英语课堂互动话语模式及话语策略分析_梁国杰

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英语课堂互动话语模式及话语策略分析*

聊城大学外语教育学院 梁国杰

摘要:通过对一段真实的英语课堂师生互动话语的模式和策略进行分析,揭示隐含其中的话语连贯性及其对师生间意义协商的重要作用,指出英语教师应灵活运用多种话语策略,以提升课堂话语的交际性,改善师生课堂互动的效果。

关键词:课堂互动;话语模式;话语策略

Abstract:Through a detailed analysis of the discourse patterns observed from a stretch ofEnglish classroom interaction,it is attempted to reveal the underlying discourse coherence inthe linguistic data and its significant role in the negotiation of meaning between the teacherand the students.It is also advised that English teachers should employ various discoursestrategies more flexibly to improve the communicativeness and effect of classroom interactionbetween the teacher and the students.

Key words:classroom interaction;discourse patterns;discourse strategies

1.引言

课堂互动话语是话语分析的重要研究对象之一,Sinclair &Coulthard(1975)指出,对课堂语言的研究可以追溯到20世纪40年代,迄今已有约70年的历史。对第二语言或外语课堂互动话语的研究为探索互动交流和语言学习的复杂关系提供了新的视角,对语言教学产生了积极的推动作用(Walsh,2006)。从20世纪六七十年代开始,课堂话语分析渐成热点,在语言学、应用语言学、民族志学、教育学等领域涌现出大量研究成果(Christie,2002)。早期的二语课堂互动研究主要关注教师和学习者所使用的语言、师生间的交流活动及其对二语学习的影响。几十年来,无论是普通话语分析,还是具体到课堂话语分析,研究的关注点已逐渐发生转变。例如,Gee(1999)对话语分析的阐释就主要将话语视为经验的社会建构(socialconstruction of experience)的工具。几乎贯穿所有课堂话语分析研究的一个基本主题是承认语言行为是一种“结构性经验”(structured experience)(Christie,2002)。尽管如此,近年来发展起来的另一个总体研究取向是将语言视为“社会现象”(social phenomenon),主要涉及对意义的协商和建构(negotiation and construction of meaning)(Christie,2002)。

本文的研究目的是通过对真实的英语课堂师生互动片断的话语模式进行分析,探讨课堂互动话语中的发起(initiation)———回应(response)———跟进/反馈(follow-up/feedback)模式(IRF patterns),揭示隐含其中的话语连贯性及其对师生间意义协商的重要作用,并进而指出

*基金项目:山东省教育科学“十二五”规划课题(编号2011GG055);教育部大学英语教学改革示范点项目(教高司函[2006]78号)

教师应灵活运用多种话语策略,以改善师生课堂互动的效果。

2.语料

本文选取的课堂话语片断截取自一堂英语课,授课内容是关于一个特技演员及其特技表演,授课对象是中国某大学一年级本科生,授课教师是一位拥有7年EFL(

英语作为外语)教学经验的女教师。在教学过程中,这位教师首先通过“头脑风暴”(brainstorming

)活动来启发学生说出各自对“stunt”或“stuntman”的定义和理解,然后要求学生举出几个“stuntman

”的例子,最后引入这堂课的授课内容。序号1—17标注的是该段课堂话语所包含的17个话步(move),“T”代表教师,“S1、S2、S3、S4

”分别代表四个学生。1.T:You have some idea about what stunt or stuntman is?(Initiation)Firstly

,what’syour definition about stunt or stuntman?(Initiation)Just in y

our words.(ClassroomInstruction Languag

e)2.S1:A person who does skillful and dang

erous actions instead of actors and actress.(Resp

onse)3.T:OK,aperson who...do dangerous and er...(Follow-up+

Initiation)4.S1:and skillful...(Resp

onse)5.T:er...skillful action instead of actors and actresses.(Follow-up)

6.S2:A person who makes some action for some actors or actresses.(Resp

onse)7.T:Yes,almost the same,yes,any 

other definitions?How would you define stuntman?Er...Zhou?(Follow-up+

Initiation)8.S3/Zhou:A stuntman who risk their life,and they 

can get high salary.(Response)9.T:Ah...You are focusing 

on salary?High salary?Enhen...For what?In what waythey 

can get high salary?(Follow-up+Initiation)10.S3/Zhou:They 

work er...and their dangerous performance.Because I think theyrisk their lives to...(Resp

onse)11.T:...that’s very 

important.(Follow-up)12.S3/Zhou:They still need a great courage.They 

should be courageous.(Response)13.T:A courageous person who risk his or her life to take the p

lace of actors oractresses to perform some dangerous and risky 

actions in the movie.Right?(Follow-up)Would you like to list some names?(Initiation)I mean would y

ou like to tell us some nameswhen you think of this profession.Do you have some examp

les for stuntman?(Initiation)14.S3/Zhou:Jackie Chan,Bruce Lee.(Resp

onse)15.T:Yes...y

es.Jackie Chan used to be a stuntman.And...and Bruce Lee,I’m notsure.But possible.And any 

others?(Follow-up+Initiation)16.S4:And Ke Shouliang.(Resp

onse)17.T:Yeah,I got it.And Ke Shouliang.Yeah,later we’ll discuss something 

about KeShouliang.And also his stunts.(Follow-up)

(Data 

source:Xie,2007)·

9·英语课堂互动话语模式及话语策略分析

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