第二讲 句子结构及练习题

句子结构成份讲解及专项练习

1. 主语：就是一个句子陈述的对象，或是动作的执行者。它回答的是“谁”“什么”的问题。如：我看书。谁看书？“我”。“我”就是这句子的主语。主语由名词或相当于名词的词充当（如动词不定式，动名词，代词都可作主语，主语从句）。The sun rises in the east. （名词）He likes dancing. （代词）

Twenty years is a short time in history. (数词) Seeing is believing. （动名词）

To see is to believe. （不定式）What he needs is a book. （主语从句）

It is very clear that the elephant is round and tall like a tree. （It形式主语，主语从句是真正主语）

2. 谓语：说明主语是什么，干什么，怎么样。它回答的是主语“干什么，是什么”的问题。如上句中主语“我”干什么？“看书”。“看书”就是谓语。一个句子，一般都可分成主、谓两大部分（祈使句是省主句）。再细分又可分成谓语（动词）、宾语，表语，补语（包括宾补和主补），定语，状语，同位语等。如第一例中谓语部分可划分成谓语（看）和宾语（书）。谓语部分中心词一定要是一个动词，要么是行为动词，要么是系动词，不同的动词构成不同的句子类型。句子的各种时态、人称和数的变化都在谓语动词上变。

We study English. He is asleep.

3. 宾语：指谓语动词所涉及的对象，由名、代、数，宾语从句等相当于名词的词句充当，但人称代词要用宾格。如：还说上例。谓语动词是“看”，看什么？看“书”，“书”是动词“看”所涉及的对象，是“看”的宾语。需要说明的是：只有及物动词和介词或相当于及物动词和介词的短语才可带宾语。

宾语：1）动作的承受者-----动宾

I like China. （名词）He hates you. （代词）

How many do you need? We need two. （数词）

We should help the old and the poor. I enjoy working with you. （动名词）I hope to see you again. （不定式）Did you write down what he said? （宾

语从句）

2）介词后的名词、代词和动名词-----介宾

Are you afraid of the snake? Under the snow, there are many rocks.

3）双宾语-----间宾（指人）和直宾（指物）

He gave me a book yesterday. Give the poor man some money.

4. 表语：是和系动词紧密相连的。在陈述句中系动词后面的就是表语，这就是“主系表”结构。作表语的也是名词性的词，也可以是从句。表语（predicative）: 系动词之后的成分，表示主语的性质、状态和特征。

He is a teacher. （名词）

Seventy-four! You don’t look it. （代词）

Five and five is ten. （数词）

He is asleep. （形容词）

His father is in. （副词）

The picture is on the wall. ( 介词短语)

My watch is gone / missing / lost. （形容词化的分词）

To wear a flower is to say “I’m poor, I can’t buy a ring. （不定式）

The question is whether they will come. （表语从句）

（常见的系动词有: be, sound（听起来）, look（看起来）, feel(摸起来，smell （闻起来）, taste（尝、吃起来）,

remain（保持，仍是）, feel（感觉） ...

Her voice sounds sweet. Tom looks thin.

The food smells delicious. The food tastes good.

The door remains open. Now I feel tired.

5. 定语：修饰限定名词、代词的词，说明所修饰词的性质、特征等，如a tall boy 中，tall修饰boy,tall是boy的定语。可作定语的有形容词、名词、副词、定语从句、分词等。不定代词的定语一律后置。定语：修饰或限制名词或代词的词、词组或句子。

Ai Yanling is a chemistry teacher.（名词）He is our friend. （代词）

We belong to the third world. （数词）He was advised to teach the lazy

boy a lesson.（形容词）

The man over there is my old friend.(副词) The woman with a baby in her arms is my sister. (介词)

The boys playing football are in Class 2. （现在分词）

The trees planted last year are growing well now. （过去分词）

I have an idea to do it well. （不定式）

You should do everything that I do. （定语从句）

6. 状语：修饰动词、副词、形容词甚至整句，说明谓语动作发生的时间、地点、方式、伴随状况、目的等等。如：他在灯下看书。“在灯下”是状语。

I will go there tomorrow. The meeting will be held in the meetingroom.

The meat went bad because of the hot weather. He studies hard to learn English well.

He didn’t study hard so that he failed in the exam. I like some of you very much.

If you study hard, you will pass the exam. He goes to school by bike. Though he is young, he can do it well.

7. 补语：补充说明主语或宾语的成份,补充说明主语的叫主语补足语，补充宾语叫宾语补足语。如：

他把我逗笑了。He made me laugh.主语：he;谓语：made;宾语：me;宾补：laugh.补语和它补充说明的成份之间有逻辑上的主谓关系，这可以把它和其它成份区分开。如：上句宾语me和宾补laugh之间，laugh的动作是me来做的。这就是一种逻辑上的主谓关系。把这两部分单拿出来可以成一句完整的话，即I laughed. 宾补：对宾语的补充，全称为宾语补足语。

We elected him monitor. （名词）We all think it a pity that she didn’t come here. （名）

We will make them happy. （形容词）We found nobody in. ( 副词) Please make yourself at home. 介词短语）Don’t let him do that. （省to