专外翻译

孩子们在吸收、代谢和异性生物质的去除等方面都不同于承认。他们的生理、他们吸入大剂量毒素的比例以及毒素累计的风险是比较高的。

由于他们的寿命更长,孩子们在吸入致癌物引发癌症方面存在较高的风险，事实上，他们接触到可疑致癌物的时间超过一半是在室内。

华莱士(1991)估计有致癌危险化学品的住宅室内空气,如挥发性有机物、农药,这些相当于有致癌风险的氡气和侧流烟香烟烟雾。

胎儿是特别容易通过母体的胎盘受到毒素传播的。母亲吸烟一定会对胎儿生长造成风险和发育影响。

空气污染物通过母亲处于家中或工作区的差异而转移到胎儿，根据吸收动力学等，胎盘可以对这些污染物造成抵挡。

尽管噪声被定义为一个外部因素，环境污染仍然可以影响胎儿的不良发育。胎儿器官的敏感性和通过异性生物质对外界扰动的反映已经形成了一种风险的独特方面，正如专业著作和书籍所讲的这个话题一样。

1.2.2 肺部生理

孩子们独行的高风险下由于他们肺部产生的胜利差异吸入毒性。

他们还有一个更高频率的通气率

他们吸入毒素的剂量相当于成年人。

表2说明了呼吸率的差异只在前两年体现

The volume of inhaled air also varies widely with activity level; actively

吸入的空气量与活动水平也广泛变化;积极

playing or exercising children inhale much greater volumes than those who are

孩子们玩,或者更大的卷吸运动要比那些

sedentary or asleep.

久坐或睡着了。

Young infants are obligatory mouth breathers, and many

义务breathers婴儿口中,许多

older infants and children also breath through their mouth more than adults.

年长的婴儿和儿童经口呼吸超过成人。

This

这

difference in breathing behavior may increase the child’s risk of pulmonary

不同的行为可以增加呼吸的患病风险的肺

exposure to respirable particulates and fibers otherwise filtered in the upper

暴露于呼吸纤维过滤颗粒及其他上层

airway.

呼吸道。

A higher cardiac pulse rate and extent of tissue perfusion allows for more

一个更高的心脏脉搏及程度的组织灌流可以有更大的

rapid exposure to toxins absorbed into the blood.

暴露在毒素快速吸收入血液。

Breathing zones are an

呼吸区是一个

important concept that can predispose a child to certain environmental toxins.

重要的概念,一个孩子易于某些环境毒素。

Because a child’s breathing zone is closer to the ground (compared to 4-6 ft. for 因为一个孩子的呼吸区是靠近地面比4 - 6英尺

an adult), chemicals that are heavier than air (such as mercury) will pose more of 成人),化学物质,他们是重于空气(如汞)将会带来很多的

an environmental hazard.

一个环境的危害。

For example peak concentrations of air and surface

例如峰值浓度的空气和表面

chlorpyrifos concentrations after Dursban“ application indoors were substantially Dursban”申请后毒死蜱浓度室内明显

higher (94 ug/m3) in infant breathing zones than adult sitting zones (63ug/m3),

高(94 ug /立方米)在婴儿的呼吸区成人坐在区(63 ug /立方米),

and remained higher whether or not the rooms were ventilated.

是否仍然较高的房间通风。

1.2.3 Pathogenesis of Lung Disease

1.2.3发病肺部疾病

Pulmonary defenses to infection include anatomical barriers, mucociliary

肺防御来感染包括解剖壁垒,mucociliary

pulmonary toilet, secretory IgA and opsonizing IgG, surfactant, complement,

肺卫生间,分泌IgA和opsonizing IgG、表面活性剂、补充,

plasma components, vasoactive substances, and cells (macrophages,

等离子体元件,vasoactive的物质,而细胞(细胞,

polymorphonuclear leukocytes).

吸引多形核白细胞)。

When these are individually or collectively

当这些个人或者集体

compromised by chronic exposure to indoor air pollutants, lower respiratory tract 遭受慢性暴露于室内空气污染物、下呼吸道

infections are more likely to develop.

感染的人更有可能发展。

(Smith, 2000) The lungs have a limited

(史密斯,2000)肺部有一个有限的

ability to respond to toxic insults: irritant, inflammatory reactions (including

有毒的侮辱反应能力:刺激物,炎症反应(包括

bronchospasm), chronic inflammatory reactions (including organization,

支气管痉挛),慢性炎症反应(包括组织,