语法省略

3. Grammar----省略

省略是英语的一种习惯用法。按照语法的分析，句子应该具备的成分，有时出于修辞上的需要，在句中并不出现，这种句子叫做省略句,这种语法现象称为“省略”。其特点是：虽然省去句子语法构造所需要的组成部分，但仍能表达其完整的意义。

一. 简单句中的省略

1.省略主语

祈使句中主语通常省略；其他省略主语的情况多限于少数现成的说法。

①（I）See you tomorrow.

②（It）Doesn’t matter.

2.省略主语和谓语或主谓语的一部分（Will you）Have a smoke?

3. There be句型的省略（Is there）Anything I can do for you?

4. 感叹句中的省略What a beautiful flower! (= What a beautiful flower it is!)

5. 简单句中的省略在交际用语中的体现

—How are you?

—（I’m）Fine, thank you.

二. 并列句的省略

在由并列连词and，but，or等连接的并列句里，后边的分句可以省略与前边分句中相同的成分，以免重复。

①They won’t listen to your excuse, nor will I (listen to your excuse).

②She was young but (she was) brave.

三. 复合句中的省略

1. 状语从句中的省略

（1）当状语从句的主语和主句的主语一致或从句主语是it时，从句的主语和谓语部分的be动词可以省略。

①He opened his lips as if (he were) to speak.

②The exhibition is more interesting than (it was) expected.

③Unless (it is) important, I won’t attend the lecture.

（2）含有if的省略结构常见的有：if any，if ever，if so，if not等。（注意：if so，if not 此省略中so或not代替上文的内容）

①Errors, if (there are) any, should be corrected.

②Get up early tomorrow. If n ot (If you don’t get up early), you will miss the first bus.

（3）如果虚拟条件句中含有助动词were, had, should时，可省略连词if，并将were, had, should 移至句首构成部分倒装。

Were I you, I wouldn’t do it. = If I were you, I wouldn’t do it.

2.定语从句中的省略

（1）在限制性定语从句中作宾语的关系代词that, which, whom可省略。（注：whom, which紧跟在介词后时不能省略）

如：The days (that) we spent together on the farm are unforgettable.

（2）当先行词为表示方式的the way时，从句中若缺少方式状语时可用that或in which 引导，或将that或in which省略。

This is the best way that we should choose. = This is the best way (that) we should choose.

3.宾语从句中的省略

（1）当连接词that引导的宾语从句作动词的宾语时常可省略that，但当动词后面跟两个或两个以上that引导的宾语从句时，只有第一个连接词that可省略。

①I have been told (that) the sports meeting has been put off.

②The organizer explained (that) the task was difficult and that the weather was bad.

（2）在suggest, request, order, advise等表示“建议、要求、命令、坚持”等的动词后面的宾语从句中，应用虚拟语气形式“should + 动词原形”，其中should可以省略。（注意：和以上动词意义相同的名词后的同位语从句或表语从句也与宾语从句的用法一致）

①He suggested that we (should) go to see the film.

②His suggestion was that we (should) go to see the film.

（3）由which, when, where, how和why引导的宾语从句，可以全部或部分省略。

He will come back, but he doesn’t know when (he will come back).

四. 不定式的省略

1.有些动词后跟不定式作宾语时，可将不定式中的动词省略，而保留to，这样的动词常见

的有：want, wish, expect, hope, like, love, try, forget, prefer, mean等。

—I’m going climbing. Will you go with me?

—I’d like to (go with you), but I’m busy now.

2.如果不定式中含有be, have（完成时中的助动词），have been时，通常要保留它们。

①He is not a scientist now, but hehopes to be (a scientist) in the future.

②They haven’t completed the project, but they ought to have (completed it).

3.两个或两个以上的不定式并列，第一个带to，第二个to可省略。

My work is to look after the children and (to) teach them English.

4.当不定式作表语时，如果前面主语中出现实义动词do的某种形式，则不定式中的to可省略。

All that he could do was (to) wait.

5.感官动词和使役动词后面作宾语补足语的不定式不能带to。（注：作主语补足语时要还原to）

His boss made him work twelve hours a day.

He was made to work twelve hours a day.

6.介词but, except（除了）前有实义动词do的任何形式时，后面的不定式不带to。

She could do nothing but wait for another chance.

五. 介词的省略

一些与动词、名词或形容词一起搭配的介词常可省略，而保留其后的动名词，常见短语有：have difficulty/ trouble (in) doing sth；be busy (in) doing sth；stop/prevent sb. (from)doing sth.

例如：What difficulty I had (in) finding your home！

六. 名词的省略

名词所有格后面的名词，如果是表示住宅、店铺、教堂或者上下文已经暗示或明确指出过的事物时常省略。

At the barber’s (shop), I met one of my old friends yesterday.