is intelligent enough to find neighbourly chit-chat boring, should carry the pursuit of microscopic specks of dust to the point of fanaticism in an attempt to fill hours and salvage her self-respect. My parents had not even the status-seeking impetus to send me to university that Joe's had; my mother wanted me to be `a nice quiet person who wouldn't be noticed in a crowd', and it was feared that university education results in ingratitude (independence)..It is constantly niggling not only to be doing jobs that require so little; valuable effort, but also jobs which are mainly concerned with simply keeping level with natural processes--cleaning jobs, whether of objects or people. which once done are not done for good, and will have to be done all over again, just as if I have not alreadv made the effort; the next day, or even within a few hours. There is something so negative about this role that society heaps entirely un to the shoulders of women. flat of making sure that things do not get dirty, and people do not get unhealthy. I want to believe in health as something basic, neutral, to assume that all the essentials are cared for, or at least will not magnify themselves into a full-time occupation.Can you imagine what would happen to a man who was suddenly uprooted from a job in which he placed the meaning of his life, and delegated to a mindless task, in performing which he was also cut off fairly completely from the people who shared his interests'? I think more of the men I know would disintegrate completely.9l . 'The writer attributes her attitude towards housework toA) her rejection of her parents' old-fashioned standards B) her determination to avoid her mother'smistakesC) her inherited feelings of duty and resentment D) her spoil upbringing as an only child92. The writer's parents reacted to a slovenly appearance by .._.._._.A) criticising the offender bitterly B) stressing the social importance of cleanlinessC) making sarcastic comments about the matter D) expressing a sense: of moral indignation93. It scems to the wrik r that some suburban houscwivcs mayA) engage in tedious gossip merely to pass file time B) allow routine tasks to become cut obsessionC) come to regret their lack of a proper education D) come to find housework a fulfilling occupation94. Her parents didn't encourage her to go to unnrisity because they thoughtA) she wouldn't appreciate the sacrifice it would invohr B) she might feel intellectually superior to themC) higher education wasn't suitable for a housewife D) it might change her relationship with them95. She objects to her role because it is soA) undemanding B) unimportantC) unpleasant D) unproductivePassage: SixHow many hypochondriacs are there? Can anybody- in the great social science industry tell me? Even to the nearest ten thousand?I doubt it, and I think I know why. The trouble about being a hypochondriac (and I speak from a lifetime of practice) is that you feel silly-qty rational mind tells me that, just because the cut on my forger has been throbbing for two days, I am unlikely to die of gangrene; but in a hypochondrraacl mood I can sec the gangrene creeping up my arm as my finger turns black. My hypochondria is fed, in constant doses, by half the scientific knowledge I need, and twice the imagination. I know enough anatomy to identity the twitch in my chest as the first spasm of coronary llirombosis(ie-ilkO U.K tylrr'' Ti~), and to point to my duodenum (+-4V_*) with the authority of a second-year medical student.Of course, like many hypochondriacs. I er~joy (not exactly the word) sound health. My fat mc&al file contanu very Wile of substance. though there is a fine selection of nrgatirv barium meal tests. In fact, the only Spell I cvrr had in hospital took place when I actually- had something. 1Lhat I thought was a cold turned out to be pneumonia. So much for my diagnostic accuracy.Ilypochondria lies between the rational self which says, `Nonsense, you're fine,' and the deeply pessimistic self, which fingers a swelling discovered under the jaw as you shave and converts it into the first lump of a fatal cancer of the lymph gland.'llicse feelings are embarrassing enough but they are made worse by the brisk treatment I get from the many overt anti-hypochondriacs about: people like wives or editors, who say, `Get up! There's nothing wrong with you', or `Never seen you looking better, old boy', when the first stages of a brain tumour have begun to paralyse my left aim.Such persons know nothing. They are capable of astonishing, acts of self fiargetfulncm. They walk about with lips so chapped that a penny could fit in the cracks. 'Ilicy go so far as to forget to take medicine prescribed for them. For these creatures of the light, die world is a simple place. Y ou are either well or sick and that's that, categories, which admit of no confusion. 'if you are ill,' anti-hypochondriacs say, `you ought to go to bed and stop moping.' They remind me of the story told of the economist, Keynes, a'ld his Russian ballerina wife, staring silently into the fire. Keynes asked, `What are you thinking, my dear?' She replied, `Nothing.' And he said, I wish I could do that.' There is not much comfort to be had from other hypochondriacs, either. I had lunch once with a distinguished writer whom I very much wanted to impress. H greeted me with the words, `Please excuse the condition of my nose.' During the next few minutes, fascinated but trying not to be caught staring, I established two things: fast, that he had a small inflammation by his right nostril, and second, that he was a fellow hypochondriac. The combination meant that I could have been three other people for all he cared. As we parted, he again apologized about his nose. I was furious.96. The author suggests that the exact number of hypochondriacs is not known because hypochondriacsa) Are not taken seriously by social scientists B) feet too embarrassed about their fears to admit themC) Don’t take their fears seriously enough to discuss them D) are aware that they represent a tiny minority97. The author describes how his own hypochondria can be set off byA) Reading articles in medical journals B) noticing unusual physical sensationsC) Studying his personal medical files D) asking for advice from student doctors98. The author's medical history suggests thatA) He has never had any serious illnesses B) his diagnoses have sometimes proved correctC) He has had very few medical examinations D) most of his fears have proved groundless99. Anti-hypochondriacs are described as people whoA) Pay no attention to minor ailments B) don't accept that people get illC) Have little faith in the medical profession D) smile cheerfully however ill they are100. The author recognized a fellow-hypochondriac by the I'M thata) The conversation centered around the writer's health B) the writer was so sympathetic towards himC) A minor complaint so concerned the writer D) the writer seemed to want attention from more peoplePart II. Writing (25 points)In this part, you are required to write a composition of at last 300 words on the topic:"The Relationship That Exists Between Humans and Nature." Remember you shouldWrite your composition on the Answer Sheet.。

中大博士面试英语题

中大博士面试英语题

中大博士面试英语题Here is an essay on the topic "PhD Interview Questions in English" with a word count over 1000 words, written in English without any extra punctuation marks.The journey to earning a PhD is a challenging and rewarding one that requires immense dedication, intellect, and perseverance. As an aspiring doctoral candidate, the interview process plays a crucial role in determining one's suitability for the program. The PhD interview questions can delve into various aspects of the applicant's academic background, research interests, and personal qualities, all of which contribute to the selection of the most qualified individuals.One of the fundamental areas that is often explored during the PhD interview is the applicant's research experience and interests. Interviewers may ask the candidate to provide a detailed overview of their previous research projects, the methodology employed, the findings, and the potential implications of the work. This allows the panel to assess the candidate's depth of understanding, critical thinking abilities, and their ability to effectively communicate complex ideas. Candidates should be prepared to articulate their research interests in a concise and coherent manner, highlighting therelevance and significance of their proposed area of study within the broader academic landscape.Another crucial aspect that is commonly evaluated during the PhD interview is the applicant's academic background and qualifications. Interviewers may delve into the candidate's educational history, including their academic achievements, awards, and any relevant publications or presentations. This information helps the panel to gauge the applicant's intellectual capabilities, their commitment to academic excellence, and their potential to thrive in the rigorous doctoral program. Candidates should be ready to discuss their academic journey, the challenges they have faced, and the strategies they have employed to overcome them, demonstrating their resilience and adaptability.In addition to the academic and research-focused questions, the PhD interview may also explore the applicant's personal qualities and motivations for pursuing a doctoral degree. Interviewers may inquire about the candidate's long-term career goals, their passion for the field of study, and their ability to work independently as well as collaboratively. Candidates should be prepared to articulate their reasons for choosing the particular program and institution, highlighting how their personal and professional aspirations align with the program's objectives and the university's research focus.Furthermore, the PhD interview may assess the applicant's problem-solving skills, critical thinking abilities, and their capacity to think creatively and innovatively. Interviewers may present the candidate with hypothetical scenarios or challenges related to the field of study and gauge their responses. Candidates should be ready to demonstrate their analytical skills, their ability to think outside the box, and their willingness to tackle complex problems with a systematic and thoughtful approach.The PhD interview may also delve into the applicant's time management skills, their ability to handle multiple tasks and deadlines, and their resilience in the face of setbacks. Interviewers may inquire about the candidate's strategies for managing their research, coursework, and other responsibilities, as well as their ability to cope with the demands of a doctoral program. Candidates should be prepared to discuss their organizational skills, their approach to prioritizing tasks, and their strategies for maintaining a healthy work-life balance.Finally, the PhD interview may explore the applicant's communication skills, both written and verbal, as these are essential for success in a doctoral program. Interviewers may ask the candidate to provide writing samples, such as research proposals or academic papers, and assess their ability to articulate their ideas clearly and effectively. Candidates should be ready to demonstratetheir proficiency in English, their ability to engage in intellectual discourse, and their capacity to communicate complex concepts to diverse audiences.Throughout the PhD interview process, it is crucial for the applicant to remain composed, confident, and engaging. Candidates should be prepared to provide thoughtful and well-reasoned responses, while also demonstrating their enthusiasm for the field of study and their commitment to the doctoral program. By understanding the key areas of focus and preparing thoroughly, aspiring doctoral candidates can navigate the interview process with poise and increase their chances of securing a coveted position in a prestigious PhD program.。

中山大学考博英语

中山大学考博英语

1.主观题占55%,客观题各占45%。

文理学科共用一份考试卷。

考试时间为180分钟。

2.共有六大题。

具体的题型、题量及分值如下:考试内容阅读完成填空选择搭配题英译汉汉译英写作考试分值30分10分15分15分10分20分题量1×30=30 0.5×20=10 3 × 5 3×5(句)=15 2×5(句)=10 200-250单词3.试题有以下几个特点:⑴听力考试在复试中进行。

⑵第一题是阅读题,主要考查考生的阅读能力。

共有6篇短文,每篇约350单词,每篇有5个问题,每个问题1分,共30分。

阅读题的内容涉及文理科的各种普通的内容。

⑶第二题是填空题,主要是检查考生的英语综合运用能力。

其类型属于“无选项填空”题。

试题为一篇短文,内含20处填空,在需要填空的地方不提供选择答案,考生必须根据上下文的逻辑关系自己填上一个词性和意思都合适的单词。

每个填空0.5分,共10分。

⑷第三题是“选择搭配题”。

是一篇阅读文章,里面有5处句子填空。

考生需根据上下文的逻辑关系,从给出的10个句子中分别选择5个句子来填空,每句3分,共15分。

⑸第四题是“英译汉”翻译题。

要求考生把在一段文章中指定的5个英文句子翻译成汉语。

每个句子3分,共15分。

⑹第五题是“汉译英”翻译题。

要求考生把一段汉语文章中被指定的5个句子翻译成英语。

每个句子2分,共10分。

⑺第六题是作文题,共有两道题,考生可任选其中一题来作文,写两题者不给分。

文体一般为议论文,200至250个英语单词。

要求审题准确,语句通顺连贯,思路清晰,内容充实。

本题共20分。

中山大学考博历年真题分析

中山大学考博历年真题分析

2000年中大博士英语真题1 custodian [kʌs'təudiən] n. 管理人;监护人;保管人reputation [,repju'teiʃən] n. 声望;名声,名誉averse [ə'və:s] adj. 不愿意的;反对的reluctant[ri'lʌktənt] adj. 勉强的;不情愿的;[罕]顽抗的entrepreneur [,ɔntrəprə'nə:] n. 企业家;承包人;主办者faith [feiθ] n. 信任;信念;信仰;忠实capital ['kæpitəl] n. 首都,省会;大写字母;资金;资本家;adj. 重要的;大写的;首都的venture capital风险资本,风险投资['ventʃə]fortune ['fɔ:tʃən, -tʃu:n]n. 运气;财富;命运vt. 给予财富vi. 偶然发生pooling n. 联营,合并;池化v. 积水成池;淤积(pool的ing形式)pound [paund]n. 英镑;loan [ləun]n. 贷款;借款vi. 借出firm['fə:m]n. 商号;公司adj. 坚定的;结实的;牢固的;严格的handsome salary可观的薪水customer ['kʌstəmə] n. 顾客restrict [ri'strikt]vt. 限制;限定;约束single handed单枪匹马; a share of:一部分2 crush [krʌʃ]vt. 压碎;弄皱,变形;使…挤入brutal ['bru:təl]adj. 残忍的;野蛮的,不讲理的aggression [ə'ɡreʃən]n. 进攻;侵略;侵犯;侵害invade [in'veid]vt. 侵略;侵袭;vi.侵犯remorse [ri'mɔ:s]n. 懊悔;同情sincerity [sin'serəti, -'siərəti]n. 真实,诚挚sorrow ['sɔrəu, 'sɔ:-]n. 悲伤;vt. 为…悲痛tremendous [tri'mendəs]adj. 极大的,巨大的;惊人的sponsored ['spɔnsəd]v. 赞助(sponsor的过去分词);发起adj. 赞助的;发起的ceremony ['seriməuni]n. 典礼,仪式;礼节,礼仪;客套surrender [sə'rendə]n. 投降;交出;vt. 放弃;交出;bills n.议案(bill的复数);账单guideline ['ɡaidlain]n. 指导方针defense [di'fens]n. 防卫,防护;防御措施;防守;vt. 谋划抵御parliament ['pɑ:ləmənt]n. 议会,国会militarism ['militə,rizəm]n. 军国主义;尚武精神,好战态度;haunt [hɔ:nt]vt. 常出没于…;萦绕于…;n. 栖息地;常去的地vi. 出没;作祟perpetrate ['pə:pitreit]vt. 犯(罪);做(恶)solemn ['sɔləm]adj. 庄严的,严肃的;隆重的,郑重的ultra- ['ʌltrə]comb. 表示“极端,过度”pref. 极端;在……之外emerge [i'mə:dʒ]vi. 浮现;暴露;摆脱brandish ['brændiʃ]vt. 挥舞;炫耀prime minister首相,总理savage ['sævidʒ]adj. 残酷的;野蛮的;狂怒的;荒凉n. 未开化的;粗鲁的人;vt. 乱咬permanent ['pə:mənənt]adj. 永久的,永恒的;sidestep history 回避历史emperor ['empərə]n. 皇帝,君主3 monitor ['mɔnitə]n 监控器vt.监控cosmetic [kɔz'metik]adj. 美容的;化妆用的n. 化妆品;装饰品toiletries ['tɔilətriz] n. 化妆品;化妆用具via ['vaiə]prep. 取道,通过;psychologist [psai'kɔlədʒist]n. 心理学家,心理学者finalist ['fainəlist]n. 参加决赛的选手participant [pɑ:'tisipənt]adj. 参与的;有关系的ministry ['ministri]n. (政府的)部门turn down 拒绝,关小4 smooth [smu:ð] vi. 变平静;adj. 光滑的;顺利的portuguese [,pɔ:tju'ɡi:z, -'ɡi:s]adj. 葡萄牙的;n. 葡萄牙人;lisbon n. 里斯本(葡萄牙首都counterpart ['kauntə,pɑ:t]n. 副本;配对物;极相似的人或物prospect ['prɔspekt]n. 前途;预期;vi. 勘探degree [di'ɡri:]n. 程度,等级;度;学位;阶层autonomy [ɔ:'tɔnəmi]n. 自治,自治权state [steit]adj. 正式的;国家的;州的;n. 情形;国家;vt. 陈述;规定;声明reiterate [ri:'itəreit]vt. 重申;反复地做consult [kɔn'sʌlt, 'kɔnsʌlt]vt. 商量;查阅;serve as担任…,充当…;起…的作用announce [ə'nauns]vt. 宣布;述说;预示;vi. 宣布参加竞选;当播音员secretary ['sekrətəri]n. 秘书;书记;大臣;部长retain vt. 保持;雇;记住sovereign ['sɔvərin, 'sʌv-]adj. 至高无上的;有主权的;n.独立国diplomatic [,diplə'mætik]adj. 外交的;老练的;territorial [,teri'tɔ:riəl]adj. 领土的;土地的;5 annual ['ænjuəl]adj. 年度的;n. 年刊,年鉴;forum ['fɔ:rəm]n. 论坛,讨论会;法庭;humble ['hʌmbl]adj. 谦卑的,低下的edition [i'diʃən]n. 版本summit ['sʌmit]n. 顶点;最高级会议;adj. 最高级的;prominent ['prɔminənt]adj. 突出的,显著的;杰出的;卓越的resort [ri'zɔ:t]n. 凭借,手段;常去之地;vi. 求助,诉诸;ski resort滑雪胜地ministerial [,mini'stiəriəl]adj. 部长的;内阁的;公使的;牧师的confrontation [,kɔnfrʌn'teiʃən]n. 对抗;对质;面对site [sait]n. 地点;场所intention [in'tenʃən]n. 意图;目的;意向;[医]愈合overlapping [,əuvə'læpiŋ]adj. 重叠;覆盖v. 与…重叠;盖过(overlap的ing形式6 contact lenses['kɔntækt, kən'tækt]lenses ['lensiz]隐形眼镜cornea ['kɔ:niə]n. [解]角膜misshape [,mis'ʃeip]vt. 使造型不佳;弄成畸形satisfactory [,sætis'fæktəri]adj. 满意的;符合要求的;赎罪的comprise [kəm'praiz]vt. 包含;由…组成avocation [,ævəu'keiʃən]n. 副业;嗜好;业余爱好vocation [vəu'keiʃən]n. 职业;天职;天命;aviator ['eivieitə]n. 飞行员endanger [in'deindʒə]vt. 危及;使遭到危险handicap ['hændikæp]n. 障碍;不利条件,vt. 妨碍,阻碍;descendant [di'sendənt]adj. 下降的;祖传的n. 后裔;子孙assembly [ə'sembli]n. 装配;集会,集合Terra-cotta Warrior['wɔriə, 'wɔ:-]秦始皇兵马俑Terra-cotta['terə'kɔtə]n. 赤土陶器;赤陶土;Warrior战士former name曾用名impressive [im'presiv]adj. 感人的;令人钦佩的;给人以深刻印象的aggregate ['æɡriɡət, 'æɡriɡeit]vi. 集合;聚集;adj. 聚合的;集合的Although QuY uan has passed away for more than 2000 years, but he has left us with preciousheritage. His poems have been translated into various languages and published all over the world. In 1953when it is the 2230th anniversary of Qu Yuan, the World Peace Congress listed him as one of the four world cultural celebrit ies for commemoration. Qu Yuan will live in world people’s heart forever.旅游业对环境的损害Will Tourism Bring Harm to the Environment In recent years, tourism has developed rapidly in China. Many people believe that tourism produce positive effects on economic growth and we should try our best to promote tourism. But what these people fail to see is that tourism may bring about a disastrous impact(灾难性影响) on our environment. As for me, I'm firmly convinced that(深信不疑)too much tourists bring harm to the environment.The bad impact of tourism on the environment has mainly expressed itself in various ways. One way is the process of exploiting a new scenic spot.( 开发风景区) In order to attract tourists, a lot of artificial facilities(人造设施) have been built, which have certain unfavorable effects (不利影响)on the environment. This process usually breaks the ecological balance(破坏生态平衡) of the area. In some mountainous places, trees are being cut down to build hotels for others to see and explore the beauty of the mountains. Then land slides(滑坡,土崩) and mud-rock flows (泥石流)come up. Another way the development of tourism has damaged the environment occurs when tourists go to scenic spots. Some tourists don't have the awareness to protect the environment, and ignorantly(无知地)throw their garbage here and there(乱丢垃圾). Some people even kill the local wildlife to eat, which badly damages the balance of the natural environment.It is wrong to sacrifice the environment for the growth of tourism. We must keep in mind that too much tourists bring harm to the environment. We need to find a balance between satisfying the needs of tourists and reducing to a minimum the pollution they cause.2002年中大博士英语真题1 at no time adv. 决不,从不infrastructure ['infrə,strʌktʃə] n. 基础设施;公共建设;additional [ə'diʃənəl]adj. 附加的,额外的enlarge [in'lɑ:dʒ]vi. 扩大;放大;steam engine 蒸汽机railway line 铁路线modernization [,mɔdənai'zeiʃən, -ni'z-]n. 现代化staff [stɑ:f, stæf]n. 职员;参谋;commuter [kə'mju:tə]n. 通勤者,经常乘公共车辆往返者;proportion [prəˈpɔːʃ(ə)n]n. 比例;部分;面积;urgent ['ə:dʒənt]adj. 紧急的;急迫的convenient [kən'vi:njənt]adj. 方便的2 divorcee [divɔ:'si:, -'sei]n. 离了婚的人contact with与……联系fixes bag 修复包organize ['ɔ:ɡənaiz]vi. 组织起来;vt. 组织;使有系统化;laundry ['lɔ:ndri, 'lɑ:n-]n. 洗衣店,洗衣房snack [snæk]n. 小吃,快餐;bake [beik]vt. 烤,烘resent [ri'zent]vt. 怨恨;愤恨tardiness ['tɑ:dinis]n. 缓慢,迟延terminate ['tə:mineit]vt. 使终止;使结束;3 constantly ['kɔnstəntli]adv. 不断地;时常地probing ['prəubiŋ]adj. 好探索的;atmosphere ['ætmə,sfiə]n. 气氛;大气;vigor ['viɡə]n. [生物] 活力planetary ['plænitəri ]adj. 行星的assurance [ə'ʃuərəns]n. 保证;保险;确信;断言tribe [traib]n. 部落;族;marvel ['mɑ:vəl]n. 奇迹dwell [dwel]vi. 居住;存在于;altitude ['æltitju:d]n. 高地;高度slope [sləup]n. 斜坡;倾斜;vegetation [,vedʒi'teiʃən]n. 植被;植物,草木;delicately ['delikət] adv. 微妙地;精致地chill [tʃil]n. 寒冷;寒意;shelter ['ʃeltə]n. 庇护;避难所;crevice ['krevis]n. 裂缝;burrow ['bə:rəu]n. (兔、狐等的)洞穴,地道;anthill ['ænthil]n.人群密集的地方;蚁冢desolate ['desələt, 'desəleit]adj. 荒凉的;无人烟drafty ['drɑ:fti, 'dræfti]adj. 通风良好的eagle ['i:ɡl]n. 老鹰乐队,鹰;老鹰soaring ['sɔ:riŋ]adj. 翱翔的;高耸的;cavern ['kævən]n. 洞穴;rival ['raivəl]n. 对手;vigorous ['viɡərəs]adj. 有力的;establish [i'stæbliʃ]vt. 建立;创办;hostile ['hɔstail, -təl]adj. 敌对的,敌方的4 radiator ['reidieitə]n. 散热器;暖气片;ounce [auns]n. 盎司;少量;cubic ['kju:bik]adj. 立方体的centimeter ['senti,mi:tə ]n. [计量] 厘米gram [ɡræm]n. 克;鹰嘴豆tiny ['taini]adj. 微小的;shrew [ʃru:]n. 泼妇,悍妇mammal ['mæməl]n. [脊椎] 哺乳动物starve [stɑ:v]vi. 饿死;挨饿give off 发出(光等);长出(枝、杈等5 criticism ['krɪtɪsɪzəm]n. 批评;考证;validity [və'lidəti]n. [计] 有效性;正确;rigorous ['riɡərəs]adj. 严格的,严厉的;elusive [i'lju:siv,-səri]adj. 难懂的;易忘的;逃避的;难捉摸demonstration [,demən'streiʃən]n. 示范;证明;示威游行submit [səb'mit]vt. 使服从;主张;previously ['pri:vju:sli]adv. 以前;预先;objective [əb'dʒektiv, ɔb-]adj. 客观的;目标的;formulation [,fɔ:mju'leiʃən]n. 构想,规划;公式化;简洁陈述subtle ['sʌtl]adj. 微妙的;精细的;frustrating [frʌ'streitiŋ]v. 使沮丧attempted [ə'temptid]adj. 企图的;currently ['kʌrəntli]adv. 当前;一般地excess [ik'ses]n. 超过,超额;过度,过量;react [ri'ækt, ri:-]vi. 反应;影响;反抗;budget ['bʌdʒit]n. 预算6 marine [mə'ri:n]adj. 船舶的;海生的n. 海运业;舰队;水兵;tenant ['tenənt]n. 承租人;房客;ingenuus n. 自由人telescopic [,teli'skɔpik]adj. 望远镜的owl [aul]n. 猫头鹰;枭;惯于晚上活动的人feeler ['fi:lə]n. [动] 触角;试探;试探者;stray [strei]vi. 流浪;迷路;radius ['reidiəs]n. 半径,半径范围inhabitant [in'hæbitənt]n. 居民;居住者torch [tɔ:tʃ]n. 火把,火炬;手电筒spots n. 斑点(spot的复数);squid [skwid]n. 鱿鱼;乌贼;squirt [skwə:t]n. 喷射;luminous ['lju:minəs]adj. 发光的;明亮的;fluid ['flu(:)id]adj. 流动的;流畅的;vicinity [vɪ'sɪnɪtɪ]n. 邻近,附近;neat [ni:t]adj. 灵巧的;整洁的;优雅的;未搀水的cousin ['kʌzən]n. 堂兄弟姊妹;表兄弟becloud [bi'klaud]vt. 蒙蔽;使变暗darken ['dɑ:kən]vt. 使变暗;varieties n. 品种;种类(variety的复数);illumination [i,lju:mi'neiʃən]n. 照明;[光] 照度;启发;灯饰(需用复数);阐明luminous ['lju:minəs]adj. 发光的;明亮的;I wish back to the era when life is simple and all you know is just about colors, multiplication and nursery rhymes, but you don’t feel regretful and needn’t to care what you don’t know. Being unware towards all the anxieties and sadness, what you care is all about happiness. I would like to think that the world is with justice and every is honest and kind, for I want to believe that everything is possible.How to Solve the Problem of Heavy Traffic?Nowadays, people in many big cities are complaining about the heavy traffic. It has seriously influenced peoples daily life and economic development.To solve the problem, some pieces of advice are put forward. Some people suggest that more streets and roads should be built. In this way, the traffic density can be redncedi hence speeding up the flow of buses and cars.But the new roads and streets will be filled with many cars and buses soon.Some people advise to limit the number of bikes and cars. This can decrease the traffic flow. But on the other haad, this will affect the consumption and make buses more crowded.In my opinion, the number of private cars should be put under control. And at the same time, buses should have their own special routes which cannot be used by other vehicles. Besides, underground train and city train should be developed quickly. ( 151 words)20031 taxas tech探讨科技brick wall 砖壁,砖墙circus ['sə:kəs]n. 马戏;马戏团circus boards马戏团董事会hire [haiə] n. 雇用,租用;test equipment测试设备fellowship ['feləuʃip]n. 友谊;奖学金;congressman ['kɔŋɡresmən]n. 国会议员;众议院议员movement ['mu:vmənt]n. 运动;活动;运转;乐章occupationsn. 职业;行业;politician [,pɔli'tiʃən]n. 政治家,政客calculus ['kælkjuləs]n.结石;微积分学2 mathematical [,mæθi'mætikəl]adj. 数学的,数学上的;精确的philosophy [fi'lɔsəfi, fə-]n. 哲学;哲理;人生观sought [sɔ:t]v. 寻找(seek的过去式和过去分词)fulfil [ful'fil]vt. 履行;完成;实践;满足intrinsic [in'trinsik,-kəl]adj. 本质的,固有的consubstantial [,kɔnsəb'stænʃəl]adj. 同质的;同体的;三位一体的permit [pə'mit]vi. 许可;允许autonomy [ɔ:'tɔnəmi]n. 自治,自治权foreseeable ['fɔ:si:əbl]adj. 可预知的;能预测的scope [skəup] n. 范围;余地;视野revolutionary [,revə'lju:ʃənəri] adj. 革命的;旋转的;大变革apply to适用于;应用于conic section圆锥曲线navigate ['næviɡeit] vt. 驾驶,操纵;shore [ʃɔ:]vt. 支撑,使稳住;mere [miə]adj. 仅仅的;只不过intellectual curiosity求知欲scarcely ['skεəsli]adv. 几乎不,简直不;conceive [kən'si:v]vt. 怀孕;构思;以为resign [ri'zain]vt. 辞职;放弃;委托;contemporary [kən'tempərəri]n. 同时代的人;同时期的东西ignorance ['iɡnərəns]n. 无知,愚昧;不知disinterestedly [dis'intristidli]adv. 公正地;无私地;advances [əd'va:nsiz]n. 前进astronomy [ə'strɔnəmi]n. 天文学anthropology [,ænθrə'pɔlədʒi]n. 人类学sake [seik]n. 目的;利益;理由;3 psychologists [sai'kɔledʒist]n. 心理学家symphonic [sim'fɔnik]adj. 交响乐的;concert [kən'sə:t, 'kɔnsə:t]n. 音乐会;一致;tempted ['temptid]adj. 有兴趣v. 诱惑;冒…的险orchestra ['ɔ:kistrə, -kes-]n. 管弦乐队;conductor [kən'dʌktə] n.乐队指挥,售票员;competent ['kɔmpitənt]adj. 胜任的;有能力的;能干的derive [di'raiv]vt. 源于;motion ['məuʃən]n. 动作;移动;手势;4 brilliant ['briljənt]adj. 灿烂的,闪耀的;杰出的;有才气poorly off贫困的;没钱的tuition [tju:'iʃən]n. 学费;讲授guard [ɡɑ:d]n. 守卫;警戒;near-bankrupt濒临破产的stationsn. 车站;位置(station的复数形式);extraordinary [ik'strɔ:dənəri, ,ekstrə'ɔ:di-]adj. 非凡的;特别的;离奇的;prodigious [prəu'didʒəs]adj. 惊人的,异常的,奇妙的tight [tait]adj. 紧的;密封的;embrace [im'breis]vt. 拥抱;信奉,皈依5 composed [kəm'pəuzd]adj. 镇静的;沉着v. 组成;作曲myriad ['miriəd]adj. 无数的;n. 无数,极大数量public utility 公用事业randomly ['rændəmli]adv. 随便地,任意地;无目的,胡乱地valid ['vælid]adj. 有效的priviledgen. 特权;专用权comprise [kəm'praiz]vt. 包含;由…组成inherent adj. 固有的;内在的allocation [,æləu'keiʃən]n. 分配,配置;sector ['sektə]n. 部门;扇形,insurance [in'ʃuərəns]n. 保险;保险费;6 grueling ['ɡruəliŋ]n. 惩罚;adj. 累垮人的;rough [rʌf]. 艰苦;adj. 粗糙的;exhaustion [iɡ'zɔ:stʃən]n. 枯竭;耗尽;精疲力竭contestant [kən'testənt]n. 竞争者pack [pæk]背包respectably [ri'spektəbli]adv. 相当好地;体面地;可敬地split [split]vt. 分离;使分离;slamming ['slæmiŋ]v. 砰地关上(门、窗等);猛烈抨击rocky dicth岩石substantial [səb'stænʃəl]adj. 大量的;实质的;spectator [spek'teitə, 'spekt-]n. 观众;旁观者Madurese [,mædju'ri:z]adj. 马都拉人的counterpart ['kauntə,pɑ:t]n. 副本;配对物;endurance [in'djuərəns]n. 忍耐力;忍耐;giant ['dʒaiənt]n. 巨人;伟人rebound n. 回弹device [di'vais]n. 装置;策略;20071 justly ['dハstli]adv. 公正地;正当地;恰当地;touch with 接触possessive [pə'zesiv] adj. 占有的;所有的;所有格的crises ['kraisi:z] n. 危机,紧要关头(crisis的复数形式)underestimate [,ʌndə'estimeit]vt. 低估;irritate ['iriteit]vt. 刺激,使兴奋;entertainer [,entə'teinə]n. 演艺人员,表演者cut off中断;使死亡;剥夺继承权resistant [ri'zistənt]adj. 抵抗的,反抗的;assuming [ə'sju:miŋ]adj. 傲慢的;不逊的;v. 假设underdog ['ʌndədɔɡ]失败者;受压迫者;passive ['pæsiv]adj. 被动的,消极的;charm [tʃɑ:m]n. 魅力,吸引力initiative [i'niʃiətiv, -ʃətiv] n. 主动权;adj. 自发的;dominance ['dɔminəns,-nənsi]n. 优势;统治obedient [əu'bi:diənt]adj. 顺从的,服从的;2 condemn [kən'dem]vt. 谴责;判刑,定罪;corrupt [kə'rʌpt]adj. 腐败的,贪污的;堕落charge [tʃɑ:dʒ]n. 费用;电荷;掌管;控告;命令;负载penalty ['penəlti]n. 罚款,罚金;press sb into doing sth迫使某人做某事unsurpassed ['ʌnsə(:)'pa:st]adj. 非常卓越的;未被超越conservative [kən'sə:vətiv]n. 保守派,守旧previously ['pri:vju:sli]adv. 以前;预先;submit [səb'mit]vt. 使服从;主张;vi. 提交;sentence ['sentəns]宣判,判决hemlock ['hemlɔk]n. 铁杉;毒芹属植物;presence ['prezəns]n. 存在;出席;参加;风度;grief - stricken 极度悲伤grief [ɡri:f] 悲伤的stricken ['strikən]adj. 患病的;受挫折的;sequence ['si:kwəns]顺序;续发事件radical ['rædikəl]adj. 激进的;根本的;unequalled adj. 无与伦比的;不等同的reputed [ri'pju:tid]adj. 名誉好的;3 tolerant ['tɔlərənt]adj. 宽容的;容忍的weigh [wei]vt. 权衡;考虑;voter ['vəutə]n. 选举人,投票人;district ['distrikt]n. 区域;地方;operator ['ɔpəreitə]n. 经营者;操作员;话务员;content n. 内容,目录;满足;historian [his'tɔ:riən]n. 历史学家misled [mis'led]v. 把…带错方向inference ['infərəns]n. 推理;推论;推断frame [freim]n. 框架;结构;5 fluctuate ['flハtjueit]vi. 波动;涨落;动摇intriguing [in'tri:ɡiŋ]adj. 有趣的;迷人的interglacial [,intə'ɡleisjəl]adj. 间冰期的geologic [,dʒiəu'lɔdʒik] adj. 地质的;holocene ['hɔləsi:n]adj. 全新世的;epoch ['i:pɔk, 'epək]n. [地质] 世;新纪元glacial ['ɡleisjəl adj. 冰的;冰冷的;Pleistocene ['plaistəusi:n]n. 更新世;Wisconsin [wis'kosin]n. 威斯康星州(美国州名)impend [im'pend]vi. 迫近;即将发生amount [ə'maunt]vi. 总计,合计;moisture ['mosi tʃən. 水分;湿度;潮湿;region n. 地区;范围;snowfall ['snəufɔ:l]n. 降雪;melting ['melting adj. 融化的;溶解的;polar ['pəulə]adj. 极地的;两极的accumulate [ə'kju:mjuleit]vi. 累积;unanticipated ['ʌnæn'tisipeitid adj. 意料之外的;implication [,impli'keition n. 含义;暗示;6 shrank v. 收缩(shrink的过去式);缩小acute [ə'kju:t]adj. 严重的,[医] 急性的;respiratory ['respərətəri, ri'spaiə-]adj. 呼吸的syndrome ['sindrəum, -drəm-]n. [临床] 综合征;hospitality [,hɔspi'tæləti]n. 好客;sector ['sektə]n. 部门;扇形,扇区;rolling ['rəuliŋ] n. 旋转;动摇expansion[ik'spænʃən]n. 膨胀;阐述;snap up抢购,匆匆吃下manufacturing [,mænju'fæktʃəriŋ] adj. 制造业的生产vehicle ['viːɪk(ə)l]n. [车辆] 车辆;工具;传播媒介;domestic [dəu'mestik]adj. 国内的;家庭stalled [stɔ:ld]失速的residential [,rezi'denʃəl]adj. 住宅的;与居住有关retailing ['ri:teiling v. 零售(retail的ing形式isolate ['aisəleit, -lit]vt. 使隔离;使孤立;crude [kru:d]adj. 粗糙的;天然的,未加工的;durable ['djuərəbl]adj. 耐用的,持久的翻译:brutality [bru:'tæləti]n. 无情;残忍;暴行(需用复数形式hatred ['heitrid]n. 憎恨;怨恨;beastliness ['bi:stli:nis]n. 淫猥;兽性barbarianadj. 野蛮的;未开化的20081 giant ['dʒaiənt]n. 巨人;伟人adj. 巨大的;enterprise ['entəpraiz]n. 企业;事业;进取心;bureaucratic [,bjurəu'krætik]adj. 官僚的;官僚政治cog [kog]vt. 给…装配齿轮;well-oiled ['wel'oild]adj. 谄媚的;平滑的;烂醉的machinery [mə'ʃi:nəri]n. 机械;机器;机构;wages ['weidʒis]n. [劳经] 工资;报酬ventilate ['ventileit]vt. 使通风;给…装通风设备;psychologist [psai'kɔlədʒist] n. 心理学家puppet ['pʌpit]n. 木偶;傀儡;受他人操纵的人automate ['ɔ:təmeit]vt. 使自动化,使自动操作confront [kən'frʌnt]vt. 面对;遭遇;比较emotionally [i'məuʃənli]adv. 感情上;情绪上;令人激动地;intellectually [inti'lektʃjuəli]adv. 智力上;理智地;知性上tight [tait]adj. 紧的;密封的;Subordinate[sə'bɔ:dineit]n. 下属,下级;部属,insecure [,insi'kujə]adj. 不安全的;不稳定的promote [prəu'məut]vt. 促进;提升;推销intelligence [in'telidʒəns]n. 智力;情报工作;mixture ['mikstʃə] n. 混合;混合物;submissiveness [səb'misivnis]n. 柔顺;服从get along(勉强)生活;进展;(使)前进;与…和睦相处constant['kɔnstənt]恒定的;经常的consumption [kən'sʌmpʃən]n. 消费;消耗;arrangements [ə'rendʒmənts]n. 安排;准备;整理serve [sə:v]vt. 招待,供应;为…服务;ruling ['ru:liŋ] adj. 统治的;主要的;支配的;流行negligible ['neɡlidʒəbl]adj. 微不足道的,可以忽略harmony ['hɑ:məni]n. 协调;和睦;融洽comparison [kəm'pærisən]n. 比较;对照;比喻;humble ['hʌmbl]谦卑的,谦虚的,谦恭的,component [kəm'pəunənt]adj. 组成的,构成的granted ['gra:ntid]conj. 算是如此,但是resort [ri'zɔ:t]n. 凭借,手段;度假胜地;vi. 求助,诉诸;常去;approval [ə'pru:vəl]n. 批准;认可;赞成2 decade ['dekeid]n. 十年,十年期veterans ['vetərənz]n. 老兵;退伍军人atmospheric [,ætməs'ferik,-kəl]adj. 大气的,大气层的exposure [ik'spəuʒə] n. 暴露;曝光;leukemia [lju'ki:miə]n. 白血病atomic [ə'tɔmik]adj. 原子的definitive [di'finitiv]adj. 决定性的;最后的elusive [i'lju:siv,-səri]adj. 难懂的,易忘难捉摸marines [mə'ri:ns]n. 海军陆战队intensive [in'tensiv]adj. 加强的;集中的;3 hall [hɔ:l]n. 门厅,会堂;食堂;学生宿舍line with按照,与…一致;沿着…排列Vending v. 贩卖,出售obesity [əu'bi:səti, -'be-]n. 肥大lucrative ['lju:krətiv]adj. 有利可图的,赚钱的;contract with承包;与…订有合约steering ['stiəriŋ] n. 操纵;指导;beverage ['bevəridʒ]n. 饮料stock [stɔk]vt. 进货;备有;n. 股份,股票;库存dispense [dis'pens]vt. 分配,分发;demonstrate ['demənstreit]vt. 证明;展示;access to接近;有权使用motivator ['məutiveitə]n. 动力;激励因素surgeon ['sə:dʒən]n. 外科医生institute ['institjut, -tu:t]vt. 开始(调查);制定;创立;n. 学会,协会implement ['implimənt, 'impliment]vt. 实施,执行;实现n. 工具,器具mandated [mæn'deitid]adj. 委托统治的v. 托管;强制执行congress ['kɔŋɡres, kən'ɡres] n. 国会;代表大会professionals [prə'feʃənl]n. 专业人员pessimistic [,pesi'mistik]adj. 悲观的,厌世的;condemn [kən'dem]vt. 谴责;判刑,定罪4 crumbling ['krʌmbliŋv. 破碎;崩溃ruins n. 遗迹graveyard ['ɡreivjɑ:d]n. 墓地glimpse [ɡlimps]n. 一瞥,一看domes [dəumz]n. 穹顶;拱形结构;mosque [mɔsk]n. 清真寺tomb [tu:m]n. 坟墓;死亡glitter ['ɡlitə]vi. 闪光;闪烁evocative [i'v iv]adj. 唤起的;唤出的thrill [θril]n. 激动;震颤;orchard ['ɔ:tʃəd]n. 果园;果树林prophet ['prɔfit]n. 先知;预言者;overawe [,auvə'rɔ:]vt. 威慑;吓住;使大感敬畏elm tree n. 榆树flock [flɔk]n. 群;棉束minaret ['minəret, ,minə'ret]n. 尖塔donkey ['dɔŋki]n. 驴子;傻瓜;dismount [,dis'maunt]vt. 下车;使下马;possessed [pə'zest]adj. 疯狂的;着魔的drew [dru:]v. 牵引(draw的过去式);描绘;adventure [əd'ventʃə, æd-]n. 冒险;冒险精神;trinket ['triŋkit]n. 小装饰品fizzy ['fizi]adj. 起泡沫的5 component [kəm'pəunənt]adj. 组成的manifestation [,mænife'steiʃən]n. 表现;显示;infant ['infənt]n. 婴儿;幼儿;shortcut ['ʃɔ:tkʌt]n. 捷径;被切短的东西convey [kən'vei] vt. 传达;运输;observation [,ɔbzə:'veiʃən]n. 观察;监视;grossly ['grəusli]adv. 很;非常element ['elimənt]n. 元素;要素;原理;abuse [ə'bju:z, ə'bju:s]n. 滥用;虐待;辱骂;infancy ['infənsi]n. 初期;婴儿期;unfavourable [,ʌn'feivərəbl]adj. 不利的;不适宜的;反对的inadequate [in'ædikwit]adj. 不充分的,不适当facilitiesn. 设施;工具feature ['fi:tʃə]n. 特色,特征;容貌immobility [i,məu'biləti]n. 不动,固定quietness ['kwaiətnis]n. 平静,安静investigation [in,vesti'ɡeiʃən]n. 调查;substitute ['sʌbstitju:t, -tu:t]n. 代用品;代替者climax ['klaimæks]n. 高潮;顶点;significant [sig'nifikənt]adj. 重大的;有效的;有意义的n. 象征;perceive [pə'si:v]vt. 察觉,感觉;理解;认知shatter ['ʃætə]vt. 粉碎;打碎;fondle ['fɔndl]vt. 爱抚;ministration [,mini'streiʃən] n. 援助;服侍;职务spontaneous [spɔn'teiniəs]adj. 自发的;无意识的wholeheartedly adv. 全心全意地,全神贯注exaggerate [iɡ'zædʒəreit]vt. 使扩大;vi. 夸大sensory ['sensəri]adj. 感觉的;知觉的employ [im'plɔi]vt. 使用,采用;雇用;master ['mɑ:stə, 'mæstə]vt. 控制;精通;n. 硕士;主人;6 monopoly [mə'nɔpəli]n. 垄断;垄断者rail [reil]n. 铁轨;扶手;vi. 抱怨freight [freit]vt. 运送;装货;supporter [sə'pɔ:tə]n. 支持者;拥护者merger ['mə:dʒə]n. (企业等的)合并;并购;吸收fierce [fiəs]adj. 凶猛的;猛烈的substantial [səb'stænʃəl]adj. 大量的;实质的reduction [ri'dʌkʃən]n. 减少;下降;bulk [bʌlk]n. 体积,容量;vt. 使扩大commodity [kə'mɔditi]n. 商品,货物;grain [ɡrein]n. 粮食;颗粒;throat [θrəut]n. 喉咙;consolidation [kən,sɔli'deiʃən]n. 巩固;合并captive ['kæptiv]adj. 被俘虏的;被迷住的appeal [ə'pi:l]vi. 呼吁,恳求;上诉relief [ri'li:f]n. 救济;减轻,解除;discrimination [dis,krimi'neiʃən]n. 歧视;区别,辨别;option ['ɔpʃən]n. [计] 选项;选择权switch [switʃ] vt. 转换;subscribe [səb'skraib]vi. 订阅;捐款;认购vt. 签署;赞成;flourish ['flauriʃ]n. 兴旺;茂盛arbiter ['ɑ:bitə]n. [法] 仲裁者Brightening v. 擦亮;照明invest [in'vest]vt. 投资;覆盖;surging ['sə:dʒiŋ]v. 冲击(surge的ing形式);transaction [træn'zækʃən]n. 交易;事务;办理;Grip n. 紧握;柄;支配coordination [kəu,ɔ:di'neiʃən]n. 协调,调和;indifferent [in'difərənt]adj. 漠不关心的;indignant [in'diɡnənt]adj. 愤愤不平的;apprehensive [,æpri'hensiv]adj. 忧虑的;不安的rival ['raivəl]n. 对手;作文:University mergence is a new trend in university development. As a hot topic on and off campus,(校内和校外)it has received much of public attention. People's attitudes towards it vary 变化greatly.People who against it see it as a hasty轻率的decision, which has some potential problems. They claim, for instance, located far away from each other, universities involved with mergence are usually faced with the tough problem of management.Other people who favor it see it as a step that universities take towards the goal of first-rate world university. They argue that, only through mergence can university take full play of advantages and make up their disadvantages. Like the mergence between Tsinghua University and the Institude of Applied Arts. The university's strengths in the field of high techonology complement补足the latter university that has a reputation名声for art. They also point out that by mergence the Chinese universities will increase their competitie power in the world.In my opinion, the university mergence has more advantages than disadvantages, but the university should take into account考虑the potential dangers resulting from the mergence.。

中山大学2019博士研究生入学考试英语试题

中山大学2019博士研究生入学考试英语试题

中山大学博士研究生入学考试英语试题Part I Reading Comprehension(40 points)Part A(30 points)Directions: There are 3 reading passages in this part. Each passage is followed by some questions or unfinished statements. For each of them there are four choices marked A,B,C and D. You should decide on the best choice and mark the corresponding letter on the ANSWER SHEET with a single line through the center.Passage OneQuestions 1~5 are based on the following passage:For the longest time, I couldn’t get worked up about privacy: my right to it;how it’s dying;how we’re headed for an even more wired,underregulated,overinstrusive,privacy-deprived planet.I should also point out that as news director for Pathfinder,Time Inc’s mega info mall,and a guy who makes his living on the Web, I know better than most people that we’re hurtling toward an even more intrusive world. We’re all being watched by computers whenever we visit Websites;by the mere act of“browsing”(it sounds so passive!)we’re going public in a way that was unimaginable a decade ago.I know this because I’m a watcher too.When people come to my Website,without ever knowing their names, I can peer over their shoulders,recording what they look at, timing how long they stay on a particular page,following them around Pathfinder’s sprawling offerings.None of this would bother me in the least,I suspect,if a few years ago,my phone, like Marley’s ghost, hadn’t given me a glimpse of the nightmares to come.On Thanksgivingweekend in 1995, someone(presumably a critic of a book my wife and I had just written about computer hackers)forwarded my home telephone number to an out-of-state answering machine’ where unsuspecting callers trying to reach me heard a male voice identify himself as me and say some extremely rude things.Then,with typical hacker aplomb, the prankster asked people to leave their messages(which to my surprise many Callers, including my mother,did).This went on for several days until my wife and I figured out that something was wrong (“Hey…why hasn’t the phone rung since Wednesday?”)and got our phone service restored.It seemed funny at first,and it gave us a swell story to tell on our book tour. But the interloper who seized our telephone line continued to hit us even after the tour ended. And hit us again and again for the next six months:The phone company seemed powerless. Its security folks moved us to one unlisted number after another’ half a dozen times.They put special pin codes in place.They put traces on the line.But the troublemaker kept breaking through.If our hacker had been truly evil and omnipotent as only fictional movie hackers are, there would probably have been even worse ways he could have threatened my privacy. He could have sabotaged my credit rating.He could have eavesdropped on my telephone conversations or siphoned off my e-mail.He could have called in my mortgage,discontinued my health insurance or obliterated my Social Security number.Like Sandra Bullock in the Net, I could have been a digital untouchable, wandering the planet without a connection to the rest of humanity.(Although if I didn’t have to pay back school loans,it might be worth it.Just a thought。

中山大学2002,2005,2007,2011,2015--2019年考博真题+资料

中山大学2002,2005,2007,2011,2015--2019年考博真题+资料
2.false neurotransmitter=假神经递质:将结构上与真性神经递质--去甲肾上腺素和多巴胺相似,但不能完成真性神经递质的生理功能的苯乙醇胺和羟苯乙醉胺称为假神经递质。正常生理情况下,蛋白质水解产生的芳香族氨基酸--苯丙氨酸和酪氨酸经肠道细菌脱竣酶作用,分别被分解为苯乙胺和酪胺,进而被吸收入肝在单胺氧化酶作用下被氧化分解而解毒。当肝功能严重障碍时,由于肝脏的解毒功能低下,或经侧支循环绕过肝脏直接进入体循环,大量苯乙胺和酪胺入血,流入脑组织增多;在脑干网状结构的神经细胞内经β-羟化酶作用,苯乙胺和酪胺分别生成苯乙醇胺和羟苯乙醇胺,这两种物质在化学结构上与正常神经递质---去甲肾上腺素和多巴胺相似,可取代正常神经递质而被神经元所摄取、贮存和释放,但其被释放后的生理效应则远较去甲肾上腺素和多巴胺弱。假神经递质学说是肝性脑病的发病机制之一。
2).呼吸性酸中毒(respiratory acidosis)是指因CO2排出障碍或CO2吸入过多,导致血浆H2CO3浓度升高、PH值呈降低趋势为特征的酸碱平衡紊乱类型。
3).代谢性碱中毒(metabolic alkalosis)指细胞外液碱增多和/或H+丢失而引起的以血浆HCO3-增多、PH值呈上升趋势为特征的酸碱平衡紊乱类型。
3.代谢性酸中毒对循环系统的影像。
4.休克早起(代偿期)微循环的特点及其机制,以及对心脏、肾脏、脑功能的影像。
中山大学考博病理生理学名词解释总结
1.septic shock=感染性休克:在sepsis的基础上病情持续加重,虽大量补液但仍发生低血压或需要应用血管活性药物,存在灌注异常表现;但如合并使用影响肌收缩的药物或血管加压药,可以不出现低血压。
中山大学
2015年攻读博士学位研究生入学考试试题
考试科目:病理生理学

完整word版,2019考博英语练习题

完整word版,2019考博英语练习题

2019 考博英语练习题1.If only the patient ______a different treatment instead of using the antibiot-ics, he might still be alive now.A. had receivedB. receivedC. should receiveD. were receiving2.School children ought to be ______ to their parents and teachers.A. alienB. transientC. obedientD. current’s 3. The Collector ’s Edition coin is ______, and represents a true collector treasure to be appreciated for generations to come.A. unlikely any Elvis Presley collectible ever releasedB. unlikely, and Elvis Presley collectible never releasedC. unlike any Elvis Presley collectible never releasedD. unlike any Elvis Presley collectible ever released4.It eliminates the complicated ______, do not have to spend time around friends, you just need to sit at home and can easily be completed.A. engagementB. dateC. itineraryD. appointment5.He was so absorbed in his work that he was ______ to things going on aro und him.A. obliviousB.digestibleC.dormantD.introvert6.We were ______ through the thick undergrowth when we suddenly came across a fast-flowing stream.A. scribblingB. scramblingC. scratchingD. scraping7.Hampshire ’sassertions, far from showing that we can ______ the ancient puzzles about objectivity, reveal the issue to be even more ______ than we had thought.A. dismiss relevantB.adapt pressing C.admire elusiveD. rediscover unconventional8.I found it difficult to ______ my career ambitions with the need to bring up my children.A. intensifyB.amend C.reconcile D.consolidate9.The reason for the traffic accident in the morning was ______ one ofthe drivers had lost control of his car.A. thatB. whyC. howD. when10.Do you agree with the saying that the monkey was the______ of the hu-man race?A. offspringB. successorC. breederD. predecessor11.John ’s application for _____ to graduate studies in the School of Educa-tion has been approved.A. entranceB.admission C.experience D.allowance12.The old farmer put up iron fences around the flower garden _______ neighbor ’s sheep should break in.A. on condition thatB. nowthat C. lestD. but13.Although a recession is usually characterized by at least two consecutive quarters of _______GDP, this is not a fixed rule.A. fallingB.declining C.fluctuating D.impending14.______ she wondered if she had made a mistake.15.The history of life on earth has been a history of ______ betweenman and his surroundings.A. interactionB. interferenceC.interpretationD.integrity16.— You forgot your keys when you left home in the morning.— Good heavens, ______.A.so did I.B.so I did.C.so you did.D.so did you.17. People must try their best to prevent endangered species of wildlife from becoming extinct in order that their future generations may enjoy the great_______ of animal life.A.perplexityB.incessancyC.diversityD.benevolence18.My parents took the 7 0 ’clock plane yesterday, and they ______ inNew York by now.A. will arriveB. will be arrivingC.will have arrived D.are arriving【翻译练习】1.玛丽给彼得设了个圈套,而他就真的掉了进去。

2019年全国医学博士英语统一考试试题

2019年全国医学博士英语统一考试试题

Part I Listening Comprehension (30%)略Part II Vocabulary (10%)Section ADirections: In this section, all the sentences are incomplete. Four words or phrases marked A, B, C and D are given beneath each of them.You are to choose the word or phrase that best completes the sentence, then mark your answer on the ANSWER SHEET.31.According to the Geneva no prisoners of war shall be subject to abuse.A.CustomsB. CongressesC. ConventionsD. Routines32.Environmental officials insist that something be done to acid rain.A.CurbB. sureC. detoxifyD. condemn33.It is impossible to say how it will take place, because it will happen , and it will not be along process.A.spontaneouslyB. simultaneouslyC. principallyD. approximately34.Diabetes is one of the most and potentially dangerous disease in the World.A.CrucialB. virulentC. colossalD. prevalent35.Rheumatologist advises that those with ongoing aches and pains first seek medical help tothe problem.A.AffiliateB. alleviateC. aggravateD. accelerate36.How is it possible that such deception has come to take place right under our noses?A.obviousB. significantC. necessaryD. widespread37.Now a paper in Science argues that organic chemicals in the rock come mostly from onearth rather than bacteria on Mars.A.ConfigurationB. constitutionC. condemnationD. contamination38.Chronic high-dose intake of vitamin A h as been shown to have effects on bones.A.adverseB. prevalentC. instantD. purposeful39.Generally,vaccine makers the virus in fertilized chicken eggs in a process that can takefour to six months.A.penetrateB. designateC. generateD. exaggerate40.We are much quicker to respond,and we respond far too quickly by giving_ to our anger.A.ventB. impulseC. temperD. Offence Section BDirections: Each of the following sentences has a word or phrase underlined. There are four words or phrases beneath each sentence. Choose the word or phrase which can best keep the meaning of the original sentence if it is substituted for the underlined part. Mark your answer on the ANSWERSHEET.41.The patient's condition has worsened since last night.A.improvedB. returnedC. deterioratedD. changed42.Beijing Television-Station Transmitting Tower really looks magnificent at night when it's lit up.A.decoratedB. illustratedC. illuminatedD. entertained43.Attempts to restrict parking in the city centre have further aggravated the problem of trafficcongestion.A.amelioratedB. aggregatedC. deterioratedD. duplicated44.The applications of genetic engineering are abundant and choosing one appropriate for thiscase can be rather difficult.A.sufficientB. plentifulC. adequateD. countable45.The defect occurs in the first eight weeks of pregnancy, though no one understands why.A.deficitB. deviationC. draw backD. discrepancy46.He has been on hormone alternate therapy for four years and looks fantastic.A.successorB. replacementC. surrogateD. choice47.It had over 2,000 apartment complexes, a great market, a large number of industrial workshops,an administrative center, a number of massive religious edifices, and a regular grid pattern of streets and buildings.A.ancientB. carefullyC. very largeD. carefully protected48.When patients spend extended periods in hospital, they tend to become overly dependent andlose interest in taking care of themselves.A.extremelyB. exclusivelyC. exactlyD. explicitly49.The anxious parent was vigilant over the injured child in spite of a full array of emergencyroom of doctors and nurses.A.preoccupiedB. unwaryC. watchfulD. dozing50.The doctor vacillated so frequently on disease-prevention techniques that his colleaguesaccused him of inconsistency.A.waveredB. instigatedC. experimentedD. reliedPart ⅢCloze (10%)Directions: In this section there is a passage with ten numbered blanks. For each blank, there are four choices marked A, B, C and D on the right side.Choose the best answer and mark the letter of your choice on the ANSWER SHEET.We spend a lot of time looking at the eyes of others for social 51 —it helps us understand a person's emotions, and make decisions about how to respond to them. We also know that adultsavoid eye contact when anxious. But researchers have known far 52 about eye gazing patterns in children.According to new research by Kalina Michalska, assistant professor of psychology at the University of California, Riverside, we now know that anxious children tend to avoid making eye contact, and this has consequences for how they experience fear. The 53 and less frequently they look at the eyes of others, the more likely they are to be afraid of them, even when there may be no reason to be. Her study,"Anxiety Symptoms and Children's Eye Gaze During Fear Learning", was published in the journal The Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry.“Looking at someone's eyes helps us understand whether a person is feeling sad, angry, fearful, or surprised. As adults, we then make decisions about how to respond and what to do next. But,we know much less about eye patterns in children—so, understanding those patterns can help us learn more about the development of social learning," Michalska said.Michalska and the team of researchers showed 82 children, 9 to 13 years old, images of two women's faces on a computer screen. The computer was equipped with an eye tracking device that allowed them to measure 54 on the screen children were looking, and for how long. The participants were originally shown each of the two women a total of four times. Next, one of the images was 55 with a loud scream and a fearful expression, and the other one was not. At the end, children saw both faces again without any sound or scream.The following three conclusions can be drawn from the study:1.All children spent more time looking at the eyes of a face that was paired with the loud scream than the face that was not paired with the scream, 56 they pay attention to potential threats even in the absence of outward cues.2.Children who were more anxious avoided eye contact during all three phases of the experiment, for both kinds of faces. This had consequences for how afraid they were of the faces.3.The more children avoided eye contact; the more afraid they were 57 the faces.The conclusions suggest that children spend more time looking at the eyes of a faces when previously paired with something frightening suggesting they pay more attention to potentially threatening information as a way to learn more about the situation and plan what to do next.However, anxious children tend to avoid making eye contact, which leads to greater 58 experience. Even though avoiding eye contact may reduce anxiety 59 , the study finds that—over time—children may be missing out 60 important social information.This includes that a person may no longer be threatening or scary, and yet the child continues feeling fearful of that person.51. A. environment B. cues C. relations D. answers52. A. less B. more C. enough D. beyond53. A. longer B. more anxious C. shorter D. more54. A. where B. when C. how D. what55. A. followed B. recorded C. paired D. marked56. A. suggest B. suggesting C. suggests D. being suggested57. A. to B. of C. at D. about58. A. fear B. surprise C. sad D. angry59. A. in the long run B. for a long timeC. in the short timeD. in a long time60. A. with B. without C. of D. onPart IV Reading Comprehension (30%)Directions: In this part, there are six passages, each of which is followed by five questions. For each question, there are four possible answers marked A, B, C, and D. Choose the best answer and mark the letter of your choice on the ANSWER SHEET.Passage OneThe British psychoanalyst John Bowlby maintains that separation from the parents during the Sensitive "attachment" period from birth to three may scar a child's personality and predispose to emotional problems in later life.Some people have drawn the conclusion from Bowlby's work that children should not be subjected to day care before the age of three because of the parental separation it entails,and many people do believe this. It has been argued that an infant under three who is cared for outside the home may suffer because of the separation from his parents. But there are also arguments against such a strong conclusion.But traditional societies are so different from modern societies that comparisons based on just one factor are hard to interpret. Firstly, anthropologists point out that the insulated love affair between children and parents formed in modern societies does not usually exist in traditional societies. For example, in some tribal societies, such as the Ngoni, the father and mother of a child did not rear their infant alone—far from it.Certainty, Bowlby's analysis raises the possibilities that early day care had delayed effects. The possibility that such care might lead to, say, more mental illness or crime 15 or 20 years later can only explored by the use of statistics. However, statistical studies of this kind have not yet been carried out, and even if they were, the results would certainly be complicated and controversial. Secondly, common sense tells us that day care would not be so widespread today if parents, care-takers found children had problems with it. Thirdly, in the last decade, there have been a number of careful American studies of children in day care, and they have uniformly reported that care had a neutral or slightly positive effect on children's development.Whatever the long-term effects, parents sometimes find the immediate effects difficult to deal with. Children under three are likely to protest at leaving their parents and show unhappiness. At the age of three or three and a half almost all children find the transition to nursery easy, and this is undoubtedly why more and more parents make use of child care at this time.The matter,then,is far from clear-cut, though experience and available evidence indicate early care is reasonable forinfants.61.According to the passage, the consequence of parental separation .A.still needs more statistical studiesB.has been found negative is more seriousC.is obviousD.in modern times62.The author thinks that John Bowlby's concern .A.is relevant and justifiableB.is too strong to believeC.is utterly groundlessD.has something that deserve our attention63.What's the result of American studies of children in day care in the last decade?A.The children's unhappiness and protest was due to the day care the children received.B.The bad effects of parental separation were hard to deal with.C.The effect of day care was not necessarily negative on children's development.D.Early care was reasonable for babies since it's practiced by so any people nowadays.64.According to the passage,which of the following is probably a reason for parents to send theirchildren under three to day care?A.They don't know about day care's negative effect.B.They are too busy to care for their children.C.They want their children to be independent as early as possible.D.They want to facilitate their children to adapt to nursery at the age of about three.65.What's the author's attitude to people who have drawn the conclusion from Bowl-by's workthat children should not be subjected to day care before the age of three?A.He supports most of their belief because Bowlby's preposition is well-grounded.B.He is sympathetic for them, for he thinks they have been misled by Bowlby.C.He doesn't totally agree with them, since the long-term effect of day care still needs furtherstudy.D.He doesn't quite understand them, as they are contradictory in themselves.Passage TwoBy the end of this century, the average world temperature is expected to increase between one and four degrees, with widespread effects on rainfall, sea levels and animal habitats. But in the Arctic, where the effects of climate change are most intense, the rise in temperature could be twice as much.Understanding how Arctic warming will affect the people, animals, plant and marine life and economic activity in Canada's North are important to the country's future, says Kent Moore, an atmospheric physicist at University of Toronto Mississauga who is participating in a long-term,international study of the marine ecosystem along the Beaufort Sea. from Alaska to the Mackenzie delta.The study will add to our knowledge of everything from the extent of sea ice in the region to how fish stocks will change to which areas could become targets for oil and gas exploration to the impact on the indigenous people who call this part of the country home.Moore,who has worked in the Arctic for more than 20 years, says his research has already found that thinning sea ice and changes in wind patterns are causing an important change in the marine food chain;phytoplankton(浮游植物)is blooming two to three weeks earlier.Many animals time their annual migration to the Arctic for when food is plentiful, and have not adapted to the earlier bloom." 'Animals' behavior can evolve over a long time, but these climate changes are happening in the space of a decade, rather than hundreds of years," says Moore,"Animals can't change their behavior that quickly. "A warmer Arctic is expected to have important effects on human activity in the region, as the Northwest Passage becomes navigable during the summer, and resource extraction becomes more feasible. Information gained from the study will help government, industry and communities make decisions about resource management, economic development and environmental protection.Moore says the study—which involves Canadian, American and European researchers and government agencies will also use a novel technology to gather atmospheric data: remotely piloted drones. "The drones have the capability of a large research aircraft, and they're easier to deploy," he says, showing the researchers to gather information on a more regular basis than they would be able to with piloted aircraft.66.By the end of this century, according to the author, global warming will .A.start to bring about extreme weather events to humans and animalsB.increase the average world temperature by four degreesC.cause more damages to the whole world than expectedD.affect the Arctic more than any other parts of the e arth67.To help understand the destructive mechanism of Arctic warming, as indicated by the passage,the international study .A.is conducted with every single discipline of University of TorontoB.pioneers in pursuing the widespread effects of climate changeC.involves so many countries for different investigationsD.is intended to deal with various aspects in research68.When he ways,"Animals can't change their behavior that quickly," what does Moore mean bythat quickly ?A.The migration of the animals to the Arctic.B.The widespread effects of global warming.C.The rate of the climate change in the Arctic.D.The phytoplankton within the marine ecosystem.69.According to the author, to carry our proper human activities in the Arctic .A.becomes more difficult than ever beforeB.is likely to build a novel Economy in the regionC.will surely lower the average world temperatureD.needs the research-based supporting information70.With the drones deployed, as Moore predicts, the researchers will .A.involve more collaborating countries than they do nowB.get more data to be required for their researche more novel technologies in researchD.conduct their research at a regular basisPassage ThreeHaving too much caffeine during pregnancy may impair baby' liver development and increase the risk of liver disease in adulthood, according to a study published in the Journal of Endocrinology. Pregnant rats given caffeine had offspring with lower birth weights, altered growth and stress hormone levels and impaired liver development. The study findings indicate that consumption of caffeine equivalent to 2-3 cups of coffee may alter stress and growth hormone levels in a manner that can impair growth and development, and increase the risk of liver disease in adulthood.Previous studies have indicated that prenatal caffeine intake of 300 mg/day or more in women, which is approximately 2 to 3cups coffee per day, can result in lower birth weights of their children. Animal studies have further suggested that prenatal caffeine consumption may have more detrimental long-term effects on liver development with an increased susceptibility to non-alcoholic fatty liver disease, a debilitating condition normally associated with obesity and diabetes. However, the underlying link between prenatal caffeine exposure and impaired liver development remains poorly understood. A better understanding of how caffeine mediates these effects could help prevent these health issues in people in the future.In this study, Prof Hui Wang and colleagues at Wuhan University in China, investigated the effects of low (equivalent to 2-3 cups of coffee) and high doses (equivalent of 6-9 cups of coffee) caffeine, given to pregnant rats,on liver function and hormone levels of their offspring. Offspring exposed to prenatal caffeine had lower level of the liver hormone, insulin like growth factor(IGF-1), and higher levels of the stress hormone, corticosteroid at birth. However, liver development after birth showed a compensatory 'catch up' phase, characterized by increased levels of IGF-1,which is important for growth.Dr. Yinxian Wen, study co-author, says,"Our results indicate that prenatal caffeine causes an excess of stress hormone activity in the mother, which inhibits IGF-1 activity for liver development before birth. However, compensatory mechanisms do occur after birth to accelerate growth and restore normal liver function, as IGF-1 activity increases and stress hormone signalling decreases.The increased risk of fatty liver disease caused by prenatal caffeine exposure is most likely a consequence of this enhanced, compensatory postnatal IGF-1 activity."These findings not only confirm that prenatal caffeine exposure leads to lower birth weight and impaired liver development before birth but also expand our current understanding of the hormonal changes underlying these changes and suggest the potential mechanism for increased risk of liver disease in the future. However, these animal findings need to be confirmed in humans.Dr. Wen comments,"Our work suggests that prenatal caffeine is not good for babies and although these findings still need to be confirmed in people, I would recommend that women avoid caffeine during pregnancy."71.Which of the following is NOT the problem of baby rats of pregnant rats given caffeine?A.Lower birth weight.B. Smaller stress.C. Liver development problem.D. Growth problem.72.If a pregnant woman takes 3 cups of coffee, what will probably happen?A.Her weight will get lower and lower.B.The weight of her baby will get lower and lower.C.She will suffer from non-alcoholic fatty liver disease in a long run.D.Her baby will be more vulnerable to obesity and diabetes because of liver problem.73.Which of following is not correct according to the passage?A.A better understanding of t he relationship between caffeine and effects has been achieved.B.4-5 cups of coffee could be categorized as medium-dose intake.C.Liver development problem may be remedied after birth by increased growth factor.D.The study is mainly conducted on the rats instead of human.74.What is the relationship between stress hormone and liver development when taking inprenatal caffeine?A.Lower stress hormone, lower birth weight before birth.B.Higher stress hormone, lower growth hormone before birth.C.Higher stress hormone, more accelerated growth of weight after birth.D.Lower stress hormone, less accelerated growth of liver after birth.75.What can be the best summary of the last paragraph?A.The research hasn’t been done on humans so pregnant women can ignore the results.B.The compensatory mechanism for liver growth makes prenatal caffeine intake safe.C.Experts suggest pregnant women should still avoid caffeine.D.We have known enough about the hormone changes underlying the health problems. Passage FourThe bizarre antics of sleepwalkers have puzzled police, perplexed scientists, and fascinated writers for centuries. There is an endless supply of stories about sleepwalkers. Persons have been said to climb on steep roofs, solve mathematical problems, compose music,walk through plate-glasswindows,and commit murder in their sleep.How many of these stories have a basis in fact, and how many are pure fakery? No one knows, but if some of the most sensational stories should be taken with a barrel of salt, others are a matter of record.In Revere, Massachusetts, a hundred policemen combed a waterfront neighborhood for a lost boy who left his home in his sleep in and woke up five hours later on a strange sofa in a strange living room,with no idea how he had got there.There is an early medical record of a somnambulist who wrote a novel in his sleep. And the great French writer Voltaire knew a sleepwalker who once got out of bed, dressed himself, made a polite bow, danced a minuet, and then undressed and went back to bed.At the University of Iowa, a student was reported to have the habit of getting up in the middle of the night and walking three-quarters of a mile to the Iowa River. He would take a swim and then go back to his room to bed.The world's champion sleepwalker was supposed to have been an Indian, Pandit Ramrakha, who walked sixteen miles along a dangerous road without realizing that he had left his bed. Second in line for the title is probably either a Vienna housewife or a British farmer. The woman did all her shopping on busy streets in her sleep. The farmer, in his sleep, visited a veterinarian miles away.The leading expert on sleep in America claims that he has never seen a sleepwalker. He is Dr. Nathaniel Kleitman, a physiologist at the University of Chicago. He is said to know more about sleep than any other living man, and during the last thirty-five years had lost a lot of sleep watching people sleep. Says he,"Of course, I know that there are sleepwalkers because I have read about them in the newspapers. But none of my sleepers ever walked,and if I were to advertise for sleepwalkers for an experiment, I doubt that I'd get many takers."Sleepwalking, nevertheless, is a scientific reality. Like hypnosis, it is one of those dramatic, eerie, awe-inspiring phenomena that sometimes border on the fantastic. It lends itself to controversy and misconceptions,what is certain about sleepwalking is that it is a symptom of emotional disturbance, and that the only way to cure it is to remove the worries and anxieties that cause it. Doctors say that somnambulism is much more common than is generally supposed. Some have estimated that there are four million somnambulists in the United States. Others set the figure even higher. Many sleepwalkers do not seek help and so are never put on record,which means that an accurate count can never be made.The simplest explanation of sleepwalking is that it is the acting out of a vivid dream. The dream usually comes from guilt, worry, nervousness, or some other emotional conflict. The classic sleepwalker is Shakespeare's Lady Macbeth. Her nightly wanderings were caused by her guilty consience at having committed murder. Shakespeare said of her, "The eyes are open but their sense is shut."The age-old question is: Is the sleepwalker actually awake or asleep? Scientists have decidedthat he is about half-and-half. Like Lady Macbeth, he has weighty problems on his mind, Dr, Zeida Teplitz, who made a ten-year study of the subject, says,"Some people stay awake all night worrying about their problems. The sleepwalker thrashes them out in his sleep. He is awake in the muscular area, partially asleep in the sensory area." In other words, a person can walk in his sleep, move around, and do other things, but he does not think about what he is doing.76.The second sentence in the second paragraph means that .A.no one knows, but certainly all the sleep walking stories have something incredibleB.the sleepwalking stories are like salt adding flavor to people's lifeC.sleepwalking stories that are most fantastic should be sorted out from ordinary storiesD.the most fantastic sleepwalking stories may be just fictions,yet there are still truthfullyrecorded stories.77.was supposed to be the world’s champion sleepwalker.A.The student habitually walked to the Iowa River and swam in his sleepB.The man danced a minuet in his sleepC.The man walker sixteen miles along a dangerous roadD.The boy walked five hours in his sleep78.Sleepwalking is the result of according to the passage.A.emotional disorderB. a vivid dreamC. lack of sleep and great anxietyD. insanity79.Dr. Zeida Teplitz seemed to .A.agree that sleepwalking sometimes leads to dangerous actsB.conclude that sleepwalkers are awake in their sensory areaC.disagree with the belief that sleep walkers are immune to injuryD.think that sleepwalking can turn into madness80.The writer makes it obvious that .A.sleepwalkers are often awakened by dangersB.most sleepwalkers can find ways to avoid self-injuryC.it is important to find out the underlying cause of sleepwalkingD.sleepwalking is actually a kind of hypnosisPassage FiveBeyond the basic animal instincts to seek food and avoid pain, Freud identified two sources of psychic energy, which he called "drives": aggression and libido. The key to his theory is that these were unconscious drives, shaping our behavior without the mediation of our waking minds; they surface, heavily disguised, only in our dreams. The work of the past half-century in psychology and neuroscience has been to downplay the role of unconscious universal drives, focusing instead on rational processes in conscious life. But researchers have found evidence that Freud's drives really do exist, and they have their roots in the limbic system, a primitive part of the brain that operatesmostly below the horizon of consciousness. Now more commonly referred to as emotions, the modern suite of drives comprises five: rage, panic, separation distress, lust and a variation on libido sometimes called seeking.The seeking drive is proving a particularly fruitful subject for researchers. Although like the others it originates in the limbic system, it also involves parts of the forebrain; the seat of higher mental functions. In the 1980s, Jaak Panksepp, a neurobiologist at Bowling Green State University in Ohio, became interested in a place near the cortex known as the ventral tegmental area, which in humans lies just above the hairline.When Panksepp stimulated the corresponding region in a mouse, the animal would sniff the air and walk around, as though it were looking for something. Was it hungry? No. The mouse would walk right by a plate of food, or for that matter any other object Paksepp could think of. This brain tissue seemed to cause a general desire for something new."What I was seeing," he says,"was the urge to do stuff." Panksepp called this seeking.To neuropsychologist Mark Solms of University College in London, that sounds very much like libido."Freud needed some sort of general, appetitive desire to seek pleasure in the world of objects," says Solms. Panksepp discovered as a neuroscientist what Freud discovered psychologically." Solms studied the same region of the brain for his work on dreams. Since the 1970s, neurologists have known that dreaming takes place during a particular form of sleep known as REM—rapid eye movement—which is associated with a primitive part of the brain known as the pons. Accordingly,they regarded dreaming as a low-level phenomenon of no great psychological interest. When Solms looked into it, though, it turned out that the key structure involved in dreaming was actually the ventral tegmental, the same structure that Panksepp had identified as the seat of the "seeking" emotion. Dreams, it seemed, originate with the libido—which is just what Freud had believed.Freud's psychological map may have been flawed in many ways, but it also happens to be the most coherent and, from the standpoint of individual experience, meaningful theory of the mind. "Freud should be placed in the same category as Darwin, who lived before the discovery of genes," says Panksepp. "Freud gave us a vision of a mental apparatus. We need to talk about it, develop it, test it." Perhaps it's not a matter of proving Freud wrong or right, but of finishing the job.81.Freud believed that aggression and libido .A.were the only two sources of psychic energyB.could sometimes surface in our conscious lifeC.affected our behavior unconsciouslyD.could appear clearly on our dreams82.Which of the following terms is equivalent to what Freud called libido?A.Emotion.B. Lust.C. Seeking.D. Urge.83.Jaak Panksepp's study on a mouse proves that the seeking drive .A.originates in the limbic system。

2019年中山大学大学博士研究生考试英语真题

2019年中山大学大学博士研究生考试英语真题

中山大学2019年博士研究生入学考试英语试卷第一部分基础英语试题Part I: Grammar & Vocabulary (15%)Directions: Choose the word or phrase that best completes each sentence and then mark your answers on your ANSWER SHEET 1.1. The governor was ___ by the public for misusing his power for personal interests.[A] sneaked [B] praised [C] flailed [D] rebuked2. He ___ at his watch before he left the office.[A] glanced[B] glimpsed [C] glared [D] scribbled3. A recent poll shows that, while 81 percent of college students are eligible for some form of financial aid, only 63 percent of these students are __________ such aid.[A] complaining about [B] recipients of[C] dissatisfied with [D] turned down for4. The ____ landlord refused to return the security deposit, claiming falsely that the tenant had damaged the apartment.[A] unscrupulous [B] resplendent [C] divine [D] deceased5. Moby Dick, now regarded as a great work of American literature, was virtually ____ when itwas first published, and it was not until many years later that Melville’s achievements were ____.[A] renowned ... relegated [B] notorious ... justified[C] hailed ... understood [D] ignored ... recognized6. He refused to _____ that he was defeated.[A] burlesque [B] conceive [C] acknowledge [D] probe7. The people stood ______ at the beautiful picture.[A] glaring [B] gazing [C] peeping [D] gasping8. The judge is committed to maintaining a _____ of impartiality.[A] stance [B] motto [C] pretense [D] commotion9. Dell quit dealing in souped-up versions of other companies’products, and started designing,_______ and marketing his own.[A] fashioning [B] assembling [C] pruning [D] slashing10. This law ______ the number of accidents caused by children running across the road whenthey get off the bus.[A] intends reducing [B] intends to be reduced[C] is intended to reduce [D] is intended reducing11. By the time you arrive in London, we_____in Europe for two weeks.[A] shall stay [B] have stayed [C] will have stayed [D] have been staying12. Without facts, we cannot form a worthwhile opinion for we need to have factual knowledge_____ our thinking.[A] which to be based on [B] which to base upon[C] upon which to base [D] to which to be based13. The little man was _____ one meter fifty high.[A] almost more than [B] hardly more than[C] nearly more than [D] as much as14. The young applicant is under great ___ at the thought of up-coming job interview.[A] comprehension[B] apprehension[C] miscomprehension [D] concern15. The successful launch of the Special Olympic Games has demonstrated that ___ Shanghai iswell on its way to become one of the most internalized metropolises worldwide.[A] imperceptibly [B] conceivably [C] deceivably [D] imaginatively16. I would rather ______ trouble and hardship like that than ____ by others.[A] had….take care of [B] have…taken care of[C] had…taken care of[D] have …be taken care of17. One difficulty _______ the components of economic movements lies in the fact that thosecomponents are not completely independent of one another.[A] of isolation [B] in isolating [C] will isolate [D] to isolate18. Interest on short-term government debt soared to an almost unimaginable 210%, which _____a total collapse of investor confidence.[A] amounts to [B] equals to [C] is added up to [D] reaches to19. It’s a general practice for small factories to _____ more workers during times of prosperity,and lay off some when recession hits.[A] take in [B] take over [C] take on [D] take up20. To ______ freedom against tyranny, our fathers laid down these rules.[A] ensure [B] guarantee [C] assure [D] fulfill21. Merdine is her own woman, with an identity from her mother's.[A] discrete [B] distinctive [C] distinct [D] discreet22. She gave him back the money she'd stolen for the sake of her .[A] conscientious [B] consciousness[C] conscious [D] conscience23. They had the attempt to Anderson to the presidency.[A] evolve [B] elevate [C] evoke [D] evince24. I’m afraid our food stock will be ___ before l ong.[A] put up [B] stayed up [C] saved up [D] used up25. Mr. Morrison has a great ___ for anything that is oriental and exotic[A] vision [B] emotion [C] contribution [D] passion26. The subways and buses tend to be ___ during the rush hours.[A] overcrowded [B] overwhelmed[C] overshadowed [D] overgrown27. Every ___ has been taken to evacuate the stranded sailors from Hurricane Betty.[A] pleasure [B] measure[C] pressure [D] leisure28. We were greatly surprised by the way things were done here.[A] what [B] in which[C] as [D] which29. I __________ to call on you, but was prevented from doing so.[A] meant [B] has meant [C] was meaning [D] had meant30. When it comes __________ his wife with the housework, John never grumbles.[A] to help [B] and helps [C] to helping [D] to have helpedPart II: Reading Comprehension (20%).Direction: There are 2 reading passages in this part. Each passage is followed by some questions or unfinished statements. For each of them there are four choices marked [A], [B], [C], and [D]. You should decide on the best choice and mark the corresponding letter on the Answer Sheet 1 with a single line through the center.Passage OneQuestions 36 to 40 are based on the following passage.Three Yale University professors agreed in a panel discussion tonight that the automobile was what one of them called “Public Health Enemy No.1 in this country.” Besides polluting the air and congesting the cities, cars are involved in more than half the disabling accidents, and they cause heart disease “because we don’t walk anywhere anymore,” said Dr. H. Richard Weinerman, professor of medicine and public health. Dr. Weinerman’s sharp criticism of automobile came in a discussion of human environment on Yale Reports, a radio program broadcast by Station WTIC in Hartford, Connecticut. The program opened a three-part series on “Staying Alive.” “For the first time in human history, the problem of man’s survival has to do w ith his control of man-made dangers,” Dr. Weinerman said. “Before this, the problem had been the control of natural dangers.”Relating many of these dangers of the automobile, Arthur W. Galston, a professor of biology, said it was possible to make a kerosene-burning car that would “lessen smog by a very large factor.” But he expressed doubt that Americans were willing to give up moving about the countryside at 90miles an hour in a large vehicle. “America seems wedded to the motor car - every family has to have at least two, and one has to be a convertible with 300 horsepower,” Professor Galston continued. “Is this the way of life that we choose because we cherish these values?”For Paul B. Sears, professor of conservation, part of the blame lies with “a soc iety that regards profit as a supreme value, under the false idea that anything that’s technically possible is, therefore, ethically justified.” Professor Sears also called the country’s dependence on its modern automobile “lousy economics” because of the large horsepower used simply “moving one person to work.” But he agreed that Americans have painted themselves into a corner by allowing the national economy to become so reliant on the automobile industry.According to Dr. Weinerman, automobiles, not the factories, are responsible for two-thirds of the smog in American cities, and the smog presents the possibility of a whole new kind of epidemic, not due to one germ, but due to polluted environment. “Within another five to ten years, it’s possible to have an epidemic of lung cancer in a city like Los Angeles. This is a new phenomenon in health concern,” he said.The solution, he continued, is “not to find a less dangerous fuel, but a different system of inner-city transportation. Because of the increasing use of cars, public transportation has been allowed to wither and degenerate, so that if you can’t walk to where you want to go, you have to have a car in most cities,” he asserted. This, in turn, Dr. Weinerman contended, is responsible for the “arteriosclerosis” of public roads, for the blight of the inner city and for the middle-class movement to the suburbs.31. The main idea of this article is that _______.[A] Americans are too attached to their cars.[B] American cars run too fast and consume too much fuel.[C] the automobile industry has caused all this to happen.[D] automobiles endanger both the environment and people.32. In paragraph 2, Professor Galston implies that _______.[A] people are more interested in fast automobiles than in their health.[B] kerosene-burning cars would pollute the environment more seriously thangasoline-burning engines do.[C] Americans feel more closely connected to their cars than to the environment.[D] it is not right for every family to have at least two cars.33. In paragraph 3, Professor Sears implies that _______.[A] technology is always good for people.[B] technology is not always good for people.[C] financial profit is more important than technological advancement.[D] technological advancement will improve financial profit.34. It can be inferred from Paragraph 5 that _______.[A] a fuel less dangerous than gasoline must be found.[B] people should get rid of their cars and take the bus to work.[C] public transportation should be improved so that people can become less dependent upontheir cars for inner-city transportation.[D] the only solution to this problem is to build more high ways and more subways.35. Dr. Weinerman would probably agree that _______, if public transportation were improved.[A] the inner city might improve[B] the middle class would move to the suburbs[C] public roads would get worse[D] there would still be an urgent need to build more highwaysPassage TwoQuestions 31 to 35 are based on the following passage.The Food and Drug Administration said on Wednesday that it is trying to track down as many as 386 piglets that may have been genetically engineered and wrongfully sold into the U.S. food supply.The focus of the FDA investigation is on pigs raised by researchers at the University of Illinois in Urbana Champaign. They engineered the animals with two genes: one is a cow gene that increases milk production in the sow; the other, a synthetic gene, makes the milk easier for piglets to digest. The goal was to raise bigger pigs faster.There has been no evidence that either genetically altered plants or animals actually trigger human illness, but critics warn that potential side effects remain unknown. University officials say their tests showed the piglets were not born with the altered genes, but FDA rules require even the offspring of genetically engineered animals to be destroyed so they won’t get into the food supply.The FDA, in a quickly arranged news conference on Wednesday prompted by inquiries by USA TODAY, said the University of Illinois would face possible sanctions and fines for selling the piglets to a livestock broker, who in turn sold them to processing plants.Both the FDA and the university say the pigs that entered the market do not pose a risk to consumers. But the investigation follows action by the U.S. Department of Agriculture in December to fine a Texas company that contaminated 500,000 bushels of soybeans with corn that had been genetically altered to produce a vaccine for pigs.Critics see such cases as evidence of the need for more government oversight of a burgeoning(新兴的)area of scientific research. “This is a small incident, but it’s incidents like this that could destroy consumer confidence and export confidence,” says Stephanie Childs of the Grocery Manufacturers of America. “We already have Europe shaky on biotech. The countries to which we export are going to look at this.”The University of Illinois says it tested the DNA of every piglet eight times to make sure that the animal hadn’t inherited th e genetic engineering of its mother. Those piglets that did were put back into the study. Those that didn’t were sold to the pig broker. “Any pig that was tested negative for the genes since 1999 has been sent off to market,” says Charles Zukoski, vice cha ncellor for research.But FDA deputy commissioner Lester Crawford says that under the terms of the university’s agreement with the FDA, the researchers were forbidden to remove the piglets without FDA approval. “The University of Illinois failed to check w ith FDA to see whether or not the animals could be sold on the open market. And they were not to be used under any circumstance for food.”The FDA is responsible for regulating and overseeing transgenic animals because such genetic manipulation is considered an unapproved animal drug.36. The 386 piglets wrongfully sold into food supply are from ________.[A] Europe[B] an American research organization[C] a meat processing plant[D] an animal farm37. The purpose of the transgenic engineering research is to ________.[A] get pigs of larger size in a shorter time[B] make sows produce more milk[C] make cows produce more milk[D] make pigs grow more lean meat38. The 4th paragraph shows that the University of Illinois ________.[A] was criticized by the FDA[B] is in great trouble[C] is required by the FDA to call back the sold piglets[D] may have to pay the penalty39. The FDA declares that the wrongfully sold piglets ________.[A] may have side effects on consumers[B] may be harmful to consumers[C] are safe to consumers[D] may cause human illness40. It can be inferred from this passage that ________.[A] all the offspring have their mothers’ genetic engineering[B] part of the offspring have their mothers’ genetic engineering[C] none of the o ffspring have their mothers’ genetic engineering[D] half of the offspring have their mothers’ genetic engineeringPart III: English Writing (15%)DIRECTIONS: For this part, you are going to write a short essay on the title. You should write about 250 words and write your essay on the ANSWER SHEET 2.Title:How to handle psychological pressure in today’s competitive lifeNOTES:Marks will be awarded for content, organization, grammar and appropriateness. Failure to follow the instruction may result in a loss of marks.第二部分专业英语试题Part I. Reading comprehensionThere are altogether 12 sections. Please choose from the items given under each question the best one as your answer. 2 marks for each question with a total of 40 marks.Note:You should answer questions to 5 sections only,one of which should be the section corresponding to the major you are applying for and the other 4 sections can be selected at your will. 每名考生最多回答5节下的选择题,其中必须有一节与考生所报专业对应,其余4节考生可以任选。

中大博士英语考试

中大博士英语考试

中大博士英语考试The pursuit of a doctoral degree is a rigorous and demanding process that requires a deep commitment to academic excellence. For non-native English speakers, the challenge is compounded by the need to demonstrate proficiency in English, which is often a prerequisite for admission and successful completion of the program. The English examination for doctoral candidates at Chinese universities is designed to assess the ability of these students to engage with scholarly discourse and contribute to academic conversations in English.The examination typically encompasses a range of skills, including reading comprehension, writing, listening, and speaking. The reading section often includes scholarly articles from a variety of disciplines, requiring candidates to not only understand complex texts but also to analyze and synthesize information. Writing tasks may involve composing essays that demonstrate clarity of thought, argumentation skills, and the ability to present research findings coherently.Listening components can include lectures or discussions on academic topics, where students must show they can follow and engage with complex ideas presented orally. Speaking assessments are designed to evaluate the candidate's ability to articulate their thoughts clearly and participate in academic discussions, often through presentations or oral examinations.To prepare for such an examination, candidates must immerse themselves in the English language, often through extensive reading of academic texts, practice in writing essays and reports, and participation in discussions and presentations. Language proficiency courses and workshops can also be beneficial, providing structured learning environments where students can refine their skills.Moreover, the examination serves as a gatekeeper, ensuring that those who advance to doctoral candidacy possess the language skills necessary to contribute meaningfully to their field of study. It is a testament to the candidate's preparedness to engage with the global academic community, where English often serves as the lingua franca.In conclusion, the English examination for doctoral candidates is a critical component of the academic journey, ensuring that students are equipped with the language skills necessary to excel in their studies and beyond. It is a reflection of the global nature of academia and the importance of communication skills in disseminating and advancing knowledge.This document has been crafted to align with the requirements provided, focusing on the English examination for doctoral candidates in Chinese universities. It aims to provide an overview of the examination's purpose, structure, and significance within the academic context, using precise, vivid, and concise language to maintain a smooth and coherent flow throughout the text. 。

中山大学考博英语真题试题试卷

中山大学考博英语真题试题试卷

中山大学考博英语真题试题试卷中山大学考博英语真题试题试卷详解一、文章类型本文是一篇说明文,主要介绍了中山大学考博英语考试的试题构成、考试形式和难度等方面。

文章结构清晰,逻辑性强,对于准备参加中山大学考博英语考试的学生具有很高的参考价值。

二、思路梳理1、引言:简述中山大学考博英语考试的意义和重要性。

2、试题构成:详细介绍中山大学考博英语考试的试题构成,包括听力、阅读、翻译和写作等部分。

3、考试形式:阐述各部分考试形式的安排和特点。

4、难度分析:对不同部分的难度进行深入分析,为学生提供备考建议。

5、应对策略:提出有效的应对策略,帮助学生顺利通过中山大学考博英语考试。

三、展开论述1、引言中山大学考博英语考试是面向博士生申请者的重要英语水平测试,旨在评估申请者的英语综合应用能力和学术交流能力。

该考试对于申请者的重要性不言而喻,因此本文将详细介绍其试题构成、考试形式和难度等方面,为学生提供参考和指导。

2、试题构成中山大学考博英语考试主要包括听力、阅读、翻译和写作等四个部分。

其中,听力部分主要测试考生在听力理解方面的能力,包括听力和填空两个题型;阅读部分主要测试考生在阅读理解方面的能力,包括单项选择和多项选择两个题型;翻译部分主要测试考生在英语翻译方面的能力,包括中译英和英译中两个题型;写作部分主要测试考生在学术写作方面的能力,包括议论文和说明文两个题型。

3、考试形式中山大学考博英语考试采用闭卷、笔试形式,考试时间为180分钟。

听力部分通过录音设备播放,考试时间为30分钟;阅读部分考试时间为40分钟;翻译部分考试时间为60分钟;写作部分考试时间为50分钟。

整个考试过程中,考生需在规定时间内完成相应题型的答题,并在考试结束前将答案填涂在答题卡上。

4、难度分析听力部分的难度主要集中在听力和填空题型上,其中填空题需要考生在理解听力材料的基础上进行填空,难度较大。

阅读部分的难度主要集中在单项选择和多项选择题型上,其中多项选择题容易出现模棱两可的选项,难度较大。

2019年中山大学英语语言文学专业真题回忆

2019年中山大学英语语言文学专业真题回忆

[2019初试真题回忆] 2019年中山大学英语语言文学专业真题回忆
隔了两天有些东西忘记了,今年题型没有变化,难度也不算特别大,重点考个人分析理解能力。

一、音标10个20分
Mechanics,Application,Zodiac,Cancel
剩余忘了
二、填空
个人重点复习的是胡壮麟,今年不算难
,有两个空不知道
一个是位于左脑什么受损失去语言表达能力
另一个忘了
三、名词解释
Minimal pair
Lexeme
Conversational maxim
Langua franca
Comprehensible input
四、问答
1、动物语言与人类语言(考胡第一章语言特点)
2、writing is a basic tool of civilization.
文学、以现代文学为主
1―11选择题很容易,
题型与往年无异甚至更简单
12―19分析(两首诗和一段评析类文字)
Nature
1、选择题作者是谁,
2、main idea,
3、分析该首诗和19世纪浪漫主义学家眼中的nature差异意象派诗歌
1、作者看到什么以及感受
2、意象派诗歌特点以及分析所给诗歌
简奥斯汀《劝导》
1、所给文字分析内涵
内容是关于劝导主人公Anne,具体那句话忘了
2、作者是谁
选择她的一篇文学作品分析她的文学成就。

博士考试试题及答案英语

博士考试试题及答案英语

博士考试试题及答案英语一、选择题(每题2分,共20分)1. The correct spelling of the word "phenomenon" is:A. fenomenonB. phenomonC. phenominonD. phenomenon答案:D2. Which of the following is not a verb?A. to runB. to jumpC. to flyD. flight答案:D3. The phrase "break the ice" means:A. to start a conversationB. to stop a conversationC. to make a decisionD. to end a conversation答案:A4. The opposite of "positive" is:A. negativeB. optimisticC. pessimisticD. positive答案:A5. Which of the following is not a preposition?A. inB. onC. atD. is答案:D6. The word "perspective" can be used to describe:A. a point of viewB. a physical locationC. a mathematical calculationD. a scientific experiment答案:A7. The phrase "a piece of cake" is used to describe something that is:A. difficultB. boringC. easyD. expensive答案:C8. The verb "to accommodate" means:A. to refuseB. to ignoreC. to provide space or servicesD. to argue答案:C9. The word "meticulous" is an adjective that describes someone who is:A. lazyB. carelessC. very careful and preciseD. confused答案:C10. The phrase "to go viral" refers to:A. to become sickB. to spread quickly on the internetC. to travel by planeD. to become extinct答案:B二、填空题(每题2分,共20分)1. The word "____" means a sudden loud noise.答案:bang2. "____" is the term used to describe a person who is very knowledgeable.答案:savant3. The phrase "to turn a blind eye" means to ____.答案:ignore4. The word "____" is used to describe a situation that is very difficult to understand.答案:enigmatic5. "____" is a term used to describe a person who is very good at remembering things.答案:eidetic6. The word "____" is used to describe a person who is very talkative.答案:loquacious7. The phrase "to ____" means to make something more complex. 答案:complicate8. The word "____" is used to describe a person who is very organized and efficient.答案:methodical9. The phrase "to ____" means to make a plan or to decide ona course of action.答案:strategize10. The word "____" is used to describe a person who is verycurious and eager to learn.答案:inquisitive三、阅读理解(每题4分,共20分)阅读以下短文,然后回答问题。

2019年英语考博听力原文

2019年英语考博听力原文

2019年英语考博听力原文1. Directions: In this section, you will hear 8 short conversations and 2 long conversations. At the end of each conversation, you will hear a question about the conversation. The conversations and questions will be spoken only once. After you hear a conversation and the question about it, you must choose the best answer from the four choices marked A), B), C), and D). Then mark theletter (A), (B), (C), or (D) on your answer sheet.2. Questions 26 to 30 are based on the following 5 conversations.Conversation 1。

Man: I'm so sorry to tell you this, but you are not getting the job.Woman: Thank you for your time.Question 26: What is the woman's reaction to the news?(A) She is angry.(B) She is disappointed.(C) She is sarcastic.(D) She is understanding.Conversation 2。

Woman: How are things going with the new house?Man: It's great. I'm really enjoying it.Woman: I'm so glad to hear that.Question 27: What is the man's attitude towards the new house?(A) He is indifferent to it.(B) He is enthusiastic about it.(C) He is resentful towards it.(D) He is suspicious of it.Conversation 3。

中山大学细胞生物学英文题库

中山大学细胞生物学英文题库

中山大学细胞生物学英文题库1. You think you might have discovered a new organelle using electron electron microscopy, but you are not sure if it's real or an artifact of your technique. What might you do to prove it is real?a. Look for the structure in many similarly prepared specimens from the same source.b. Look for the structure in many similar prepared specimens from different sources.c. Look for the same structure in specimens prepared using different staining protocols.d. Look for the same structure in specimens prepared using different (or no) fixatives.2. Traditional genetic approaches to problems of cell biology have followed the path of information from gene to protein. Biochemical approaches have traced proteins back lto the DNA that encodes them, i.e., from protein to gene. This chapter has given you the basics to follow either path. Assume you are studying a problem relating to cell function. Briefly outline the basic steps you would take if you were starting with a gene and trying to deduce the function of the protein. Now outline the steps that you would take to get from a specific protein to a sequenced, isolated gene.1. Indicate whether the following statement is true or false. If it is false, expolain why in Nuclease-chypersensitive sites in chromation are located in the linker DNA between nucleosomes.(F)2. Short answera. Evolutionary conservation of histone proteins.b. nuclear matrix3. Suppose you discover a temperature-sensitive nutant whose nucleus failed to accumulate certain nuclear protein atan elevated (restrictive) temperature, but continued to accumulate other species. What conclusions might you draw about nuclear localization and the nature of this mutation?Cells possess more than one NLS. receptor that recongnize different localization sequences, and that the mutation was occuring in a gene that encoded one of these NLS receptor species.1. Fill in the blanks.A functional chromosome regrires the DNA sequence element at least one_______ to permit the chromosome to copied one to facilitate proper segregation of its two copies at mitosis and two ________ to allow the chromosome to be maintianed betwiin cell generations.(ARS; CEN)2. Which statemint best characterizes the nuclear localization signal?a. The NLS is tupically a small molecular weight metabolic intermediate.b. The NLS is a shetch of hydrophobic amino acids on a proteins N terminus.c. The NLS is one or two streches of basic amino acids on a protein'sC-terminus.d. The NLS is a steroid that binds to DNA.(C)3. You suspect that a new hormone you are testing functions to stimulate myosin synthesis by acting at the transcriptioned level. What type of experimental evidence would support this contention.1. Indicate whether the following statement is ture or false. If a statement is false, exlain why.a. Both myosin-! and myosin-!! have a rollike tial that allows them to polymerize into bipolar filaments, which is crucial for moving groups of oppositely oriented actin filaments past each other.b. Sarcomere shortening is caused by the myosin filaments sliding past the actin filaments with no charge in the length of either type of filaments.2. If you treated cells with a drug that interferes with microtubuls such as colchrarne, which of the following would result?a. Cell shape would be disruptedb. Mitosis and merosis would not occurc. The intracellular location of organelles would be disruptedd. All of the above would result3. Some antibodies capable of binding to kinesin are able to block organelle movement, whereas other anti-kinesin antibodies seem to have bittle effect: How can you explain this obsenation?1.Would you agree with the statement that the centrosome plays a key role in determining that rates of lengthening and shortening of the microtubules of an animal cell? Why or why not?pare and contrast the following cytoplasmic dynein v.s. Kinesin3.Differences in microtubular stability and function between different cells (or different locations within a cell) may be due to which of the following?a. the expression of different tubulin isformsb. the number of protofilaments composing a single microtublec. the presence of different MAPsd. all of the above1.What type of antibody could you use to distinguish between isolated coated vesicles that had formed at the TGN from those that had formed at the plasma membrane?2.Which of the body would you probably be the richest in HDL receptors?a. stomach cellsb. liver cellc. muscle celld. epitholial cells(D)3.A certain integral protein of the plasma membrane has two transmembrane domains in wihich both the C-terminals and the N-terminals are directed toward the cell extenor in the mature protein. Where are the C-termini located when the proteinis newly translocated into the RER membrane? Into the Golgi? Into the vesicles?The nicotinic acetylcholine receptor is membrane-bound protein that also functions as a ligand-gated ion channel. Upon binding acetyleholine, the channel opens and sodi1. Fill in the blanks in the following statements:In cells treated with ______ the Golgi appearatus largely disappears and the Golgi proteins end up in the ER, where they intermix with ER proteins.2. Indicate whether the following is true or false. (T)If a statement is false, explain why.All of the glycoprotions and glycolipids in intracellular membranes have their oligosaccharides facing the luminal side, whereas those in the plasma membrane have their oligosaccharides facing outside the cell.3. You have labeled the lipids on a patch of rough ER membrane with a fluorescent probe. After a few minutes, the probe shows up in the membranes of the cis Golgi. Now you treat the cells with the drug brefieldin A where might the fluoresent probe show up next?a. trans Golgi networkb. endoplasmic reticulumc. plasma membraned. secretory vesicles1. Fill in the following blanks:The amino-terminal ER signal poptide of a soluble protein itself have two functions. In addition to directing the protein to the ER mambrane, it also serve as a ________.(起始跨膜信号)2. True of false: if false, explain why.In mammalian cells, the import of protein into ER begins before the polypeptide chain is synthesized, that is, it occures to co-translationality.3. Which of the following lack a signal sequence?a) acid hydrolase enzymes synthesized in macrophage cells.b) glycolytic enzymes synthesized in liver cells.c) polypeptide gormones synthesized in endocrine cells.d) antibody hormones synthesized in plasma cells.1.Which of the following explain why microsomes can't be seen viewed with eletron microscope?a) They are far too small.b) They are antifats of homogenization and centrifugation.c) They are transparent to electrons.d) They actually can be seen in election micrographics of cells.2.If you were to add a drug to interfere with the ability of ribosome to bind to mRNA, what effect would this be expected to have to the structure of the RER?3.Which, if any, of the following polypeptides would be expected to look, a signal peptide antibodies, acid phosphatase, hemoglobin, ribosomal protein, glycophorn.1.Would you expect the import of substances such as ADP or Pi to lead to a decrease in the proton-motive force? Why?Yes, because they occur at the expense of either the potential difference acress the membrane(in the case of the ATP/ADP exchange) or of the proton gradient (in the case of the uptake of Pi)2.Why would you expect the movement of protons into the intermembrane space to have an effect on the enzymes o fthe cytosol?Because the outer membrane is freely permeable to protons, therefore the protons concentration in the intermembrane space would rapidly epuilibrate with that of the cytosol, lowing the cytosolic pH.ing differential centrifugationm, you are trying to isolate peroxisomes and glyoxysomes from a mixture of cellular organelles. After a few centrufugation steps, you think you may have a relkatively pure suspension. How might you determine that your suspension does, indeed, have there organelles?a) Do an assay for the enzyme catalase.b) Do an assay for the enzyme succinate debydrogenase.c) Look in the microscope for a double -membrane bound organelle.d) Assay you suspension for nucleic acid.(A)1.Which of the following statements about the outer mitochondrial membrane is not true?a) The outer membrane is impermeable to hydrogen ions.b) The outer membrane is highly permeable to substances of small molecular weight.c) The outer membrane is about 50% lipid and 50% protein by weight.d) The outer membrane contains proins.2.Which of the follwing is not an electron carrier class in the electron transport chain?a) flavoproteinsb) cytochromesc) iron-sulfur proteind) cytochrome coxidase3.Short answer: Na-k ATPase from red blood cells can be made to synthesis ATP1. In most cases, RNA acts as an intermediary molecule between the genetic information and the final product of that information, proteins.What are the advantages of having an intermediary as opposed to translating the DNA directly into protein?2.The textbook states that the nucleotide sequence of splice sites is "ancient origin". How do we know this sequence is ancient?a. It is widespread and occurs in even the most primitive eukaryotes.b. The number of mutations that have accumulated in the sequence indicates that it must have been in cells for millions of years.c. It is only found in organisms that are highly evolved.d. It codes for ancient proteins.3. If cultured cells are incubated with 14^C-merhionine the radiolab will appear:a. in all the rRNAs simultaneously.b. first in the 45S RNA, followed by the 32S RNA, followed by the 28S RNA.c. first in the 45S RNA, followed by the 28S RNA, followed by the 5S RNA.d. first in the 28S RNA, followed by the 32S RNA, followed by the 45S RNA.pare and contrast the folowing:(1) "one gene-one enzyme" vs "one gene-one transcription unit".(2) "upstream promoters" vs "internal promoters"2.The signification of methylation of pre-rRNA is probablya. To ensure that the final rRNAwill assume the correct tertiary structre.b. To prevent the pre-rRNA from being processed.c. To prevent degredation of the parts destined to become mature rRNA.d. None of the above.3.The following complex of macromolecules is found in a cell: DNA attached to RNA polymerase, attached to a growing chain of RNA attached to a ribosome, attached to two tRNAs, attached to a growing chain of amino acids. The cell must be:a. A plant cell.b. An animal cell.c. A virus.d. A prokaryotic cell.4.The 5s rRNA differs from the other cellular rRNAs in which of the following ways?a. The genes are located outside the nucleolus.b. The genes are transcribed by RNA polymerase Ⅲ.c. The promoter region of the 5s rRNA gene is internal to the gene.d. All of the above.1. Ca^2+, IP3, and cAMP are very different second messagers. In what ways are their mechanisms of action similar? In what ways are they different?2. Suppose that epinephrine and nonepinephrine could initate a similar response in a particular target cell. How could you show that the two compounds act by binding to the same cell-suface-receptor?3. If you break liver cells b homogenization separate the broken cell membranes (particulate) from the cytoplasm (sohuble) and add epinephrine to the soluble portion, the result will bea. the production of cAMPb. binding of the epinephrine to its receptorc. activeation of adenylyl cyclased. none of the aboveA gene encoding growth hormone in rats was introduced into mice. The construst used consisted in an open reading frame encoding rat growth hormone fused to a mouse promoter A. the growth hormone sequence was obtained from a rat cDNA library the only available source of sequence information. Fertilized mouse egg cells were transformed with the rat growth hormone construst and expression of the rat growth hormone was detected. Transformation of fertilized egg cells with rat growth hormone cDNA alone did not result in expression.1. Why was it necessary to fuse the rat growth hormone sequence to a promoter to obtain expression?a. The rat sequence was obtained from a cDNA library and therefore did not include a promoter sequence.b. No factors that recognized the rat promoter sequence were present in the mouse.c. The rat promoter was contained with the rat sequence but was inactivated in the mouse.d. Rat growth hormone is inactivated in mice.2. When the eggs were placed under conditions conducive to activation of the mouse promoter one of the resulting off spring grew large than the expected size. The appearance of the large mouse is consistent with one the following statements:a. That mouse grew bigger because it produced more mouse growth hormone.b. That mouse grew bigger because it was more aggressive and ate more mouse chaw.c. That mouse grew bigger because the mouse promoter A was activated result in increased production of rat growth hormone.d. The mouse grew bigger because his nose was longer.1. Neleic acid hybridization can be used as a measure of evolutionary relationships between species of the following statement about the DNA of related species, which is truea. Closely related species from hybrid DNAs with relatively low melting temperatures.b. Closely related species from hybrid DNAs with relatively high melting temperatures.c. There is no correlation between DNA hybrid meltiong temperature and relatedness of species.d. One cannot creat DNA hybrid molecules from DNAs of closely related species. techniques you might use to answer each of the following questions.a. Does the DNA on the hair found at the scene of a crime match that of the defendant in a criminal trial?b. Where in a cell are the carbobydrates added to the glycoprotein hormones that are exported?1. Which type of the cell would you expect to achieve the largest volume: a highly flattened cell or a splherical cell? Why?2. All of the following individuals contributed to cell theory except:a. Robert Hookeb. Matthias Schleidenc. Theodor Schwannd. Rudolf Virchow3. Cell theory includes all of the following expecta. All organisms are composed of ome or more cells.b. The cell is the most primitive form of life.c. The cell is the structual unit of life.d. Cells arise by division of preexisting cells.4. Given that cell structure reflects cell function, what structual features would you predict in the following?a. Cell that line the digestive tract and take up nutrients across the wall of the intestine into the blood.b. Cells that synthesize and secrete protein such as an insulin producing cell from the pancreas or an antibody-producing lymphocyte.1. Fill in: A specific tripeptide, sequence, the _____________ is found in one of the repeats and is a central feature of the site responsible for cell binding by fibronectin.2. True or false:Although most types of collagen assemble into fibrilsl type**** collagen assembles into a shoetlike network that forms the core of all basal lamina.3. The addition of peptide within RGD sequence would probably ________ the binding of cultured cells to a fibronectin coated dish.a. enhanceb. inhibitc. have no effect ond. none of the above。

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中山大考博英语真题Directions: In each question, decide which of the choices given will most suitably complete the sentences if inserted at the place marked. Write your choices on the Answer Sheet.31. The secretary was harshly——by her boss for misplacing some important files.A) rebuked B)teased C) washed D) accused32. The jet airliner has ——from the Wright brothers’ small airplane.A) Involved B) evolved C) devolved D) revolved33. Chinese products enjoy high international prestige because of their, quality.A) Indistinctive B) indisputable C) indispensable D) indistinguishable34. This can something that the students may not have comprehended in English.A) Signify B) specify C) clarify D) testify35. I must you on your handling of a very difficult situation.A) meditate B) complement C) elaborate D) compliment36. I've had my car examined three times now but no mechanic has been able to the problem.A) deduce B) notify C) highlight D) pinpoint37. Architectural pressure groups fought unsuccessfully to save a terrace of eighteenth century houses from _A) abolition B) demolition C) disruption D) dismantling38.Having decided to rent a flat, we____ contacting all the accommodation dt, agencies in the city.A) set out B) set to C) set about D) set off39. The police decided to the department store after they had received a bomb warning.A) evict B) expel C) abandon D) evacuate40. If the work-force respected you, you wouldn't need to your authority so often,A) affirm B) restrain C) assert D) maintain41. Miss Rosemary Adang went through the composition carefully to all errors from it.A) eliminate B) terminate C) illuminate D) alleviate42. Several months previously, the workers had petitioned the company for a 25 percent wage increase and of stricter safety regulations.A) implement B) endowment C) enforcement D) engagement43. The rebel army __ the democratic government of the, country lawlessly.A) overthrew B) overtook C) overturned D) overruled44. Judges are ____increasingly heavy fines for minor driving offencesA). B) demanding C) imparting D) imposing45. The of all kinds of necessary goods was caused by natural calamity.A) variety B) scarcity C) solidarity D) commodity46. It is essential to be on the for any signs of movement in the undergrowth since there are poisonous snakes in the area.A) guard B) care C) alert D) alarm47. She took up so many hobbies when she retired that she had hardly any timeA) in hand B) at hand C) on her hands D) at her hand48. Working with the mentally handicapped requires considerable -`_ of patience; and understanding.A) means B) stocks C) provisions D) resources49. He still suffers from a rare t2-opical disease which he, while working to Africa.A) infected B) incurred C ) contracted D) infested50. Giving up smoking is just one of the ways to heart diseases.A) ward off C) push off B) put off D) throw off51. There is no for hard work and perseverance of you want to succeed.. A) alteration B) equivalent C) alternative D)substitute52. What the film company needs is an actor who can take on any kinds of roles.A) diverse B) versatile C) variable D) changeable53. With their modern, lightweight boat, they soon the older vessels in the race.A) overran B) exceeded C) outstripped D) caught up54. Research suggests that, heavy penalties do not act as a to potential criminals. .A) deterrent B) prevention C) safeguard D) distraction55. There has been so much media of the coming election that people have got bored with it.A) circulation B) concern C) broadcasting D) coverageA) applications B) connotations C) implications D) complications64. I thought 1 saw water in the distance but it must have been an opticalA) perception B) delusion C) illusion D) deception61. He was intensely_____ by the way the shop assistant spoke to him.A) intervened C) injected B) irritated D) insulated62. The people who were _ hurt in the accident were taken to the only hospital in the immediate_________A) vicinity B) mobility C) velocity D) integrity63. With all his experience abroad he was a major to the company.A) attendant B) asset C) attachment D) attribute64. Don't thank me for helping in the garden. It was pleasure to be working out of doors.A) mere B) sheer C) plain D) simple65. The peace of the public library was by the sound of a transistor radio.A) shuttered B) shattered C) smashed D) fractured66. It is doubtless that those who wish to succeed should beA) aggressive B) possessive C) cooperative D) conventional56. You've done more of the work than I have recently so I'll give up my day off' inA) offset B)redress C)herald D) compensatewith the usual formalities since we all know each other57. I think we can______with the usual formalities since we all know each other already.A) dispose B) dispatch C) dispense D) discharge58. He joined a computer dating scheme but so far it hasn't a suitable patter.A) come by B) some across C) come up with D) come round to59. Have you thought what the _ might be if you didn't win your case in court?67. The damp and cold weather had painfully the patient's rheumatism.A) activated B)aggregatedC) aggravated D) accelerated68.1 utterly your argument. In my opinion, you have distorted the facts.A) dispute B) refute C) confound D) decline69.1 think you will find that the inconvenience of the diet is by the benefits.A) out looked B) outranked C) outfought D) outweighed70. A good friend is one who will you when you arc in trouble.A) stand for B) stand by C) stand up to D) stand overPart III. Reading Comprehension (30 paints)DirectionsThere are 6 passages in this pail. Each Passage is followed by some questions or unfinished statements. Each question or unfinished statement is given four suggested answers marked A), B), C) and D). Y ou should choose the one best answer and write the corresponding letter on the Answer Sheet.Passage OneSome of the earliest diamonds known came from India. In the eighteenth century they were found in Brazil, and in 1866, huge deposits were found near Kimberley in South Africa. Though evidence of extensive diamond deposits has recently, been found in South Africa, the continent of Africa still produces nearly all the world's supply of these stones.The most valuable diamonds are large, individual crystals of pure crystal lint carbon. Less perfect forms, known as 'boars'and 'carbonado' arc clusters of tiny crystals. Until diamonds are cut and polished, they do not sparkle lice those you sec on a ring--they just look like small, blue-grey stones.In a rather crude form the cutting and polishing of precious stones was an art known to the Ancient Egyptians, and in the Middle Ages it became 1Lidcspread iii north-west Europe. However, a revolutionary change in the methods of cutting and polishing was made in 1476 when Ludwig V an Berquen of Bruges in Belgium invented the use of a swiftly revolving wheel with its edge faced with fine diamond powder. The name 'boast' is given to this fine powder as well as the natural crystalline material already mentioned. It is also gimp to badly flawed or broken diamond crystals, useless as jewels, that are broken into powder for grinding purposes, the so-called `industrial' diamonds.Diamond itself is the only material hard enough to cut and polish diamonds--though recently, high-intensity light beams called lasers have been developed which can bore holes in them. It may be necessary to split or cleave the large stones before they arc cut and polished. Every diamond has a natural line of cleavage, along which it may be split by a sharp blow with a cutting edge.A fully cut 'brilliant' diamond has 58 facets, or faces, regularly arranged. For cutting or faceting, the stones arc fixed into copper holders and held against a wheel, edged with a mixture of Oil and fine diamond dust, which is revolved at about 2,500 revolutions a minute. Amsterdam and Antwerp, in Holland and Belgium respectively, have been the centre of the diamond cutting and polishing industry for over seven centuries.The jewel value of brilliant diamonds depends greatly on their colour, or `water' as it is called. The usual colours of diamonds are white, yellow, brown, green or blue- Surrounding rocks and take on their color. thus black ,red and even bright pink diamonds have occasionally been found.The trade in diamonds Is not only in the valuable gem stones but also in the industrial diamonds mentioned above. Zaire produces 70% of such stones. They are fixed into the rock drills used in mining and civil engineering, also for edging band saws for cutting stone. Diamond-faced tools are used for cutting and drilling glass and fine porcelain and for dentists' drills. They are used as bearings in watches and other finely balanced instruments. Perhaps you own some diamonds without knowing it--in your wristwatch!71. 'Carbonado' is the name given toA) only the very best diamonds B) lumps of pure carbonC) Spanish diamonds D) diamonds made up of many small crystals72. The art of cutting and polishing precious stones remained crude untilA) the fourteenth century B) the fifteenth centuryC) the sixteenth century D) the seventeenth century73. During faceting, diamonds are held in copper holdersA) to facilitate accurate cutting B) to make them shine more brilliantlyC) so that they can revolve more easily D) as a steel holder might damage the diamond74. The value order of `water' in diamond, _A) is more important than their colour B) ranges from blue-white upwardsC) ranges from blue-white downwards D) has never been reliably established75. Industrial diamonds are usedA) for a wide range of purposes B) mainly for dentists' drillsC) for decoration in rings and watches D) principally in mass-produced jewelleryPassage TwoJust about everyone knows the meaning of `value" though you'd never know it from the excesses of the Eighties. Clever campaigns often allowed marketers to charge more for their product and reap ever-higher profits. It worked like a dream until suddenly, facing difficult economic times, consumers work up. Now, to the extent that they're buying, many consumers are choosing the car that delivers the most for the money--not necessarily the one they coveted as a status symbol a few years ago, they are shifting to the toothpaste that works from the ones with it slickest promotions. Companies that understand this new consumer have come up wit something new: "value marketing".A word of caution is necessary. In marketing, watchwords quickly metamorphos intobuzzwords--and value is no exception. We're not taping about ads that merely boast of a product's value or even such legitimate sates tools as price cuts and discount: Used correctly, value marketing amounts to much more than just stashing prices distributing coupons. It means giving the customer an improved product, with adds, features and enhancing the role of marketing itself:In value marketing, marketing becomes part of the system for delivering value t( the consumer. Instead of merely shaping image, such a program might offer enhance guarantees or longer warranties, ads that educate rather than hype, membership club: that build loyalty, frequent-buyer plans, improved communications with customer. through 800 numbers, or package design that makes the product easier to use or more environmentally friendly.These and other value-marketing techniques can be expensive. They can tncar added production and marketing costs added to lower unit prices, Even so, the principle involved in value marketing value for money, an improved product, enhanced =Nice, and added features--are just %fiat U_S_ business needs to enhance its competitiveness in the global marketplace. That's why it will be all to the good if the commonsensical virtues of value marketing become part of the permanent strategy of U.S. business.76. Consumers have waken up because ofA) the poor products they bought B) the high price they paid for what they boughtC) the difficult economic times D) a horrible dream77. Many consumers are choosing the commoditiesA) that are precious B) that are warrantedC) that can show their status D) that deliver the most for the money78. In the 1980s, people would like to go after the productsA) that were most expensive B) that were up-to-dateC) that could show their status D) that were in fashion79. Communications with customers malj be improvedA) through annual customers congress B) through ton free 800 numbersC)through membership clubs D) through frequent education80. A value marketing program may not includeA)daily visits to customers B)longer warrantiesC)membership clubs D)environmentally friendly packagesPassage ThreeGreat emotional and intellectual resources are demanded in quarrels; stamina helps, as does a capacity for obsession. But no one is born a good quarreller; the craft must be learned.There are two generally recognised apprenticeships. First, and universally preferred, is a long childhood spent in the company of fractious siblings. After several years of rainy afternoons, brothers and sisters develop a sure feel for the tactics of attrition and the niceties of strategy so necessary in first-rate quarrelling.The only child, or the child of peaceful or repressed households, is likely to grow up failing tounderstand that quarrels, unlike arguments, arc not about an)1hing, least of all the pursuit of truth. The apparent subject of a quarrel is a mere pretext; the real business is the quarrel itself.Essentially, adversaries in a quarrel are out to establish or rescue their dignity. I fence the elementary principle: anything may be said. The unschooled, probably no less quarrelsome by inclination than anyone else, may spend an hour with knocking heart, sifting the consequences of roiling this old acquaintance a lying fraud. Too late! With a cheerful wave the old acquaintance has left the room.Those who miss their first apprenticeship may care to enrol in the second, the bad marriage. This can be perilous for the neophyte; the mutual intimacy of spouses makes them at once more vulnerable and more dangerous in attack. Once sex is involved, the stakes are higher all round. And there is an unspoken rule that those who love, or have loved, one another are granted a licence for unlimited beastliness such as is denied to mere sworn enemies. For all that, some of our most tenacious black belt quarrellers have come to it late in fife and mastered every throw, from the Crushing Silence to the Gloating Apology, in less than ten years of marriage.A quarrel may last years. Among brooding types Kith time on their hands, like writers, half a lifetime is not uncommon. In its most refined form, a quarrel may consist of the participants not talking to each other. They will need to scheme laboriously to appear in public together to register their silence.Brief, violent quarrels are also known as rows. In all cases the essential ingredient remains the same; the original cause must be forgotten as soon as possible. From here on, dignity, pride, self-esteem, honour ate the crucial issues, which is why quarrelling… like jealousy, is an all-consuming business, virtually a profession. For the quarreller's very self-hood is on the fine. To lose an argument is a brief disappointment, much like losing a game of tennis; but to be crushed in a quarrel ... rather bite off your tongue and spread it at your opponent's feet.81. Unschooled quarrellers are said to be at a disadvantage becauseA) their insults fail to offend their opponent B) they reveal their nervousness to their opponentC) they suffer from remorse for what they've said D) they are apprehensive about speaking their minds82. According to the writer, quarrels between married couples may be_-__- A) physically violent B) extremely IYitterC) essentially trivial D) sincerely regretted83.when quarrelling both children and married couples may, according to the writerA) be particularly brutal B) use politeness as a weaponC) employ skillful manoeuvres D) exaggerate their feelings84. The difference between a quarrel and an argument is said to be thatA) the former involves individual egos B) the former concerns strong points of viewC) the latter has well-established miles D) the latter concerns trivial issues85. In the passage as a whole, the writer treats quarrelling as if it wereA) a military campaign B) a social skillC) a moral evil D) a natural giltPassage Four`I just couldn't do it. I don't know what it is. It's not embarrassment. No that's not it. Y ou see, you're putting your head in a noose; that's what it seems to me.' Derek am armed robber with a long record of bank jobs, was talking about hoisting (shop-lifting). `No I just couldn't do it. I mean just going in there.' He paused to try to fund a more exact way of fixing; his antipathy. `I tell you what. It's too blatant for my liking.'It seemed a fanny way to put it. Pushing a couple of ties in your pocket at a shop was hardly the last word in extroversion, and even a bit on the discreet side when compared to all that firing of shotguns and vaulting over counters which made up the typical bank raid.But my ideas of shop-lifting were still bound up with teenage memories of nicking packets of chewing gum from the local newsagents. A lot of guilt and not much loot_ After a few conversations with professional holsters, I realised that `blatant' was just about right.Nobody took a couple of ties they took the whole rack. The fast member of the gang would walk in nice and purposefully. Their job was to set up the goods: perhaps put an elastic bawd round the ends of a few dozen silk scarves; move the valuable pieces of jewellery nearer the edge of the counter; slide the ties on the rack into a compact bunch. Then, wine somebody else diverts the assistant or provides some fort of masking, the third member lifts the lotIf the walk to the door is a little long, then there mm be someone else to take over for the last stretch. No one is in possession for more than a few seconds, and there's always a couple of spare bodies to obstruct any one who seems to be getting too near the carrier.Store detectives who move forward with well-founded suspicions may still find themselves clutching empty air. Store detectives watch for three main give-sways: am- sort of loitering which looks different from the usual hanging around and dithering that characterises the real customer; any covert contact between individuals %N-ho %v shown no other sign of knowing each other, any over-friendliness towards sales staff which might be acting as a distraction. 'There's one other little angle', said one detective. 'l often pop round the back stairs; that's where you'll occasionally find one of them; trying to relax and get themselves in the right mood before starting the next job.'86. The bank robber wouldn't consider shop-lifting becauseA) it was beneath his dignity B) the penalties were too highC) it wasn't challenging enough D) the risks were too great87. The writer's experience led rum to think that most shop-liftersA) were I their teens B) stole modest amountsC) used violent methods D) stole for excitement88. The; role of the first member of the gang is toA) convince the staff he's a serious shopper B) remove die goods from the shelvesC) establish the easiest goods to steal D) smooth the. path for his accomplice .89. Professional shop-lifters avoid being caught in the act byA) passing goods from one to another B) hiding behind ordinary shoppersC) racing for the nearest exit D) concealing goods in ordinary bath90. Potential shop-lifters may be identified when the:.A) seem unable to decide what to buy B) openly signal to apparent strangersC) are unusually chatty to assistants D) set off towards emergency exitsPassage FivePerhaps there are far more wives than I imagine who take it for granted that housework ii neither satisfying nor even important once the basic demands of hygiene and feeding have been met. But home and family is the one realm in which it is really difficult to shale free: of one's upbringing and create new values. My parents' house was impeccably kept; cleanliness was a moral and social virtue, and personal untidiness, visibly old clothes, or long male hair provoked biting jocularity. If that had been all, maybe I could have adapted myself to housework on an easy-going, utilitarian basis, refusing the moral overtones but shill believing in it as something constructive because it is part of creating a home. But at the same time my mother used to recant doing it, called it drudgery, and convinced me that it wasn't a fit activity for an intelligent being. I was an only child, and once I was at school there was no reason why she should have continued against her will to remain housebound, unless, as I suspect, my father would not hear of her having a job of her own.I can now begin to understand why a woman in a small suburban house, with no infants to look after, who does not enjoy reading because she has not had much of an education, and who is intelligent enough to find neighbourly chit-chat boring, should carry the pursuit of microscopic specks of dust to the point of fanaticism in an attempt to fill hours and salvage her self-respect. My parents had not even the status-seeking impetus to send me to university that Joe's had; my mother wanted me to be `a nice quiet person who wouldn't be noticed in a crowd', and it was feared that university education results in ingratitude (independence)..It is constantly niggling not only to be doing jobs that require so little; valuable effort, but also jobs which are mainly concerned with simply keeping level with natural processes--cleaning jobs, whether of objects or people. which once done are not done for good, and will have to be done all over again, just as if I have not alreadv made the effort; the next day, or even within a few hours. There is something so negative about this role that society heaps entirely un to the shoulders of women. flat of making sure that things do not get dirty, and people do not get unhealthy. I want to believe in health as something basic, neutral, to assume that all the essentials are cared for, or at least will not magnify themselves into a full-time occupation.Can you imagine what would happen to a man who was suddenly uprooted from a job in which he placed the meaning of his life, and delegated to a mindless task, in performing which he was also cut off fairly completely from the people who shared his interests'? I think more of the men I know would disintegrate completely.9l . 'The writer attributes her attitude towards housework toA) her rejection of her parents' old-fashioned standards B) her determination to avoid her mother'smistakesC) her inherited feelings of duty and resentment D) her spoil upbringing as an only child92. The writer's parents reacted to a slovenly appearance by .._.._._.A) criticising the offender bitterly B) stressing the social importance of cleanlinessC) making sarcastic comments about the matter D) expressing a sense: of moral indignation93. It scems to the wrik r that some suburban houscwivcs mayA) engage in tedious gossip merely to pass file time B) allow routine tasks to become cut obsessionC) come to regret their lack of a proper education D) come to find housework a fulfilling occupation94. Her parents didn't encourage her to go to unnrisity because they thoughtA) she wouldn't appreciate the sacrifice it would invohr B) she might feel intellectually superior to themC) higher education wasn't suitable for a housewife D) it might change her relationship with them95. She objects to her role because it is soA) undemanding B) unimportantC) unpleasant D) unproductivePassage: SixHow many hypochondriacs are there? Can anybody- in the great social science industry tell me? Even to the nearest ten thousand?I doubt it, and I think I know why. The trouble about being a hypochondriac (and I speak from a lifetime of practice) is that you feel silly-qty rational mind tells me that, just because the cut on my forger has been throbbing for two days, I am unlikely to die of gangrene; but in a hypochondrraacl mood I can sec the gangrene creeping up my arm as my finger turns black. My hypochondria is fed, in constant doses, by half the scientific knowledge I need, and twice the imagination. I know enough anatomy to identity the twitch in my chest as the first spasm of coronary llirombosis(ie-ilkO U.K tylrr'' Ti~), and to point to my duodenum (+-4V_*) with the authority of a second-year medical student.Of course, like many hypochondriacs. I er~joy (not exactly the word) sound health. My fat mc&al file contanu very Wile of substance. though there is a fine selection of nrgatirv barium meal tests. In fact, the only Spell I cvrr had in hospital took place when I actually- had something. 1Lhat I thought was a cold turned out to be pneumonia. So much for my diagnostic accuracy.Ilypochondria lies between the rational self which says, `Nonsense, you're fine,' and the deeply pessimistic self, which fingers a swelling discovered under the jaw as you shave and converts it into the first lump of a fatal cancer of the lymph gland.'llicse feelings are embarrassing enough but they are made worse by the brisk treatment I get from the many overt anti-hypochondriacs about: people like wives or editors, who say, `Get up! There's nothing wrong with you', or `Never seen you looking better, old boy', when the first stages of a brain tumour have begun to paralyse my left aim.Such persons know nothing. They are capable of astonishing, acts of self fiargetfulncm. They walk about with lips so chapped that a penny could fit in the cracks. 'Ilicy go so far as to forget to take medicine prescribed for them. For these creatures of the light, die world is a simple place. Y ou are either well or sick and that's that, categories, which admit of no confusion. 'if you are ill,' anti-hypochondriacs say, `you ought to go to bed and stop moping.' They remind me of the story told of the economist, Keynes, a'ld his Russian ballerina wife, staring silently into the fire. Keynes asked, `What are you thinking, my dear?' She replied, `Nothing.' And he said, I wish I could do that.' There is not much comfort to be had from other hypochondriacs, either. I had lunch once with a distinguished writer whom I very much wanted to impress. H greeted me with the words, `Please excuse the condition of my nose.' During the next few minutes, fascinated but trying not to be caught staring, I established two things: fast, that he had a small inflammation by his right nostril, and second, that he was a fellow hypochondriac. The combination meant that I could have been three other people for all he cared. As we parted, he again apologized about his nose. I was furious.96. The author suggests that the exact number of hypochondriacs is not known because hypochondriacsa) Are not taken seriously by social scientists B) feet too embarrassed about their fears to admit themC) Don’t take their fears seriously enough to discuss them D) are aware that they represent a tiny minority97. The author describes how his own hypochondria can be set off byA) Reading articles in medical journals B) noticing unusual physical sensationsC) Studying his personal medical files D) asking for advice from student doctors98. The author's medical history suggests thatA) He has never had any serious illnesses B) his diagnoses have sometimes proved correctC) He has had very few medical examinations D) most of his fears have proved groundless99. Anti-hypochondriacs are described as people whoA) Pay no attention to minor ailments B) don't accept that people get illC) Have little faith in the medical profession D) smile cheerfully however ill they are100. The author recognized a fellow-hypochondriac by the I'M thata) The conversation centered around the writer's health B) the writer was so sympathetic towards himC) A minor complaint so concerned the writer D) the writer seemed to want attention from more peoplePart II. Writing (25 points)In this part, you are required to write a composition of at last 300 words on the topic:"The Relationship That Exists Between Humans and Nature." Remember you shouldWrite your composition on the Answer Sheet.。

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