高英2修辞超详细整理

Lesson 1

simile

The children went from adult to adult like buckets in a fire brigade.

The wind sounded like the roar of a train passing a few yards away.

Telephone poles and 20-inch-thick pines cracked like guns as the winds snapped them.

Blowdown power lines coiled like black spaghetti over the roads.

metaphor

We can batten down and ride it out

Wind and rain now whipped the house.

Strips of clothing festooned the standing trees

Camille, meanwhile, had raked its way.

Household and medical supplies streamed in by plane.

personification

1.A moment later, the hurricane, in one mighty swipe, lifted the entire roof off the house and skimmed it 40 feet through the air.

2.… it seized a 600, 000-gallon Gulfport oil tank and dumped it

3.5 miles away.

transferred epithet 移就

1.Apartments there held a hurricane party to watch the storm from their spectacular vantage point.

Lesson 3

simile

1.They are like the musketeers of Dumas…

2.The Elizabethans blew on it as on a dandelion clock, and floated to the ends of the earth.

metaphor

1.The glow of the conversation burst into flames.

2.The conversation was on wings.

3.we ought to think ourselves back into the shoes of the Saxon peasant.

4.I have an unending love affair with dictionaries.

5.The fact that their marriages may be on the rocks,or that their love affairs have been broken or even that they got out of bed on the wrong side is simply not a concern.

6.When E.M.Forster writes of “the sinister corridor of our age,”we sit up at the

vividness of the phrase,the force and even terror in the image.

7.Even with the most educated and the most literate,the King’s English slips and slides in conversation.—metaphor ,alliteration

8.…no one has any idea where it will go a s it meanders or leaps and sparkles or just glows.

9.…did not delve into each other..

10.…suddenly the alchemy of conversation took place,…

11.Otherwise one will bind the conversation, one will not let it flow freely here and there.

12.We would never have gone to Australia, or leaped back in time to the Norman Conquest.

Lesson 4

metaphor

1.in the past,those who foolishly sought power by riding the back of the tiger ended up inside.

2.But this peaceful revolution of hope cannot become the prey of hostile powers.

3.And let every other power know that this hemisphere intend to remain the master of its own house.

4...to strengthen its shield of the new and the weak.

5.And if a beachhead of cooperation may push back the jungle of suspicion

6.The energy, the faith, the devotion which we bring to this endeavor will light our country and all who serve it, and the glow from that fire can truly light the world.

synecdoche – whole for part or part for whole[si'nekd?ki] 提喻

1.yet both racing to alter that uncertain balance of terror that stays the hand of mankind's final war.

alliteration

1.ask of us here the same high standards of strength and sacrifice…

2.One form of colonial control shall not have passed away.

3.We shall always hope to find them strongly supporting their own freedom.

4.We pledge the loyalty of faithful friends.

5.We shall pay any price, bear any burden

6.To assure the survival and the success of liberty

7.Let the word go forth from this time and place,to friend and foe alike.

antithesis – contrary in meaning but similar in form 对偶

1.If a free society cannot help the many who are poor, it cannot save the few who are

rich

2.Let both sides explore what problems unite us instead of belaboring those problems

which divide us.

3.Let us never negotiate out of fear, but let us never fear to negotiate.

4.And so, my fellow Americans ask not what your country can do for you; ask what

you can do for your country.

5.United,there is little we cannot do in a host of co-operative ventures.Divided,there is little we can do,for we dare not meet a powerful challenge at odds and split asunder. parallelism – ideas are paired and sequenced in the same grammatical form

1.Both sides overburdened by the cost of modern weapons, both rightly alarmed by

the steady spread of the deadly atom

2.Together let us explore the stars, conquer the deserts, eradicate disease, tap the

ocean depths and encourage the arts and commerce.

3.We renew our pledge of support to prevent it from becoming merely a forum for

invective, to strengthen its shield of the new and the weak, and to enlarge the area in

which its writ may run.

4.We shall pay any price, bear any burden, meet any hardship, support any friend, and

oppose any foe to assure the survival and the success of liberty.

5.A new generation of Americans, born in this century, tempered by war, disciplined

by a hard and bitter peace.

6.Symbolizing an end as well as a beginning, signifying renewal as well as change(parallelism and repetition)

repetition –repetition of sounds, words, or sentences that can create good rhythm and parallelism to make the language musical, emphatic, and memorable. 反复

1.We dare not tempt them with weakness. For only when our arms are sufficient

beyond doubt can we be certain beyond doubt that they will never be employed.

2.Bring the absolute power to destroy other nations under the absolute control of all

nations.

3.Symbolizing an end as well as a beginning, signifying renewal as well as change(parallelism and repetition)

4...convert good words into good deeds...to assist free men and free government…

5.Abolish all forms of human poverty and all forms of human life

6. And yet the same revolutionary belief for which..., the belief that ...

7.... These human rights to which this nation has always been committed, and to which we are committed today ...

allusion

All this will not be finished in the first one hundred days.—historical allusion,climax Lesson 5

simile

1.My brain was as powerful as a dynamo, as precise as a chemist’s scales, as penetrating as a scalpel.

2....the raccoon coat huddled like a hairy beast at his feet.

3....dumb as an ox.

4.He looked at the coat with the expression of a waif at a bakery window.

5.It was like digging a tunnel.

6...bellowing like a bull.

metaphor

1.Charles Lamb,as merry and enterprising a fellow as you will meet in a month of Sundays,unfettered the informal essay with his memorable Old China and Dream’s Children.

2.There follows an informal essay that ventures even beyond Lamb’s frontier.

3.logic,far from being a dry,pedantic discipline,is a living,breathing thing,full of beauty,passion,and trauma.—metaphor,hyperbole

4.Maybe somewhere in the extinct crater of her mind,a few embers still smoldered.Maybe somehow I could fan them into flame.—metaphor,extended metaphor

5.He has hamstrung his opponent before he could even start.

6.My brain, that precision instrument, slipped into high gear. Mixed metaphor

7. The next fallacy is called Poisoning the Well.

8. The first man has poisoned the well before anybody could drink from it.

metonymy –change of name –the association of two unlike things [mi't?nimi] 转喻，借代

1.I was not one to let my heart rule my head.

2.Otherwise you have committed a Dicto Simpliciter.

3.After all, surgeons have X-rays to guide them during an operation.

4.You are guilty of Post Hoc if you blame...

synecdoche – whole for part or part for whole[si'nekd?ki] 提喻

There is a limit to what flesh and blood can bear.(synecdoche)

exaggeration/ hyperbole [hai'p?:b?li] 夸张

1..... logic,far from being a dry,pedantic discipline,is a living,breathing thing,full of beauty,passion,and trauma.—metaphor,hyperbole

2. It is not often that one so young has such a giant intellect (hyperbole)

3.He just stood and stared at with a mad lust at the coat. (hyperbole)

4.You are the whole world to me, and the moon and the stars and the constellations of outer space. (hyperbole)

5..My brain was as powerful as a dynamo, as precise as a chemist’s scales,as penetrating as a scalpel (simile, hyperbole, and parallelism, irony)

6. I will wander the face of the earth, a shambling, hollow-eyed hulk.

antithesis – contrary in meaning but similar in form 对偶

1.Back and forth his head swiveled,desire waxing,resolution waning.

2..It is, after all, to make a beautiful dumb girl smart than to make an ugly smart girl beautiful.

3. If there is an irresistible force, there can be no argument. If there is an immovable object, there can be no irresistible force.

4. Look at me --- a brilliant student, a tremendous intellectual, a man with an assured future. Look at Petey--- a knothead, a jitterbug, a guy who’ll never know where his next meal is coming from.

Litotes / understatement

This loomed as a project of no small dimensions.

Transferred epithet

I said with a mysterious wink.

Lesson 7

metaphor

1.Here was the very heart of industrial America,the center of its most lucrative and characteristic activity,the boast and pride of the richest and grandest nation ever seen on earth—and here was a scene so dreadfully hideous,so intolerably bleak and forlorn that it reduced the whole aspiration of man to a macabre and depressing joke.—metaphor,hyperbole,antithetical contrast.

2.When it has taken on the patina of the mills it is the color of an egg long past all hope or caring.—ridicule ,irony,metaphor

3.And one and all they are streaked in grime,with dead and eczematous patches of paint peeping through the streaks.

4. It is that of a Presbyterian grinning.

5.Out of the melting pot emerges a race which hates beauty as it hates truth.

antithesis – contrary in meaning but similar in form 对偶

1.Here was wealth beyond computation,almost beyond imagination—and here were human habitations so abominable that they would have disgraced a race of alley cats.—hyperbole,antithetical contrast

2.Here was the very heart of industrial America,the center of its most lucrative and characteristic activity,the boast and pride of the richest and grandest nation ever seen on earth—and here was a scene so dreadfully hideous,so intolerably bleak and forlorn that it reduced the whole aspiration of man to a macabre and depressing joke.—metaphor,hyperbole,antithetical contrast

exaggeration/ hyperbole [hai'p?:b?li] 夸张

1.Here was the very heart of industrial America,the center of its most lucrative and characteristic activity,the boast and pride of the richest and grandest nation ever seen on earth—and here was a scene so dreadfully hideous,so intolerably bleak and forlorn that it reduced the whole aspiration of man to a macabre and depressing joke.—metaphor,hyperbole,antithetical contrast

2.Here was wealth beyond computation,almost beyond imagination—and here were human habitations so abominable that they would have disgraced a race of alley cats.—hyperbole,antithetical contrast

3.It is as if some titanic and aberrant genius,uncompromisingly inimical to man,had devoted all the ingenuity of Hell to the making of them.—hyperbole ,irony Antonomasia

1.Safe in a Pullman,Ihave whirled through the gloomy,God-forsaken villages of Iowa and Lansas,and the malarious tidewater hamlets of Georgia.—antonomasia

Irony

1.Cool was I and logical (Inversion/irony)

2.My brain was as powerful as a dynamo, as precise as a chemist’s scales, as penetrating as a scalpel (simile, hyperbole, and parallelism, irony)

3.It is as if some titanic and aberrant genius,uncompromisingly inimical to man,had devoted all the ingenuity of Hell to the making of them.—hyperbole ,irony

4.They like it as it is:beside it,the Parthenon would no doubt offend them.—irony

5.When it has taken on the patina of the mills it is the color of an egg long past all hope or caring.—ridicule ,irony,metaphor

6.I award this championship only after laborious research and incessant prayer.—irony

7.Obviously,if ther were architects of any professional sense or dignity in the region,they would have perfected a chalet to hug the hillsides—a chalet with a highpitched roof,to throw off the heavy winter snows,but still essentially a low and clinging building,wider than it was tall.—sarcasm

Litotes/ understatement

The country itself is not uncomely,despite the grime of the endless mills.

Lesson 10

Metaphor

1.we had reached an international stature that would forever prevent us from retreating behind the artificial walls of a provincial morality or the geographical protection of our two bordering oceans.

2.it became increasingly difficult for our young people to accept standards of behavior that bore no relationship to the bustling business medium in which they were expected

to battle for success.

3.The war acted merely as a catalytic agent in this breakdown of the Victorian social structure.

4.Younger brothers and sisters of the war generation...now began to imitate the manners of their elders and play with the toys of vulgar rebellion.

5... to add their own little matchsticks to the conflagration of “flaming youth”,

6.....called the party to a halt and forced the revellers to sober up

7....had received a good taste of twentieth-century warfare.

8.they had outgrown town and families

9. An important book was the rallying point of sensitive persons

metonymy –change of name –the association of two unlike things [mi't?nimi] 转喻，借代

1.it was only natural that hopeful young writers,their minds and pens inflamed against war,Babbittry,

2. since the country was blind and deaf to everything save the glint and ring of the dollar,

3. Greenwich Village set the pattern.

4.it was Greenwich Village that fanned the flames.(metonymy;metaphor)

5.before long the movement had become officially recognised by the pulpit

personification

1.These defects would disappear if only creative art were allowed to show the way to better things,but since the country was blind and deaf to everything ...

transferred epithet 移就

1The slightest mention of the decade brings nostalgic recollections to the middle-aged and curious questionings by the young:memories

Lesson 12

simile

1.It is as though he suddenly came out of a dark tunnel and found himself beneath the open sky

8.Whatever the Europeans may actually think of artists,they have killed enough of them off by now to know that they are as real—and as persistent—as rain,snow,taxes or businessmen.

metaphor

1... and it is not easy for him to step out of that lukewarm bath

2.It is not until he is released from the habit of flexing his muscles and proving that he is just a “regular guy” that he realizes how crippling this habit has been

24.when it did,I like many a writer before me upon the discovery that his props have all been knocked out from under him,suffered a species of breakdown ad was carried off to the mountains of Switzerland.

25.There,in that absolutely alabaster landscape armed with two Bessie Smith records and a typewriter I began to try to recreate the life that I had first known as a child and from which I had spent so many years in flight.

26.Once I was able to accept my role—as distinguished,I must say,from my”place”—in the extraordinary drama which is America,I was released from the illusion that I hated America.

27.It is not meant,of course,to imply that it happens to them all,for Europe can be very crippling too;and,anyway,a writer,when he has made his first breakthrough,has simply won a crucial skirmish in a dangerous,unending and unpredictable battle.—metaphor 28.In this endeavor to wed the vision of the Old World with that of the New,it is the writer,not the statesman,who is our strongest arm.—metaphor

…a writer, when he has made his first breakthrough, has simply won a crucial skirmish in a dangerous, unending and unpredictable battle.

It is not until he is released from the habit of flexing his muscles and proving that he is just a “regular guy” that he realizes how crippling this habit has been

An American writer fights his way to one of the lowest rungs on the American social ladder by means of pure …

.. and it is not easy for him to step out of that lukewarm bath

He needs sustenance for his journey

每个社会其实都是由一些潜在的规律，由一些人们没有说出来但却深深感觉到并看作是理所当然的事物所支配的，我们的社会也不例外。要弄清这些规律和事物，就要由美国作家来努力。在一个非常喜爱冲破禁忌却又不能由此从中解脱出来的社会，要弄清这些，不会是一件容易的事。

难怪在此期间美国作家不断跑到欧洲去。他的人生历程需要精神食粮，他也需要可能找到的最好的模式。欧洲有着我们还没有的东西，一种生活的神秘而又不可抗拒的极限感，一句话，一种悲剧感。而我们也有着他们十分需要的东西——一种认为生活大有可为的新认识。

在努力把旧世界的看法和新世界的看法结合起来的过程中，不是政治家，而是作家，是我们最强的一支力量。虽然我们迄今还未全信，可是内心的生活确是真正的生活，而人们那种海市蜃楼般的梦幻却对世界有着实实在在的影响。

有人举出了一个人所共知，但仍值得提出来发人深思的例子。我们谈到饭桌上的肉食时用法语词，而谈到提供这些肉食的牲畜时则用盎格鲁一撒克逊词。猪圈里的活猪叫pig，饭桌上吃的猪肉便成了pork(来自法语pore)；地里放牧着的牛叫cattle，席上吃的牛肉则叫beef(来自法语boeuf)；Chicken用作肉食时变成poultry(来自法语poulet)；calf加工

成肉则变成veal(来自法语vcau)。即便我们的菜单没有为了装洋耍派头而写成法语，我们所用的英语仍然是诺曼底式的英语。这一切向我们昭示了诺曼底人征服之后英国文化上所存在的深刻的阶级裂痕。

撒克逊农民种地养畜，自己出产的肉自己却吃不起，全都送上了诺曼底人的餐桌。农民们只能吃到在地里乱窜的兔子。兔子肉因为便宜，诺曼底贵族自然不屑去吃它。因此，活兔子和吃的兔子肉共用rabbit这个词表示，而没有换成由法语lapin转化而来的某个词。

当我们今天听着有关双语教育问题的争论时，我们应该设身处地替当时的撒克逊农民想一想，新的统治阶级把法语用来对抗撒克逊农民自己的语言，从而在农民周围筑起一道文化障碍。当英国人在像觉醒者赫里沃德这样的撒克逊领袖领导下起来造反时，他们一定深深地感受到了文化上的屈辱。“标准英语”——如果那时候有这个名词的话——已经变成法语。而九百年后我们在美国这儿仍然继承了这种影响。