英语常见结构错误

常见结构错误（Common Errors）1. Run-on sentence2. Fragmentary Sentences3. Faulty parallelism4. Misplaced Modifiers5. Dangling modifiersRun-on sentence串句A Run-On sentence incorrectly runs together two independent clauses without aconjunction or punctuation.串句就是错误地将两个独立的分句（两套独立的主谓结构）串在一起，不用连词或标点，误将两个串在一起的句子当成一个句子。

串句有两种形式：一种是用逗号隔开，也叫“逗号误接句（comma splices）”即以一个逗号把两个独立的句子连接起来。

另一种什么标点符号都没有使用。

修改串句有四种方法：a) 用句号将其分成两个句子，即在两个意思之间插入句号和大写字母b) 用并列连词（and, but, for, or, nor, so, yet）连接两个句子，连词之前加逗号c)用分号连接两个句子d) 用从属连词把一个分句化为从句，修饰或限定主句。

注意：在校正这类型的错误时，首先要分清每句的主语、谓语和宾语，其次要弄清两句中间的副词或副词词组属于哪句，最后分开串句。

如：The local tire plant shut down for the holiday as a result everyone had two weeks off.要选择最佳的方法修改串句，首先选逗号加并列连词，用于两句之间有逻辑关系的句子；其次选择分号，用于两句中有表示连接关系的副词或副词词组时或后句是前句的说明时；最后考虑句号，用于两句没有逻辑关系或角度表化等情况。

1.The exam was postponed the class was canceled as well.2.I took lots of vitamin C however, I still came down with the flu.3.Rita dicided to stop smoking she didn't want to die of lang cancer.构成句子的基本条件一是在书写上表现为大写字母开头句号结尾；二是在结构上表现为在大写字母和句号之间要有完整的主谓结构，且每一个单词或短语在句子中都有自己的归属；三是在意义上必须是完整的。

以上三点缺一不可，否则，就是破句。

Fragmentary Sentences破句Types•1）从属连词引出的破句. Dependent-word fragments。

从属连词例如after，unless，even（even though/even if），since，before，when，（whenever），because，if，who，while，as，which，although，though，so，where，until，that 等，不能单独引导独立的句子，它们引导的句子必须要依靠另一个主句。

修改时，使其与前面或后面的句子相结合，使其从属于某一个主句。

•2）ing分词和不定式引起的破句-ing and to fragments。

修改办法是将ing分词融合到相邻的句子中，或是为其加上一个主语，将ing变为动词的某种形式。

•3）增加细节引起的破句Added-detail fragments。

这样的破句缺乏主语或是动词。

经常以下面这些词引出：for example，also，except，such as，including，especially. 修改的办法就是给破句增加主语和动词。

•4）缺少主语引起的破句Missing-subject fragments。

改正办法是将破句和相邻的前句结合或是增加一个主语。

a）dependent-word fragment (从句被当作完整句子)How to correct?•To attach the dependent sentences to the previous or following main statement, in other words, combine two independent sentences into a complex sentence.•Eliminate the dependent words (subordinating conjunctions ）example:After I arrived in Chicago by bus. I checked into a hotel.b) –ing and to fragments (分词短语、不定式短语被当作完整句子)How to correct?Attach the fragment to the sentence that comes before or after it. If this rule does not work, try it in next way.Add a subject and change the –ing or –to verb part to the correct form of the verb or change “being” to the correct form of the verb “be”(am, is, are, was, were). example:Feeling very confident. I began my speech.I plan on working overtime. To get this job finished.c) added-detail fragments(同位语被当作完整句子)How to correct?Attach the fragment to the complete thought that precedes it.Add a subject or a verb to the fragment to make it a complete sentenceChange words as necessary to make the fragment part of the preceding sentence. Example:That is Mr. Smith. The principal of Summit High School.d) missing-subject fragment(具有相同主语的并列句的第二分句被当作完整句子)•How to correct?•Attach the fragment to the previous sentence.•Add a subject to the fragment and make it a complete sentence. Example:•Tom went to the refrigerator to get milk for breakfast. And found only a table-spoon of milk left.Faulty parallelism平行结构是把两个或两个以上的意思并列的成分用同等的语法形式表达出来。

所谓意思上并列，其实质就是在句中充当相同的句子成分；所谓同等的语法形式，相同词性的单词或是相同语法结构的短语或句子。

也就是说，在同一个句子中，如果两部分做的是相同的句子成分，那么，这两部分内容必须是词性相同的单词或结构相同的短语或句子。

判断一个平行结构是否正确，一是看它们在句中所做的成分是否一样，二是看它们的语法结构是否相同，二者缺一不可；否则，就破坏了平行结构。

平行结构可以是单词、词组、从句、也可以是句子。

这里要注意几个十分容易犯的错误。

1. The faulty caused by coordinating conjunction (and, or, not only…but also, either…or, neither…nor, both…and, and so on) 并列连词和对等连词Examples: He had made his speech clear and logical and skillfully.A man can be judged not only by what he said but also (by) his deed.The speech is neither too long nor it is too short.2. The faulty caused by a series of parallels:系列平行结构的实质就是：【A】，【B】，【C】，….. , and 【Z】.的结构。

examples:She was charming, intelligent and a very capable young woman.When we arrived home, we unpacked our suitcases, took showers, and then we went to sleep after finishing our lunch.3) The faulty caused by incorrect omissionsHe always has and always will compete for the highest honor.He always has competed and always will compete for the highest honor.主语及时态一致，可合为并列谓语句。

若不一致，把动词和其前面的助词分别搭配即可。

We have great faith and high hope for her.We have great faith in and high hope for her.答题技巧：以连词为界，将其拆分成两个独立的句子，其中必有一句是错句。

将其改正后再把它们合并即可。

如：We have great faith for her.(×) (in) We have high hope for her.4) The faulty caused by comparisonPeter wanted a job rather than to apply for welfare.His learning is as extensive as Paul.College students in China are more excellent than America.Misplaced Modifiers•Misplaced modifiers are words or words groups that, because of their awkward or wrong placement, do not describe the words the writer intended them to describe. It often confuse the meaning of the sentence.错置修饰语指的是因为修饰语的位置不正确而导致的句子错误。