lesson2 不可数名词、冠词、there be

初中英语语法复习讲义
第二讲
一、语法重点
1．不可数名词 2.冠词 a 与an 的用法 3. “there be”句型
二、语法解析
1.不可数名词
不可数名词一般没有复数形式，只有单数形式，它的前面不可以使用不定冠词a / an ，若要表示它的个体意义时，一般需要借助单位词将其量化：
即在不可数名词前面加上“数词+量词+of”，
如：a piece of bread， a tube of tooth-paste一条牙膏，a bottle of ink 一瓶墨水，three cups of tea三杯茶a bowl of rice 一碗米饭a bar of chocolate 一块巧克力当量词可数，且前面的数词大于一时，量词需要用复数形式，
数词+ 量词+ of
two bottle s of water 两瓶水two pieces of paper 两张纸
同时，可数名词也有相应用法，如：a box of apples 一箱苹果six boxes of apples 六箱苹果等。

但可数名词可以直接加数词，如: seven dogs.
最常见的不可数名词有：advice意见, change零钱, furniture家具, hair头发, homework
家庭作业, information信息, knowledge知识, , money金钱, news新闻, progress进步, time water水，rain雨，paper 纸
可数名词和不可数名词并不是一成不变的。

同是一个词在一种情况下是可数名词，而在另一种场合却是不可数名词，比如：
可数名词: a tin一只罐头an iron一把熨斗a glass一只玻璃杯 a beauty美人A wood一片树林
不可数名词: tin 锡Iron 铁glass 玻璃beauty 美Wood 木头
注意：1). 不可数名词的词尾不能加s或es变复数。

2). some, any, no, a little, much, a lot of等词往往可以在不可数名词的前面,修饰不可数
名词。

如: much meat，a little bread, little water，some milk. 而可数名词表示复数
意义时可用many、具体的数词等来修饰。

如：many apples，a lot of tomatoes，a few
pens 这两类名词都可以被some、any、a lot of （lost of）等修饰。

如some eggs/money
3).不可数名词没有复数，当它作句子的主语时，谓语动词要用单数形式。

如：
The food is very fresh.食品很新鲜。

4).有的不可数名词也可以作可数名词，有复数形式，但意义往往发生变化。

如：
water (水) → waters (水域) orange (橘汁) → oranges (橘子)
5). 很多不可数名词表示泛指时为不可数，表示种类时就可数，但意义大多不会变化。

如：fruit → fruits food → foods fish → fishes
选择题
1. They have removed ( ) of this house.
A. the furnitures
B. furnitures
C. the furniture
D. a furniture 2. They like to eat ( ) of the restaurant
A. fishes and beef
B. fish and beef
C. fish and beefs
D. fishes and beefs 3.I’ve bought ( ).
A. new iron
B. a new iron
C. the new iron
D. iron 4. ( ) is my hobby.
A. A painting
B. The painting
C. Paintings
D. Painting 5. Y our daughter is ( )
A. beauty
B. the beauty
C. beauties
D. a beauty
填空
1. How many________(sheep) are there on the hill?
2. There is some________(food) in the basket.
3. The baby has only two________(tooth) now.
4. There is a lot of________(water) in the bottle.
5. There are five________(people ) in his family.
6. I have lots of________(tomato) here.
7. They are________(woman) doctors.
8. Can you give me some bottles of ____ (orange), please? 9. The________(child) are playing games on the playground now.
2. 冠词 a 与 an 的用法
冠词是一种虚词，不能独立担当成分，只能附在一个名词上，帮助其说明意义，英语中有两种冠词，定冠词和不定冠词。

定冠词即the, 不定冠词为 a, an. 今天先来讲不定冠词a 和an 的用法。

a 与an 表示“一个”。

不定冠词an 在元音音素（不是元音字母）开头的可数名词单数前。

如 an apple [ˈæp əl] an hour [ˈau ə] an umbrella [ʌm ˈbrel ə] a 用在辅音音素开头的可数名词单数前；例如: a boy and a kite 选择题
1)There is “U”in the word. A a B an C the D/ 2)I have apple.
A a
B an
C much
D many 3)“What’s this in English ?”“It’s orange.” A a B the C an D /
4)It takes me hour to school every day. A a B an C the D / 5)---Do you have eraser? ---Yes, I have.
A an
B a
C the
D /
3. “there be”句型
1）There be句型主要用以表达“某处（某时）有某人（某物）。

基本结构为“There be＋某物（某人）＋某地（某时）”其中there是引导词，没有词义；主语是be后面的名词，be是谓语动词，在一般现在时中be只用is和are两种形式。

2）There be句型中的be动词如何确定？
Be动词，有三个，am is还有are。

“There be”真特别，不留am只留俩，那就是is还有are。

要用is还是are，须看其后名词单或复。

可数复数就用are，否则就用is。

如：
①There is a tree behind the house.
②There is some water（水）in the bottle（瓶子）.
③There are some pears in the box.
3) 如果“be”后的主语是由and连接的两个或两个以上的名词，那么be的形式要遵循“远亲不
如近邻”的原则。

也就是说，“be”的形式是由与它最近的那个名词来确定的。

若那个名词是单数或不可数名词要用is，是复数就用are。

如：
①There is a book and some pens on the floor.
②There are some pens and a book on the floor.
4）There be句型的三种句式
1）否定句
There be句型的否定式的构成和含有be动词的其它句型一样，在be后加上not即可。

There a re some pictures on the wall. →There aren't any pictures on the wall.
There is a bike behind the tree. → There isn't a bike behind the tree.
2）一般疑问句
There be句型的一般疑问句变化是把be动词调整到句首，再在句尾加上问号即可。

但同时要注意：当肯定句中有some时，要将其改为any（否定变化也一样）。

例如：
There is some water on Mars. → Is there any water on Mars?
There are some fish in the water. →Are there any fish in the water?
练习：
1．There ________ a bed and a big wardrobe with a mirror．
A．are B．were C．is D．be
2.There _____ a lot of meat on the plate.
A is
B are
C am
D be
3.There _____ a pair of jeans on the bed.
A be
B is
C are
D am
4.There ___ two pairs and an apple on the table.
A is
B are
C be
5.There____some water in the glass.
6. A is B are C has
7. This pair of glasses ____mine.
A is
B are
C will be
将下列句子变成否定句和一般疑问句。

1.There is some water in the bottle.
2There are many apples in the box.
对句子划线部分提问。

3.There are seven days in a week.
4.There are lots of books in our library.
5.There is a knife over there.
6.There is a little milk in the glass.
三、复习题
1.This is (I) basketball. That is (your)
2.Mr Li is ____(I) friend. ____ (him) is from Zhuzhou. _____(his) works in ______(you) school . 3Thanks for helping ________( I ).
4.There are four and two in the group.
A. Chinese, Germen B Chineses, Germen
C. Chinese,German C. Chinese, Germans
5.Today is _______ Day.
A Teacher’s
B Teachers
C Teacher s’
D Teacher
6. ______father is a doctor.
AJustin and John’s B Justins’and John’s C Justin’s and John D Justin and John of。