电子信息 文献综述 外文翻译
电子信息工程 外文翻译 外文文献 英文文献 文献翻译
Technology and Application of Fieldbus Control System ---------IntelligentEquipment & Measurement And Control System Based on DeviceNetPromoted by the new technological revolution that automation control technology is tending digitization and internet in the field of automation industry, Shanghai Aton Electric Co., Ltd. developed Intelligent Equipment & Measurement And Control System Based on DeviceNet as a high and new technology industrialization model project. It was a state hi-tech development project of 2000 and was approved by the State Committee of Technology. Shanghai Aton Electric Co., Ltd. constructed production line of intelligent controller of pump and valve, relying on Shanghai Electric (Group) Corporation; constructed measurement and control system FCS R&D center of intelligent controller of pump and valve and built up mass production R&D basis, cooperating with Shanghai Jiaotong University and Shanghai University; constructed FCS remote diagnosis and service center of intelligent controller of pump and valve; constructed FCS training center of intelligent controller of pump and valve; founded mass production R&D basis along with the Rockwell Laboratory of Shanghai Jiaotong University and CIMS Center.1 Summary(1)Fieldbus control system is a system applied to field of production and microcomputerized measurement control equipment to realize both-way multinode serial communications. It is also called low-level control network for open, digital and multiplespot communications.Application: Flow Control System of Manufacturing; Process Control System; Traffic Control & Management; Building Automation. Features: Fieldbus control system is low-level low-bandwidth digital communication and control network in industrial system as well as open system connecting microcomputerized appearance. Intelligent instrument and controller are equal to microcomputer. They make up network with Fieldbus control system as the links to complete digital communication and other tasks.(2)Difference between FCS and DCS,FCS is updated control system after DCS integrated with digital control system and distributing control system. It solves the problem that in traditional DCS, devices made by different manufacturers cannot be connected. They can't realize exchange and operation to organize an network system with wider range of information sharing. It conquers the defect that special closed system for network should be used for communication in DCS to realize various functions of integrated automation. It turns the distributing structure combiningconcentration with deconcentration in DCS into new-type full distributing structure. It releases the control function to the field thoroughly and makes it possible to realize basic control function by means of fieldbus equipment itself. FCS breaks the traditional structure form of control system. The traditional analog control system adopts one-to-one equipment tie-wire and puts up connections respectively according to control loop. FCS adopts intelligent field equipment to place the control module, all input/output modules that used to be in the control chamber of DCS into field equipment. Since field equipment has ability to communicate, the field measuring and transferring instruments can transfer signals to actuating mechanism such as valve directly. Its control function can be fulfilled directly on the spot independent of the computer or control meter in the control chamber, which realizes thorough decentralized control.FCS adopts digital signals to replace analog signals so that multiple signals (including multiple operating parameter values, device status and failure information) can be transferred on a pair of cables. Meanwhile, it can give power supply to several devices. No switched block for analog/digital or digital/analog is needed besides fieldbus.(3)Characteristics of FCS●Open System;●Interoperability;● replace ability of devices made by different manufacturers.● Intelligentize and Autonomy;●Field equipment completing basic functions of automatic control.●Decentralized System Structure;●Field Adaptability;●Relatively Strong Interference Killing Feature and Safety●Intelligentized local equipment can save investment and quantity of hardware●Saving installation expenses and cables●Saving daily maintenance expenses●Enhancing accuracy and reliability of system●Enhancing initiativeness of system integration for users(4)Development Background and Trend of Fieldbus Control System,With the rapid development of computer and computer network, FCS has been rapidly developed as the interlinked communication network between the field intelligentdevices in the field of process automation, building and traffic etc. Because FCS meets the needs that industrial control system is developing in the way of decentralization, network and intellectualized, it has become the focus of global industrial automation and been universally concerned by the whole world. FCS has caused great revolutions on the aspects of system structure and function system for the current production of automation instrument, distributing control system and programmable controller. It is predicted that FCS will be the general trends in a very long time in the future fore sure.2 APPLICATION OF RELAYThe product reliability generally refers to the operating reliability. It is defined as: the ability of accomplishing the specified function under prescribed conditions and in prescribed time. It consists of intrinsic reliability and application reliability. The intrinsic reliability is determined by product designing and manufacturing technique, and the application reliability is concerned with the correct application of users and the services provided by the manufacturer before and after selling. When using relay, the user should pay attention to the following items.2.1 Coil applied voltageIt is best to choose the coil applicative voltage according to the rated voltage in design, or choose the voltage according to the temperature rising curve. Using any coil voltage that is less than the rated voltage will affect the operation of the relay. The coil operating voltage refers to the voltage that is applied between the coil terminals. The voltage value between the two terminals must be guaranteed, especially when using enlargement circuit to energize the coil. Whereas, it will also affect the relay characteristics if the applied voltage exceeds the highest rated voltage. Exorbitant voltage will bring exorbitant coil temperature rising, especially in high temperature ambient. Exorbitant temperature rising will damage the insulating material and affect the working safety of relay. For magnetic latching relay, energizing (or return) pulse width should not less than 3 times of the operating (or return) time, otherwise, the relay would be left on the middle-position state. When using solid-state components to energize the coil, the components dielectric strength must be above 80V, and the leakage of current must be as little as possible to ensure the relay to release.Energizing power source: Under 110% of the rated current, the adjusting ratio of the power source is less than 10% (or the output impedance is less than 5% of the coilimpedance), the wave voltage of the DC power source is less than 5%. The AC wave is sine wave; the waviness coefficient is between 0.95~1.25; wave distortion is within ±10%; the frequency change is within±1Hz or ±1% of the specified frequency (choosing the bigger value). The output power should not less than coil power consumption.2.2 Transient suppressionAt the moment when the coil power is stopped, peak-inverse voltage that is more than 30 times of the coil rated voltage is produced on the coil, which is harmful to the electronic circuit. Generally, the peak-inverse voltage is suppressed by transient suppression（cutting-peak）diode or resistance to limit the peak-inverse voltage within 50V. But the diode in parallel connection will delay3~5 times of the release time. If the request of the release time is high, a suitable resistance in series can be putted with and at one end of the diode.The power supply to relays in parallel connection and series connection,When several relays in parallel connection are supplied, the relay that the peak-inverse voltage is higher will release power to the relays that the peak-inverse voltage is lower. The release time of the relay will delay. So the relays in parallel connection should be controlled separately to eliminate mutual influence.The relays with different coil resistance and power can’t be used in series, otherwise, t he relay that the coil current is higher in the series circuit can’t operate reliably. Only the relays of the same specification can be used in series, but the peak-inverse voltage will be increased and the peak-inverse voltage should be suppressed. Resistance in series can be used to bear the part voltage that exceeds the rated voltage of the coil according to the ratio of the divided voltage.2.2.1 Contact loadThe load applied to the contacts should be accordant to the rated load and characteristics of the contacts. A load that is not applied according to the rated value range will cause problem. The relay that is only suitable for DC load can’t be used in AC occasions. The relay that can switch 10A load can’t always reliably operate in low level load (less than 10m A×6A) or in dry circuit occasions. The relay that can switch single-phase AC power source isn’t always suitable to switch two single-phase AC loads that aren’t synchronous; the relay that is only specif ied to switch the load of AC 50Hz（or 60Hz）can’t be used to switch AC load of 400Hz.2.2.2 Parallel and series connection of contactsThe contacts used in parallel connection can’t increase the load current, because the operating times of several sets of contacts are absolutely different; that is to say, there is still only a set of contacts switching the increased load. This would damage or weld the contacts and make the contacts can’t close or open. The parallel connection of the contacts can decrease t he misplay of “break”. But the parallel connection of the contacts would increase the misplay of “freezing”. Because the misplay of “break” is the main pattern of invalidation of contacts, the parallel connection can increase the reliability and can be used on the pivotal part of equipments. But the applied voltage should not exceed the highest operating voltage of the coil and should not less than 90% of the rated voltage, otherwise, the coil life and the applicative reliability would be damaged. The series connection of the contacts can increase the load voltage. The amount of the contact sets is equal to the times that the load voltage can be increased. The series connection of contacts can decrease the misplay of “freezing”, but it would increase the mis play of “break”. Anyway, when using redundant technology to increase the operating reliability of contacts, the characteristics and size and the failure mode of load must be considered.2.2.3 Switching speedThe switching speed should not exceed the reciprocal of 10 times of the sum of operating and release time (times/s), otherwise, the contacts can’t switch on steadily. Magnetic latching should be used under the pulse width specified in the technique criterion, or the coil may be damaged.3 RVT DISTRIBUTING ELECTRICITY INTEGRATE TESTAPPARATUSBasic functionMeasure asupervision:Three mutually electric voltage/electric current/ power factor with a great achievement/ power without a great achievement/electricity with a great achiverment/electricity/homophonic-wave electric voltage/ homophonic-wave electric/ current Day electric voltage/ electric current biggest and minimum value/fire for the failure Electric voltage over top, the limit/ lack mutually of time homophonic-wave analyzes is up to 13 times.The data is stored for 2 months.The data communicateRS232/485 communicating connect，The way in communicating can adopt the spot communicating or the long range communicating.，Possible to settle invoke orthe solid hour invokes, responding to the modification and long ranges control of the parameter.Without power compensationTaking physics measures as the power factor without a great achievement,the power factor with a great achievement and the dull place without power compensation;Y+ the combination method of the △，Y+ the △connects the line method，Y+ △ , Y, the △ connects the line method.Data managementAccording to WINDOW98 operation terrace, data in communication automatically reports born statement, curve and pillar form diagrams.Circulation of the protectionWhen the charged barbed wire net of mutually electric voltage over press, owe to press, and a super limit hour fast cut off in expiation of capacitor，When the charged barbed wire net lacks mutually or super limit in the preface of zero hour fast cut off in expiation of capacitor.screen manifestationChinese operation interface，Adopt 128*64 the back light liquid crystal display.The solid hour shows the charged barbed wire net relevant parameter.view manifestation to place the parameter.现场总线控制系统的技术和应用随着新的科学技术革命的出现，在自动化工业领域中，自动控制技术的发展趋向于数字化和网络互联化。
电子信息科学专业英语翻译范文
UNIT 1 Microelectronics and Electronic Circuits1-1Introduction to Microelectronics首先学习KEY WORDS.学习课文英文翻译成中文，并注意学习专业词汇。
Para. 1对太空的探索以及人造地球卫星的发展，增强了人们对减少电子电路的重量和体积的重要性的认识。
另外，即使电流在计算机中流得相当快，但是由于电子元器件之间的互联所导致的信号的时间延迟是不能不考虑的。
如果这种互联在尺寸上能减小，无疑会使计算机的运行速度更快。
Para. 2微电子学主要是使常规电路微型化。
比如一个运算放大器，包括许多彼此互连的分立器件，有二极管，电阻，象这样一个完整的电路，可以制作在一个很小的基片上。
这个完整的微型化的电路就称之为集成电路（IC）。
Para. 3IC体积小，重量轻，坚固耐用，稳定可靠。
它们比同等宏观电路（分立元件电路）需要更少的功耗和更低的电压。
因此，它们可以工作在更低的温度下，而在这种温度下，分立器件可能都不能正常工作，因为温度没有达到正常工作温度范围。
相应地，几乎不会产生寄生电容和延时，因为在IC中，器件之间地互联非常短。
维护起来跟简单，因为，如果在一个IC里边地器件坏了，通常用一个新的IC来替换坏的。
表面技术的大规模生产技术已经降低了许多IC的成本，因此，它们就跟单个晶体管一样便宜。
最后的结果就是，大部分常用的分立器件电路被IC所取代。
Para. 4有两种基本类型的IC：一种是独立IC,一种是薄或厚的膜状IC. 独立IC是构建在单个的半导体晶体的基片里边，通常用的是硅。
薄或厚的膜状IC是形成在一种绝缘材料的表面，像玻璃或者陶器。
还有一种混合的IC所包含的不仅仅是单个的基片。
在这里，这个词“混合”同样也指独立IC和薄或厚的膜状IC结合体。
Para. 5也可根据其功能不同对集成电路进行分类。
数字IC（也称为逻辑IC）通常用作开关，表示接通或关闭。
电子信息工程外文翻译 外文文献 英文文献
电子信息工程电路编程中的AT89C51单片机译文标题电路编程中的AT89C51单片机AT89C51 In-Circuit Programming 原文标题作者Robert W.Sparks等译名国籍美国斯帕克等W.罗伯特Atmel Corporation原文出处摘要本应用说明的是ATMEL公司AT89C51的电路可编程闪存的微控制器。
为在电路可编程AT89C51的应用提出了与应用程序相关的例子，它的修改要求支持在线编程。
这种方法显示在该应用程序中的AT89C51单片机可通过商业电话线远程改编。
本应用笔记中描述的电路，仅支持5伏电压下编程，需要使用一个AT89C51-XX-5。
标准A T89C51的需要12伏电压。
该应用程序的软件可从ATMEL下载。
总论当不在进行程序设计的时候，在电路设计中的AT89C51设计将变得透明化。
在编程期间必须重视EA/VPP这一脚。
在不使用外部程序存储器的应用程序中，这脚可能会永久接到VCC。
应用程序使用的外部程序存储器要求这一脚为低电平才能正常运行。
RST在编程期间必须为高电平。
应该提供一种方法使得电路通入电源以后，使RST代替主要的复位电路起到复位的作用。
在编程过程中，PSEN必须保持低电平，在正常运行期间绝不能使用。
ALE/ PRO在编程过程中输出低电平，在正常运行期间绝不能使用在编程过程中AT89C5I / 端口是用于模式应用程序，地址和数据选择的，可能要该控制器从应用的电路隔离。
如何做到这一点取决于应用程序输入端在编程过程中，控制器必须与应用电路的信号来源隔离。
带有三个输出状态的缓冲区在应用程序之间插入电路和控制器，同时在编程时缓冲区输出三种状态。
一个多路复用器用于信号源之间进行选择，适用于任何一方的应用电路或编程控制器电路的信号输出端如果应用的电路可以允许端口在编程过程中的状态变化，则不需要改变电路。
如果应电路的状态，必须事先在编程过程中的保持不变，可能在控制器和应用电路中插入锁存。
电子信息工程专业毕业论文中英文资料外文翻译文献
毕业论文毕业论文中英文对照翻译中英文对照翻译院（系部） 电气工程与自动化 专业名称 电子信息工程Infrared Remote Control SystemAbstractRed outside data correspondence the technique be currently within the scope of world drive extensive usage of a kind of wireless conjunction technique,drive numerous hardware and software platform support. Red outside the transceiver product have cost low, small scaled turn, the baud rate be quick, point to point SSL, be free from electromagnetism thousand Raos etc.characteristics, can realization information at dissimilarity of the product fast, convenience, safely exchange and transmission, at short distance wireless deliver aspect to own very obvious of advantage.Along with red outside the data deliver a technique more and more mature, the cost descend, red outside the transceiver necessarily will get at the short distance communication realm more extensive of application.The purpose that design this system is transmit customer’s operation information with infrared rays for transmit media, then demodulate original signal with receive circuit. It use coding chip to modulate signal and use decoding chip to demodulate signal. The coding chip is PT2262 and decoding chip is PT2272. Both chips are made in Taiwan. Main work principle is that we provide to input the information for the PT2262 with coding keyboard. The input information was coded by PT2262 and loading to high frequent load wave whose frequent is 38 kHz, then modulate infrared transmit dioxide and radiate space outside when it attian enough power. The receive circuit receive the signal and demodulate original information. The original signal was decoded by PT2272, so as to drive some circuit to accomplish customer’s operation demand.Keywords:Infrare dray；Code；Decoding；LM386；Redoutside transceiver1 Introduction1.1 research the background and significanceInfrared Data Communication Technology is the world wide use of a wireless connection technology, by the many hardware and software platforms supported. Is a data through electrical pulses and infrared optical pulse switch between the wireless data transceiver technology.Infrared transceiver products with low cost, small, fast transmission rate, the point-to-point transmission security, not subject to electromagnetic interference and other characteristics that can be achieved between the different products, rapid, convenient and safe exchange and transmission, In short distance wireless transmission have a very distinct advantage.Infrared transceiver products in the portable product of a great role. At present, the world's 150 million piece of equipment used infrared technology in electronic products and industrial equipment. medical equipment and other fields widely used. For example, 95% of the notebook computers on the installation of infrared transceiver interface the majority of the cell phone is also the allocation of infrared transceiver interface. With the exchange of quantitative data, infrared data communications will enable cell phone data transmission more convenient. With infrared data transmission technology matures, perfect, low costs, Infrared Transceiver in short distance communications will be more widely applied.This chapter first describes the infrared transceiver IC design issues to the background and significance. then briefed the infrared data communications technology features and applications, and infrared transceiver product characteristics, domestic and international situation and development trend of the last under infrared remote transceiver system in practical application to establish a task of design orientation.1.2 Infrared Remote ControlTransceiver SystemInfrared remote control system is divided into single-channel and multi-channel remote control. Only a command signal transmission channel, called single-channel remote control system; with more than two instructions signal transmission channel known as a multi-channel remote control system. Relatively simple single-channel remote control, in general, only a launcher directive Key receivers and only one circuit implementation. While in the receiving circuit to add more stable memory circuits that can be activated commands to launch a number of key, so that the receiver circuit multistable memory circuit repeatedly to change the state, to realize many of the functional control, But such a state of change is the order. If we are to achieve an arbitrary control, resort to the use of multi-channel remote control system. Multi-channel remote control can be realized by the object of arbitrary multi-function remote control. As for the choice of several routes and what control methods, according to the actual situation (such as object, operational requirements and cost accounting, etc.) to decide. General infrared remote transceiver system by infrared remote control transmitter signal coding, infrared remote control signal receivers and decoders (or decoder chip MCU) and the external circuit consisting of three parts. Signal transmitter remote control code used to generate pulses of infrared emission-driven output infrared remote control signal, receiver completion of the remote control signal amplification and detection, plastic and demodulation encoding pulse. Infrared remote control coded pulse is going to obtain a continuous serial binary code, and for most of the infrared transceiver system, This serial code as micro-controller of the remote control input signals from the internal CPU completion of the remote control instruction decoder, on the other infrared remote control transceivers, the designers of electronic products, The internal micro-controller of the remote control decoder directive is not accessible.Therefore, people are using infrared encoder / decoder chip and microcontroller developed various generic infrared remote transceiver system, In various equipment infrared signals between the transceiver.Remote transceiver system generally transmitters and receivers is composed of two parts. Launchers from the general direction keys, coded instructions circuit modulation circuit, driving circuit, firing circuit of several parts. When pressed a key, the directive coding circuit, in the corresponding instructions encoded signal, the encoder signal to the carrier modulation, Driven by the power amplifier circuit after circuit fired from the field after firing instructions coded modulation signals. General receiver by the receiving circuit, the amplifier circuit, demodulation circuits, instruction decoder circuit, driving circuit, circuit implementation of several parts. Receiving Circuit will launch vehicles have been coded modulation signal receiving instructions from, and to enlarge evacuation demodulation circuit. Demodulation circuit will have the coding modulation signal demodulation, namely, reduction of signal coding. The instruction decoder to the encoder signal decoding, Driven by the final circuit to drive the implementation of various instructions circuit to control the operation.1.3 infrared remote control transceiver product profiles 1.3.1 infrared remote control transceiver product structure and typeCurrently infrared transceiver in accordance with the mode of transmission rate and can be divided into four categories : Serial mode, the highest rate of 115.2 Kbps; medium-speed model : the highest rate of 0.567 Mbps and 1.152Mbps; High-speed mode : The maximum rate of 16 Mbps.Also according to the size chip power consumption can be divided into low-power consumption and standard two categories, low-power type normally used 3 V power supply, transmission distance closer to about 0 - 30cm, which is commonly used standard 5V power supply, transmission distance away at least 1mabove.1.3.2 infrared remote control transmitters of the status quo at home and abroadInfrared communication technology in the development stage and there are several infrared communication standards, between different standards for infrared equipment can not infrared communication. To have all the infrared equipment to interoperability in 1993 by more than 20 large manufacturers initiated the establishment of an Infrared Data Association (IRDA) unified the infrared communication standards , which is currently widely used in infrared data communication protocols and standards, also known as the IRDA standard.Since 1993 IRDA since the establishment of the Infrared Data Association members have developed to more than 150. IRDA standards of the industry has been widely recognized and supported. Has been developed with the infrared communications equipment have been as many as 100 species. IR module, installed capacity has reached 150 million sets. Although there is also a short distance wireless Bluetooth technology, But in infrared communication technology low cost and broad compatibility advantages, Infrared data communication in the future will still be a very long time inherent short-range wireless data communications fields play an important role.1.3.3 Infrared Transceiver product development trendIn various infrared transceiver products, although the transmission rate, transmission distance and other characteristics, But infrared transceiver products has been towards improving the transmission rate, increase the transmission distance and lower power consumption, expanding launch reception angle of development. In particular, as the technology development and maturity, the means of transmission is moving in the direction of point-to-multipoint. Therefore infrared remote control transceiver products have broader prospects for development.2 Infrared communication of knowledge2.1 infrared ray foundation knowledge2.1.1 infrared outlinedInfrared is actually a kind of electromagnetic wave. From the analysis of various natural component of the electromagnetic wave reflected spectrum is :-ray, x-ray, ultraviolet, visible, infrared, microwave and radio wave. From the viewpoint of form, and they did not seem to, but if the wavelength in descending order, and we will find him all the only visible light spectrum of the entire 0.38 µm - 0.76µm so long little area, and adjacent to the visible light and infrared (including the far infrared, mid-infrared and near infrared foreign) accounts for the spectrum of 0.76 µm - 1000µm of a major. Which micron wavelength range also includes UV, visible, near infrared, mid-infrared and far-infrared, microwave.From the above analysis shows that infrared is a very rich spectrum resources, it currently has in production, life, military, medical, and other aspects have been widely used, such as infrared heating, medical infrared, infrared communication, infrared camera, infrared remote control, and so on. Infrared remote control is the many applications of infrared part of the current household appliances widely used in TV remote control, VCR remote control, VCD remote control, high-fidelity audio remote control, are used infra-red remote control, It allows the control of these appliances have become very easy.2.1.2 infrared propertiesInfrared lies between visible light and microwave a wave, it is with certain clinical characteristics of the wave. In the near-infrared, visible light and its adjacent, it is visible in certain characteristics, such as straight-line transmission, reflection, refraction, scattering, diffraction, can be certainobjects and can be absorbed through the lens of their focusing. In the far-infrared region, owing to its neighboring microwave, it has some characteristics of microwave, If a strong penetrating power and can run through some opaque substances. Since in any object, natural profession, regardless of whether its own luminescence (referring to visible light), as long as the temperature is above absolute zero (-273 ° C), moment will be kept around to infrared radiation. Only higher temperature of objects strong infrared radiation, low-temperature objects infrared radiation weaker. Therefore infrared feature is the greatest common in nature, it is called thermal radiation called thermal radiation. Infrared cameras, infrared night market pyroelectric infrared detectors and some other missiles aiming at is the use of this characteristic of infrared work.Infrared and visible light compared to another characteristic of a variety of colors. As the longest wavelength of visible light is a wavelength of the shortest times (780 nm-380 nm), So is called an octave. And infrared wavelength is the longest shortest wavelength of a times, and the longest wavelength infrared is the shortest wavelength of 10 times, that is, 10 octave. Therefore, if visible light can be expressed as seven colors, infrared may performance 70 colors, showing the rich colors. Infrared smoke through the good performance, which is also one of its features.Because not visible to the infrared, it has little effect on the environment. By the wave infrared rays than the long wavelength radio waves, infrared remote control will not affect the nearby radio equipment. Another wavelength of less than 1.5µm near infrared light, transparent atmosphere in the visible light transmission characteristics much better than, because it close to the visible edge of the red light, linear transmission, reflection, refraction and absorption material and the physical characteristics very similar to visible light. Therefore, it can be used with similar visible focusing lens and other opticaldevices. Because infrared remote control is not as remote as the radio through the barrier to control the object's ability to control, so in the design of household appliances infra-red remote control, wireless remote control as unnecessary, each set (transmitters and receivers) have different frequency or remote coding (Otherwise, wall will control or interference with neighbors household appliances), all similar products in the infrared remote control, The same can control the frequency or coding, and no remote control signal "drop." This universal infrared remote control provides a great convenience. Infrared to visible light, is very subtle and confidentiality, therefore, the security, Alert and other security devices have been widely used. Infrared remote control is simple in structure and easy, low-cost, anti-interference capability, high reliability are a number of advantages, is a close-up remote control, especially in indoor remote control optimized manner.2.1.3 infrared diode characteristicsInfrared is not visible, people here are not aware of. Electronic technology is used infrared light emitting diode (also known as the IR emission diode) to generate infrared. Infrared remote control transceiver is using near-infrared transmission control instructions 0.76µm wavelength of ~ 1. 5µm. Near-infrared remote control as a light source, because there infrared light emitting diodes and infrared receiving device (photodiode. Transistor and PV) and the luminescence peak wavelength of light by the general 0.8µm ~ 0. 94µm. in the near-infrared band, both of the spectrum is the coincidence to a good match, access to higher transmission efficiency and higher reliability. Commonly used infrared diode, and its shape is similar LED light emitting diodes, Its basic circuit shown in figure 2 -2. The triode plans for the switch, when the base added a driving signal, Transistor saturated conduction infrared LED D is also Wizard Link, issued infrared (near infrared about 0.93 µm). D.The pressure drop of about 1.4 V and the current general for 10-20mA. To adapt to the working voltage of the D loop resistance often as a series of infrared diode current limit resistance.When the circuit diagram of the infrared emission control corresponding to the controlled device, the control of the distance and D is proportional to the transmitting power. In order to increase the distance of infrared control, infrared diode D should work on the pulse state that work is the lifeblood of current. Because pulse light (optical modulation) the effective transmission distance and pulse is proportional to the peak current, only maximize peak current Ip, will increase the infrared distance. Ip increase is a way to reduce the pulse duty cycle, that is compressed pulse width τsome TV infrared remote control, its infrared luminescence of the pulse duty cycle of about 1/4-1/3; Some electrical products infrared remote control, its duty cycle of 1 / 10. Decreasing pulse duty cycle also enable low-power infrared LED distance of the greatly increased. Common infrared light emitting diodes, power is divided into small power (1 mW - 10mW). Chinese power (20mW - 50mW) and power (50mW - 100mW more) three categories. Use different power infrared LED, the allocation should be driven by the corresponding power control. Figure 2 -2 by the reflected infrared light-emitting diodes to make produce optical modulation, Drivers only need to add the control of a certain frequency pulse voltage.Infrared transmitter and receiver in the way the two kinds of straight, and the second is reflective. Luminescence pointed straight pipe and tube receiver placed in a relatively controlled and fired on the two ends, a certain distance away from the middle; Reflective means luminescent tube and pipe parallel with the receiving peacetime, without always receiving tube light, luminescence only in possession of the infrared light reflected fromencountered, the receiving tube received from the reflected infrared before work.2.2 infrared communication basic tenets2.2.1 infrared communication PrincipleCommunication is the use of infrared wavelength of 900 nm-infrared waves from 1000 to serve as an information carrier, through infrared technology between the two close communication and confidentiality of information transmitted. Infrared communication system structure include : part launcher, channel, the receiver part.Launcher source letter issued after the binary signal from the high-frequency modulated infrared LED sent, receiving device regard the reception of high-frequency signals from the infrared receiver tube after receiving further demodulation photoelectric conversion of the original information of a mass communication lose way. Afterwards the former Information received after receiving part of the drive circuit connected to the expected completion of the various functions. To which the modulation coding style pulse width modulation (by changing the pulse width modulated signal PWM) and pulse modulation time (through change the pulse train interval time between the modulation signal PPM) two.2.2.2 infrared communication system elements(1) Launches : Currently there is a infrared wireless digital communications system sources of information including voice, data, images. Its methods of work for the launch of the receiver can be divided into different layout LOS way (Light-of-Sight , intracardiac way), diffuse (diffuse) mode. LOS way directional, it has good channel characteristics such advantages, but the existence of a "shadow" effect. difficult to achieve roaming function. Roaming means the main features of non-directional, and easy to implementroaming function, but its channel quality is better sometimes LOS way. Transmission of signals required for a few of (the sampling was quantified), the general need for baseband modulation, transmission, modulation, sometimes signal source coding, the above-driven signals from photoelectric converter complete optical signal transmission. Infrared wireless digital communications system and its scope of work-for-fired power distribution, the quality of the communication. While using various methods to improve optical transmitter power, the other using spatial diversity, holographic films and so on so diffuse light for the launch of space optical power evenly distributed.(2) Channel : infrared wireless digital communication channel refers to the transmitters and receivers in the space between. Due to natural light and artificial light sources such as light signals in the context of intervention, and the source - Electrical Equipment, The optical noise and disturbances, infrared wireless digital communications in some occasions, poor quality, At this point needed to channel coding. Infrared wireless communication system, the optical signal reflection, light scattering and background noise and interference effects, Infrared wireless digital channel presence multi-path interference and noise, This is to improve the quality and access for high-speed applications should be addressed. Infrared wireless digital communication channel often used by the major optical components, optical filter, condenser, their role is : plastic, filter, depending on the field transformation, the band division, the lens can be used as launch-ray focusing, the use of optical filters filter out stray light, the use of optical lenses to expand the field of view receiver, able to make use of optical components for the link frequency division multiplexing, etc.. Infrared wireless communication channel optical noise : the natural noise (sunlight) and anthropogenic interference (fluorescent lighting). can be modulated by the transmission technology such as filters and adding to be addressed.(3) receivers : Channel optical signal from the optical receiver partially photoelectric conversion, In order to remove noise and intersymbol interference and other functions. Infrared wireless digital communications system receiver include optical receiver parts and follow-up sampling, filtering, judgment, quantity, balanced and decoding part. Infrared wireless optical receiver often used amplifier, and called for large-bandwidth, high gain, low noise and low noise, frequency response and channel impulse response matched. To be suppressed by low-frequency noise and human disturbance needs a band-pass filter. To obtain large optical receiver scope and instantaneous field of view, often using spherical optical lens.2.2.3 infrared communications featureWireless communications are a lot of ways, some using infrared communication with the following characteristics :• The high frequency, wave length, and fired the energy concentrated space propagation attenuation coefficient can ensure the effective signal transmission;• infrared is the invisible light, strong confidentiality and use it as an information carrier. device when there is no visual pollution, it does no harm to the human body;• dissemination without limitation, and there is no question of frequency interference with radio-wave pattern, not on the spectrum resources to the relevant authorities for the application and registration, easy to implement;• has a good point, when the transmission equipment and infrared receiver ports line up straight, deviation of not more than about 15 degrees when infrared devices running the best effect;• through infrared or not bypassed and objects, data transmission, optical path can not be blocked;• currently produce and receive infrared signals in the technology is relatively mature, components small size, low cost production of simple, easy to produce and modulation advantages.2.3 infrared communication code based on the knowledgeUsually, infrared remote control transmitters will signal (pulse binary code) modulation at 38 KHz carrier, After buffer amplified sent to the infrared light-emitting diodes, infrared signals into firing away. Pulse binary code in a variety of formats. One of the most commonly used code is PWM (pulse width modulation code) and the PPM code (Pulse Code Modulation). The former said in a pulse width, pulse indicated 0. The latter pulse width, but the width of code-not the same, the codes represent a bit - and the digits represent narrow 0.Remote coding pulse signal (PPM code as an example) are usually guided by the code, the system code, the anti-code system, a feature code, functional anti-code signal components. Guide the code name for the initial code, by the width of 9 ms and the margin width of 4.5 ms to the low-level components (different remote control systems in the low-level high width of a certain distinction), remote coding used to mark the beginning of pulsed signals. System identification code is also called code, which used to indicate the type of remote control system, in order to distinguish other remote-control system, prevent the remote control system malfunction. Functional code is also called scripts, which represents the corresponding control functions, Receiver of the micro-controller functions under the numerical code to complete the various functions operating. Anti-code system and function codes are anti-system code and the functional code against code Anti-code can be joined to the receiver synchronization transmission process leads to errors. In order to improve performance and reduce interference power consumption, The remote control will be coded pulse frequency of 38 KHz (for the cycle of 26.3 ms) of the carrier signal pulse reshuffle system (PAM), and then sentto the buffer amplified infrared LED, the remote control signal transmitter away.Address code and data codes are composed of different pulse width expressed that the two narrow pulse "0"; 2 pulse width "1"; a narrow pulse width and pulse expressed an "F" is the code addresses "vacant."Is the first part of a group a group of code, each code synchronization between separated. The plan is to enlarge the second half of a group code : a code from 12 AD (the address code plus data code For example, eight address code plus four data code), each with two AD-Pulse's : Pulse said the two "0"; 2 pulse width "1"; a narrow pulse width and pulse expressed an "F" is the code addresses "vacant."Realize fired at each fired at least four groups code, PT2272 only twice in a row to detect the same address code plus data code data will be the code "1" is driven The data should be output to drive margin and VT terminal for synchronous serial.红外遥控系统摘 要红外数据通信技术是目前在世界范围内被广泛使用的一种无线连接技术，被众多的硬件和软件平台所支持。
文献综述含外文翻译
文献综述【摘要】在我国电力系统继保护技术发展的过程中，概述了微机继电保护技术的成就，提出了未来继电保护技术发展趋势将是：计算机化，电网络化，保护，控制，调查结果显示，数据通信一体化和人工智能化。
[ Abstract ]reviewed our country electrical power system relay protection techno logical development process, has outlined the microcomputer relay protection techno logy achievement, proposed the future relay protection technological development te ndency will be: Computerizes, networked, protects, the control, the survey, the data communication integration and the artificial intellectualization【关键词】继电保护现状发展，继电保护的未来发展【Key word】relay protection present situation development，relay protections f uture development1 继电保护发展现状电力系统的迅速发展对继电保护不断提出新的要求，电子技术，计算机技术的快速发展不断为继电保护技术的发展注入新的活力，因此，继电保护技术是有利的，在40多年的时间里已完成发展了4个历史阶段。
建国后，我国继电保护学科、继电保护设计、继电器制造工业和继电保护技术队伍从无到有，在大约10年的时间里走过了先进国家半个世纪走过的道路。
50年代，我国工程技术人员创造性地吸收、消化、掌握了国外先进的继电保护设备性能和运行技术，建成了一支具有深厚继电保护理论造诣和丰富运行经验的继电保护技术队伍，对全国继电保护技术队伍的建立和成长起了指导作用。
电子信息专业英语课文翻译(20210311174048)
电子信息专业英语课文翻译1. Chapter 1 Introduction to Electronic Technology 电子技术简介 . Lesson 1 Development of Electronics 电子技术发展史 电子技术的历史是一个关于二十世纪的故事， 电子学的三个关键元件是真空管、 晶体管 和集成电路。
真空管也叫做 电子管， 它是一个密封的玻璃管， 在它里面， 电子在有真空隔离的电极之 间流动。
在20 (19X )世纪早期发明了真空管，随着真空管的发明，放大和传输电能成为 可能。
电子管的第一应用在于无线电通信。
在第二次世界大战之前， 随着越来越多的专门真 空管被制造出来用于各种用途，通信技术从而能得到了巨大的进步。
在20 世纪 20 年代时， 无线电广播呈天文数字地增长并且成为家庭娱乐的主要来源。
电视机是在1927 年发明，并 且最终得到了广泛的应用。
电视机作为一种电子设备， 其发展得益于在二次世界大战期间雷 达上的许多进步。
雷达利用无线电微波回声来测量一个物体的距离和方向，被用于检测飞机 和船只。
世界大战之后， 电子管被用于开发第一台计算机， 但是因为电子元件的尺寸， 所以这些 计算机是不切实际的。
在 1947 年，来自贝尔实验室的一组工程师们发明了晶体管，因为发 明了晶体管，他们获得了诺贝尔奖。
晶体管的功能类似于真空管， 但与真空管相比，它体积 小、重量轻、消耗功率低、 更加可靠和制造成本低。
在几乎所有的电子设备中晶体管取代了 真空管。
在 20 世纪 50 年代时，美国德州仪器公司发展出第一个集成电路。
第一个集成电路仅 包含了几个晶体管， 在随后的 20 世纪 70 年代中期， 出现了大规模集成电路和超大规模集成 电路。
超大规模集成电路技术允许我们在一个单芯片中构建一个包含有成千上万晶体管的系 统。
摄像机、手提电话和个人电脑仅仅是集成电路使之成为可能的一些设备实例。
Internet中英文资料对照外文翻译文献综述
中英文资料对照外文翻译文献综述Internet的历史起源——ARPAnetInternet是被美国政府作为一项工程进行开发的。
这项工程的目的，是为了建立远距离之间点与点的通信，以便处理国家军事范围内的紧急事件，例如核战争。
这项工程被命名为ARPAnet，它就是Internet的前身。
建立此工程的主要应用对象就是军事通讯，那些负责ARPAnet的工程师们当时也没有想到它将成为“Internet”。
根据定义，一个“Internet”应该由四或者更多的计算机连接起来的网络。
ARPAnet是通过一种叫TCP/IP的协议实现连网工作的。
此协议最基础的工作原理是：如果信息在网络中的一条路径发送失败，那么它将找到其他路径进行发送，就好象建立一种语言以便一台计算机与其他计算机“交谈”一样，但不注意它是PC，或是Macintosh。
到了20世纪80年代，ARPAnet已经开始变成目前更为有名的Internet了，它拥有200台在线主机。
国防部很满意ARPAnets的成果，于是决定全力将它培养为能够联系很多军事主机，资源共享的服务网络。
到了1984年，它就已经超过1000台主机在线了。
在1986年ARPAnet关闭了，但仅仅是建立它的机构关闭了，而网络继续存在与超过1000台的主机之间。
由于使用NSF连接失败，ARPAnet才被关闭。
NSF是将5个国家范围内的超级计算机连入ARPAnet。
随着NSF的建立，新的高速的传输介质被成功的使用，在1988年，用户能通过56k的电话线上网。
在那个时候有28，174台主机连入Internet。
到了1989年有80，000台主机连入Internet。
到1989年末，就有290，000台主机连入了。
另外还有其他网络被建立，并支持用户以惊人的数量接入。
于1992年正式建立。
现状——Internet如今，Internet已经成为人类历史上最先进技术的一种。
每个人都想“上网”去体验一下Internet中的信息财富。
专业外语阅读文献综述—The effect of modern electronic technology on memory
The effect of modern electronic technology onmemory应用心理学xx班xxxxuehaoAbstract: With the progress of modern civilization, and the improvement of people's living standard, the electronic science and technology is more and more widespread popularity.The use of mobile phones, cameras and computers all make people's life more convenient. At the same time, there is a study shows that people's memory is also decreased with the use of these electronic technology. This paper focus on how the use of modern electronic technology, such as cameras, mobile phones and computers, decrease people’s memory, collating and summarizing the relevant researches and views of the researchers.Key words:memory; memory decreased; impact; modern electronic technology; Internet1 IntroductionAs we all know, memory is one of the basic functions of the human brain. We will be a fleeting thing if we don’t have the memory. Nowadays，with the development of modern technology, more and more people like to choose to keep the things in the cameras, mobile phones and computers, rather than keep it into the brains. the Huffington Post in American reported that, when people are asked “ What can technology bring to you?”, they almost emerged out some thing positive immediately, just like convenience, fast, and so on. But along with the science and technology brings to us convenience, some affiliated defects (such as, memory declined severely, ect.) also appeared. All kinds of contacts list functions in many softwares greatlyfacilitates our life, but also let the "amnesia" groups of people increasingly large, and some people even can not say a complete telephone number without this contacts list. In this way, let people to face the negative influences of modern science and technology on memory is very important.2 The definition and the current situation of memoryWhat past experience reflected in the human brain is called memory. Memory consists four basic processes, which is memorizing, keeping, recongnition and recall. Memory is the hub of which our all activities are going. In today's society, the memory has been widespread concernned. And how to reduce the memory decline and improve our memory ,or other problem like these has become a topic of widespread concern.3 The processes of memory and the factors affecting memory3.1 The processes of memoryThere are some processes in memory, scientists believe that memory can be divided into short-term memory, medium-term memory and long-term memory. The essence of the short term memory is the immediate physiological and biochemical responses of the brain, while the medium term and the long term memory is brain cells occured in the structure change, and established a fixed link. Short-term memory model has been replaced by " working memory” in the past 25 years.Tthere are three subsystems: the short-term visual impression which formed by space visual. The sound loop to store sound information. This can be existed for a long time by repeated. The central executive system manages these two systems and establish contact with these information and long memory content. That is to say, the processes of memory are the processes which the brain has a series of physiological reactions, is a related chain of memory.3.2 The factors affecting memoryWhen our memory was damaged, that is when the chain of memory was damaged, according to the study which written by Wang Pengyun et al. (2013) shows that in item memory (paired association learning and associative memory) and connection memory (image free recall and non graphical recognition) will appear some serious problems. How dose these problems appear? As we know that memory’s damage often occur in the group of old people, according to the investigation on Chen Xueping et al. (2009) of the elderly people in Hangzhou City, showed that the age, education, life satisfaction, self-care ability and exercise were the factors affecting the prevalence of elderly cognitive impairment. So it can be said that the main factor of memory effect is people’s own conditions.4 The effect of the use of cameras on memory4.1 photo-taking impairment effectPhoto-taking impairment effect - the scientists found that the more people take pictures, the less they feel and experience, and the details of the picture also be more blurred by these people.4.2 The research of Fairfield UniversityThe researchers in the Fairfield University let a group of students to remember the details about the things which they just visited in the museum as many as they can.The test data show that, these students’ memory accuracy is low when they identified the thing they had filmed, compared with in identifying the things they had looked only without to take photographs of the high degree of accuracy. In addition, the detail memory came to be poorer when they had taken photographs than not.Doctor Henkel (2014) said, "in order to catch a moment which is valuable, people often choose to use his/her camera, rather than to use their brain to remember, what caused they miss what is happening in that moment. When people rely on technology products to help himself to remember, for example, when depend on the camera to record events, and then do not need to focus total concern on -- this will have a negative impact on them to keep their own experiences.5 The effect of the use of mobile phones on memory5.1 Electronic Science and technology equipment is not conducive to our attentionWhether attention is focus on is the key whether we can form a strong memory. However,overwhelming electronic technology equipments let the way that relies on centralized attention to exercise their memory to be forgetten. People do two things at one time or even do the multitasking, such as browse weibo, use multi screen window to browse information when they are walking , makes people's attention has been dispersed. But researches show that, actually, people’s attention only can be put on one thing at one time. That is to say, few people can really do multitasking,when attention is dispersed, the memory decreases, too.5.2 Cell phone radiation affects memoryAccording to a study conducted by researcher at the Department of Neurosurgery of Lund University Hospital in Sweden, mobile phone radiation will indeed affect people's memory. In the past more than a year time, Henrietta Nittby (2008),a researcher, carried out a series of experiments on mice. These mice will be in mobile phone radiation for two hours every week. The result shows that, the mice’s memory,which are under radiation,are worse than the mice which are without the radiation.Professor Henrietta Nittby and Professor Leif Salford believe that ,the results of this study may has a complicated relationship with past research results of this team, that is, the microwave radiation from cell phones will affect the so-called "blood brain barrier". Leif Salford and his colleagues had found that, when experimental animals exposed to mobile phone radiation, a transport protein in the blood, namely endosperm proteins, will penetrate into the brain tissue. And the “blood-brain barrier” can protect the brain don’t suffer from the harm of substances in the blood.At the same time, the team also found that,the part of the nerve damage,which is exist in the form of the injured nerve cells, is present in the center of cerebral cortex and the brain's memory -the hippocampus. It is the memory centers of the brain. When exposed to radiation, the endosperm proteins will emanation quickly, until four to eight weeks later, the nerve cells will damage. In addition, they also found a large number of gene’s activity changes - not just change in a single gene, but also groups of gene’s activity produced change (Henrietta Nittby, Leif Salford.2008).In the Fu Daigang, Long Yunfang and Zhao Liqiang’s study which is research how cell phone radiation effect people’s health, they divided the participants into <10min, 10~30min, >30min three groups by the time they use the cell phone every day, the mobile phone’ service period is divided into <6 months, 6~12 months, >12 months 3 groups were measured. The conclusion is "although the average mobile phone microwave radiation intensity does not exceed the limit that we current workplace exposure, but the long-term use of mobile phone can cause fatigue, nausea, loss of hearing, memory decrease, agitation, sleep difficulties, loss of appetite and other symptoms such as neurosis. And with the increase of the average time of the use of mobile phones and the extension of the use of life, the incidence of neurological disorders have increased trend "( Fu Daigang , Long Yunfang, &Zhao Liqiang,2005).6 Effects of computer using on memory6.1 Google's impact on memory6.1.1 Google EffectBecause of the development of technology (such as, search engine), we become more and more easily accessible to the all kinds of information. We can search our old classmates, find thearticle that we to see, or to find the name of the actor on the screen that we deja vu on the Internet easily. The cost of search is small and the reaction time is so quickly that we can easily find the answer to all sorts of problems we need and the information. People gradually see the Internet as a part of their memory - a rich amount of storage database. This is known as a Google effect.6.1.2 Betsy Sparrow’s experimentThe article Google Effects on Memory: Cognitive Consequences of Having Information at Our Fingertips (Sparrow, Liu, & Wegne, 2011) talks about how the Google effect works on us. Article uses four experiments to illustrate the following questions: people are more likely to turn to a computer when they are facing some problems which they can’t solve; when people feel they can find this information later , they will be more difficult to recall information itself, on the contrary, they will strengthen the memory of how to obtain this information.6.2 EEG analysis of people who is over - use computerAnalysis of brain electrical characteristics of over -used Internet (Yu Hongqiang, 2009) found the short-term memory of people who over - used Internet is significantly less than normal people through the study of the differences between people who over - used Internet and normal people on short-term memory.Then, they analyzed the differences on the event related potential between these two kinds of participants,and specific waveform was found in the prefrontal electrode of the people who over-used Internet. Meanwhile ,the prefrontal lobe is the area whose responsibility is memory the brain, so further proved that the excessive use of the Internet had an impact to the subjects of short-term memory.7 EpilogueWith the development of science and technology, modern electronic technology gradually penetrated into people's lives,in all kinds of life. These technologies bring to us with convenient ,at the same time, there are more and more people choose to use technical ways to help them remember some things, without take the time to remember certain things, and thus, resulting somebody become difficult to remember something, or just remember the way to find the information, then, leading to a decline in memory. So with the progress of science and technology, we should also learn to use of modern electronic technology rationally, make the science and technology be used by us, rather than being stuck in science and technology.Reference王鹏云,李娟,李会杰,李冰,李欣,周婷.(2013).Characteristics of Associative Memory Deficits in Amnestic Mild Cognitive Impairment.生物化学与生物物理进展,40(12),1247-1255.郁洪强. (2009). 过度使用互联网者的脑电特征分析.博士, 天津大学.陈雪萍,方桂珍,倪荣,杨佳琦,章冬瑛,杨立江.(2009).杭州市社区925名老年人认知功能损害现状调查及影响因素分析.护理学报,5(34),29.伏代刚, 龙云芳, & 赵立强. (2005). 手机微波辐射强度及对人体健康的影响. 职业卫生与病伤(02), 85-89.Lund University. (2008, December 5). Mobile Phones Affect Memory In Laboratory Animals, Swedish Study Finds. ScienceDaily. September 15.Henkel, L. A. (2014). Point-and-Shoot Memories: The Influence of Taking Photos on Memory for a Museum Tour. [Article]. Psychological Science, 25(2), 396-402.Sparrow, B., Liu, J., & Wegne, D. M. (2011). Google Effects on Memory: Cognitive Consequences of Having Information at Our Fingertips. Science, 333(6043), 776-778.。
用英语介绍电子信息科学与技术的作文
电子信息科学与技术的革命性影响In the twenty-first century, the impact of electronic information science and technology on our daily lives is immeasurable. This remarkable field, often referred to as EIST, has transformed the way we communicate, learn, work, and even entertain ourselves. The rapid advancements inthis domain have given rise to a range of transformative technologies, from smartphones and laptops to cloud computing and artificial intelligence.Electronic information science and technology encompasses a vast array of disciplines, including computer science, telecommunications, electronics engineering, and information systems. These disciplines work in tandem to create the infrastructure and platforms that underpin modern society's technological advancements.One of the most significant impacts of EIST has been in the realm of communication. The advent of the internet and subsequent technological advancements have made it possible for people to stay connected no matter where they are inthe world. Social media platforms, video conferencing tools,and email have all become integral parts of our daily lives, facilitating instant communication and collaboration.Another area where EIST has made significant strides is in the field of education. Online learning platforms and virtual classrooms have broken down geographical barriers, allowing students from different parts of the world to access high-quality educational resources. These technologies have also revolutionized the way teachers deliver lessons, making them more interactive and engaging. The role of EIST in the workplace is also crucial. From cloud computing to cybersecurity, these technologies have transformed the way businesses operate. Remote work has become a norm, thanks to tools like video conferencing and project management software. Furthermore, big dataanalytics and artificial intelligence are helping companies make informed decisions and streamline their operations.The entertainment industry has also been revolutionized by EIST. Streaming services and on-demand content have made it possible for people to access a wide range of media content from anywhere in the world. The integration of augmented reality and virtual reality technologies isfurther enhancing the entertainment experience, offering users immersive and interactive experiences.In conclusion, the impact of electronic information science and technology on our lives is profound and multifaceted. It has transformed the way we communicate, learn, work, and entertain ourselves, and it continues todo so at an unprecedented rate. As we look to the future,it is exciting to imagine the further advancements thatEIST will bring and the new possibilities it will unlock.**电子信息科学与技术的革命性影响**在二十一世纪，电子信息科学技术对我们日常生活的影响不可估量。
电子通信专业 外文翻译 外文文献 英文文献 电信现代运营
毕业设计（外文翻译材料）Telecommunication Modern Operation TelephoneIn an analogue telephone network, the caller is connected to the person he wants to talk to by switches at various telephone exchanges. The switches form an electrical connection between the two users and the setting of these switches is determined electronically when the caller dials the number. Once the connection is made, the caller's voice is transformed to an electrical signal using a small microphone in the caller's handset. This electrical signal is then sent through the network to the user at the other end where it transformed back into sound by a small speaker in that person's handset. There is a separate electrical connection that works in reverse, allowing the users to converse.The fixed-line telephones in most residential homes are analogue — that is, the speaker's voice directly determines the signal's voltage. Although short-distance calls may be handled from end-to-end as analogue signals, increasingly telephone service providers are transparently converting the signals to digital for transmission before converting them back to analogue for reception. The advantage of this is that digitized voice data can travel side-by-side with data from the Internet and can be perfectly reproduced in long distance communication (as opposed to analogue signals that are inevitably impacted by noise).- 1 --Mobile phones have had a significant impact on telephone networks. Mobile phone subscriptions now outnumber fixed-line subscriptions in many markets. Sales of mobile phones in 2005 totalled 816.6 million with that figure being almost equally shared amongst the markets of Asia/Pacific (204 m), Western Europe (164 m), CEMEA (Central Europe, the Middle East and Africa) (153.5 m), North America (148 m) and Latin America (102 m). In terms of new subscriptions over the five years from 1999, Africa has outpaced other markets with 58.2% growth. Increasingly these phones are being serviced by systems where the voice content is transmitted digitally such as GSM or W-CDMA with many markets choosing to depreciate analogue systems such as AMPS.There have also been dramatic changes in telephone communication behind the scenes. Starting with the operation of TAT-8 in 1988, the 1990s saw the widespread adoption of systems based on optic fibres. The benefit of communicating with optic fibres is that they offer a drastic increase in data capacity. TAT-8 itself was able to carry 10 times as many telephone calls as the last copper cable laid at that time and today's optic fibre cables are able to carry 25 times as many telephone calls as TAT-8. This increase in data capacity is due to several factors: First, optic fibres are physically much smaller than competing technologies. Second, they do not suffer from crosstalk which means several hundred of them can be easily bundled together in a single cable. Lastly, improvements in multiplexing have led to an exponential growth in the data capacity of a single fibre.Assisting communication across many modern optic fibre networks is a protocol known as Asynchronous Transfer Mode (ATM). The ATM protocol allows for the side-by-side data transmission mentioned in the second paragraph. It is suitable for public telephone networks because it establishes a pathway for data through the network and associates a traffic contract with that pathway. The traffic contract is essentially an agreement between the client and the network about how the network is to handle the data; if the network cannot meet the conditions of the traffic contract it does not accept the connection. This is important because telephone calls can- 2 --negotiate a contract so as to guarantee themselves a constant bit rate, something that will ensure a caller's voice is not delayed in parts or cut-off completely. There are competitors to ATM, such as Multiprotocol Label Switching (MPLS), that perform a similar task and are expected to supplant ATM in the future.Radio and televisionIn a broadcast system, a central high-powered broadcast tower transmits a high-frequency electromagnetic wave to numerous low-powered receivers. The high-frequency wave sent by the tower is modulated with a signal containing visual or audio information. The antenna of the receiver is then tuned so as to pick up the high-frequency wave and a demodulator is used to retrieve the signal containing the visual or audio information. The broadcast signal can be either analogue (signal is varied continuously with respect to the information) or digital (information is encoded as a set of discrete values).The broadcast media industry is at a critical turning point in its development, with many countries moving from analogue to digital broadcasts. This move is made possible by the production of cheaper, faster and more capable integrated circuits. The chief advantage of digital broadcasts is that they prevent a number of complaints with traditional analogue broadcasts. For television, this includes the elimination of problems such as snowy pictures, ghosting and other distortion. These occur because of the nature of analogue transmission, which means that perturbations due to noise will be evident in the final output. Digital transmission overcomes this problem because digital signals are reduced to discrete values upon reception and hence small perturbations do not affect the final output. In a simplified example, if a binary message 1011 was transmitted with signal amplitudes [1.0 0.0 1.0 1.0] and received with signal amplitudes [0.9 0.2 1.1 0.9] it would still decode to the binary message 1011 — a perfect reproduction of what was sent. From this example, a problem with digital transmissions can also be seen in that if the noise is great enough it can significantly alter the decoded message. Using forward error correction a receiver can- 3 --correct a handful of bit errors in the resulting message but too much noise will lead to incomprehensible output and hence a breakdown of the transmission.In digital television broadcasting, there are three competing standards that are likely to be adopted worldwide. These are the ATSC, DVB and ISDB standards; the adoption of these standards thus far is presented in the captioned map. All three standards use MPEG-2 for video compression. ATSC uses Dolby Digital AC-3 for audio compression, ISDB uses Advanced Audio Coding (MPEG-2 Part 7) and DVB has no standard for audio compression but typically uses MPEG-1 Part 3 Layer 2. The choice of modulation also varies between the schemes. In digital audio broadcasting, standards are much more unified with practically all countries choosing to adopt the Digital Audio Broadcasting standard (also known as the Eureka 147 standard). The exception being the United States which has chosen to adopt HD Radio. HD Radio, unlike Eureka 147, is based upon a transmission method known as in-band on-channel transmission that allows digital information to "piggyback" on normal AM or FM analogue transmissions.However, despite the pending switch to digital, analogue receivers still remain widespread. Analogue television is still transmitted in practically all countries. The United States had hoped to end analogue broadcasts on December 31, 2006; however, this was recently pushed back to February 17, 2009. For analogue television, there are three standards in use. These are known as PAL, NTSC and SECAM. For analogue radio, the switch to digital is made more difficult by the fact that analogue receivers are a fraction of the cost of digital receivers. The choice of modulation for analogue radio is typically between amplitude modulation (AM) or frequency modulation (FM). To achieve stereo playback, an amplitude modulated subcarrier is used for stereo FM.The InternetThe Internet is a worldwide network of computers and computer networks that can communicate with each other using the Internet Protocol. Any computer on the Internet has a unique IP address that can be used by other computers to route- 4 --information to it. Hence, any computer on the Internet can send a message to any other computer using its IP address. These messages carry with them the originating computer's IP address allowing for two-way communication. In this way, the Internet can be seen as an exchange of messages between computers.An estimated 16.9% of the world population has access to the Internet with the highest access rates (measured as a percentage of the population) in North America (69.7%), Oceania/Australia (53.5%) and Europe (38.9%).In terms of broadband access, Iceland (26.7%), South Korea (25.4%) and the Netherlands (25.3%) lead the world.The Internet works in part because of protocols that govern how the computers and routers communicate with each other. The nature of computer network communication lends itself to a layered approach where individual protocols in the protocol stack run more-or-less independently of other protocols. This allows lower-level protocols to be customized for the network situation while not changing the way higher-level protocols operate. A practical example of why this is important is because it allows an Internet browser to run the same code regardless of whether the computer it is running on is connected to the Internet through an Ethernet or Wi-Fi connection. Protocols are often talked about in terms of their place in the OSI reference model, which emerged in 1983 as the first step in an unsuccessful attempt to build a universally adopted networking protocol suite.For the Internet, the physical medium and data link protocol can vary several times as packets traverse the globe. This is because the Internet places no constraints on what physical medium or data link protocol is used. This leads to the adoption of media and protocols that best suit the local network situation. In practice, most intercontinental communication will use the Asynchronous Transfer Mode (ATM) protocol (or a modern equivalent) on top of optic fibre. This is because for most intercontinental communication the Internet shares the same infrastructure as the public switched telephone network.- 5 --At the network layer, things become standardized with the Internet Protocol (IP) being adopted for logi cal addressing. For the world wide web, these “IP addresses” are derived from the human readable form using the Domain Name System (e.g.72.14.207.99 is derived from ). At the moment, the most widely used version of the Internet Protocol is version four but a move to version six is imminent.At the transport layer, most communication adopts either the Transmission Control Protocol (TCP) or the User Datagram Protocol (UDP). TCP is used when it is essential every message sent is received by the other computer where as UDP is used when it is merely desirable. With TCP, packets are retransmitted if they are lost and placed in order before they are presented to higher layers. With UDP, packets are not ordered or retransmitted if lost. Both TCP and UDP packets carry port numbers with them to specify what application or process the packet should be handled by. Because certain application-level protocols use certain ports, network administrators can restrict Internet access by blocking the traffic destined for a particular port.Above the transport layer, there are certain protocols that are sometimes used and loosely fit in the session and presentation layers, most notably the Secure Sockets Layer (SSL) and Transport Layer Security (TLS) protocols. These protocols ensure that the data transferred between two parties remains completely confidential and one or the other is in use when a padlock appears at the bottom of your web browser. Finally, at the application layer, are many of the protocols Internet users would be familiar with such as HTTP (web browsing), POP3 (e-mail), FTP (file transfer), IRC (Internet chat), BitTorrent (file sharing) and OSCAR (instant messaging).Local area networksDespite the growth of the Internet, the characteristics of local area networks (computer networks that run at most a few kilometres) remain distinct. This is because networks on this scale do not require all the features associated with larger networks and are often more cost-effective and efficient without them.- 6 --In the mid-1980s, several protocol suites emerged to fill the gap between the data link and applications layer of the OSI reference model. These were Appletalk, IPX and NetBIOS with the dominant protocol suite during the early 1990s being IPX due to its popularity with MS-DOS users. TCP/IP existed at this point but was typically only used by large government and research facilities. As the Internet grew in popularity and a larger percentage of traffic became Internet-related, local area networks gradually moved towards TCP/IP and today networks mostly dedicated to TCP/IP traffic are common. The move to TCP/IP was helped by technologies such as DHCP that allowed TCP/IP clients to discover their own network address —a functionality that came standard with the AppleTalk/IPX/NetBIOS protocol suites.It is at the data link layer though that most modern local area networks diverge from the Internet. Whereas Asynchronous Transfer Mode (ATM) or Multiprotocol Label Switching (MPLS) are typical data link protocols for larger networks, Ethernet and Token Ring are typical data link protocols for local area networks. These protocols differ from the former protocols in that they are simpler (e.g. they omit features such as Quality of Service guarantees) and offer collision prevention. Both of these differences allow for more economic set-ups.Despite the modest popularity of Token Ring in the 80's and 90's, virtually all local area networks now use wired or wireless Ethernet. At the physical layer, most wired Ethernet implementations use copper twisted-pair cables (including the common 10BASE-T networks). However, some early implementations used coaxial cables and some recent implementations (especially high-speed ones) use optic fibres. Optic fibres are also likely to feature prominently in the forthcoming 10-gigabit Ethernet implementations. Where optic fibre is used, the distinction must be made between multi-mode fibre and single-mode fibre. Multi-mode fibre can be thought of as thicker optical fibre that is cheaper to manufacture but that suffers from less usable bandwidth and greater attenuation (i.e. poor long-distance performance).- 7 --电信现代运营电话在一个模拟电话网络, 来电者通过交换机与对方进行不同的电话交流｡开关在两用户间形成一个电气连接,其参数是由来电者按键时的电气特性决定的｡一旦连接,来电者的声音通过来电端处的电话听筒转化为电信号｡然后电信号通过网络发送到另一端的用户,并通过小型扬声器将信号转化为声音｡有一个单独的电气连接用于进行转换,以使用户交谈｡固定电话,在多数居民区是模拟电话,那就是,发言者的声音,直接决定着信号的电压｡虽然距离短,来电可能会被作为模拟信号的端到端信号处理,越来越多电话服务供应商是适度的在传输前将模拟信号数字化以便传输,之后转为模拟信号以便接收｡它的优势是,数字化语音数据可以从互联网上以数字形式传输,而且可以完全转载于远程通信｡(对比来看,模拟信号无可避免会受到噪声影响｡) 手机已对电话网络产生了重大影响｡移动电话用户现在在许多市场超过了固定线路用户｡手机销量在2005年总额为8.166亿,被一下数字平分,其中亚洲/太平洋(2.04亿),西欧(1.64亿),cemea(中欧,中东和非洲)(1.535亿),北美(1.48亿)和拉丁美洲(1.02亿)｡在从1999年之后的五年时间内新增用户来看,非洲已以58.2 %的增长超过了其他地区的市场｡手机逐渐采用如GSM或W-CDMA这些可以数字化传输语音信号的系统,从而使AMPS这样的模拟系统衰落｡电话通信也隐约地有了戏剧性的变化｡开始运作的TAT-8(跨大西洋传输电缆)始于1988年, 20世纪90年代见证了基于光纤系统的普及｡光纤传输的优势在于其所提供的数据容量的急剧增加｡TAT-8可以传输相当于同轴电缆电话10倍的数据,而现在的光纤能传输25倍于TAT-8的数据｡数据能力的增加是由于几个因素:第一,光纤体积远小于其他竞争技术｡第二,他们不受到串扰这意味着数百条光纤可以很容易地捆绑在一个单一的电缆内｡最后,复用技术的改善导致了单条光纤数据容量的指数增长｡基于现代光纤网络的通信是一项称为异步传输模式( ATM )的协议｡如第二段所说,ATM协议允许为并排的数据传输｡它适用于公共电话网络,因为它建立了通过网络数据通道并以此进行通信｡传输协议基本上是一个用户与网络之间的协议,它规定了网络如何来处理数据;如果网络不能满足条件的传输协议,它不接受连接｡这很重要,因为电话可以通过协议,保证自己的恒定比特率,这将确保来电者的声音,不是延迟的部分或完全切断｡ATM的竞争对手,如多标签交换(MPLS),执行类似的任务,并可望在未来取代ATM｡电台和电视台在一个广播系统,中央高功率广播塔传输高频率的电磁波,到众多的低功率接收器上｡由广播塔发送的高频率波由信号调制且该信号载有视频或音频信息｡接收天线稍作调整，以提取高频率波,解调器用来恢复载有视力或音频信息的信号｡广播信号可以是模拟(信号多种多样,载有信息且连续)或数字(信息作为一套离散值,可以编码)｡广播媒体业正处于发展中一个关键的转折点,许多国家都从模拟发展到数字广播｡此举是可使生产更经济,更快且更能够集成电路｡与传统的模拟广播相比,数字广播最大的优势是,他们防止了一些投诉｡对电视来说,这包括消除问题,如雪花屏,重影和其他失真｡这些发生原因,是因为模拟传输的性质,这意味着噪声干扰会明显影响最后的输出｡数字传输,克服了这个问题,因为接收时数字信号变为离散值,这样小扰动不影响最终输出｡举一个简单的例子,一个二进制信息1011,已与信号的振幅[ 1.0 0.0 1.0 1.0 ]调制,并收到信号的振幅[ 0.9 0.2 1.1 0.9 ]它将仍然解码为二进制信息1011-一个完美原码再现｡从这个例子可以看出,数字传输也由一个问题,如果噪音足够大,它可以大大改变解码信息｡使用前向错误校正接收器可以在最终结果中纠正少数比特错误,但太多的噪音将导致难以理解的输出,因此,传输失败｡在数字电视广播中,有3个相互竞争的标准,很可能是全世界公认的｡它们是ATSC标准,DVB标准和ISDB标准;通过这些标准,到目前为止,应用于标题地图｡所有这三个标准,使用MPEG - 2 视频压缩｡ATSC标准采用杜比数字AC - 3音频压缩,ISDB利用先进音频编码( MPEG - 2的第7部分),而DVB没有音频压缩标准,但通常使用MPEG - 1第3部分第2层｡不同标准所用的调制方式也有所不同｡在数字音频广播中,标准更为统一,几乎所有国家都选择采用数字音频广播的标准(也称为作为尤里卡147标准)｡也有例外,美国已选择采用高清广播｡高清广播,不同于尤里卡147 ,它是基于称为在带内通道传输的传输方法,这使数字化信息,进行“背驮式”AM或FM模拟传输｡然而,尽管数字化迫在眉睫,模拟接收机仍然普遍应用｡模拟电视仍然传送几乎所有国家｡美国希望于2006年12月31日之前结束模拟广播;不过,最近又推到2009年2月17日｡对于模拟电视,有三个标准在使用中｡它们是PAL制式,NTSC制式和SECAM制式｡模拟电台,切换到数字变得更加困难,因为模拟接收器只占数字接收机的一小部分成本｡模拟电台调制方式通常采用AM(幅度调制)或FM(频率调制)｡为实现立体声播放,振幅调制副载波用于立体声调频｡互联网互联网是一个全球计算机组成的网络,也是一种用IP联系在一起的计算机网络｡在互联网上的任何一台计算机都有一个唯一的IP地址,其他计算机可以用其进行路由选择｡因此,在互联网上,任何一台电脑可以通过IP地址传送讯息给任何其他的计算机｡这些带有计算机IP地址的信息,允许计算机之间双向沟通｡这样一来,互联网可以被看作是一个计算机之间信息的交换｡据估计,16.9 %的世界人口已经进入互联网且具有最高访问率(以人口百分比衡量),它们在北美地区(69.7 %),大洋洲/澳大利亚(53.5%)和欧洲(38.9%)｡在宽带接入方面,冰岛(26.7%),韩国(25.4%)和荷兰(25.3 %)世界领先｡互联网的成功,部分是因为协议管理计算机和路由器如何互相沟通｡计算机网络通信本身的性质,有助于分层实现,此时,协议栈中的各个独立协议或多或少独立于其他协议｡这使得低级别的协议适应网络的情况,而不影响高层协议的实现｡一个实际的例子可以说明它的重要性,因为它允许一个互联网浏览器上运行相同的代码，不管运行的计算机连接到互联网是通过以太网还是通过Wi - Fi连接｡协议经常以其在OSI参考模型中的位置命名,1983年为第一步,也是一次不成功的尝试,它试图建立一个普遍采用的网络协议套件｡对于互联网来说,物理介质和数据链路层协议可以不同的数倍包遍历全球｡这是因为互联网对所用的物理介质或数据链路协议没有限制｡这导致媒体和协议的应用,它们最适合本地网络的情况｡在实践中,多数洲际通讯将使用异步转移模式( ATM )协议(或一个现代的替代物)并辅以光纤｡这是因为,对于大多数的洲际通信来说,互联网与公共交换式电话网络一样拥有相同的基础设施｡在网络层,适用于逻辑寻址的IP开始标准化｡在万维网上,这些“IP地址”来自通过域名系统处理的人类可读格式(例如72.14.207.99是来自)中｡目前,使用最广泛的版本的互联网协议是版本 4 ,但向版本六过渡已是迫在眉睫｡在传输层大部分通信采用的是传输控制协议(TCP)或用户数据报协议(UDP)｡TCP是基本协议,每条来自其他计算机的消息均需采用TCP,而UDP只有在有利时才会被采用｡有了TCP,数据包若在它们置于更高层次前丢失或乱序,它们会被重发｡有了UDP,数据包丢失时会乱序,也不会重发｡TCP和UDP数据包携带端口以便指出数据包应交由哪些应用程序或进程｡因为某些应用级协议使用某些端口,网络管理员可以通过阻断某一特定端口为目的端口的传输限制上网｡在传输层之上,有一些协议会用到并适当应用于会话层和表示层,最显着的是安全套接层(SSL)和传输层安全(TLS)协议｡这些协议,确保双方之间传输的数据仍然完全保密并且一方或另一方在使用时,挂锁出现于Web浏览器的底部｡最后,在应用层,有很多的协议为互联网用户所熟悉,如HTTP ( Web浏览) , 的POP3 (电子邮件),FTP (档案传输),IRC (网上聊天),BitTorrent(文件共享)和OSCAR(即时通讯)｡局域网不看互联网的发展, 仅局域网的特点(运行于几公里内的计算机网络)仍然明显｡这是因为这种规模的网络并不需要所有与较大的网络有关的功能,因此往往更具成本效益和高效率｡在二十世纪八十年代中期,几个协议套件的出现,填补了OSI参考模型中数据链路层和应用层之间的空隙｡如AppleTalk,IPX和NetBios与20世纪90年代初占主导地位,因MS-DOS而广受欢迎的协议套件IPX｡而TCP / IP,在这一点上,通常只用于大型政府和研究设施｡随着互联网的受欢迎程度的增长以及较大的流量与互联网逐渐相关,局域网逐步走向TCP / IP｡今天的网络大多用于TCP / IP流量是常见的｡向TCP / IP的转变由如允许的TCP / IP客户发现自己的网络地址的DHCP的技术支撑,而这与A ppleTalk,IPX/和N etBIOS协议套件以其成为标准｡在数据链路层,最现代的局域网偏离互联网｡而异步转移模式(ATM)或多协议标签转换(MPLS)技术是典型的数据链路协议,适用于较大的网络｡以太网和令牌环网是典型的局域网数据链路协议｡这些协议不同于前协议,因为它们更简单(例如,它们省略了服务质量保证等功能) ,并提供碰撞预防｡双方的这些差异,是基于经济成本的考虑｡尽管令牌环在80年代和90年代有了一定的普及,但是现在几乎所有的局域网使用有线或无线以太网｡在物理层,大多数有线以太网实现使用铜双绞线电缆(包括常用的10 Base-T的网络)｡然而,一些早期的实现使用同轴电缆,而最近的一些实现(特别是超高速的)使用光纤｡光纤也可能在即将到来的10千兆以太网的实现中有着出色的表现｡用光纤时,必须对多模光纤和单模光纤加以区分｡对于制造商来说,多模光纤可以被认为是便宜的厚光纤,但只有较少可用的带宽和更大的衰减(即较差的长途性能)｡。
[电子信息工程] 本科论文英文文献翻译
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外文资料翻译学院：电子工程学院系（专业）：电子信息工程班级：电子061姓名：学号:一：外文原文3G TECHNOLOGYAlthough the technology behind 3G may seem complicated, the ways in which 3G will affect all of our lives are easy to imagine. Just imagine having a combined camera，videocamera，computer, stereo，and radio included in your mobile phone. Rich-media information and entertainment will be at your fingertips whenever you want anywhere there is a wireless network。
Mobile communication is moving from simple voice to rich media, where we use more of our senses to intensify our experiences.But not all of this will happen at once. 3G is an evolution to a communications ideal that no one completely understands yet. What we do know is that mobile multimedia will hit the Japanese markets in 2001，and Europe and North America will follow soon after。
3G brings together high-speed radio access and IP-based services into one, powerful environment. The step towards IP is vital. IP is packet-based，which in simple terms，means users can be ”on line” at all times，but without having to pay until we actually send or receive data. The connectionless nature of IP also makes access a lot faster：file downloads can take a few seconds and we can be connected to our corporate network with a single click.3G introduces wideband radio communications, with access speeds of up to 2Mbit/s. Compared with today's mobile networks，3G will significantly boost network capacity — so operators will be able to support more users, as well as offer more sophisticated services.3G - At home3G is going to affect our home and social lives in many ways. The services that 3G enables will help us to manage our personal information，simplify tasks such as grocery shopping，make better use of our time and offer services that are just fun to use。
介绍电子信息专业英文作文
介绍电子信息专业英文作文下载温馨提示:该文档是我店铺精心编制而成，希望大家下载以后，能够帮助大家解决实际的问题。
文档下载后可定制随意修改，请根据实际需要进行相应的调整和使用，谢谢!并且，本店铺为大家提供各种各样类型的实用资料，如教育随笔、日记赏析、句子摘抄、古诗大全、经典美文、话题作文、工作总结、词语解析、文案摘录、其他资料等等，如想了解不同资料格式和写法，敬请关注!Download tips: This document is carefully compiled by theeditor. I hope that after you download them,they can help yousolve practical problems. The document can be customized andmodified after downloading,please adjust and use it according toactual needs, thank you!In addition, our shop provides you with various types ofpractical materials,such as educational essays, diaryappreciation,sentence excerpts,ancient poems,classic articles,topic composition,work summary,word parsing,copyexcerpts,other materials and so on,want to know different data formats andwriting methods,please pay attention!Electronic Information is a fascinating field that combines technology, innovation, and communication. It encompasses various aspects of electronics, telecommunications, and computer science. In this profession, individuals are equipped with the knowledge and skills to design, develop, and maintain electronic systems and devices, as well as process and transmit information.One of the key areas of focus in Electronic Information is the study of electronic circuits and systems. This involves understanding the principles and concepts behind the design and operation of electronic devices such as transistors, diodes, and integrated circuits. Students learn how to analyze and troubleshoot circuits, as well as design and implement electronic systems for various applications.Another important aspect of this field is telecommunications. This involves the study ofcommunication systems and networks, including the transmission and reception of signals, data, and information. Students learn about different communication technologies such as wireless communication, fiber optics, and satellite communication. They also gain knowledge about network protocols, routing algorithms, and network security.In addition to electronics and telecommunications, Electronic Information also covers computer science. This includes the study of programming languages, algorithms, data structures, and software development. Students learn how to write code, develop software applications, and solve complex problems using computers. They also gain a deep understanding of computer hardware and operating systems.The field of Electronic Information offers a wide range of career opportunities. Graduates can work in industries such as telecommunications, electronics manufacturing, software development, and information technology. They can find employment as electronic engineers, network administrators, software developers, data analysts, and IT consultants. The demand for professionals in this field ishigh, as technology continues to advance and evolve.Overall, studying Electronic Information provides individuals with a solid foundation in electronics, telecommunications, and computer science. It equips them with the necessary skills to excel in various industries and contribute to technological advancements. Whether it's designing electronic systems, developing software applications, or managing communication networks, the possibilities are endless in this dynamic and ever-growing field.。
电子信息 外文文献译文
XXXX学院毕业设计（论文）外文参考文献译文本2012届原文出处A Novel Cross-layer Quality-of-service ModelFor Mobile AD hoc Network毕业设计(论文)题目基于COMNETIII的局域网的规划与设计院（系）电气与电子信息学院专业名称电子信息工程学生姓名学生学号指导教师A Novel Cross-layer Quality-of-service ModelFor Mobile AD hoc NetworkLeichun Wang, Shihong Chen, Kun Xiao, Ruimin Hu National Engineering Research Center of Multimedia Software, Wuhan UniversityWuhan 430072, Hubei, chinaEmail:******************Abstract:The divided-layer protocol architecture for Mobile ad hoc Networks (simply MANETs) can only provide partial stack. This leads to treat difficulties in QoS guarantee of multimedia information transmission in MANETs, this paper proposes Across-layers QoS Model for MANETs, CQMM. In CQMM, a core component was added network status repository (NSR), which was the center of information exchange and share among different protocol layers in the stack. At the same time, CQMM carried out all kinds of unified QoS controls. It is advantageous that CQMM avoids redundancy functions among the different protocol layers in the stack and performs effective QoS controls and overall improvements on the network performances.Keyword: Cross-layers QoS Model, Mobile Ad hoc Networks (MANETs), Network Status Repository (NSR), QoS Controls.1 introductionWith the rapid development of multimedia technologies and the great increase of his bandwidth for personal communication, video and video services begin to be deployed in MANETs. Different from static networks and Internet, multimedia communications in MANETs such as V oice and Video services require strict QoS guarantee, especially the delay guarantee. In addition, communication among different users can be integrated services with different QoS requirements. These lead to great challenges in QoS guarantee of multimedia communication in MANETs. There are two main reasons in these: 1) MANETs runs in atypical wireless environment with time-varying and unreliable physical link, broadcast channel, and dynamic and limited bandwidth and so forth. Therefore, it can only provide limited capability for differentiated services with strict QoS requirements [1].2) It is difficult that traditional flow project and access control mechanism are implemented because of mobility, multiple hops and self-organization of MANETs.At present, most researches on QoS based on traditional divided-layer protocol architecture for MANETs focus on MAC protocol supporting QoS [2], QoS routingprotocol [3] and adaptive application layer protocol with QoS support [4], and so on. It is avoid less that there will be some redundancies on functions among the different protocol layers in the stack. This will increase the complexity of QoS implementation and cause some difficulties in overall improvement on the network performances. Therefore, it is not suitable for MANETs with low processing abilityIn recent years, the cross-layers design based on the partial protocol layers in MANETs was put forward.[1] proposed the mechanism with QoS guarantee for heterogeneous flow MAC layer.[5,6,7,8] did some researches on implementing video communication with QoS guarantee by exchange and cooperation of information among a few layers in MANETs. These can improve QoS in MANETs’communication to some extent. However, MANETs is much more complex than wired system and static network, and improvements on QoS guarantee depend on full cooperation among all layers in the protocol stack. Therefore, it is difficult for the design to provide efficient QoS guarantee for communication and overall improvements on the network performances in MANETs.To make good use of limited resources and optimize overall performances in MANETs, this paper proposes a novel cross-layer QoS model, CQMM, where different layers can exchange information fully and unified QoS managements and controls can be performed.The rest of the paper is organized as follows. CQMM is described in section 2 in detail. In section 3, we analyze CQMM by the comparison with DQMM.The section 4 concludes the paper.2. A CROSS-LAYER QOS MODEL FOR MANETS-CQMM2.1 Architecture of CQMMIn MANETs, present researches on QoS are mostly based on traditional divided-layer protocol architecture, where signals and algorithms supporting QoS are designed and implemented in different layers respectively, such as MAC protocol supporting QoS in data link layer [9], routing protocol with QoS support in network layer[10.11],and so forth. It can be summarized as A Divided-layer QoS Model for MANETs, DQMM (see fig.1).In DQMM, different layers in the protocol stack are designed and work independently; there are only static interfaces between different layers that are neighboring in logic; and each protocol layer has some QoS controls such as error control in logic link layer, congestion control in network, etc. On the one hand, DQMM can simplify the design of MANETs greatly and gain the protocols with high reliability and extensibility. On the other one, DQMM also has some shortcomings: 1) due to the independent design among he different protocol layers, there are some redundancy functions among the different protocollayers in the stack, 2) it is difficult that information is exchanged among different layers that are not neighboring in logic, which leads to some problems in unified managements, QoS controls and overall improvements on the network performances.Fig.1Therefore, it is necessary that more attention are focused on the cooperation among physical layer data link layer, network layer and higher when attempting to optimize performances of each of layer in MANETs. For this reason, we combine parameters dispersed in different layers and design a novel cross-layer QoS model, CQMM, to improve the QoS guarantee and the overall network performances. The architecture of CQMM is provided in fig 2From fig.2, it can be seen that CQMM keeps the core functions and relative independence of each protocol layer in the stack and allows direct information exchange between two neighboring layers in logics to maintain advantages of the modular architecture .On the basic of these, a core component is added in CQMM, Network Status Repository (simply NSR).NSR is the center, by which different layers can exchange and share information fully. On the one hand, each protocol layer can read the status information of other protocol layers from NSR to determine its functions and implementation mechanisms. On the other one, each protocol layer can write its status information to NSR that can be provided with other layers in the protocol stack. In CQMM, the protocol layers that are neighboring in logics can exchange information directly orindirectly by NSR, and the protocol layers that are not neighboring in logics can exchange information using cross-layer ways via NSR. Therefore, information exchange is flexible in CQMM.All kinds of QoS controls in CQMM such as management and scheduling of network resources, network lifetime, error control, and congestion control and performance optimization and so on are not carried out independently. On the contrary, CQMM is in charge of the unified management and all QoS controls by the cooperation among different protocol layers in the stack. Each QoS control in MANETs is related to all layers in the protocol stack, and also constrained by all layers in the stack. The results of all QoS operations and managements are fed back to the different layers and written back to NSR, which will become the parameters of all kinds of QoS controls in MANETs.2.2 protocol design in CQMMIn CQMM, the protocol designs aims at the full and free information exchange and cooperation among different protocol layers to avoid possible redundancy functions when maintaining the relative independence among different layers and the advantages of the modular architecture.Physical layer: Physical layer is responsible for modulation, transmission and receiving of data, and also the key to the size, the cost and the energy consumption of each node in MANETs. In CQMM, the design of physical layer is to choose the transmission media, the frequency range and the modulation algorithm wit the low cost, power and complexity, big channel capability and so on, according to the cost of implementation, energy constraint, and capability and QoS requirements from high layer.Data link layer: The layer is low layer in the protocol stack and can be divided into two sub-layers: logic link sub-layer and MAC sub-layer. Compared with high layers, data link layer can sense network status in MANETs earlier such as the change of channel quality, the network congestion and so on. Therefore, on the one hand data link layer can perform the basic QoS controls such as error control and management of communication channel. On the other one, the layer can be combined with high layers to establish, choose and maintain the routing faster, prevent the congestion of the network earlier, and choose appropriate transport mechanisms and control strategies for transport layer.Network layer: The design and implementation of network layer protocol in CQMM is to establish, choose and maintain appropriate routings by taking into consideration the power, the cache, the reliability of each node in a routing. QoS requirements of services from high layer such as the bandwidth and the delay, and implementation strategies oferror control in logic link sub-layer and the way of the channel management in MAC sub-layer.Transport layer: In CQMM, the protocol design of transport layer needs to be aware of both functions and implementation mechanism of lower layers such as the way of error control in data link layer, the means to establish, choose and maintain routing in the network layer, and QoS requirements from the application layer, to determine corresponding transmission strategies. In addition, the transport layer also needs to analyze all kinds of events from low layers such as the interrupt and change of the routing and the network congestion, and then respond properly to avoid useless sending data.Application layer: There are two different strategies in the design of the application layer: 1) differentiated services. According to the functions provided by the low layers applications are classed as the different ones with different priority levels. 2) Application-aware design. Analyze specific requirements of different applications such as the bandwidth, the delay and the delay twitter and so on, and then assign and implement the functions for each layer in the protocol stack according to the requirements.2.3 QoS Cooperation and Management in CQMMIn CQM, the core of QoS cooperation and management is that NSR acts as the exchange and share center of status information in protocol stack, and by the full exchange and share of network status among different protocol layers the management and scheduling of the network resources and the overall optimization of the network performances can be implemented effectively. The management and scheduling of the network resources, the cross-layer QoS cooperation and the overall optimization of the network performances.Management and scheduling of network resources: Network resources include all kinds of resources such as the cache, the energy and the queue in each node, and the communication channel among nodes and so froth. In CQMM, the management and scheduling of the network resources are not to the unified management and scheduling of the network resources and full utilization of limited resources in order to increase the QoS of all kinds of communication.QoS cooperation and control: In CQMM, all kinds of QoS controls and cooperation such as the rate adaptation, the delay guarantee and the congestion control and so on, are not implemented by each layer alone, but completed through the operation of all layers in the protocol stack. For example, the congestion in MANETs can be earlier prevented and controlled by the cooperation among different layers such as ACK from MAC sub-layer,the routing information and the loss rate and delay of package from network layer, and the information of rate adaptation in transport layer and so on.Performances Optimization: In CQMM, the optimization of the network performances aims to establish a network optimization model constrained by all layers in the protocol architecture and finds the “best”ways according to the model in order to improve the overall performances in MANETs.3. ANALYSIS OF CQMMPresent QoS models for MANETs can mainly be classed as a QoS model based on traditional divided-layer architecture DQMM and a cross-layer QoS model proposed by this paper CQMM. QoS model used by [1, 5-8] is to some extent extended on the basis of DQMM in nature. Here, we only compare CQMM with DQMM3.1 Information ExchangeDifferent protocol architecture and principle between CQMM lead to great differences in the means, the frequency, the time and the requirement of the information exchange, (see table 1)From Table 1, it can be seen that compared wit DQMM CQMM has some advantages: 1) more flexible information exchange. Neighboring layers can information by the interfaces between layers or NSR, and crossing layers may exchange information through NSR; 2) simpler transform in information format. Different layers can exchange information by NSR, so these layers only need to deal with the format transform between the layers and NSR;3)lower requirements. The protocol layers can read them in proper time Information from different protocol layers temporarily stored in NSR, so the layers exchanging information are not required to be synchronous in time;4) more accurate control. NSR in CQMM can store information of some time from the different layers, which is advantageous to master the network status and manage the network more accurately. However, these require higher information exchange frequencies among the different layers,, more processing time of each node, and more communication among them.。
电子信息类专业英语翻译
1.This electron beam sweeps across each line at a uniform rate，then flies back to scan another line directly below the previous one and so on，until the horizontal lines into which it is desired to break or split the picture have been scanned in the desired sequence．电子束以均匀的速率扫描每一行，然后飞速返回去扫描下一行，直到把被扫描的图像按所希望的顺序分割成行。
2.The technical possibilities could well exist，therefore，of nation-wide integrated transmission network of high capacity，controlled by computers，interconnected globally by satellite and submarine cable，providing speedy and reliable communications throughout the word因此，在技术上完全可能实现全国性的集成发送网络。
这种网络容量大，由计算机控制，并能通过卫星和海底电缆实现全球互联，提供世界范围的高速、可靠的通信。
3.Transit time is the primary factor which limits the ability of a transistor to operate at high frequency．渡越时间是限制晶体管高频工作能力的主要因素4.The intensity of sound is inversely proportional to the square of the distance measured from the source of the sound.声强与到声源的距离的平方成反比。
变电站中英文资料对照外文翻译文献综述
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电子信息专业英语作文范文
电子信息专业英语作文1Electronic information is a rapidly developing and highly significant field in the modern world. It encompasses a wide range of areas that have a profound impact on our daily lives, technological advancements, and the global economy.One of the major areas within electronic information is communication engineering. This field focuses on the transmission of information over various mediums. It involves the design, development, and maintenance of communication systems such as wireless networks, fiber - optic communication, and satellite communication. Through communication engineering, we are able to connect with people around the world instantly, whether it is through mobile phones, the Internet, or other communication devices.Another important aspect is computer technology. Computer technology has revolutionized the way we live and work. It includes areas like software development, computer hardware design, and artificial intelligence. Software developers create programs that run on computers, enabling us to perform a multitude of tasks, from simple word processing to complex data analysis. Computer hardware designers are responsible for creating the physical components of computers, such as processors,motherboards, and memory chips. And artificial intelligence is emerging as a powerful force, with applications in areas like machine learning, natural language processing, and computer vision.In the study of the electronic information major, students are exposed to a variety of courses. For example, "Circuit Analysis" is a fundamental course. It helps students understand the basic principles of electrical circuits, including how current flows, how voltages are distributed, and how components like resistors, capacitors, and inductors interact. "Signal and System" is another crucial course. It focuses on the analysis and processing of signals, which are essential in communication and many other applications. Students also study "Digital Electronics", which deals with digital circuits and systems, and "Microelectronics", which is concerned with the design and fabrication of very small electronic components and integrated circuits.The electronic information major also plays a vital role in other industries. In the automotive industry, for instance, electronic information technology is used for vehicle control systems, entertainment systems, and safety features such as anti - lock braking systems and airbag deployment systems. In the medical field, it is applied in medical imaging devices like X - ray machines, MRI scanners, and electrocardiogram (ECG) machines, as well as in telemedicine systems that allow remote diagnosis and treatment.Overall, the electronic information major is a dynamic and multi - faceted field that offers numerous opportunities for those who are interested in technology, innovation, and making a difference in the world. It is constantly evolving, with new technologies and applications emerging all the time, and it will continue to shape our future in ways that we can only begin to imagine.2In modern society, the major of electronic information plays an extremely crucial role that cannot be overemphasized. It serves as the cornerstone for the development of modern technology and has brought about revolutionary changes in people's lifestyles.The significance of the electronic information major in promoting scientific and technological development is multi - faceted. Firstly, it is the driving force behind the continuous evolution of communication technology. In the past few decades, the world has witnessed an astonishing transformation in communication, from the bulky and inefficient telegraph to the sleek and powerful smartphones that we cannot live without today. This remarkable progress is largely due to the in - depth research and development in the field of electronic information. For example, the development of microelectronics technology enables the miniaturization of electronic components, which is a fundamental factor for the portability of smartphones. Without the knowledge and innovation in electronicinformation, it would be impossible to integrate complex functions such as high - speed data processing, wireless communication, and high - resolution display into a small handheld device.Secondly, the electronic information major has a profound impact on the development of the Internet. The Internet has become an indispensable part of our daily life, whether it is for information retrieval, online shopping, or social networking. The electronic information technology provides the necessary infrastructure for the construction and operation of the Internet. It includes network protocols, data transmission technology, and server - side technology. Through continuous research and improvement in these areas, the Internet can achieve high - speed, stable, and secure data transmission, which in turn promotes the globalization of information dissemination and the development of e - commerce.Moreover, in the field of artificial intelligence, the electronic information major also plays a vital role. Artificial intelligence algorithms need powerful computing power and efficient data processing capabilities to function properly. Electronic information technology, especially in the areas of semiconductor manufacturing and high - performance computing, provides the necessary hardware support for artificial intelligence. For instance, the development of high - performance graphics processing units (GPUs) has greatly accelerated the training process of deep - learning models, making it possible for artificial intelligence to be applied in variousfields such as image recognition, natural language processing, and autonomous driving.In addition to promoting technological development, the electronic information major has also significantly changed people's lifestyles. Smartphones, as the most representative product of the electronic information age, have integrated a large number of functions into one device. People can use their smartphones to communicate with friends and family around the world at any time, access a vast amount of information through the Internet, take high - quality photos and videos, and even use various mobile applications for fitness, learning, and entertainment. This has made people's lives more convenient, efficient, and colorful.In conclusion, the electronic information major is of great importance in modern society. It not only promotes the development of science and technology in various fields but also has a far - reaching impact on people's lifestyles. As technology continues to advance, the role of the electronic information major will become even more prominent, and it will continue to shape the future of human society.3The field of electronic information is a highly specialized and rapidly evolving area that demands a diverse set of skills and qualities from those who wish to excel in it.To begin with, a solid foundation in mathematics and physics isessential for students majoring in electronic information. Mathematics provides the necessary tools for understanding complex algorithms, signal processing, and data analysis. Without a good command of mathematical concepts such as calculus, linear algebra, and probability theory, it would be extremely difficult to comprehend the fundamental principles underlying electronic systems. Physics, on the other hand, is crucial for grasping concepts like electromagnetism, which is the basis for the design and operation of electronic devices. A deep understanding of these scientific disciplines allows students to analyze and solve problems that are commonly encountered in the study and practice of electronic information.Innovation ability also plays a vital role in this field. In an era where technology is constantly advancing, the ability to think creatively and come up with novel solutions is highly prized. Electronic information professionals need to be able to break away from traditional thinking patterns and explore new ways of designing circuits, developing software, or improving communication systems. This might involve finding innovative ways to reduce power consumption in electronic devices, or devising new algorithms for faster data transmission.Take the example of students participating in electronic design competitions. They need to possess not only technical skills but also strong teamwork and communication skills. In a competition, a team usually consists of students with different areas of expertise, such as hardwaredesign, software programming, and system integration. They must be able to communicate effectively with each other to ensure that all parts of the project are coordinated smoothly. Each member should also be able to contribute their own innovative ideas based on their knowledge and skills. For instance, the hardware designer might come up with a new circuit layout that can improve the performance of the device, while the software programmer needs to write code that can fully utilize the capabilities of the hardware.Moreover, problem - solving skills are indispensable in the electronic information major. Given the complexity of electronic systems, there are bound to be various problems during the design, development, and implementation processes. These problems can range from simple component failures to complex issues in system integration. Students need to be able to identify the root cause of the problem quickly and accurately, and then apply their knowledge and skills to find effective solutions. This requires a combination of theoretical knowledge, practical experience, and the ability to think logically.In addition, a strong sense of curiosity and a passion for continuous learning are necessary qualities for those in the electronic information field. Technology is constantly evolving, and new concepts, techniques, and tools are emerging all the time. Professionals in this area must keep up with the latest trends and developments in order to stay competitive. They needto be eager to explore new areas of knowledge, whether it is the latest advancements in semiconductor technology or the emerging field of artificial intelligence in electronic systems.Finally, attention to detail is another important quality. In electronic information, even a minor mistake in a circuit design or a software code can lead to significant problems. For example, a single incorrect connection in a circuit can cause the entire system to malfunction, or a small error in a software algorithm can result in incorrect data processing. Therefore, students and professionals in this field need to be meticulous in their work, double - checking every step of their design and implementation processes.4The field of electronic information has been experiencing an extraordinary evolution in recent years, and its development trends are not only fascinating but also have far - reaching implications.One of the most prominent trends is the integration of artificial intelligence (AI) with electronic information. AI, with its ability to process and analyze vast amounts of data, has found a natural partner in electronic information. For example, in the area of smart devices, AI algorithms are being integrated into electronic chips. This enables devices to not only perform basic functions but also to learn from user behavior. Smartphones are a prime example. They can now predict user preferences forapplications, adjust battery usage based on usage patterns, and even provide personalized health and fitness advice. The combination of AI and electronic information has made these devices more intelligent and user - friendly than ever before.Another significant trend is the rise of 5G technology in the realm of electronic information. 5G offers incredibly high - speed data transfer rates and extremely low latency. This has opened up new possibilities for various applications. For instance, in the field of Internet of Things (IoT), 5G allows for seamless communication between a large number of devices. Sensors in a smart city can transmit real - time data about traffic, air quality, and energy consumption to a central control system. This data can then be analyzed and used to optimize city operations, reduce pollution, and improve energy efficiency. In the entertainment industry, 5G enables immersive virtual reality (VR) and augmented reality (AR) experiences. Gamers can enjoy high - quality, lag - free multiplayer games, and movie enthusiasts can have a more immersive viewing experience with AR - enhanced content.Quantum computing is also emerging as a game - changer in electronic information. Although still in its nascent stages, quantum computing has the potential to revolutionize data processing. Traditional computers use bits to represent information as either 0 or 1, while quantum computers use qubits, which can represent 0, 1, or both simultaneously.This allows quantum computers to perform complex calculations at an exponentially faster rate. In the field of electronic information security, quantum computing could both pose a threat and offer a solution. On one hand, it could potentially break existing encryption algorithms. On the other hand, it could also be used to develop more secure quantum - based encryption methods.In addition, the development of wearable technology is closely related to electronic information. Wearable devices such as smartwatches and fitness trackers have become increasingly popular. These devices are equipped with various sensors that can monitor heart rate, sleep patterns, and physical activity. The data collected is then transmitted and analyzed using electronic information technology. This has led to the growth of the digital health industry, where individuals can take more proactive steps towards managing their health.The future of the electronic information profession is filled with exciting possibilities. The continuous integration of different technologies, such as AI, 5G, quantum computing, and wearable technology, will not only drive innovation but also transform the way we live, work, and interact with the world around us. It is an area that demands constant learning and adaptation, as new technologies emerge and existing ones evolve at a rapid pace.5The field of electronic information has exerted a profound and far - reaching influence on various other disciplines, and the impact on the medical field is a prime example.In the medical realm, electronic information technology has revolutionized medical devices, enhancing the diagnosis, treatment, and overall patient care. Take the Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) scanner for instance. This sophisticated medical equipment is a remarkable combination of electronic information technology and medical science. The MRI scanner uses powerful magnets and radio waves, which are controlled and coordinated by complex electronic systems. These electronic systems are designed to send and receive signals, which are then processed by advanced software algorithms based on principles of electronic information. Through this process, it can generate detailed images of the internal structures of the human body, allowing doctors to detect diseases, such as tumors, at an early stage with high precision.Another example is the electrocardiogram (ECG) machine. This device measures the electrical activity of the heart over a period of time. It is equipped with electrodes that pick up the tiny electrical signals generated by the heart muscle. These electrical signals are then amplified and processed by the internal electronic circuits of the ECG machine. The processed data is presented in the form of a graph, which helpscardiologists to analyze the heart's rhythm, detect any abnormalities, such as arrhythmias, and make informed decisions regarding the patient's treatment.In addition to diagnosis, electronic information technology also plays a crucial role in medical treatment devices. For example, the pacemaker is a small but life - saving device. It contains a battery - powered electronic circuit that monitors the heart's rhythm continuously. When the pacemaker detects an abnormal heart rhythm, it sends out electrical impulses to stimulate the heart muscle, ensuring that the heart beats at a normal rate. The development of this device depends on the continuous progress of electronic information technology in miniaturization, power management, and signal processing.Moreover, telemedicine, which has become increasingly important in recent years, is also a product of the combination of electronic information technology and medicine. Through the use of high - speed networks, sensors, and digital communication technologies, doctors can remotely monitor patients' vital signs, such as blood pressure, heart rate, and blood sugar levels. This not only improves the efficiency of medical services but also provides more convenience for patients, especially those in remote areas.Overall, the electronic information profession has had a huge impact on the medical field. It has not only improved the accuracy andeffectiveness of medical diagnosis and treatment but also changed the way medical services are delivered. And this is just one aspect of its influence on other disciplines. In fact, it has also had a significant impact on fields such as engineering, environmental science, and communication, continuously promoting the development and progress of the entire society.。
电子信息类文献翻译
附录A:外文参考文献及其摘要翻译14篇TITLE:The Implementing of WCDMA Uplink Simulation by Matlab Simulink AUTHOR:Zhu-chengABSTRACT:Based on the specification of WCDMA uplink, the Feasibility of system simulation for 3G mobilecommunication system using Matlab software with SIMULINK toolbox on the PC platform is explored. It is convenient by this approach to realize many modules of said 3G system such as frequency-spreading, de-spreading, M.1225 channel, Doppler, channel estimation, RAKE receiver (including Maximum rate combination, strong finger selection) and so on. Complete matrix model description for the case of single user with uplink multiple coding channels as well as the procedure of implementing the simulation are also given. Simulation results show that our simulation platform is credible.题目:WCDMA 系统上行链路层 MATLAB 平台 SIMULINK 实现作者:Zhu-cheng摘要:本文以 WCDMA 标准中上行链路结构为蓝本，研究了第三代移动通信系统仿真在 PC 机上利用 MATLAB 平台的 SIMULINK 工具箱实现的可行性。
电子信息专业英文论文
电⼦信息专业英⽂论⽂电⼦信息专业英⽂论⽂ 电⼦信息专业英⽂论⽂该如何写呢？写些什么内容呢？本⽂是⼩编精⼼编辑的电⼦信息专业英⽂论⽂，希望能帮助到你! 信息技术的应⽤与普及，现代信息技术正在向教学、科研、管理的每⼀个环节渗透，将改变传统的教学模式并⼤幅度提⾼教育资源的利⽤效率。
数字化校园、⽹上⼤学已被⼈们熟悉，教育正在⾛向全⾯的信息化。
The application and popularization of information technology, modern information technology to the teaching, scientific research and management of each link, will change the traditional teaching mode and greatly improve the utilization efficiency of education resources. Online university digital campus, has been familiar, education is to the comprehensive information. ⼀个校园弱电系统的建设，其最终建设⽬标是将新校区建设成为⼀个信息化时代下的⾼⽔平的智能化、数字化校园，从⽽为学校的教育信息化打下坚实的基础。
通过在某学校新校区弱电系统设计中的体会，谈谈智能化校园弱电系统集成的⼀点思考。
A weak current system of campus construction, construction of its ultimate goal is to become a new campus construction information era under the high level of intelligence, digital campus, so as to lay a solid foundation for the school education informatization. In the new campus of a school in the weak current system design experience, talk about a bit weak current system integration of intelligent campus thinking. 1设计原则 1 design principles 弱电系统设计⽅案依据应结合⽤户需求，并在设计中遵循以下设计原则： Weak current system design scheme on the basis of should be combined with the user requirements, and follow the following principles in the design: （1）实⽤原则。
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一、选题目的的理论价值和现实意义招投标的推行能促进社会主义市场体系的培育和发展，促进社会主义经济发展。
招投标以市场经济为基础，以公开公平的竞争为基本原则，而且价格由市场供求关系决定，为买卖双方提供公平、自由、平等、公正的交易条件。
因此，推行招投标，有利于把企业推向市场，使企业按规律办事，促使企业内部经营机制和管理体制改革，引导企业与国际惯例接轨。
工程项目招标是业主对自愿参加项目建设的承包商进行审查、评估和选定的过程。
业主当然要对投标报价的高低、技术水平、工程进度、质量信誉等进行择优选择，实现其最大的经济效益。
工程项目投标是承包商，在激烈的竞争中凭借企业资质实力、经验以及投标的水平和技巧争取和占领市场的过程。
市场的竞争压力迫使企业只有以社会平均价格，甚至低于这个价格中标，企业要想生存和发展，就只有加强管理，提高素质，从而为社会制造更大效益。
随着科学技术的进步和公路施工生产规模的不断扩大，机械设备在工程施工中的地位和作用显得日益重要。
从某种意义上讲，施工机械在公路工程施工过程中起着决定性的作用。
二、本课题在国内外的研究状况及发展趋势公路工程建设是一个周期长、数量大的生产消费过程，由于各种客观因素的影响与制约，不可能在工程项目伊始，就能确定一个科学的、一成不变的造价。
而是随着工程的开展与深入，使造价趋于合理，如估算、概算、预算、决算等的编制都是在不同的建设阶段完成的。
随着社会经济的发展，公路建设在不断扩大，公路建设市场的竞争也日趋激烈。
投标报价及其施工方案直接影响一个企业的经济效应。
所以对于企业来说，能够准确的运用定额科学的编制工程概预算；能够科学合理的编制施工组织设计建议书；根据招标中的评标原则，研究投标策略并能在较短的时间内提出科学合理的报价；规范的完成标书的编制，把握工程造价的动态因素，这样不仅能编制出科学合理的投标报价，而且在激烈的竞争中具有优势，同时又能获得合理的利润。
随着经济体制改革的深入，在国内经济建设中不断学习借鉴国外的先进经验，引进竞争机制以适应市场经济的需要，招标与投标已经逐步成为我国工程、服务与货物采购的主要方式。
我国曾经最早于1902年采用招标比价（招标投标）方式承包工程国家重点建设项目招标对建设项目实行招标投标，是国家投资计划实施中的一个非常重要的环节，是项目投资概算能否控制得住的一个关键措施。
早在污日年，国家计委就与有关部门联合发布了《建设工程招标投标暂行规定》，此后又发布了《工程设计招标投标暂行办法》（1985年6月）、（关于加强国家重点建设项目及大型建设项目招标投标管理的通知》（1991年2月）等，提出：建设项目的设计、设备采购、施工除有特殊原因不宜招标外（要提前报经国家计委备案），都要创造条件实行招标投标，可根据工程的性质、规模、复杂程度及其他客观条件，分别采取公开招标、邀请招标和议标等方式。
建设项目主体工程的设计、建筑安装、监理和主要设备、材料供应、工程总承包单位以及招标代理机构，除有特殊情况或要求外，都应实行招标投标，并强调在条件允许下，建设项目及其项目法人的确定、不涉及特定地区或不受资源限制的项目建设地点的选定、项目前期评估咨询单位的确定，也应当通过招标投标进行。
建设工程招标在八十年代初，我国率先在工程建设领域推行招标投标制，作为建筑业和基本建设管理体制改革的突破口，从此拉开了我国招标投标制度全面推广和发展的序幕。
建设部发布的《工程建设施工招标投标管理办法》，规定“凡政府和公有制企、事业单位投资的新建、改建、扩建和技术改造工程项目的施工，除某些不适宜招标投标的特殊工程外，均应按照本办法，实行招标投标”。
公路工程的工程特点和计价特点使得确定公路工程造价的程序和方法复杂化；同等级、相同设计标准的公路，由于工程现场条件的差异，其单位里程的造价可能相差数倍；相同结构型式的桥梁由于地质条件的差异、施工方法的不同，可能造价悬殊。
这就需要造价人员结合有关计价文件，合理把握公路工程价格形式的动态因素的客观变化情况，科学合理地确定工程造价。
可见工程造价在整个工程中是相当重要的。
随着我国现代化建设事业的不断发展，公路建设也有了长足的进步，公路交通以其自身独有的优势，在国家大交通体系占有十分重要的地位。
公路建设的特点是工程量浩大，工程质量要求高，施工工艺复杂，建设周期要求短，而且随着招投标制在我国的普遍实行，要求施工企业注重施工的经济效益。
以现代化生产方式修建公路是当今公路建设的发展方向，机械化施工是实现公路建设向现代化生产模式转变的重要措施，是公路建设事业发展的必然趋势。
公路工程机械化施工是减轻劳动强度、提高工效、加快建设速度、保证工程质量、节约资金和降低成本的重要手段，与人力施工相比，具有特殊性，因而，在施工的技术、组织和管理上有更高的要求。
三、研究重点本次研究主要侧重与投标文件及投标报价的编制，施工组织设计的基本内容与编制方法，平面布置图、网络图、组织机构图的绘制，工程成本分析。
四、主要参考文献[1]中华人民共和国行业标准：《公路测设规范》（JTJ061—99），北京：人民交通出版社 1999。
[2]中华人民共和国行业标准：《公路桥涵施工技术规范》（JTJ 041-2000 ），北京：人民交通出版社 2000。
[3]中华人民共和国行业标准：《公路工程技术标准》（JTG B01-2003 ），北京：人民交通出版社2003。
[4]中华人民共和国行业标准：《公路路基设计规范》（JTG D30-2004 ），北京：人民交通出版社 2004。
[5]中华人民共和国行业标准：《公路路基设计手册》（JTJ011—94），北京：人民交通出版社 1994。
[6]中华人民共和国行业标准：《公路排水设计规范》（JTJ018—96），北京：人民交通出版社 1998。
[7] 周直崔新媛《公路工程造价原理与编制》，人民交通出版社 2002年3月。
[8]交通部定额站：《公路工程概算定额》，北京：人民交通出版社 2007交通部定。
[9]《公路工程管理与务实》全国一级建造师执业资格考试用书编写委员会编写。
[10] 李宇峙《工程质量监理》，人民交通出版社.1999年9月。
[11]周直、崔新媛《公路工程项目招标与投标》，北京：人民交通出版社 2004。
[12]交通部定额站：《公路基本建设工程概算、预算编制办法》北京：书目文献出版社2007。
[13]马敬坤《公路工程施工组织设计》，北京：人民交通出版社 2002。
[14]《公路工程国内招标文件范本》，北京：人民交通出版社 2003。
[15]全国建筑企业项目经理培训教材编委员会《工程招投标与合同管理》，中国建筑工业出版社 2000。
[16]交通部第一公路工程公司编《公路施工手册》，北京：人民交通出版社2007。
五、指导教师意见指导教师：六、学院毕业设计（论文）指导小组意见负责人：文献综述在做毕业设计的三个月里，为了完成自己的毕业任务，同时也为了巩固自己的专业知识，查漏补缺，在图书馆查阅了许多相关的专业书籍，为这次毕业设计提供了大量的理论依据，也丰富了自己的专业知识。
首先，因为我们这次所做的毕业设计主要是编制投标文件，所以我首先参阅了《工程项目招标与投标》。
这本书也是我们学校周直老师和崔新媛老师编写的.是人民交通出版2004年9月出版的.全书包括工程项目招投标概述，工程咨询招标与投标、工程勘察设计招标与投标、工程施工监理招标与投标、工程项目施工招标及招标文件的编制、工程项目施工投标、投标策略、签订合同及合同履约等内容。
本书以公路工程为工程技术背景，全面系统地介绍了各类工程项目招标与投标的基本理论、基本程序和方法.这本书使我熟悉了施工招标投标的各个程序以及一些投标技巧。
其后我还翻阅了《工程项目招投标实务》。
这本书是由刘尔烈老师编写的，由人民交通出版社于2001年12月出版。
这本书主要阐述工程项目的勘查设计、监理、施工的招标和投标；工程建设材料、设备采购的招标与投标；国际工程项目的招标与投标；特许权项目(BOT)。
此外，这本书还对与工程项目招投标密切相关的内容，如工程合同的签订与管理，工程施工索赔，工程项目融资、保险等进行了阐述。
其次，在做投标文件的过程中，要用到我们关于概预算方面的专业知识。
我在图书馆借阅了《公路工程施工预算定额》和《公路工程施工定额》这两本书。
这两本书可谓是我设计的基础，很多数据和资料都需要在这两本书上查找。
在做毕业设计的过程中，还重新阅读的我们学校周直老师和崔新媛老师编著的《公路工程造价原理与编制》。
这本书主要阐述公路工程造价原理及其工程造价的编制.其主要内容包括：工程造价及管理的基本概念，定额概论，工时消耗的研究，施工定额，预算定额，概算定额，工、料、机预算价格的确定,公路基本建设工程概算、预算费用组成，施工图预算,设计概算及修正概算，投资估算，工程招标标底,投标标价的编制与确定，施工阶段的工程造价管理，计算机辨证工程造价文件等。
在这本书的帮助下，我顺利的统计完成了我毕业设计的第一个任务工程量清单的统计，统计工程量清单是为了以后做投标报价及施工的进度安排等做好准备，是我毕业设计中不可缺少的部分。
之后我便开始了施工进度的编制。
在这个过程中我参阅了全国一级建造师执业资格考试用书——《公路工程管理与实务》。
这本书的知识十分齐全，基本上囊括了公路工程项目中的大部分知识，其中包括公路工程技术，公路工程项目管理以及公路工程相关法律法规等。
在施工进度的编制过程中，需要了解横道图，垂直图，网络时标图等编制方法，所以《公路工程施工组织设计》也是我重点参考的书籍。
这本书也是我们上施工组织课程时使用的教材，共分八章，主要阐述了公路施工组织的基本理论和方法，包括公路施工组织概述，流水作业方法，网络计划技术，公路施工网络优化的编制及优化，公路施工组织设计的编制程序和方法，路基、路面工程及小型人工构造物的施工组织等内容。
它是人民交通出版社于1998年出版的.该书主要阐述了公路施工组织的基本理论和方法，包括公路施工组织概述、流水作业方法、网络计划技术、公路施工组织设计的编制程序和方法等。
施工组织编制过程中涉及了大量的施工流程和施工工艺，所以我参考了宣国良李晋编写的《道路施工技术》一书。
这本书从施工准备工作、路基、路面基层、沥青路面和水泥混凝土路面等方面，阐述了道路施工的材料、工序、技术要求和质量要求，知识点全面而详细。
在毕业设计过程中，我还建立了安全、质量控制体系。
其中我参看了《工程质量监理》一书。
这本书是公路工程监理培训教材之一,主要介绍了公路工程施工阶段质量监理的理论、要点和目标。
内容包括:公路工程质量监理概述，数理统计基础及应用,路基工程、路面工程、桥梁工程、隧道工程、交通安全设施等的监理工作重点和关键工序的质量监理,公路工程施工期环境保护监理。