英国文学阅读与欣赏复习1-6单元
英国文学(上)复习
Chapter I The Anglo-Saxon Period (450---1066)1.The Anglo-Saxon settlement in England (in the 4th and 5th centuries )---- Small kingdoms were combined into a united kingdom called England ；the three tribes(Angles, Saxon and Jutes) mixed into a whole people called English and the three dialect grew into a single language called Anglo-Saxon---Old English.--- The Anglo-Saxon period witnessed a transition from tribal society to feudalism. 2.“Beowulf” --- the national epic of the Anglo-Saxon and English people.--- a long poem of about 3,000 lines; a folk legend brought to England by the Anglo-Saxons and passed from mouth to mouth for hundreds of years before it was written down in the 10th century.3.The Anglo-Saxon Chronicle--- an important history book as well as a piece ofliterary work (under the guidance of King Alfred)Chapter II The Norman Period (1066--1350)1.The Norman conquest under Duke William in 1066--- The Norman Conquest marks the establishment of feudalism in England2.Middle English--- The English language was greatly enriched by the Norman conquests and a large number of French words were absorbed.3.The Black Death(1348-1349)4.The Romance --- the most prevalent kind of literature in feudal England--- a long composition, sometimes in verse, sometimes in prose, describing the life and adventures of knights.--- the content of romance :love, chivalry and religion--- there are many cycles of Arthurian romances, among which “Sir Gawain and the Green Knight” is most famous and still kept reading.5.“Piers Plowman”--- a long alliterative poem by William Langland--- the story takes the form of an allegory, but it gives a realistic picture of 14th century England.--- a bitter and incise satire directing at the social vices of the time.Chapter III The Age of Chaucer (1350--- 1400)1.The Hundred Year’s War (1337---1453)--- a series of wars fought between the English kings and the French kings for the French throne2.The peasant uprising of 1381--- the direct result of exploitation and oppression of the peasants by the feudal lords.3.Geoffrey Chaucer (1340---1400)--- “the father of English poetry” (by John Dryden) and the founder of English realistic literature: the greatest literate before Shakespeare--- important works:The Romaunt of the Rose,Troilus and Criseyde and The Canterbury TalesOthers: T he House of Fame,The Book of the Duchess4.About “The Canterbury Tales”--- Chaucer’s masterpiece and one of the monumental works in English literature--- a vivid and comprehensive picture of Chaucer’s time--- written in heroic couplet；humor and satireChapter IV The Fifteenth Century (1400---1550)1.The War of the Roses (1455---1485)--- a series of civil wars fought between two great families for the English throne2.Popular Ballads--- one of the main stream of English literature in the 15th century: folk literature--- ballad meter: 4-line stanzas---“Robin Hood Ballads”, dealing with the famous outlaw Robin Hood and his menChapter V The English Renaissance (1550---1642)1.Historical background--- The reign of Queen Elizabeth: a period of peace and prosperity--- The defeat of Spanish fleet “Armada”(1588)--- The enclosure movement: bringing about the development in industry--- The Authorized Version of Bible or the King James Bible (Under the auspices of James I. 1611)--- The Renaissance and Humanism2.Thomas More (1478--- 1535)--- the greatest of the English humanists: the author of “Utopia”, a ideal state: “liberty, Fraternity and Equality”; written in the form of a conversation between More and a returned voyager: the existence of private property is pointed outas the source of all social evils and injustices.3.The Flowering of poetry1) Sir Thomas Wyatt and Earl of Surrey--- Both of them introduced sonnet form Italy to England, one of the most popular verse forms for th e next half century. Surrey, also wrote in his translation of Virgil’s “Aeneid”, the first English blank verse, the form of poetry to be masterly handled byShakespeare and Milton.2) Sir Philip Sidne y--- Well-known as a poet and critic of poetry: Astrophel and Stella --- a collection of love sonnets: Apology for Poetry --- one of the earliest English literary essays.3) Edmund Spenser --- “the Poets‟ poet”--- He had an exceptional command of language, of verbal music, of giving poetry an exalted and dream-like feeling.--- important works:The Shepherd‟s Calendar , Amoetti (a series of 88 sonnets printed with “Epitalamion”)“Faerie Queene” (dedicated to Queen Elizabeth: Spenser‟s masterpiece written in a special verse form which has since been called the Spenserian Stanza) 4) Michael Drayton--- a versatile poet; best known for his beautiful sonnet “Since there’s no help, come let us kiss and part”5) William Shakespeare--- two narrative poems: Venus and Andonis ,The Rape of Lucrece--- a sequece of 154 sonnets (rhyming scheme: abab cdcd efef gg)6)George Chapman:famous for his translation of Homer4.The Flowering of Drama: the highest glory of the English Renaissance1)The early form of drama: miracle play, morality play, interlude and theclassical drama2)The university wits: a dramatic circle ; the immediate predecessors ofShakespeare; furnished the Elizabethan stage with a large part of its repertoire3)Thomas Kyd--- His The Spanish Tragedy, a tragedy of blood and revenge, anticipated Shakespeare‟s“Hamlet”4)Christopher Marlowe: the most gifted of “the university wits”--- important works: Tamburlaine , The Jew of Malta and Doctor Fanstus--- These plays show, in various ways, the spirit of the rising bourgeoisie, its insatiable appetite for power, money an knowledge.--- His masterpiece is Doctor Faustus , in which Dr. Faustus sells his soul to the devil (Mephistopheles) in return for the promise of eternal life.--- It is Marlowe who first made blank verse the principle instrument of English dr ama. He was also famous for his “mighty line”5)Robert Greene: one of the university wits; famous for his attack onShakespeare as “an up-start crow beautiful with our feathers”6)William Shakespeare (1564-1616)--- Plays in chronological order: (see History Book PP.67-68)---important works and their major characters:Henry VII and Henry V(History): Prince Henry, Sir John Falstaff “Romeo and Juliet” (Romantic Tragedy): Romeo, Juliet“Julius Caesar ”(Historical Tragedy): Caesar, Brutus, AntonyThe great comedies:The Merchants of Venice : Portia, Bassanio, Antonio, ShylockAs you like it : Rosalind , Orlando, Celia, Oliver, JacquesTwelfth Night : Viola, Oliva, Malvolio, Sir TobyMuch Ado About Nothing : Beatrice, Benedick, Malaprop, DogberryThe Great tragedies:Othello: Othello, Desdemona, IageKing Lear: king Lear, Corelia, Goneril, RegainMacbeth: Macbeth, Lady Macbeth, Banquo, MacduffHamlet: prince Hamlet, Claudius, Ophelia, PoloniusThe tragic-comedies or romances:The Tempest: Prospero, MirandaCymbelineThe Winter’s TaleShakespeare‟s character portrayal, plot construction, mastery of language as well as his humanist ideasChapter VI The Seventeenth Century (1603-1688)1.Historical background1) The outburst of the English Revolution(1642)2) Charles I was beheaded in 1649 and England became a commonwealth3) The split within the revolutionary camp and the restoration.4) The Glorious Revolution (1688) and England has become a country ofconstitutional monarchy2.Francis Bacon (1561-1626)--- the first great English prose writer; his essays began the long tradition of the English essay in the history of English literature; “the real progenitor of English materialism and experimental sciences of modern times ingeneral” (by Marx)--- Bacon‟s 58 essays were published in 1625. They are the author‟sreflections and comments, mostly on rather abstract subjects, such as “Of Truth” , “Of Friendship”, and “of Riches”. They are known for theirconciseness and brevity, simplicity and forcefulness, practicality andversatility.3. Metaphysical Poets1)The main themes are love, death and religion; characterized bymysticism in content and fantasticality in form. The chief representative of this school was John Donne.2)John Donne (1572-1631)--- His best-known poetry may be divided into two parts --- love poetry and religion poetry. His S ongs and Sonnets are arguments about love: the tone is direct, passionate; the discussion sophisticated. He had a great influence on modern poets such as T.S. Eliot and W.B.Yeats.3)George Herbert : the saint of the metaphysical schoolThe lyrics in The Temple use unusual imagery to express his religions experience4)Andrew Marvell: famous for his lyric “To his Coy Mistress”4. The Cavalier Poets:--- They were lyrical poets, and dealt chiefly with the theme of love and the theme of “Carpe diem”; marked by courtliness, urbanity and polish. The chief representative was Ben Jonson.5. Ben Jonson (1572-1637)1)the best-known contemporary and successor of Shakespeare; a dramatist, apoet laureate and a critic; famous for his comedies of Humor; the representative of the cavalier poets; the author of the beautiful lyric “ To Celia” starting with “Drink to me with thine eyes”2)His important works:“Every Man in His Humor” ,“ The Alchemist” and “Volpone”--- his masterpiece 3)He was an advocate of classic drama and took a firm stand for the “threeunities ”.6. Robert Herrick--- a follower of Ben Jonson, famous for his lyric “To the Virgins” starting with “Gather ye rose buds while ye may”7. John Milton (1608-1674)1)the greatest of all English epic poets; a master of blank verse; a stylistfamous for grand style; the greatest English revolutionary poet and pamphleteer (The revolutionary enthusiasm of the bourgeois revolution and the bitter hatred for the tyrant is best shown in the works of John Milton) 2)His important works:--- Hid prose writings are in the form of pamphlet and they are all for freedom and against tyranny.“Areopagitica” (A defense of the freedom of the press)(The Defense of the English People)“Pro Populo Anglicano Secunda”(The Second Defense of the English People)Both are written in Latin, in answer to the foreign royalists’ attacks upon the commonwealth and the revolution.--- a sequence of 24 sonnets; the best known: “To Mr. Cyriack Skinner Upon His Blindness”--- His major poetical works:“Paradise Lost ”,“Paradise Regained” and “Samson Agonists”8. John Bunyan (1628-1688)--- the greatest fiction writer of the 17th century; best remembered for “Pilgrim‟s Progress”. Though it has generally been read and appreciated as a religious book, it nevertheless contains behind the allegory a series of real examples which give a faithful picture of the English society in Bunyan‟s age. --- Bunyan is also known for his simple and lively prose style.9. John Dryden (1631-1700)--- the most distinguished literary figure of the Restoration Period poet, playwright and critic; the forerunner of the English classical school of the literature.--- His important works:“Absalom and Schitophel” (a long poem), “All for Love” (his best known play, )“An Essay of Dramatic Poesy” (his most famous prose work)--- He established the heroic couplet as one of the principal English verse forms, clarified the English prose and raised English literary criticism to a new level.Chapter VII The Eighteenth Century (1666-1798)1. The Enlightenment--- The 18th century marked the beginning of an intellectual movement in theEurope, known as the Enlightenment, which was, on the whole, an expression of struggle of the bourgeoisie against feudalism.--- The representatives of the Enlightenment in English literature were JosephAddison and Richard Steele (the essayists) and Alexander Pope (the poet) 2. Neo - classicism--- The classicists modeled themselves on Greek and Latin authors, and tried tocontrol literary creation by some fixed laws and rules drawn from Greek andLatin works. They emphasized reason rather than emotion, form rather than content. Most of their writings were didactic and satirical. As elegance,correctness and appropriateness were preferred; the poets found closedcouplet the only possible verse form for serious work. Their literary works mainly appeal to the middle class readers.3. Joseph Addison and Richard Steele--- Richard Steele started a paper “The Tatler”--- Joseph Addison collaborated with Steel in publishing “The Spectator”--- Humour, intimacy and elegance are the striking features of their familiar essays. In their hands, the English essay had completely established itself as a literary genre.4.Alexander Pope (1688---1744)--- the greatest English poet of the classical school in the first half of the 18thcentury; a great satirist; a rather sound critic; bringing the heroic couplet toperfection; Many commonplaces become household sayings under his pen.--- His important works:“An Essay on Criticism” (his masterpiece, a didactic poem in heroic couplets), “The Rape of the Lock”, “The Dunciad ” “An Essay on Man”--- Pope translate the entire “Iliad” and half of the “Odyssey”; he was also ane ditor of Shakespeare‟s plays5.Samuel Johnson (1709-1784)--- a versatile literary genius: the greatest lexicographer, critic, poet, dramatist; “the great charm of literature”; an outstanding representative of classical school.--- His major works:“A Dictionary of the English Language”,“Letter to Lord Chesterfield”, “Lives of the Poets” , “Vanity of Human Wishes”--- He also edited two periodicals, “The Rambler” and “The Idler”6.James BoswellHis “Life of Johnson” had become a classic of English biography.7.Daniel Defoe (1661-1731)--- a pioneer novelist of England; one of the forerunners of the English realistic novel;a true representative of the Enlightenment; a prolific writer on a great variety of subjects .--- His major works:“Robinson Crusoe” (his mas terpiece ),“Captain Singleton” “Moll Flanders” “Colonel Jacque”, “A Journal of the Plague Year”8.Samuel Richardson (16891761)--- an early representative of sentimental school; the first psycho-analytical novelist--- His works and central characters:“Pamela, or virtue Rewarded”: Pamela, Mr. B“Charissa Harlowe ”: Clarissa, Lovelace“Sir Charles Grandison”9.Jonathan Swift (1667-1745)--- “the greatest genius of the age ” (by Addison); “a striking figure who towered above other writers by reason of his more profound imagination, mordant wit and emotional intensity”; a superb satirist (His satire is marked by an outward gravity, and an apparent calmness conceals his bitter irony); one of the greatest masters of English prose (His language is simple, clear and vigorous).--- important works:“The Battle of Books”, “A Take of a Tub”, “The Drapier‟s letters”, “A Modest Proposal”, “Gulliver‟s Travels” (His masterpiece)10.Henry Fielding (1707-1754)--- the real founder of the English realistic novel (He set up the theory of realism in literary creation ); a playwright of high standing; a political pamphleteer; a satirist (Satire abounds everywhere in his works); a master of style.--- His important works: 1) His plays : “Don Quixote in England”,“Pasquin” , “The Historical Register for 1736”2)His novels and central characters:“Joseph Andrews”: Joseph, Lady Booby, Parson Adams“Jonathan Wild the Great”: Jonathan Wild“The History of Tom Jones, a Foundling”: Tom Jones, Blifil, Sophia, Squire Western, Partiridge11.Tobias Smollett (1721-1771)--- He used the form of the picaresque novel (流浪汉小说)and even influenced Charles Dickens--- important works :“Roderick Random”, “Peregine Pickle” , “Humphry Clinker” (his best novel) urence Sterne (1713-1768)--- one of the oddest and most original of English novelist; a novelist of the sentimentalist school--- His literary career is represented by two works:“Tristram Shandy ”(a novel without a regular plot) and “A Sentimental Journey”13.Richard Brinsley Sheridan (1751-1816)--- the most important English playwright of the 18th century; His plays are remembered for their verbal detriment and laughter which his well-planned scenes can create. His plays repudiate the high society for its vanity, great and hypocrisy.---important works and characters:“The Rivals” : Lydia, Captain Absolute, Mrs. Malaprop ( From her is derived the term “malapropism‟‟)“The School for Scandal” (his masterpiece, a great comedy of manners 风俗喜剧):Joseph Surface, Charles Surface, Lady Teazel, Lady Sneerwell14.Oliver Goldsmith (1728-1774)--- a poet, novelist, dramatist and essayist; one of the representatives of English sentimentalism--- his poems: “The Traveller” and “The Deserted Villag e”--- his novels and characters“The Vicar of Wakefield” : Dr. Primrose (the vicar), Thornahill, Sir William--- his plays:“The Good-Natured Man” (a comedy of character)“She stoops to Conquer” (a comedy of manners) : Marlow, Kate--- his essay : “The Citizen of the World”15.Edward Gibbon (1737-1794)--- His “ The Decline and Fall of the Roman Empire” is a remarkable product of the Enlightenment of the 18th century and the greatest historical work in English literature. Gibbon is also famous for his style, characterized by precision, lucidity ，economy and elegance.16.Sentimentalism in poetry--- Sentimentalism came into being in the middle of the 18th century. Dissatisfied with reason which classicists appealed to, sentimentalists appeal to sentiment. They turn to the countryside for their material in contrast to classicists who confined themselves to the clubs and drawing rooms of the city. Sentimentalism marks the midway and the transition from classicism to its opposite, Romanticism.--- Thomas Gray : “Elegy Written in a country churchyard” (a model of sentimentalist poetry)--- Edward Young: “Night Thoughts”--- Jame Thompson : “Seasons”--- George Crabble : “The Village”17.Pre-Romanticism in Poetry--- it arose in the latter half of the 18th century , marked by a strong protest against bondage of classicism and by a recognition of the claims of passion and emotion. It was ushered in by Percy(“Reliques of Ancient English Poetry”), Macpherson (“Ossian”) and Chatterton (Rowley Papers), and represented by Blake and Burns.18.William Blake (1757-1827)--- a Pre-Romantic or a forerunner of the Romantic poetry of the 19th century; a symbolist or a mystic (Some of his poems are obscure and can be interpreted only symbolically); politically a radical and supporter of the French Revolution;a prophetic writer looking forward to a time when the human spirit would be liberated from oppression.--- important works:“The Poetical Sketches”, “The Songs of Innocence”, “The Songs of Experience”, “The Prophetic Books”Which includes “The Marriage of Heaven and Hell”, “The French Revolution”, “Milton ”and “Jerusalem”19.Robert Burns (1757-1796)--- the greatest poet Scotland has ever produced; a remarkable lyricist on the theme of love and friendship; a patriotic poet calling for national independence, liberty, equality and fraternity for all the people in the world; a satirist criticizing various social vices, a pe asant poet sharing his people’s feelings and drawing material f rom the folk legends and songs; a great master of language, expressing himself in simple and musical language.--- important works:“Poems, chiefly in the Scottish Dialect”Best known for such poems as “A red, Red Rose”“A Man‟s a Man for a …That‟”, “Auld Lang Syne”, “My Heart‟s in the Highland”etc.。
英国文学复习提纲加诗歌赏析方法
英国⽂学复习提纲加诗歌赏析⽅法I. PART ONE. EARLY&MEDIEV AL1. Beowulf: the national epic史诗of the Anglo-SaxonsBeowulf against: monster Grendel, she-monster and a fire dragonArtistic features: Using alliteration（头韵）Using metaphor（⽐喻）and understatement（陈述）2. The Class Nature of the Romance: They were composed for the noble, of the noble, and in most cases by the poets patronized by the noble.3. Geoffery Chaucer: The father of English poetry/ the founder of English poetry The Canterbury Tales坎特伯雷故事集：英国⽂史上现实主义第⼀部杰作fir st time to use ‘heroic couplet’(双韵体) by middle EnglishII. The Renaissance Period1. The Renaissance & Humanism: R: 2 features: a curiosity for classical literature (Greek & Latin)→dissatisfaction at Catholic & feudal ideas/ activities of humanit y→new feeling of admiration for human beauty & achievementH: the key-note of R, new outlook of the rising bourgeois class2. Francis Bacon弗兰西斯?培根: Essays随笔(famous quotas: Of studies)3.Drama: the miracle P奇迹剧(Bible story); the morality P道德剧(abstract characters/conflict of good&evil with allegorical personages); the interlude幕间喜剧(short/interesting); the classical drama(+Greek&Latin/rules&structure&style/5 acts);4. Shakespeare:Four Comedies: As You Like It皆⼤欢喜; Twelfth Night; A Midsummer Night’s Dream; Merchant Of Venice威尼斯商⼈Four Tragedies: Hamlet; Othello奥赛罗; King Lear李尔王; Macbeth麦克⽩154 Sonnet: Three quatrain and one couplet, ababcdcdefefggA sonnet is a lyric consisting of 14 lines, usually in iambic抑扬格pentameter 五步格诗restricted to a definition rhyme scheme. III. REVOLUTION1. John Milton约翰?弥尔顿①Epic: Paradise Lost 失乐园: it is a long epic in 12 books, written in blank verse. The stories were taken from the Old Testament: the creation; the rebellion in Heaven of Satan & his fellow-angels; their defeat & expulsion from Heaven; the creation of the earth & of Adam & Eve; the fallen angels in hell plotting against God; Satan’s temptation of Eve; & the departure of Adam & Eve from Eden.②Paradise Regained 复乐园2. John Bunyan约翰?班扬The P ilgrim’s Progress天路历程: religious allegory宗教寓⾔; the spiritual pilgrimage of Christian, who flies from the City of Destruction, meets the perils and temptation of the Slough of Despond, Vanity Fair, and Doubting Castle, faces and overcomes the demon Appollyon, and finally comes to the Delectable Mountains and the Celestial City.3. John Donne: (the founder) the Metaphysical poet(⽞学派诗⼈).（⽤语）the diction is simple, the imagery is from the actual, the form is frequently an argument with the poet’s beloved, with god, or with himself.（主题：love, religious, thought）Artistic features: conceits or imagery奇思妙喻syllogism三段论The Flea 虱⼦IV The 18th Century：Enlightenment1. The Enlightenment: clear away the feudal ideas with bourgeois ideology资阶思Classicism: 重理性rationality/follow principles in drama, poetry & prose/tidy up capitalist social order2. Jonathan Swift乔纳森?斯威夫特: Gulliver’s Travel格列佛游记(fictional work) Four parts: Lilliput ⼩⼈国、Brobdingnag ⼤⼈国Flying Island 飞岛、Houyhnhnm 智马岛A Tale of a Tub⽊桶的故事3. Daniel Defoe丹尼尔?笛福The father of novel.Robinson Crusoe鲁宾逊漂流记It praises the fortitude of the human labor and the Puritan.Robinson grew from a naive and artless youth into a shrewd and hardened man, tempered by numerous trials in his eventful life.It is an adventure story, Robinson, narrates how he goes to sea, gets shipwrecked and marooned on a lonely island, struggles to live for 24-years there and finally gets relieved and returns to England.4.Henry Fielding亨利?菲尔丁“Father of English realistic novel” He was the first to write a “Comic epic in prose”(散⽂体史诗), and the first to give the modern novel its structure and style.弃婴汤姆?琼斯约瑟夫?安德鲁5. Sentimentalism & Pre-Romanticism in Poetry：anti-rationalism/anti-classicism6. William Blake威廉?布莱克(Pre-R)Songs of Innocence天真之歌A happy and innocent world from children’s eye.< the chimney sweeper> 扫烟囱的孩⼦Songs of Experience经验之歌7. Robert Burns罗伯特?彭斯(Pre-R)The greatest Scottish poet in the late 18th C Poems Chiefly in the Scottish Dialect主要⽤苏格兰⽅⾔写的诗A Red, Red Rose⼀朵红红的玫瑰Auld Lang Syne 友谊地久天长My Heart’s in the Highlands我的⼼在那⾼原上, The Tree of LibertyV The Romantic Period1. William Wordsworth威廉?华兹华斯Lyrical Ballads抒情歌谣集2. George Gordon Byron乔治?⼽登?拜伦Don Juan唐?璜She Walks In Beauty3. 4. Persy Bysshe Shelley波西?⽐希?雪莱A Defence of Poetry诗辩Ode to the West Wind西风颂Theme: The author expresses his eagerness to enjoy the boundless freedom from the reality. Compare the west wind to destroyer of the old who drives the last signs of life from the trees, and preserver of the new who scatter the seeds which still come to life in the spring. This is a poem about renewal, about the wind blowing life back into dead things, implying not just an arc of life (which would end at death) but a cycle, which only starts again when something dies.Comment: it is written in iambic pentameter. It contains five sonnet length stanzas诗节, each with a closing couplet. The rhyming scheme form is aba bcb cdc ded ee. The tone is poignant. Many will agree that this poem is an invocation for an unseen force to take control and revive life.Artistic features: Using rerza rima(三⾏诗aba bcb cdc de d efe …)4. John Keats约翰?济慈Four great odes: Ode on a Grecian Urn希腊古瓮颂Ode to a Nightingale夜莺颂Ode to Psyche⼼灵颂Ode On Melancholy 忧郁颂Ode to Autumn秋颂Theme: The theme is that change is both natural and beautiful. The poem praises the glories of the fall season by using almost every type of imagery to both charm and appeal to the reader.Comment: The speaker in the poem acknowledges that time passes by, but also asserts that this change usually yields something new and better than what came before. Each of the poem's three stanzas represents the evolving of two different types of change. One type of change shown in the poem is the change of periods in a day.VI CRITICAL REALISM1. Charles Dickens查尔斯?狄更斯（批判现实主义⼩说家）critical realist writer Oliver Twist雾都孤⼉;David Copperfield⼤卫?科波菲尔;Hard Times艰难时世Great Expectations远⼤前程2. William Makepeace Thackeray威廉?麦克匹斯?萨克雷Vanity Fair名利场3. Jane Austen简?奥斯丁Sense and Sensibility理智与感情；Pride and Prejudice傲慢与偏见；Emma爱玛4. Charlotte Bronte夏洛蒂?勃朗特Jane Eyre简?爱Emily Bronte艾⽶莉?勃朗特Wuthering Heights呼啸⼭庄5. George Eliot乔治?艾略特（批判现实）The Mill on the Floss弗洛斯河上的磨坊Middlemarch⽶德尔马契ⅦMid and Late 19th Century1. Robert Browning罗伯特?⽩朗宁My Last Duchess我已故的公爵夫⼈Elizabeth Barrett Browning: Sonnet from the Portuguese葡萄⽛⼗四⾏诗2. Christina. G. Rossetti: Seek and Find; Song3. Literary Trends at the end of the century: naturalism: environmental force & internal impulse/pessimism & determinism;aestheticism: art should serve no religious, moral or social end, nor any end except itself: Oscar Wilde王尔德Salomo Ⅷ20th Century1. Henry James(stream of consciousness): a portrait of a woman贵妇画像2. Thomas Hardy托马斯?哈代Tess Of The D’Urbervilles德伯家的苔丝; Jude The Obscure⽆名的裘德3.George Bernard Shaw乔治?伯纳?萧critical realistic dramatistMrs. Warren’s Pro fession华伦夫⼈的职业; Widowers’ Houses鳏夫的房产Man And Superman⼈与超⼈; The Apple Cart苹果车; Saint Joan圣⼥贞德4. Imagism: free verse/conventional/ common speech/ new rhythms/ clear images5. 1.William Butler Yeats威廉?勃特勒?叶茨,Ireland when you are old celebrated & accomplished symbolist poet/ use an elaborate system of symbols6. Thomas Sterns Eliot: The Waste Land; Four Quartets7. David Herbert Lawrence戴维?赫伯特?劳伦斯Sons And Lovers⼉⼦与情⼈;The Rainbow虹；Women In Love恋爱中的⼥⼈8. James Joyce詹姆斯?乔伊斯stream-of-consciousness：Ulysses尤利西斯9. Virginia Woolf弗吉尼娅?沃尔芙stream-of-consciousnessMrs. Dalloway达洛维夫⼈；To The Lighthouse到灯塔去；The Waves浪；the mark on the wall墙上的斑点ⅨSecond War1. E. M. FosterA Passage To India印度之⾏Hawards End霍华兹别墅 a room with a view看得见风景的房间2. George Orwell: 19843. William Golding: Lord of the Flies蝇王4. Doris Lessing多丽丝?莱⾟The Golden Notebook⾦⾊笔记5. Samuel Beckett: waiting for godat6. Harold Pinter: the room诗歌评论抑扬格（iamb, iambic）扬抑格（trochee, trochaic）抑抑扬格（Anapaest, anapaestic）扬抑抑格（dactyl, dactylic）. Meter步律英⽂诗⾏的长度范围⼀般是⼀⾳步⾄五⾳步。
英国文学阅读与欣赏课本知识整理
Bible–the Old Testament(Jews & Christians) + the New Testament (only Christians)
King James I
the greatest of English translation
Essays(58):cover various topics, written in a clear, concise, almost epigrammatic style
The Fairie Queene
5. Renaissance prose:
Forms: religious writings, translation, prose fiction, short essays
Thomas More:early humanist in Eng Renai
Utopia
The Canterbury Tales:24 stories
Stories told by some of the thirty pilgrims
characterization: all walks of life; realistic picture;
the Dark Age(blind to truth);corrupting church life
4. Preparation of Renaissance
Hundred Years’War, The Wars of the Roses–peasants’rising, social unrest–express in lit–works of social protest:Piers Plowman(William Langland)
英国文学史及选读复习总汇
Part One: Early and Medieval English Literature1. Beowulf: national epic of the English people; Denmark story; alliteration, metaphors and understatements （此处可能会有填空，选择等小题）2. Romance （名词解释）3. “Sir Gawain and the Green Knight”: a famous roman about King Arthur‟s story4. Ballad（名词解释）5. Character of Robin Hood6. Geoffrey Chaucer: founder of English poetry; The Canterbury Tales (main contents; 124 stories planned, only 24 finished; written in Middle English; significance; form: heroic couplet)7. Heroic couplet (名词解释)第一章古英语和中古英语时期1、古英语时期是指英国国家和英语语言的形成时期。
最早的文学形式是诗歌，以口头形式流传，主要的诗人是吟游诗人。
到基督教传入英国之后，一些诗歌才被记录下来。
这一时期最重要的文学作品是英国的民族史诗《贝奥武夫》，用头韵体写成。
2、古英语时期（1066—1500）从1066年诺曼人征服英国，到1500年前后伦敦方言发展成为公认的现代英语。
文学作品主要的形式有骑士传奇，民谣和诗歌。
在几组骑士传奇中，有关英国题材的是亚瑟王和他的圆桌骑士的冒险故事，其中《高文爵士和绿衣骑士》代表了骑士传奇的最高成就。
中世纪文学中涌现了大量的优秀民谣，最具代表性的是收录在一起的唱咏绿林英雄罗宾汉的民谣。
王守仁《英国文学选读》（第3、4版）笔记和课后习题（含考研真题）详解
目 录第1单元 杰弗里·乔叟1.1 复习笔记1.2 课后习题详解1.3 考研真题与典型题详解第2单元 威廉·莎士比亚2.1 复习笔记2.2 课后习题详解2.3 考研真题与典型题详解第3单元 弗朗西斯·培根3.1 复习笔记3.2 课后习题详解3.3 考研真题与典型题详解第4单元 17世纪英国诗人4.1 复习笔记4.2 课后习题详解4.3 考研真题与典型题详解第5单元 冒险小说作家5.1 复习笔记5.2 课后习题详解5.3 考研真题与典型题详解第6单元 浪漫主义诗人(1)6.1 复习笔记6.2 课后习题详解6.3 考研真题与典型题详解第7单元 简·奥斯汀7.1 复习笔记7.2 课后习题详解7.3 考研真题与典型题详解第8单元 浪漫主义诗人(2)8.1 复习笔记8.2 课后习题详解8.3 考研真题与典型题详解第9单元 夏洛蒂·勃朗特9.1 复习笔记9.2 课后习题详解9.3 考研真题与典型题详解第10单元 查尔斯·狄更斯10.1 复习笔记10.2 课后习题详解10.3 考研真题与典型题详解第11单元 维多利亚时代的诗人11.1 复习笔记11.2 课后习题详解11.3 考研真题与典型题详解第12单元 托马斯·哈代12.1 复习笔记12.2 课后习题详解12.3 考研真题与典型题详解第13单元 现代剧作家13.1 复习笔记13.2 课后习题详解13.3 考研真题与典型题详解第14单元 约瑟夫·康拉德14.1 复习笔记14.2 课后习题详解14.3 考研真题与典型题详解第15单元 20世纪英国诗人(1) 15.1 复习笔记15.2 课后习题详解15.3 考研真题与典型题详解第16单元 现代主义小说家(1)16.1 复习笔记16.2 课后习题详解16.3 考研真题与典型题详解第17单元 现代主义小说家(2) 17.1 复习笔记17.2 课后习题详解17.3 考研真题与典型题详解第18单元 E. M. 福斯特18.1 复习笔记18.2 课后习题详解18.3 考研真题与典型题详解第19单元 威廉·戈尔丁19.1 复习笔记19.2 课后习题详解19.3 考研真题与典型题详解第20单元 多丽斯·莱辛20.1 复习笔记20.2 课后习题详解20.3 考研真题与典型题详解第21单元 约翰·福尔斯21.1 复习笔记21.2 课后习题详解21.3 考研真题与典型题详解第22单元 20世纪英国诗人(2) 22.1 复习笔记22.2 课后习题详解22.3 考研真题与典型题详解第23单元 A. S. 拜厄特23.1 复习笔记23.2 课后习题详解23.3 考研真题与典型题详解第24单元 V. S. 奈保尔24.1 复习笔记24.2 课后习题详解24.3 考研真题与典型题详解第25单元 格雷厄姆·斯维夫特25.1 复习笔记25.2 课后习题详解25.3 考研真题与典型题详解第26单元 石黑一雄26.1 复习笔记26.2 课后习题详解26.3 考研真题与典型题详解第27单元 伊恩·麦克尤恩27.1 复习笔记27.2 课后习题详解27.3 考研真题与典型题详解第28单元 朱利安·巴恩斯28.1 复习笔记28.2 课后习题详解28.3 考研真题与典型题详解第1单元 杰弗里·乔叟1.1 复习笔记Geoffrey Chaucer (杰弗里·乔叟)(1343-1400)1. Life (生平)Geoffrey Chaucer, born in 1343 in London, is the founder of English poetry. He was the son of a wine merchant who had connections with the Court. He later became a courtier and comptroller.Chaucer’s learning was wide in scope. He obtained a good knowledge of Latin, French and Italian. He had broad and intimate acquaintance with persons high and low in all walks of life, and knew well the whole life of his time, which left great impressions upon his works and particularly upon his variegated depiction of the English society of his time.He died in 1400 and was buried in W estminster Abbey, thus founding the Poets’ Corner.杰弗里·乔叟于1343年出生于伦敦，他是英语诗歌之父。
英国文学复习(工商学院)
• Sonnet 18
• the permanence or immortality of poetry. Poetry will bring eternity to the one the poet loves and eulogizes.
• Figurative devices
Metaphor: summer’s day---the beloved person.
•
2. The Age of Chaucer (1340-1400)
Geoffrey Chaucer --- “father of English poetry” --- the first to write about common people in a realistic way instead of in an allegorical way --- The Canterbury Tales in rhyming couplet—heroic couplet
Shakespeare
• His 4 great comedies are The Merchant of Venice; Much Ado About Nothing; As You Like It; Twelfth Night.
• His 4 great tragedies are Hamlet; Othello; King Lear; Macbeth.
W. Wordsworth(1770-1850)
• In 1798, in collaboration with Coleridge, he published us first major volume of poetry, “The Lyrical Ballads”, an epoch-making book in English poetry.
英国文学选读复习重点
1英国文学选读复习June, 2010Part I 复习重点章节1. William Shakespeare;2. Francis Bacon;3. John Donne;4. William Blake;5. Jane Austen;6. Charles Dickens;7. Thomas Hardy; 8. Oscar Wilde; 9. William Butler Y eats;10. James Joyce;11. D.H. Lawrence;Part II 考试题型1. In this part you are going to explain the following literary terms brieflyand to give examples from the stories you have learned from the course to illustrate the terms. (about 15 points)Examplescharacter and characterization; symbol and allegory allegory, , theme, point of view, etc.)2. Analysis of short stories and novels (about 40 points)Example 1Mr. Bennet was so odd a mixture of quick parts, sarcastic humour, reserve and caprice, that the experience of three-and-twenty years had been insufficient to make his wife understand his character. Her mind was less difficult to develop. She was a woman of mean understanding, little information, and uncertain temper. When she was discontented, she fancied herself nervous. The business of her life was to get her daughters married; its solace was visiting and news.QuestionsWhat can we learn from this short passage about Mr. Bennet and Mrs. Bennet? What was the tone of the passage? Does this passage illustrate the style of Jane Austen?Example 2One evening I went into the back drawing-room in which the priest had died.It was a dark rainy evening and there was no sound in the house. Through one of the broken panes I heard the rain impinge upon the earth, the fine incessant needles of water playing in the sodden beds. Some distant lamp or lighted window gleamed below me. I was thankful that I could see so little.All my senses seemed to veil themselves and feeling that I was about to slip from them, I pressed the palms of my hands together until they trembled, murmuring: O Love! O Love! many times.QuestionsWhat can we learn about “I” from this short passage? What was the meaning of the sentence “I was thankful that I could see so little.” ? What rhetorical device was used in this passage?Example 3“Justice was done, and the President of the Immortals (in Aeschylean phrase) had ended his spot with Tess. And the d’Urbervilles knights and dames slept on in their tombs unknowing. The two speechless gazers bent themselves down to the earth, as if in prayer, and remained thus a long time, absolutely. As soon as they had strength motionless: the flag continued to wave silentlyflag continued to wave silently. As soon as they they rose, joined hands again, and went on.QuestionsWhat is your understanding of the sentence “And the d’Urbervilles knight and dames slept on in their tombs unknowing”? Was justice really done?What is your understanding of the very end of the novel “Tess of the D’Urbervilles” by Thomas Hardy?3. Analysis of the poems (about 30 points)Example 1Little Lamb I’ll tell thee,Little Lamb I’ll tell thee!He is called by thy name,For he called himself a Lamb;He is meek & he is mild,He became a little child;I a child & thou a lamb,We are called by his name.Little Lamb God bless thee.Little Lamb God bless thee.QuestionsWho is “he ” in the third line of this stanza? What is the dominant feeling in this stanza? What are you understanding of the last two lines?Example 2Oh stay Oh stay, three lies in one flea spare, , three lies in one flea spare,Where we almost, nay more than married are.The flea is you and I, and thisOur marriage bed and marriage temple is; Though parents grudge, and you, we are met,And cloistered in these living walls of jet.Though use make you apt to kill me,Let not do that, self-murder added be, And sacrilege, three sins in killing three.QuestionsWhat extraordinary metaphors (conceits) do you find in this stanza? Give an example and explain it. What is the central idea in this stanza?4. Paraphrasing (about 15 points)Example 1Certainly wife and children are a kind of discipline of humanity; and single men, they e many times more charitable, because their means are less exhaust, yet on the other side, they are more cruel and hard-hearted (good to make severe inquisitors), because their tenderness is not so oft called upon.Example 2Arise, fair sun, and kill the envious moon,Who is already sick and pale with griefThat thou her maid art far more fair than she.Be not her maid, since she is envious.Her vestal livery is but sick and green,And none but fools do wear it. Cast it off.Example 3Thus conscious does make coward of us all, And thus the native hue of resolutionIs sicklied o ’er with the pale cast of thought,And enterprises of great pitch and momentWith this regard their currents turn awryAnd lost the name of action.。
《英国文学于阅读与欣赏_英国文学》Unit 6 Restoration and 18thCentury 王朝复辟
Unit 6 Restoration and 18th CenturyI. Historical BackgroundPolitically:●After Bourgeois Revolution, the Tory and Whig joined hands against tyranny andrestoration of Catholicism, and welcomed to the throne Mary and her husband, William of Orange (Glorious Revolution/Bloodless Revolution) in 1688, thus ending autocratic monarchy君主独裁制, replacing it with a constitutional monarchy君主立宪制.●The power passed from the king gradually to the parliament and cabinetministers.●With it established the capitalist system once and for all in England.Stuart DynastyCharles II (1660-1685)James II (1685-1688)Mary II and William III (1688-1694, -1702)Anne (1702-1714))Hanoverian dynastyGeorge I (1714-1727)George II (1727-1760)George III (1760-1820)urban middle class, who worked hard, economized and accumulated great wealth and became the mainstay of the nation●continued to expand its colonies abroad in Asia, Africa and North America, whichled to social unrest in Scotland, Ireland, AmericaIdeologically:Under the influence of scientific discoveries (Newton) and flourishing of philosophies, French enlightenment started.Enlightenment:●an intellectual movement beginning in France and then spread throughout Europe ●the guiding principle or slogan is Ration/Reason, natural right and equality(American Independence War in 1776; French Revolution in 1789)●Ration became standard for measurement of everything● a continuation of Renaissance in belief in the possibility of human perfectionthrough educationSocially:The old aristocratic class was fast loosing its power politically and economicallyto the rising urban middle class or bourgeoisie who became the mainstay of the society (Age of Bourgeoisie). The Puritan spirit of wisdom, diligence, honesty, and thriftiness contributed greatly to the development of the country. They accumulated more wealth and money, and their social status was raised.Literarily:Inspired by the spirit of Enlightenment,●better education facilitated by developing economy, was available to more andmore people, esp. middle-class men and women, more schools and social clubs were established.●Ancient classic works and contemporary French works were models of writing(Age of Neoclassicism; Age of Pope)●New genres of literature appeared to satisfy middle-class readers:---Periodicals (Tatler and Spectator) to write interesting sketches and stories, to entertain and teach---Novels about middle class by common middle class for middle class’s education for middle class readersII. Literature:1.Neoclassicist poetry: 新古典主义a)Upheld the classic principles of ration, morality, balance, unity, order,propriety, decorum, etc.b)Led by Alexander Pope and Samuel Johnsonc)Mock epics, romance, literary criticism, satires2.Prose●Satire: Jonathan Swift’s “Proposal” and Gulliver’s Travels●Journalism/Periodicals: Steels and Addison’s literary journals●Realist novel: bourgeois in essence 写实/现实主义小说---subject matter,----readership,----didactic purpose,---form (prose, comic epic);---Samuel Richardson’s Pamela (epistolary)Defoe’s Robinson Crusoe,Henry Fielding’s Joseph Andrews (comic epic in prose);Tom Jones (picaresque)Smollett (sea novel), Sterne (sentimentality), Goldsmith, etc.●Gothic novel (from mid-century) 哥特式小说---against the rigid rationality principle---emphasize on the irrational and dark side of human nature: the imaginative, the supernatural, the discarded Medieval castle ---1st book: Horace Walpole’s The Castle of Otranto (1764)--- Ann Radcliffe the most successful:The mysteries of Udolpho (1794)---influenced the later generations: Coleridge, Dickens, Bronte sisters, etc.●Sentimentality literature伤感文学---started by Samuel Richardson’s Pamela and Clarissa---represented in novel form by Laurence Sterne---represented in poetry by “The Graveyard School”: Thomas Gray, Edward Young---emphasizing the emotion/heart instead of ration---gradually merged into Romanticism●Religious AllegoryJohn Bunyan’s Pilgrim’s Progress●BiographyJames Boswell’s Life of Samuel Johnson3.Drama●theatres moved from outskirts into the cities;●tragedies replaced by comedies as source materials and audience changed;target for satirizing the upper middle class people;●the best playwrights Sheridan (The School for Scandal, The Rivals)and Goldsmith (She Stoops to Conquer).III. Text StudyJonathan Swift (1667-1745)1. A master of prose:“proper words in proper places”simple, direct, precise prose style:---clear, simple and concrete diction 用词明了、简单、具体---uncomplicated sentence structure 简单句子结构---economy and conciseness of language 语言简约2. A master satirist:Satire: was to ridicule, censure and correct the vices, follies, stupidities and corruptions of the society. It answered well the purpose of the Enlightenment, which aimed at public education in moral, social as well as cultural life. --Pope and Swift, two masters of satire.Jonathan Swift:A Modest Proposala model satire--the most devastating protest against the inhuman exploitation and oppression of the Irish people by the English ruling class--the apparent eagerness, sincerity and detachment of the author adds to the bitter irony and biting sarcasmIt is by far the most consummate artistic expression of Swift’s indignation toward the terrible oppression and exploitation of the Irish people by the English ruling classes, especially of the poor Irish peasants by the rich English absentee landlords.Jonathan Swift:A Modest Proposal-- It reveals Swift’s consistent fight for the Irish people & the greatest and bitterest of his Irish tracts.--The full title reveals the bitter irony that runs through the whole piece.Though the ironical suggestion of offering one-year-old children of poor Irish parents on sale as food for the rich appears gruesome（可怕的）at first sight, it is necessary to remember that Swift’s bitterness came as a result of the fruitlessness of his many positive proposals for reform made earlier.--After ironically enumerating（列举）the many advantages of the proposal, Swift dwells upon the terrible miseries of the poor Irish people and upon the inhuman cruelties of the landlords.To remedy the problem of the poverty-stricken, oppressed and uneducated population of Catholics in Ireland, Swift’s projector calmly and rationally proposes that thousands of the children should be killed and eaten. This will help both the overpopulated poor, who can’t afford to care for their children anyway, and the rich, who will get a good meal out of the whole process.The projector uses The following reasons to advance his plan.First, eating the poor children will solve the problem of population among the papists, or the Catholics.Second, it will make the remaining papists richer, since they will have such valuable commodities to sell in exchange for rent，credit, etc.Third, it will help the economy since less money will have to be spent on the upbringing of so many poor children. This system, lastly, will produce a better cultural environment for Ireland as a whole, encouraging marriage and the charms of the tavern.Finally, the projector defends his intentions in offering such a proposal, explaining that he has no personal advantages which will be derived from his plan, since his children are all too old to kill and his wife is too old to have more children.--He makes references to the terrible practices of abortions and child-murder and the selling of boys and girls above twelve years of age, all on account of the dire poverty of the parents.--He describes the awful sight of mother-beggars followed by many children all in rags and of numerous ages, and of diseased or maimed poor people “every day dying, and rotting, by cold, and famine, an d filth, and vermin.”--Repeatedly speaking of the impossibility of the poor tenants to pay their landlords’ rent, Swift fiercely attacks “the oppression of landlords” who would seize the tenants’ corn and cattle upon their failure to pay rent and would l eave the poor peasants “withneither houses nor clothes to cover them from the inclemencies of the weather.”18th-century Literature (2)I. Study of Pope’s Essay on Man (p.89-90):Alexander Pope: great satirical poetAn Essay on Man--4 epistles（书信体诗文）, revealing the poet’s political views and philosophical inclinations.--Pope’s identification of God almost with nature, his belief in God as the creator of the universe，but his denial of any supernatural elements in the Christian religion, his emphasis on the study only of the human world, his insistence on rationalism, his practical morality by holding to the golden mean, and his general optimistic view of bourgeois progress and of possible concord between social harmony and self-love.Text studyTheme:the dialectical（辨证的）concept of human nature and life：Analysis of the divinity as well as limitation of human beings;emphasis of the common road, or balance between ration and passion.Poetic pattern: heroic couplet (first used by Chaucer, but perfected by Pope.)Text study: Extract 1L1. The appropriate subject in study of mankind is man. (philosophical research: Who am I?)L2. We are placed on the middle part of the universe linked by the Heaven and the Hell. (H and H are two destinations for human beings. Life is temporary and transitional.L3. Oxymoron矛盾修饰法：darkly: ignorant; rudely: uncultivated, uncivilized, savage; great: divine; (a combination of good and bad)L4. Skeptic side: school of philosophy in ancient Greece which challenged everything and doubted everything.With so much knowledge we tend to doubt. /The more you know, the more you want to know.L5. Stoic:斯多葛学派（禁欲主义者）With too much weakness, we are proud of ourselves for being ascetic.L6. Christianity: we should be passive. We should listen to God to arrange everything for us.Greek Mythology: we should enjoy our life and try to seek for our pleasure.L7 & 8 combination of divine qualities and beastly featuresL9. We are born only to die and we are arguing all the time, but we are makingmistakes all the time.L10. Human beings are as ignorant as they are reasonable. (on the one hand they are ignorant , on the other hand they are reasonable.)L12. Chaotic combination of reason and passion;L 13. Abused : make mistakes; disabused: correct mistakes (错上加错）L14. We can upgrade our life to God’s life or lower our life to a beastly life.L15. Bible: Adam is the master of the world.Greek Myths: Epimetheus gave all the good things to animals, for example, strength, swiftness and so on.Man is prey to everything/ is the most vulnerable in nature.L16. Bible:Adam is given the right to name all animals.Only human beings have ration, (animals live in instinct) but we can not control ourselves. (often make mistakes)L17. Joke: laughable, ridiculousGlory: ma n is the perfect creation of God’s.The dual aspects of human nature is analyzed.Extract 2L2. Self-love: passion; self-fulfillment;L 3. Pope corrects the Christian belief that passion is bad and reason is good.This :reason; that: self-love;L4. Ends: functions, purposes, goal;L5. Proper operation: appropriate functionL7. Self-love is the motivation of action which makes the inner desire act;L8. Reason’s comparing balance rules the body.L9 &10. Man, without passion, could attend no action./ is not in the mood of doing anything. Without reason, man is busy with no result or no purpose.L11. Peculiar: specific l12. Propagate: reproduceAn Essay on ManBy Alexander PopeKnow then thyself , presume not God to scan ;The proper study of mankind is Man.Placed on t his isthmus of a middle state ,A being darkly wise , and rudely great ;With too much knowledge for the skeptic side ,Wit h too much weakness for t he stoic’s pride ,He hangs between ; in doubt to act , or beast ;In doubt to deem himself a god , or beast ;In doubt his mind or body to prefer ;认识汝自己,勿妄论上帝;要研究人类,研究人自己。
英国文学复习总结
英国文学复习总结详解Part one:Early and medieval English literature1.Beowulf《贝奥武甫》------the national epic of the English people ,it is also the epic of the Anglo-Saxon.(P3)2.The name of the terrible monster------Grendel(格伦德尔)(P3)3.the most striking feature in its poetical form is the use of alliteration(头韵)，others are metaphor （暗喻）and understatement(保守陈述)(P5)4The Norman Conquest （诺曼征服）marks the establishment of feudalism in England. (P6)5.The romance(传奇文学)(P8)The most popular of literature in fedual England was the romance. It was a long composition, sometimes in verse, sometimes in prose, describing the life and adventures of a noble hero.The hero of the romance was the the knight, a man of noble birth, skilled in the use of weapons.It was written for the noble class(贵族的文学) Romances falls into three cycles :“matters of Britain”( adventures of King Arthur and his knights of the Round Table),“matters of France” (Emperor Charlemagne and his peers)“matters of Rome”. (Alexander the Great and so forth)6. William Langland威廉·朗兰------ Piers the Plowman《耕者皮尔斯》(P11)7.The ballads(民谣)(P17)The most important department of English folk literature is the ballad.It is a story told in song ,usually in 4-line stanzas[ˈstænzə],with the second and fourth lines rhymed.It was written for common people(平民文学). The subjects of ballads are various in kind,as the struggle of young loves against their feudal-minded families,the conflict between love and wealth ,the cruelty of envy,the criticism of the civil war,and the matters of class struggle. The most famous ballads are the ballads of Robin Hood.8. Geoffrey Chaucer’ Contributions<1>Father of English poetry in 14th century.Chaucer introduces from France the rhymed stanzas of various types instead of the old Anglo-Saxon alliterative verse,especially the rhymed couplet of 5 accents in iambic meter(the heroic couplet) to English poetry.(P26)<2>Chaucer is the first great poet who wrote in the English language. His production of so much excellent poetry is an important factor in establishing English as the literary language of the country.He did much in making the dialect of London the standard for the modern English speech.(P26)<3>the founder of English realism(P23)The Prologue(序言)suppies a miniature of the English society of C haucer’s time<4>. he forerunner of humanisim (P24 倒数第二行)9. Geoffrey Chaucer died in 1400 and was buried in Westminster Abbey（威斯敏斯特教堂）thus founding the “Poets’ Corner”..(P20)10.The Romaunt of the Rose(translated from Franch)《玫瑰传奇》Troilus and Criseyde(adapted from the Italian)《特洛勒斯和克莱西》10. Geoffrey Chaucer 杰弗里·乔叟------The Canterbury Tales《坎特伯雷故事集》The tales of the Knight,the Pardoner（卖赎罪券者），the Nun’s Priest (尼姑的牧师)，the Wife of Bath,together with the Prologue,are the best of the whole collection.(P24)（了解一下）Part two:The English renaissance1.historical background1.The Reformation(宗教改革)2. the Authorized Version(钦定版圣经)3. The Enclosure movement（圈地运动） 4 The commercial expansion（贸易扩张）5 The war with Spain（与西班牙战争）6Renaissance（文艺复兴）7 Humanism（人文主义）（P27-30）2.Thomas More托马斯·莫尔 Utopia《乌托邦》Utopia is More's masterpiece, written in the form of a conversation between More and a returned sailor.It is divided into two books.(P37)Book I of " Utopia" is a picture of contemporary social conditions of England.BookⅡwe have a picture of an ideal commonwealth (Utopia )in some unknown ocean.(P37)3. Thomas Wyatt(托马斯·韦阿特): He first introduced the sonnet into England from Italy.Surrey(萨里)，in his tranlation Virgil’s Aeneid《埃涅伊德》,wrote the first English blank verse(无韵诗)，later masrerly handled by Shakepeare and Milton.4 Philip Sidney(菲利普·锡德尼)Astrophel and Stella《爱星者与星星》Apology for Poetry《为诗辩护》5.WalterRaleigh(华尔特·罗利) Discovery of Guiaana《发现圭亚那》,Historty of the world6."the poets' poet" of the period was Edmund Spenser.T he Shepherd’s Calendar《牧羊人日记》，Epithalamion《新婚颂歌》，masterpiece The Faerie Queen 《仙后》7. The Faerie Queen《仙后》（P42）<1>Spenser’s grestest work,is a long poem planned in 12 books,he only finished 6.the work was dedicated to Queen Elizabeth.<2>each guest has a knight,each knight represents a virtue(美德),as Holiness（圣洁）,Temperance(温和)，Chastity(贞洁)，Friendship,Justice （正义）and Courtesy(谦恭).<3>The knight as a whole symbolize England,the evil figures stand for his enemies,as King Philip of Spain,Mary Queen of Scots(both Catholics) or church of Rome.<4>The thoughts of the poem are nationalism,humanism,puritanism<5>The Faerie Queen is written in a special verse form ,consisits of 8 iambic pentameter lines followed by a ninth line of six iambic feet (an alexandrine亚历山大诗行),with the rhyme scheme abab bcbc c , the form called "Spenserian Stanza"(斯宾塞诗节) （P43）8.John Lyly（约翰·黎里）------Euphues《优弗依斯》was written in a peculiar style known as "Euphuism"（优弗依斯体或绮丽体）(P44)9. Francis Bacon（弗朗西斯·培根）the founder of English materialist philosophy(唯物主义) and modern science（P45）<1>Advancement of Learning《学问的演进》<2> New Instrument《新工具》---a statement of what is called the Inductive Method (归纳法)<3>Eassy《随笔》These essays cover a wide variety of subjects, such as love, truth, friendship, parents and children, beauty, studies, riches, youth and age, garden, death and many others. （P46）Of study《论读书》10.The Miracle Play(奇迹剧)(P46)The miracle were simply plays based on Bible stoies,such as the creation of the world,Noah(诺亚)and the flood, and the birth co Christ.They were at first performed in the churches.But after the actors introduced secular(世俗)and even commercial elements into the performance,it was forbidden inside the church ,so it got into the market place.11.Morality play(道德剧)(P47)A morality presented the conflict of good and evil with allegorical persons,such as Mercy(怜悯)，Peace,Hate,Folly and so on.They contended for the possession of one’s soul.The morality was dreary performance with endless speech-making of those abstract characters.so into the plays Vice(恶习)who was the predecessor of the modern clown.12.The Interlude(插剧)13.The classical drama------comedy and tragedy14."University Wits"(大学才子) They were Lyly, Peele, Marlowe, Greene,Lodge and Nash). wrote for the stage of the time.15. Christopher Marlowe(克里斯托弗·马洛)t he most gifted of the "University Wits".（P50）Marlowe's best plays : Tamburlaine the Grea《帖木儿大帝》t, The Jew of Malta《马耳他的犹太人》and Doctor Faustus《浮士德博士》.（P51）The Tragical History of Doctor Faustus is Marlowe' s masterpiece.The doctor sold his soul to Devil so he may live 24 years in all voluptuousness.(P53)Marlowe's Literary Achievement（P55）<1>Marlowe was the greatest of the pioneers of English drama. He reformed the English drama and perfected the language and verse of dramatic works.<2>He first made blank verse(unrhymed iambic pentameter) the principal instrument of English drama.<3>Marlowe's dramatic achievement lies chiefly in his epical and at times lyrical verse.<4>His works paved the way for the plays of the greatest English dramatist –Shakespeare - whose achievements were the monument of the English Renaissance.16 Ben Jonson（本·琼森）--- V olpone, or the Fox, 《福尔蓬奈，或狐狸》The Alchemist.《炼金术士》，Every Man in His Humour《个性互异》，Bartholomew Fair《巴梭罗缪市集》（P94）William Shakespeare1. Shakespeare’s career may be divided into four major phrases which represent respectively his early, mature, flourishing, and late periods.（P60）详见课本2.His great ComediesA Midsummer Night's Dream《仲夏夜之梦》，The Merchant of Venice《威尼斯商人》，As You Like It《皆大欢喜》，Twelfth Night《第十二夜》are Shakespeare’s great comedies.3.The Character Analysis of Shylock 夏洛克人物形象分析He is greedy. He accumulates as much wealth as he can He is also cruel. In order to revenge, he would rather claim a pound of flesh from his enemy Antonio than get back his loan.他是贪婪的，竭尽全力敛财；他也是残忍的，为了复仇，宁愿割安东尼奥一磅肉用来偿还欠款。
英国文学章节复习(含名词解释).
Part One: Early and Medieval English LiteratureWhat’s epic?Epic is one of the ancient types of poetry and plays a very important role in early development of literature and civilization. An epic is a long narrative poem of great scale and grandiose style about the heroes who are usually warriors or even demigods. It deals with noble characters and heroic deeds.Basically, it is a story about hero, more significantly, it reflects national history.The significance of Beowulf:It sings of the exciting adventures of a great legendary hero whose physical strength demonstrates his high spiritual qualities, i.e. his resolution to serve his country and kind folk, his true courage, courteous conduct, and his love of honor. In the poem, Beowulf is strong, courageous, selfless, and ready to risk his life in order to rid his people evil monsters.Geoffrey Chaucer杰佛利•乔叟1340-1400长诗：The House of Fame声誉之堂;Troilus and Criseyde特罗勒斯与克丽西德小说：Canterbury Tales坎特伯雷故事集----英国文学史上现实主义第一部杰作（他是最早有人文主义思想的作家，现实主义文学的奠基人Father of English poetry & Founder of English realism）(Boccacio 薄伽丘The Decameron十日谈) The significance of The Canterbury Tales is as follows:1.It gives a comprehensive picture of Chaucer‟s time.2.The dramatic structure of the poem has been highly commended by critics.3.Chaucer‟s humour: Humour is a characteristic feature of the English literature.4.Chaucer‟s contribution to the English language.Heroic couplet英雄双行体Part Two: The English Renaissance (1550-1642)Renaissance is commonly applied to the movement or period in western civilization, which marks the transition from the medieval to the modern world. It first started in Florence and Venice.HumanismAccording to them it was against human nature to sacrifice the happiness of this life for an after life. They argued that man should be given full freedom to enrich their intellectual and emotional life.In religion, the H thinking was a relation against the narrow mindedness of the Catholic Church; they demanded the information of the church.In art and literature, instead of singing praise to God, they sang in praise of man and of the pursuit of happiness in this life. H shattered the shackles of spiritual bondage of man‟s mind by the Roman Catholic Church and opened his eyes to “a brave new world” in front of him.Edmund Spenser (1552?-1599) The Fearie Queene仙后Christopher Marlowe (1564-1593) They were predecessors to Shakespeare and were later called the University Wits（大学才子派）.Francis Bacon培根1561-1626 essayist 散文家(the chief figure in English Prose in the first half of the 17th century and his essays began the long tradition of the English essay in the history of English literature.) Advancement of Learning学术的进展;Novum Organum 新工具;New Atlantic新大西岛;Essays论文集（Of Studies 论学习;Of Wisdom for a Man‟s Self）Of Studies purpose:This essay is intended to tell people how to be efficient and make their way in public life.Language Appreciation:Parallel structure; succinct（简明的）expression; long complex sentences side by side with short simple ones; classical diction（发音）; good and clear logical reasoning, with examples and facts; objective impersonal, persuasive writing without “we”, “I”.William Shakespeare莎士比亚1564-1616“He was not of an age, but for all time.”The Tempest暴风雨The Two Gentlemen of Veronaz维罗纳二绅士The Mercy Wives of Windsor温莎的风流妇人Measure for Measure恶有恶报The Comedy of Errors错中错Much Ado about Nothing无事自扰Love‟s Labour‟s Lost空爱一场The Winter‟s Tale冬天的故事The Taming of the Shrew驯悍记All‟s Well That Ends Well如愿The Merchant of Venice威尼斯商人As You Like It皆大欢喜Twelfth Night第十二夜 A Midsummer Night‟s Dream仲夏夜之梦The Life and Death of King John/Richard the Second/Henry the Fifth/Richard the Third约翰王/理查二世/亨利五世/理查三世The First/Second Part of King Henry the Fourth亨利四世（上、下）;The First/Second/Third Part of King Henry the Sixth亨利六世（上、中、下）;The Life of King Henry the Eighth亨利八世；Troilus and Cressida脱爱勒斯与克莱西达The Tragedy of Coriolanus考利欧雷诺斯Titus Andronicus泰特斯•安庄尼克斯Romeo and Juliet罗密欧与朱丽叶Timon of Athens雅典的泰门The Life and Death of Julius Caesar 朱利阿斯•凯撒Hamlet哈姆雷特King Lear李尔王Othello奥塞罗Macbeth麦克白Antony and Cleopatra安东尼与克利欧佩特拉Cymbeline辛白林Pericles波里克利斯Venus and Adonis维诺斯•阿都尼斯Lucrece露克利斯The Sonnets十四行诗Shakespeare’s achievements:1.Shakespeare represented the trend of history in giving voice to the desiresand aspirations of the people.2.Shakespeare‟s humanism3.Shakespeare‟s characterization4.Shakespeare‟s originality5.Shakespeare as a great poet6.Shakespeare as master of the English languageHamlet as a Character(Hamlet‟s theme is revenge interrelated with theme of faithlessness, love and ambition.)Soliloquy（自言自语，独白）is a dramatic speech delivered by on character speaking aloud while under the impression of being alone. The soliloquist thus reveals his or her inner thoughts and feelings to the audience, either direct address. It is also known as interior monologue.“To be, or not to be.” The speech conveys a sense of world weariness as well as the author‟s.SonnetA sonnet is a short song in the original meaning of the word. Later it became a poem of 14 lines, usually in iambic（长短格，抑扬格，抑扬格诗）pentameter（五步格诗）with various rhyming schemes.Conceit(高傲，骄傲自大)Conceit originally means “concept” or “idea” and later came to mean “fanciful idea”.A conceit is a metaphor or simile that is mad elaborate (far-fetched), often extravagant （奢侈的，夸张的）. The difference between a conceit and a metaphor or simile is largely to degree. A metaphor or simile appeals mainly to the reader‟s 5 senses and is easier to understand; a conceit may strike the reader as weird.Founder of the Metaphysical school——John Donne; features of the school: philosophical poems, complex rhythms and strange images; the most famous preacher of his time. (In the first stage he was Donne the courtier, the lover, and the soldier. In the second stage he was Dr. John Donne, Dean of St. Paul‟s Cathedral.)John Milton约翰•弥尔顿1608-1674 (He was the man of revolution enthusiasm. The military leader of the revolution, John Milton was the man of thought, and with his pen he defended the revolutionary cause.) L…Allegro欢乐的人;Il Penseroso沉思的人;Comus科马斯;Lycidas列西达斯;Areopagitica论出版自由;Pro Populo Anglicano Defense为英国人民声辩; Pro Populo Anglicano Defense Secunda再为英国人民声辩; Paradise Lost失乐园; Paradise Regained复乐园; Samson Agonistes力士参孙.The blank verse 素体无韵诗, i.e., the unrhymed lines of iambic pentameter, is used throughout the epic and is characterized by its employment of long and involved sentences, which run on many lines with a variety of pauses, and achieving sometimes an oratorical and sometimes an elaborately logical effect.John Bunyan班扬1628-1688The Pilgrim‟s Progress天路历程(Vanity Fair名利场);The Life and Death of Mr Badman培德曼先生的一生Part Four: The Eighteenth Century and Neo-classicism (1688-1798)What is Neo-classicism新古典主义?Neo-classicism was a reaction against the intricacy and occasional obscurity, boldness and the extravagance of European literature of the late Renaissance, as seen for instance, in the works of the metaphysical. In favor of simplicity, charity restraint regularity and good sense.The characteristics of neo-classicism can be summed up as follows:1.People emphasized reason rather than emotion, form rather than content.2.As reason was stressed, most of the writings of the age were didactic（迂腐的）and satirical.As elegance, correctness, appropriateness and restraint were preferred;the poet found closed couplet the only possible verse form for serious work.4. It is almost exclusively a “town” poetry, catering to the interests of the“society” in great cities.5.It is entirely wanting in all those elements that are related with the “romantic”.Daniel Defoe丹尼尔•笛福1660-1731 （标志着近代英国小说的形成）Hymn to the Pillory枷刑颂;Robinson Crusoe鲁宾孙飘流记;Captain Singleton辛格顿船长;Moll Flanders大疫年日记Jonathan Swift斯威夫特1667-1745 The Battle of Books书的战争;A Tale of A Tub一个木桶的故事;The Drapier‟s Letters布商的书信;A Modest Proposal一个温和的建议;Guilliver‟s Travels格列佛游记(A V oyage Lilliput/Brobdingnag/Laputa,Balnibarbi, Luggnagg, Glubbdubdriba and Japan/The Country of the Houyhnhnms小人国/大人国/拉普他等地/智马国游记)The rise and growth of the realistic novel (Bourgeois in essence) is the most prominent achievement of 18th century English literature. Gothic Novel 哥特式小说（早期恐怖小说）Alexander Pope蒲柏1688-1744 Pastorals田园诗集;An Essay on Criticism批评论;Windsor Forest温莎林;The Rape of the Lock卷发遇劫记;The Duncial愚人志;Moral Essays道德论;An Essay on Man人论;Epistle to Dr Arbuthnot与阿布斯诺博士书Samuel Johnson塞缪尔•约翰逊1709-1784 A Dictionary of the Engligh Language 英语语言辞典;Lives of Poets诗人传;Vanity of Human Wishes人类欲望的虚幻;Rasselas拉塞勒斯名文：Letter to Lord Chesterfield给吉士菲尔伯爵的信Henry Fielding亨利•菲尔丁1707-1754 （英国现实主义小说的奠基者）剧本：The Coffeehouse Politician咖啡屋政客国;The Historical Register for the Year历史记事长篇小说：The History of the Adventures of Joseph Andrews,and of His Friend Mr Abraham Adams约瑟•安德鲁传;The Life of Mr Jonathan Wild the Great大伟人江奈生•魏尔德传;The History of Tom Jones,a Foundling汤姆•琼斯;Amelia阿美利亚Sentimentalism感伤主义A trend of thought begins at the second half of 18th century during the age of Enlightenment in England. It gains its name from an English author Ste rne‟s “A Sentimental Journey”. It carefully depicts persons‟ sympathy, reflecting the disdain towards the actual world and deep sympathy to the ordinary people. The authors usually like to use death, dark, loneliness, etc. as their subject. Their works are always melancholy, obscure, and full of pessimistic. The representative was Thomas Gray. Graveyard Poetry:A poet school, derived from English Sentimentalism, which began in the middle of 18th century.Thomas Gray 1716-1771 classical scholar Elegy Written In a Country Churchyard墓园挽歌：歌颂的对象不仅仅为死者The Epitaph墓志铭Pre- Romantic Poets:Robert Burns彭斯1759-1796 (A celebrated Scottish poet, the national poet of Scotland, the greatest song writer in the world. His famous song: Auld Lang Syne whose English name“old long since”.)Poems Chiefly in the Scottish Dialect苏格兰方言诗集名诗：The Tree of Liberty自由村;Scots Wha-Hae苏格兰人;The Two Dogs两只狗;Holy Willie‟s Prayer威利长老的祈祷;My Heart‟s in the Highlands我的心呀在高原;A Red,Red Rose一朵红红的玫瑰;John Anderson约翰•安德生,My Jo;A Man‟s A Man for A‟That不管身在何处都须保持尊严;Robert Bruce‟s March to BannockburnWilliam Blake布莱克1757-1827 Poetical Sketches素描诗集;Songs of Innocence 天真之歌;Songs of Experience经验之歌The French;America; Milton; Jerusalem名诗：London; The TigerPart Five: The Age of Romanticism (1798-1832)Romantic Movement: From the publication of Lyrical Ballads by Wordsworth and Coleridge in 1798 to the death of Sir Walter Scott in 1832.The essence of this new movement is:1.the glorification of instinct（本能）and emotion;2. a deep veneration（对自然的无限崇拜）of nature;3. a flaming zeal to remake the world（改变世界的一种热情）.Characteristic features of the Romantic Movement:1.Subjectivism（主观性）: Instead of regarding poetry as “a mirror to nature”, romantic poets describe poetry as “the spontaneous overflow of powerful feelings”. The interest of the romantic poets is in the feelings, thoughts, and experiences of the poets themselves. In short, romanticism is related to subjectivism. The poetry of the Romantic Age in England is distinctive for its high degree of imagination.2.Spontaneity（自然流露）3.Singularity（独创性）4.Worship of nature（把自然看得神圣）: The romantic poets are worshippers of nature, especially the sublime（伟大的，令人赞叹的）aspect of a natural scene.5.Simplicity（简约）6.There is a dominating note of melancholy（忧郁，悲伤）in the poems of theromantic poets.emotions.It should be known that the term “romanticism” was not known to the poets themselves in their lifetime. It was a term applied to them half a century later by literary historians. Contemporary critics treated them as independent individuals or grouped them into separate schools.Poetry: The Age of (Romantic) PoetryLake Poets :( William Wordsworth, Samuel Taylor Coleridge and Robert Southey were known as “Lake Poets” because they lived in the Lake District in the Northwestern England, and knew one another in the last few years of 18th century.) William Wordsworth威廉•华兹华斯1770-1850An Evening Walk黄昏漫步Lyrical Ballads抒情歌谣集（与柯勒律治合编）;Lucy Poems露西组诗(She Dwett Among the Untrodden Ways; To the Cuckoo杜鹃颂; I Wandered Lonely as a Cloud 我如一朵孤独的云(The theme: Through describing a scene of joyful daffodils 黄水仙花. In the poem, he sings of the harmony between things in nature and the harmony between nature and the poet himself.);The Solitary Reaper孤寂的刈麦人) Ode on Intimations of Immorality不朽颂; Ode to Duty义务颂;The Excursion远足; The Prelude序曲What is poetry?Poetry is the spontaneous overflow of powerful feelings, which originates in emotion recollected in tranquility（安静）.(He is a man speaking to men.)What is nature?His love for nature is boundless（无限的）. To him nature means more than rivers, trees, rocks, mountains, lakes, and so on. Nature has a moral value and has its philosophical significance. Nature is for him the embodiment of the Divine Spirit（圣灵代表）. He believes that God and universe are identical, that God is everything and everything is God. To Wordsworth nature is the greatest of all teachers, and those who are uncorrupted by urban society, especially those simple rustic（有农村或农民特色的，粗野的）people, can communicate directly with nature which gives them power, peace, and happiness.Samuel Taylor Coleridge柯勒律治1772-1834 Lyrical Ballads; The Fall of the Bastille巴士底狱的毁灭;The Rime of the Ancient Mariner古舟子咏; Kubla Khan忽必烈汗;Biographia Literaria文学传记Satanic Poets :( These poets were romantic, rebellious and revolutionary.)George Gordon Byron乔治•拜伦1788-1824 Hours of Idleness闲暇时光; English Bords and Scottish Reviewers英国诗人与苏格兰评论家;Childe Harold‟s Pilgrimage, Cantos I and II,Canto III 1818恰罗德•哈罗德游记; Ode to the Framers of the Frame-bill编织机法案编制者颂;Oriental Tales东方叙事诗(The Bride of Abydos阿比道斯的新娘;The Corsa海盗;The Siege of Corinth柯林斯之围);Manfred曼弗雷德;The Age of Bronze青铜世纪;Don Juan唐•璜名诗：She Walks in Beauty; The Isles of Greece“I awoke one morning and found myself famous.”Feature: the heroes rebellious in character, defying conventional morality and even fate, but moody and sometimes misanthropic（令人憎恶的）. Byronic hero拜伦式英雄Percy Bysshe Shelley波西•比希•雪莱1792-1822Queen Mab麦布女王; Prometheus Unbound解放了的普罗米修斯;Adonais阿东尼斯;The Cenci钦契;Song to the Men of England致英国人民; England in 1819;The Masque of Anarchy专制魔王的化装游行;Ode to the West Wind西风颂(If Winter comes, can Spring be far behind?乐观)；Ode to a Skylark云雀颂; A Defence of Poetry诗辩John Keats约翰•济兹1795-1821Endymion恩底弥翁; Isabella伊莎贝拉;The Eve of Sanit Agnes圣爱尼节前夜;Ode on a Grecian Urn希腊古瓮颂;Ode to a Nightingale夜莺颂;To Autumn秋颂;Hyperion赫披里昂（未完成）NovelJane Austin简•奥斯丁1775-1817 Pride and Prejudice傲慢与偏见;Sense and Sensibility理智与情感;Emma爱玛;Mansfield Park曼斯菲尔德公园;Persuasion好事多磨;Northanger Abbey诺桑觉寺New poetic featuresnguage: simple everyday life speech, common vocabulary, accent dialect2.form: lyric, narrative, sonnet, ode, ballad3.subject: nature, beauty (the rural/pastoral, the past/historical, the alien/exotic, original, the supernatural/ mysterious-dreams or dreamlike, the personal, the common/low class, the revolutionary/justic主要体现于撒旦派, the patriotic)4. purpose: emotional, confessional and visionary/ prophetic5.principles: imaginationCharles Lamb查尔斯•兰姆1775-1834 Tales from Shakespeare莎士比亚故事集;Alburn Verses诗集;Essay of Elia伊利亚散文集(Dream Children梦中儿女;A Dissertation unpon Roast Pig烤猪论;Old China古瓷;New Year‟s Eve除夕;The Praise of Chimney Sweepers扫烟囱童工赞;The Superannuated Man领取养老金的人;A Bachelor‟s Complaint of the Behavior of Married People单身汉对结过婚的人的行为的抱怨)Walter Scott瓦尔特•司各特1771-1832 (founder and great master of the historical novel; his death marks the ending of Romantic Period in English literature)诗：The Minstrlsy of the Scottish Border苏格兰边区歌谣集;Marimion玛里恩;The Lady of the Lake湖上夫人小说：Waverley威弗利;Guy Mannering盖•曼纳令;Rob Roy罗布罗伊;The Heart of Midlothian米德洛西恩监狱;Ivanhoe艾凡赫;Kenilworth坎尼尔华斯;Woodstock皇家猎馆;Queentin Durward昆廷•达沃Part Six: English Critical Realism--Victorian Age (1832-1901)The Origin of Species(1859)，science came to the forefront in the debate against the church. The influence of Darwin was great, as his discovery conflicted with the Bible and was applied in social science.The golden age of novel (97%people able to read by 1900) Reasons:1.The growth of urban population resulted in the appearance of a new readingpublic.2.With the development of the method of printing and paper making, the price of books dropped, and besides regular books, there were serial publications3.Writing had become a profession.4.The ascendancy of the industrial capitalists.Victorian novels are characterized by the common features below:1.The plot is unfolded against a social background which is broader than what it had been in previous novels.（以现实社会为依据）2. The cause-effect（因果）sequence is much more striking than in previous novels.3. Most of the Victorian novels were first published in serial form, that is, by installment（连载）, before they were fully published in a single book.4. The Victorian novels were tainted by the spirit of Puritanism（清教主义的印记，从不允许谈及sex）of the Victorian age.5. The Victorian novels were characterized by their moral purpose（道德教育）. Critical Realism批判现实主义Critical realist novel reveal the social reality and criticize the injustice, poverty and religious hypocrisy.Charles Dickens狄更斯1812-1870 The Posthumous Papers of the Pickwick Club 匹克威克外传;Oliver Twist雾都孤儿;American Notes美国札记;Martin ChuzzlewitShop老古玩店;Dombey and Son董贝父子;David Copperfield大卫•科波菲尔;Hard Times艰难时世;A Tale of Two Cities双城记;Great Expectation远大前程William Makepeace Thackery萨克雷1811-1863 The Book of Snobs势利者集;Vanity Fair名利场;History of Pendennis潘丹尼斯的历史;The History of Henry;The Newcomes纽可谟一家;The Virginians弗吉尼亚人Robert Browning 勃朗宁1812-1889 （写作手段：dramatic monologue）Paracelsus巴拉塞尔士;Strafford斯特拉福;Pippa Passes比芭走过;Dramatic Lyrics戏剧抒情诗;Dramatic Romances and Lyrics戏剧传奇与抒情诗(Home Thoughts;From Abroad;Prospice向前看);Dramatic Personae登场人物;Men and Women男男女女Charlote/Emily/Anne Bronte夏洛蒂/爱米丽/安妮•勃郎特1816-1855 (“The novel of the 19th century was female”, how the Bronte sisters became writers is a mystery to western scholars.) Jane Eyre简爱;Shirley雪丽/Wuthering Height呼啸山庄/Agones Grey艾格尼斯•格雷Part Seven: Prose-writers and poets of the mid and later 19th centuryThomas Carlyle卡莱尔1795-1881 Sartor Resartus衣裳哲学/旧衣新裁;The Life of Schiller席勒传;The French Revolution;Heroes and Hero-worship论英雄与英雄崇拜George Eliot爱略特1819-1880 Adam Bede亚当•贝德;The Mill on the Floss弗洛斯河上的磨坊；Silas Marner织工马南;Middlemarch米德尔马契;Felix Holt,the RadicalThomas Hardy哈代1840-1928(Novel of character and environment自然主义小说)Under the Greenwood Tree绿茵下; Far from the Madding Crowd远离尘嚣;The Return of the Native还乡;The Mayor of Casterbridge卡斯特桥市长;Tess of the D‟urbervilles德伯家的苔丝;Jude the Obscure无名的裘德诗集：Wessex Poems 威塞克斯诗集史诗剧：The Dynasts统治者三部曲Aestheticism唯美主义(1.Beauty is the purpose of art. 2.Art is independent of reality of life. 3.Art is above life. 4.Art is objective creation of subjective world.)Oscar Wilde王尔德1856-1900 (who believed in “art for art sake”)长篇小说：The Picture of Dorian Gray道丁的画像童话：The Happy Prince and Other Tales快乐王子诗集：De Prafundis惨痛的呼声;The Ballad of Reading Gaol累丁狱之歌剧作：Lady Windermere‟s Fan温德米尔夫人的扇子;A Woman of No Importance一个无足轻重的妇女;An Ideal Husband理想丈夫; The Importance of Being Earnest埃耐斯特的重要性Drama: George Bernard Shaw萧伯纳1856-1950长篇小说：An Unsocial Socialist业余社会主义者评论：Quintessence of Ibsenism 剧本：Widoer‟s Houses鳏夫的房产;Mrs Warren‟s Profession华伦夫人的职业The Devil‟s Disciple魔鬼的门徒;Man and Superman人与超人;John Bull‟s Other Island英国佬的另一个岛;Major Barbara巴巴拉少校; Pygmalion劈克美梁;Heartbreak House伤心之家;The Apple Cart苹果车;Too True to be Good真相毕露Naturalist自然主义：深刻揭示社会的不公平现象。
（完整word版）英国文学选读复习资料
（完整word版）英国文学选读复习资料Part I The Middle AgeChapter 1 the Anglo-Saxon period (449-1066)1. Beowulf（贝奥武甫）: England’s national epic.（第一部民族史诗）2. artistic feature: ① using alliteration② using metaphor and understatementChapter 3 Geoffrey Chaucer (ca1343-1400)1.Geoffrey Chaucer is the father of English poetry and one of the most greatest narrative（叙事）poets of England.2.首创双韵体. tonico-syllabic verse. 运用London dialect.3. writing style: wisdom, humor, humanity.4.代表作：The Canterbury Tales-----In this book, Chaucer created a strikingly brilliant and picturesque panorama of his time and his country. In this poem Chaucer’s realism, trenchant irony and freedom of views reached such a high level of power that it had no equal in all the English literature up to the 16th century. But Chaucer was not entirely devoid of medieval prejudices. [乔叟为他那个时代和国家勾勒出一幅生机勃勃而又充满诗情画意的社会百态图。
新编英国文学选读复习资料
新编英国⽂学选读复习资料En glish Lite ra ture a nd the Se le cte d Re adingsDevelopmentof EnglishLiterature1.EarlyandMedievalEnglishliterature(-1485)2.TheEnglishRenaissance(1550-1642?)3.The17thCentury–ThePeriodofRevolutionandRestoration 4 . The 1 8thCentury–T h e AgeofEnlightenm ent5.TheRomanticPeriod(1798-1832)6.TheVictorianAge(1832-1901)7.Th e20t hCen t uryLit erat ure–Mod ern is man dPo st-Mod ern ismChapter1EarlyandMedievalEnglishliterature⼀．Epic （史诗）Apoemthatcelebrateintheformofacontinuousnarrativetheachievementsofone ormoreheroicpersonagesof historyortradition. AmongthegreatepicsoftheworldmaybementionedtheIliad,OdysseyandAeneidof classical.Be owulf1.HistoricalBackground1)) Thre e Invasions:A.The Rom a n Conq u e st ( 5 5B. C - 4 10 A.D)B.The English Conqu e s t ( The Anglo-Sa xon Period)C.TheNormanConquest(TheAnglo-NormanPeriod)2)) Tw o Wars:A.TheHundredYearsWar(1337-1453)B.TheWarof theRose(1455-1485)a.Anglo-SaxonPoetry: Pagan(异教的）&ChristianBeowulf /worksofCaedmonandCynewulf.b.Anglo-NormanPoetry:Romancec.Poe try in Age of Cha u cer：d..PopularBallads:BalladsofRobinHood2.评价1）Beowulfisanationalepic（史诗）ofEnglishpeople.2）ItistherepresentativeworkoftheearlyEnglishliteraturewith3000lines.3）Itswriterisunknown.4）BeowulfisafolklegendbroughttoEnglandbytheAngloSaxonfromtheirprimitiveNorthernEurope.5）Beowulfwaspasseddownfrommouthtomouth. 6）Beowulfwaswrittendowninthe10th century.3.Charactersinthestory:Beowulf:anephewofkingofGents,apeopleinDenmark.Hrothgar:kinGre nde l: a m onster.She-monster(⼥妖怪):Grende l’s mother.Dra go n:a fire dra gon, a m onster.4.OutlineofTheSongofBeowulfTe u tonic(⽇⽿曼的） h e ro Be ow u lf, the ne phe w of the king of the Ge a t la nd, he lpe d Hrothga r kill them onste r ha lf-hu m a n ,Gre nd e l a s w e ll a s his viciou s m oth e r. W ith his he roic de e ds, he w a s m a de the kingofScyldings(Sweden)for50years. Theninordertogainmoretreasurefor hispeople,he foughthardwitha fieryfiredrakeandwasdeadlywounded,eventuallydied.Hislastwillwastoaskhispeopletobuildhistombintoabeaconfortheseafarerswhosailedalongt hecoast. 5.ThewritingfeaturesofBeowulf?1）Themostimportantisinalliterative(头韵的)verseandinartisticform.Eg：Thus made their mourning the men ofGeatland,Fo rtheirh ero’sp assin g,h ish earth-comp an io n s2）Anotheristhefrequentuseofmetaphorsandunderstatements(低调陈述)forironicalhumor.ring-giver:kinghearth-companions:attendantwarriors whale’s r oad:sea-wood:nottroublesome:verywell⼆Romance（传奇）1．介绍1）Theliteraturefortheupper class2）Alongcompositioninverseorprose,about knights—adventures3）Subjectmatters:about thematterofBritain,thematerofFrance,thematterofRome4）content:lovechivalryandreligion5）骑⼠精神：loyalty,bravely.honesty2 .代表作1 ） King Arthur a nd His Knights of the Round Ta ble :the most importa nt roma nce of the pe riod2）Sir GawainandtheGreenKnight:Thebest Arthurian romance,anonymous,inalliterativeverseItscharacters:KingArthur, SirGawain,theGreenKnight三Ballad（民谣）1.Aballadisastorytoldinsong,usuallyin4-linestanzas,withthe2ndand4thrhymed.2.TheSubjectsofEnglishBallads1)struggleofyounglovers2)theconflictbetweenloveandwealth3)thecrueltyofjealousy4 ) the criticism of th e civil war5)themattersofclassstruggle3.代表作Robinhoodballads四．Ge offre y Cha ucer1.评价1）ThefirstgreatEnglishpoet2）ThefatherofEnglishpoetry2.Chauce r’s threeliterary periods:1 ）Th e first or th e Fre nch period:TheRomauntoftheRose《玫瑰传奇》atranslation,popularinMiddleagesTheBookoftheDuchess《悼公爵夫⼈》 , thebest w orkofthe t im e Chauce r’s literarycare er 2）ThesecondortheItalianperiod: TroilusandCriseyde《特罗伊拉斯和克莱西德》apoemofalovestory3）ThethirdortheEnglishperiod,hisbestperiod:TheCanterburyTales《坎特伯雷故事集》,ismasterpieceandarepresentativeworksof theMiddleAges.The Ca nte rbury Ta les1.OutlineIt op e ns w ith a ge ne ra l prologu e w he re w e a re told of a com pa ny of pilgrim s , 3 2 one s th a t ga the re d atTa b a rd Inn in Sou th w a rk, a su bu rb of Londo n. The y a re on the ir w a y to the shrine of St. Thom a s Be cke tatCanterbury.Theysetouttogetherwiththejollyinnkeeper,HarryBaily,whoproposedthateachpilgrimshouldtelltwotalesonthewayto Canterburyandtwomoreonthewayback.But,totallyonly24talesarefinished.The pilgrim s a re from va riou s pa rts of Engla nd, re pre se n ta t ive s of a ll w a lks of life a nd socia l grou ps,knights,monks,widowsandpriestetc.Hisworkshowedastrikinglybrilliantandpicturesquepanoramaofhistimeandhiscountry.2.Ch aucer’slan g uag e:1)Hislanguageisfullofhumorandsatire.2)Hislanguageisvivid,exactandsmooth,amasterofword-pictures.3) He is the first to u se h e roic co uple t w hich he introduce d from Fra nce.4)He is the first gre a t poe t w ho w rote in the English la ngu a g e , m a king the dia le ct of London the sta n d a rdforthemodernEnglishspeech.Ps:1.Wh atist h e?heroicco uplet??Th e h e roic cou ple t is a ve rse form in e pic poe try, w ith lin e s of te n sylla ble s a nd five stre sse s , in rhymingpairs.(英雄诗体：⽤于史诗或叙事诗，每⾏⼗个⾳节，五个⾳部，每两⾏押韵。
英国文学复习(1)
The Middle Ages (中中中中中An age from the fall of the Western Roman Empire in the 5th century to the spread of the Renaissance around Europe in the 15th century, so called because it is a transitional period between ancient times and modern times. The Middle Ages’ civilization was founded on cultural heritages of ancient Greece and Rome; traditions of Christianity; Germanic and Scandinavian social modes. And it paved the way for what we call the present-day European culture. But in the late Middle Ages, Christianity took the lead in politics, law, art, and learning for hundred years, and shaped people’s lives. Divinity was stressed than humanity, God became the only authority and Bible served the only book. In this way got peopleblind and stupid. That’s why Carl Marx called it the darkest age.Epic（史诗）:a long narrative poem telling about the deeds of a great hero and reflecting the value of the society. Many epics were drawn from an oral tradition and were transmitted by song and recitation before they were written down. The two most English epics are the Anglo-Saxon Beowulf and John Milton's Paradise Lost. Two of the most famous epics of western civilization are Homer's Illiad and Odyssey.Heroic Couplet（英雄双行体/英雄双韵体/英雄偶句）:a pair of rhyming iambic pentameter lines with a measure of poetry consisting of one weak / short beat and one strong / long beat, invented by Geoffrey Chaucer and perfected by Alexander Pope in Neoclassic Age.Romance（骑士传奇/罗曼司):绝对a type of literature which was popular in the Middle Ages, a tale in verse or in prose, embodying the life and adventures of Knights, involving a large amount of fighting as well as a number of miscellaneous adventures and romantic love, reflecting the spirit of chivalry, i.e., the quality and ideal of Knightly Conduct: Loyalty to the church and the king, brave in fighting, gallant to ladies. Among the cycles of Arthurian romances / the Arthurian Legend, Sir Gawain and the Green Knight was the best in verse.The Renaissance（文艺复兴）:a great cultural and intellectual movement against feudalism and hierarchy which began in the 14th century in Italy and then swept the whole Europe, a movement with one key note---humanism and two striking features---the revival of classic culture of ancient Greece and Rome; the reform in church which stressed humanity instead of divinity.（强调人性而不是神性）Sonnet（十四行诗，商籁诗）: 绝对a poem consisting of 14 lines usually in iambic pentameter with various rhyme schemes,including Petrachan Sonnet / Italian Sonnet consisting an octave (八行诗) in which the theme and a problem is put forward with a rhyming scheme abba, abba, and a sestet (六行诗) with an answer to the theme rhymed cde, cde; Shakespearean Sonnet / English Sonnet consisting of three quatrains (四行诗): with a rhyming scheme abab, cdcd, efef, and a couplet (双行诗) rhyming gg, with a surprise conclusion or a shift of idea; in English literature, Shakespeare is the best sonnet poet.Comedy（喜剧）:a general term for a literary work that ends happily with a healthy amicable armistice or ceasefire between the protagonist and society. Unlike tragedy, the comic protagonist may be a person of ordinary character and ability, and need not achieve the heroic stature of the protagonist in a tragedy. Comedies are often concerned, at least in part with exposing human folly, and frequently depict the overthrow of rigid social fashions and customs. Wit, humor and a sense of festivity are found in many comedies.Tragedy（悲剧）:a general term for a literary work in which the protagonist meets an unhappy or disastrous end. Unlike comedy, tragedy depicts the actions of a central character who is usually dignified or heroic. Through a series of events, the main character or tragic hero fell down. The causes of a tragic hero’s downfall vary. In traditional dramas, the cause can be hate, a flaw in character, or an error in judgment. In modern dramas, where the tragic hero is often an ordinary individual, the causes range from moral or psychological weakness to the evils of society. Hamlet is the greatest tragedy in English literature.Neoclassicism（新古典主义）:In the field of literature, the Enlightenment Movement brought about a revival of interest in the old classical works. The tendency is known as neoclassicism. According to the neoclassicists, all forms of literature were to be molded after the classic works of the ancient Greek and Roman writers (Homer, Virgil, and so on) and those of the contemporary French ones. They believed that the artistic ideals should be judged in terms of its service to humanity. This belief led them to seek proportion, unity, harmony and grace in literary expressions, in an effort to delight, instruct and correct human beings, primarily as social animals. Thus, a polite, urbane, witty, and intellectual art developed to be order, logic, restraint.Romanticism（浪漫主义）:a movement or tendency in literature, philosophy, music and art in Western Europe during most of the 19th century, beginning as a revolt against classicism. It is associated with vitality, powerful emotion, limitless and dreamlike ideas. By contrast, classicism is associated with order, common sense and controlled reason. In English Literature, the romantic movement was called “liberalism in literature”, defined as “the literary form of the Revolution”, in fact, the romantic movement itself is a poetic revolution.Tragicomedy（悲喜剧）: 翻译a play in which there is a mixture of tragic and comic scenes. Usually it is a play with a humanconflict and hopeful ending.Soliloquy / Dramatic Monologue（戏剧独白）A device used by playwrights to reveal the character’s inner heart working, especially his/her mental conflicts, which serves the following functions: (1) developing the plot; (2) displaying the character’s contradictory state of mind; (3) exposing some background information. The best known of all the soliloquies is Hamlet’s speech which starts with “ to be or not to be”.alliteration: 头韵alliterative verse 头韵体ballad: 歌谣,民谣gleemen : 吟游诗人conflict: 冲突，矛盾literary tension: 文学张力dramatic situation: 戏剧情节，戏剧化open couplet 开放式偶句closed couplet 闭合式偶句stage direction 旁白，舞台说明hymn/anthem: 赞美诗choir：唱诗班Humanism 人文主义bourgeoisie 资产阶级（布尔乔亚）blank verse 素体诗，白体诗，无韵体the Spencerian stanza 斯宾塞诗节，九行诗sonnet十四行诗，商籁诗Heroic Couplet英雄双行体/英雄双韵体/英雄偶句comedy 喜剧tragedy 悲剧allegory寓言octave 八行诗sestet 六行诗quatrains 四行诗Iambic Pentameter 五步抑扬格Act 幕Scene 场Romance 罗曼司Lake poets 湖畔派诗人epic 史诗elegy 哀歌，挽歌，悼亡诗Byronic hero拜伦似的角色，人物The Old English Period—Summary:There are two subdivisions of English Literature in the Middle Ages: (1) Old English literature / Anglo-Saxon Literature (450-1066); (2) Middle English Literature (1066-1485).There were two highlights in the development of Anglo-Saxon Literature.The first was the Northumbrian School (the kingdom of Northumbria), represented by Caedmon (the first Anglo-Saxon poet, an important religious poet whose masterpiece is Paraphrase (《演绎曲》) and The Venerable Bede (673-735) (a monk-the first scholar in English literature, who was honored as “the Father of English History”for his representative work: The Ecclesiastical History of the English People (《英国民族宗教史》).The second highlight was the Wessex Literature, represented by the Great Alfred: King of Wessex, who made the following contributions to English Literature: (a). King Alfred himself was said to have translated some Latin books into West Saxondialect; (b). Alfred was responsible for the launching of The Anglo-Saxon Chronicles: the best monument of the old English prose; (c). Alfred created a style of Anglo-Saxon prose. Besides the above two highlights, Anglo-Saxon poetry is worth our attention. About 30,000 lines of Anglo-Saxon poetry have survived. There are a long epic poem Beowulf, a number of religious poems and heroic poems, and some elegies. In that period, poetry as the earliest literary form was passed down from tongue and recorded by monks who were mainly gleemen (吟游诗人).The Renaissance Literature has the main traits as follows:(1) It emphasizes the dignity of man, affirms and eulogizes humanity;(2) It advocates the full expression of individualism and the fulfillment of one’s abilities, against the despotic rule of feudalism;(3) It affirms the earthly achievement, as well as man’s desire for happiness and pleasure;(4) It has the Renaissance melancholy, the puzzling doubts and a profound mistrust of man’s own powers.The Neoclassic literature has the following traits:(1) Writers stressed reason rather than emotion, form rather than content.(2) Most of the writing were didactic and satirical.(3) Closed couplet was the only possible verse form for serious work in order to achieve elegance, correctness, appropriateness and restraint.(4) It is almost exclusively a "town" poetry, catering to the interests of the society in great cities.(5) It is entirely wanting in all those elements that are related with the "romantic".(6) It is unsympathetic towards the "rude" masters of old literature--- towards Chaucer, Spencer, and even Shakespeare, and it is especially hostile towards everything that belonged to the Middle Ages with its chivalrous extravagance, visionary idealism, and strong religious faith.The special Qualities of Romanticism:(1) The spontaneous overflow of powerful feelings(2) The creation of a world of imagination(3) The return to nature for material(4) Sympathy with the humble and glorification of the commonplace(5) Emphasis upon the expression of individual genius(6) The return to Milton and the Elizabethans for Literary Models(7) The interest in old stories and medieval romances(8) A sense of melancholy and loneliness(9) The rebellious spirit。
(NEW)王守仁《英国文学选读》(第3版)课后习题详解
目 录第1单元 杰弗里•乔叟第2单元 威廉•莎士比亚第3单元 弗朗西斯•培根第4单元 17世纪英国诗人第5单元 冒险小说作家第6单元 浪漫主义诗人（1）第7单元 简•奥斯汀第8单元 浪漫主义诗人（2）第9单元 夏洛蒂•勃朗特第10单元 查尔斯•狄更斯第11单元 维多利亚时代的诗人第12单元 托马斯•哈代第13单元 现代剧作家第14单元 约瑟夫•康拉德第15单元 20世纪英国诗人（1）第16单元 现代主义小说家（1）第17单元 现代主义小说家（2）第18单元 爱德华•摩根•福斯特第19单元 威廉•戈尔丁第20单元 多丽丝•莱辛第21单元 约翰•福尔斯第22单元 20世纪英国诗人（2）第23单元 A.S.拜厄特第24单元 V.S.奈保尔第25单元 格雷厄姆•斯威夫特第26单元 石黑一雄第1单元 杰弗里•乔叟1How is the setting of the tales described? With such a setting, could you predict the general tone of the tales that are to follow?Key: (1) Chaucer sets the tales in the spring, describing both the natural world and people—the natural world shows a kind of renewal and rebirth, and people begin to stir after the long sleep of winter. Chaucer’s description of the landscape is lively (欢快的) and fresh (清新的), since he speaks of budding flowers, growing crops and singing birds.(2) According to such a setting, we can predict that the general tone of the tales will be light, sprightly (活泼的、愉快的) and humorous.2In your own words, summarize the character of the Knight from the brief introduction in this excerpt.Key: According to the excerpt, we can see that the Knight has followed chivalry—truth, honor, freedom and courtesy. He had fought many battles for the faith of people. He is a brave, wise, modest and “truly perfect gentle-knight”.3Without comparison with the translated version, are there words still recognizable to you in the original Middle English version?Key: Yes, there are many words can be recognized. Because many words only contain few different letters compared with the modern words. What’s more, sometimes, we can recognize the words by guess or by the sense-group.第2单元 威廉•莎士比亚Hamlet1Why sleep is so frightening, according to Hamlet, since it can “end” “the heartache and the thousand natural shocks”?Key: Death means the end of life. If he dies, he may go to an unknown world and can never come back. In this sense, Hamlet cannot take revenge on his uncle for his father, failing to realize his will. Though “sleep” can end the heartache and the thousand natural shocks, it is a state of mind that Hamlet doesn’t know at all. He is frightened by the possible suffering in the long “dream”. He can’t predict what will happen in the sleep, may be good may be evil.2Why would people rather bear all the sufferings of the world instead of choosing death to get rid of them, according to Hamlet?Key: According to Hamlet, because that people don’t know what lying there waiting for them in the unknown world, maybe something more terrible than that in the mortal world.3What, after all, makes people lose their determination to take action? Please explain in relation to the so-called hesitation of Hamlet.Key: It is the fear for the unknown world after death and the lack of confidence for the future make people loose determination to take action. Hamlet doesn’t know what would happen if he kills his uncle or kills himself, so he is hesitated. However, Hamlet’s hesitation should be seen from a different point of view. The main reason lies in his concern for his nation. Hamlet is a true man. He wants to change the dark existing world, but it is beyond his ability, so he has no idea what he should do. He knows his death can’t solve the problems deeply rooted in the society. So he hesitated about what he should do as the prince of Demark. His revenge is not everything for him. And he clearly knows that the sudden death of king may cause some disorders in the country. Thus he is confused about his action.Romeo and Juliet1What does Romeo compare Juliet to in the beginning passage of the selection?Key: Romeo compares Juliet to the sun.2What is Romeo and Juliet’s attitude toward being a Montague or a Capulet?Key: They think that since their family names hinder them from loving each other, they prefer that the names Montague and Capulet have nothing to do with themselves and even give them up.3What does Romeo mean when he says “Look thou but sweet,/And I am proof against their enmity”?Key: It means that Romeo loves Juliet so much that he thinks that the love can protect him from harm and dissolve the hatred between their families. Sonnet 181How does the poet answer the question he puts forth in the first line?Key: The poet thinks that he should not “compare thee to a summer’s day”, because “Thou art more lovely and more temperate”. And, in the following part, he gives his reasons.2What makes the poet think that “thou” can be more beautiful (fair) than summer and immortal?Key: Because the poet thinks that “thy eternal summer shall not fade” for they will be preserved and perpetuated in the lines he writes.第3单元 弗朗西斯•培根Of Marriage and Single Life1Is marriage an impediment or help to one’s career development?Key: Sometimes, marriage can be an impediment, and sometimes, it can help one develop his or her career as well, because it depends on the quality of the marriage. As the saying goes “A peaceful family will prosper”, so we can say that husbands and wives can benefit a lot from good marriages, while a terrible marriage will ruin both sides. In a good marriage, husband and wife will be happier, and they will help and encourage each other, which will be good for their careers. On the contrary, in an unhappy marriage, husband and wife usually quarrel a lot and things tend to be worse.2In what sense are wife and children “a kind of discipline of humanity”? Key: A single man has no others to think about, so he is likely to think of himself and spend a lot of money on himself. What’s more, he tends to take any risk if he wants to, for he does not need to be responsible for anyone. However, a married man cannot be so go-as-you-please, because he has wife and children, and he must be responsible for them. Furthermore, he has to work hard to fulfill his wife and children’s expectation. He becomes a loving man, who not only loves his wife and children, but also loves others. A loving husband and a qualified father can contribute the greatest merit to the public to a large extent. In this sense, we can say that wife and children are “a kind of discipline of humanity”.3Bacon prefers marriage to single life. Do you find his arguments convincing?Key: Yes, I think Bacon’s arguments are convincing. He proves his points by comparison. He clearly points out the disadvantages of single life and the advantages of marriage. For instance, a single person only cares about himself, and does not pay attention to the future; a married man tends to become responsible, tender, enthusiastic and warm-hearted. As the sentence goes “wives are young men’s mistresses, companions for middle age, and oldmen’s nurses” which means that when a man is young, his wife can make many decisions and arrangements for the family; when he comes to middle age, wife always stays with him as a companion; when he becomes old, wife will take care of him till the end of life. Even though a woman marries a bad husband, marriage offers a chance for husband to correct themselves. These points all are reasonable, which make Bacon’s arguments very convincing. Of Study1We are now living in the age of “information explosion”. What lessons can we learn from Bacon’s “Of Studies” in our access to information?Key: According to Bacon’s opinion: “studies themselves do give forth directions too much at large, except they be bounded in by experience”. We should combine theory and practice together. That is, practicing what we have learned is quite important.Bacon’s idea that “some books are to be read only in parts; others to be read, but not curiously; and some few to be read wholly, and with diligence and attention.” also teaches us to use different methods of reading in terms of the quality and content of the book. When we face information, we should do some selections rather than easily trust them all. More importantly, we should have an independent mind.2In what sense does reading make a full man?Key: As Bacon says “Histories make men wise, poets, witty; the mathematics, subtle; natural philosophy, deep; moral, grave; logic and rhetoric, able to contend”, we can know that different books and subjects have their different influences on people. Some books can make people wiser and make fewer mistakes; some books can make people wittier and more sensible to beauty; some books can make people think in a more scientific and accurate way…So reading can cultivate and better a man. In this sense, reading makes a full man.第4单元 17世纪英国诗人The Flea1Why does the poet say that "this cannot be said a sin, or shame, or loss of maidenhead"?Key: Because it is the flea that sucked their blood and made them mingled together, they are not sinful or shameful, and the man’s beloved does not loss her maidenhead. The flea has joined them together in a way that “alas, is more than we would do”.2What do you think is the addressee’s parents’ attitude toward the poet’s wooing?Key: The addressee’s parents’ attitude is against the poet’s wooing.3What is the real purpose of the poet to say that in killing the flea "thou" are actually killing three lives?Key: The poet compares the killing of the flea to murder. He thinks that if his beloved kills the flea, he and she would be killed within the flea. He even states that the act of killing the flea would be “sacrilege”. If the lover denies the fact that their blood and therefore their lives are contained within the flea, it is similar to committing an irreligious act. This would seem to acknowledge that their closeness within the flea is allowable. The importunate lover wishes his mistress to understand that she should accept his wooing because there is nothing wrong with the unity of two people.Holy Sonnet 101Why does the poet say that death is the “slave to fate, chance, kings and desperate men”?Key: Because for the most part, fate, chance, kings and desperate men can threaten some people with Death when they like to, and by this way, Death is exploited and may be forced to do what it does not want to. In this sense, death is a slave.2What does the poet mean when he says “we wake eternally” after one short sleep?Key: The poet was a priest and he believed that the soul of men would never die. After death, men would enter another world and lived forever. In this sense, after death, men “wake eternally”.John Milton1Where are the serpent (“the” in line 51) and his followers condemned after their defeat?Key: The serpent and his followers are condemned into the hell by God.2What are the God’s punishments for those rebellious angels as described by Milton in lines 59-74?Key: Those rebellious angels are sent into the horrible dungeon filled with flames, darkness, floods and whirlwinds, in which there is no peace, rest or hope, but full of sorrow and torture.3What is considered by Satan as “ignominy” and “shame” (line ll5)?Key: Satan considers that “To bow and sue for grace/ With suppliant knee, and deify his power/ Who from the terror of this arm so late/ Doubted his empire-that were low indeed” is “ignominy and shame”. That is, he thinks that it is shameful to bow to God to ask for grace and forgiveness.4What is Satan advising the serpent and his followers to do in this part of Paradise Lost?Key: Satan advices the serpent and his followers to fight against God.第5单元 冒险小说作家Daniel Defoe1Do you find the description of Crusoe’s setting up the tent convincing? Could you think of better ways to build a shelter in his situation?Key: Yes, I think it is convincing. Crusoe takes everything into his consideration and makes sure his shelter is comfortable and safe. He takes advantage of the natural resources. Perhaps, there is no way to build a better one than his.2What do you think of Crusoe’s way of marking time? Why is it important for him to keep track of time?Key: I think it’s a good way.The reason is that Crusoe is a civilized man and time is very valuable to him. In fact, he represents the hard-working middle class, and has the sense of working hard and cherishing time.3From this excerpt, what do you find admirable in Robinson Crusoe?Key: From this excerpt, we can find many admirable characteristics in Robinson Crusoe. He is adventurous, practical, thoughtful, hard-working, brave, shrewd, energetic, optimistic, strong-minded and kind-hearted…Under the special circumstance, Crusoe shows many good and valuable qualities of human beings.Jonathan Swift1In what ways are Yahoos comparable to human beings in Gulliver’s Travels? Comment on the Houyhnhnms’ attitude toward human beings. Key: Both human beings and Yahoos are warlike, greedy, jealous, gluttonous and filthy… What’s more, they eat everything that they can find no matter the food is good or bad for them; they would be sick because of nastiness and greediness; they would suffer from depression because of their idleness; thefemale Yahoos have nasty qualities, such as lewdness, coquetry, censure and scandal. Yahoos and human beings have many features in common.The Houyhnhnms’ attitude toward human beings is critical, malicious and objective. They are not slandering, for human beings indeed have all the defects that the Houyhnhnms have mentioned. It seems that they know about human beings clearly and they compare Yahoos and humankind in a very elaborative way. Their points of view are very convincing.2What are the symbolic meanings of Yahoos and Houyhnhnms?Key: Yahoos and Houyhnhnms represent the evil human nature and good qualities of humankind respectively.第6单元 浪漫主义诗人（1）William BlakeThe Lamb1Does this poem describe a lamb or the mind of the child who is speaking to the lamb? What is the relation of the lamb and the child to God?Key: The poem describes the mind of the child who is speaking to the lamb by which shows the gentleness and tenderness of the lamb.The lamb is the symbol of the child to the God. It shows the love of God that he creates the lamb and Jesus is often called the lamb of the God. So, the poem not only appreciates the kindness of the lamb but also praise the mysterious power which creates the lamb. In this sense, God, Jesus and the lamb combine together.2What does the Lamb stand for?Key: The Lamb stands for Jesus Christ, who was offered by God as the final sacrifice for the sins of humankind. The Lamb and Jesus have virtues in common: gentleness, tenderness, kindness and compassion. So, the Lamb also stands for these good attributes.The Tiger1Why does the poet mention the Lamb? Do you think both the Lamb and the Tiger can illuminate each other?Key: The Tiger is corresponding to The Lamb. Both the poems show the poet’s exploration, understanding and plaint of the mysterious creation. In this poem, the poet implies that the Tiger as well as the Lamb are both created by God. So the Tiger and the Lamb share the same creator and have some kind of relationship.Yes, I think both the Lamb and the Tiger can illuminate each other. The lamb represents the kind and gentle humanities, but it lacks the motivation to makeprogress. While the tiger will cause the social misery, unrest or even disruption, but it can stimulate people’s creativity. So the tiger becomes the symbol of strength and courage. In this sense, the Tiger and the Lamb can illuminate each other.2What is the symbolic meaning of the tiger? What idea does the poet want to express?Key: The tiger symbolizes the God’s power in creation and it becomes the embodiment of beauty, strength, vitality and complexity.The poet’s idea is that God not only create the kind lamb but also create the tough tiger. So God is mysterious and complicated and nobody can indeed know about God.The Sick Rose1In what sense do you think the rose is “sick”?Key: On a superficial and literal level, the rose is invaded by the worm and become sick. On a deeper level, the “sick” rose has several symbolic meanings: a) the rose symbolizes young girls, and the worm refers to impure love of men, which defiles the girls’ chastity. Thus, the girls are destroyed. b) The rose symbolizes the toiling masses that are under the exploitation and oppression of the capitalism represented by the worm. It means that there is something wrong with the whole social system. c) The rose symbolizes the soul and spirit of man, while the worm symbolizes the ugly and evil aspects of humanity. The rose is “sick”, because that innocence is replaced by experience, and the virtues are replaced by the evil as well.2Should there be any symbolic meanings for the night and the storm? If so, what meanings would you suggest?Key: Yes, there are some symbolic meanings for the night and the storm. Based on the symbolic meanings of the rose and the worm, we can find that the night and the storm symbolize the deceit and impure love of men, the progress of capitalism and the process of gaining experience.Robert BurnsA Red, Red Rose1How does the narrator in the poem express his love?Key: The narrator uses rhetoric devices in this poem to express his love, such as simile and exaggeration. At first, the poet compares his lover to a red rose and beautiful melody, which are very lovely and attractive to himself and arouse the love in his heart. And then, the poet say that he will not change his love for his lover even though “the seas gang dry” and “the rocks melt wi’ the sun” as well as “the sands o’life shall run”. What’s more, the narrator directly speaks out his love as well-“So deep in luve am I / And I will luve thee still, my dear”.2Why is this poem so touching to the readers?Key: Because this poem shows a kind of true love and real feelings of the poet toward his lover, which is always touching to people. In the poem, the poet expresses his ardent and steadfast love in a very powerful and efficient way, and it really can arouse the love feelings in the readers’ hearts.Auld Lang Syne1What does “cup o’kindness” imply?Key: The poem is a narrative poem praising friendship. After reading the whole poem we can find that “cup o’kindness” implies the friendship between the narrator and his friends.2How do you know the people in the poem used to be friends and are now old?Key: “Cup o’kindness” is mentioned twice in this poem-in the second and the last sections-which refer to their reunion. The people in the poem used to be friends and now they are old. After the first “cup o’kindness”, the author begins to recall their joyful life; they have run in the brae, picked up the fine gowans, and wandered a long and weary journey, paddled in the stream allthe day. But all the nice memory has been the history “Sun’ auld lang syne”. Then comes to the present gathering, there is one more “cup o’kindness” to imply that how much the author really cherishes the friendship and wish it to last forever.William Wordsworth1What is the relation between the poet and nature as described in the poem?Key: The beauty of the nature can make the poet happy and joyful, make his mind pure with little thought, and offer him consolation and serenity.2Do you think nature can have healing effect on mind?Key: Yes, I think that nature can have healing effect on mind. Nature is free from pressure and worries. It is full of beauty and attractions. While human beings have to deal with many troubles, and every now and then they need to have a good rest and get rid of their troubles from their minds. Throwing oneself into the bosom of nature is an effective way to relax and enjoy the true pleasure and beauty. When you are in nature, you will forget about those annoying matter that troubles you and your soul will be purified.Samuel Taylor Coleridge1Coleridge claimed that the poem was “composed in a sort of reverie brought on by two grains of opium”. Could you find similar cases in the Chinese literary history?Key: Yes, Li Bai liked drinking and sometimes he wrote poems in a trance state.2Can we say this poem has no coherent meaning and is wrapped up in an atmosphere of the supernatural and the fantastic? Give your opinions.Key: Yes, we can. The poet wrote this poem after he took the opium, and his thoughts were fragmental. He just wrote down what occurred to him. Thus, there were only pieces of meaning rather than coherent meaning.At the same time, the poem is wrapped up in an atmosphere of thesupernatural and the fantastic. The poet mentioned “Alph, the sacred river”,“a waning moon was haunted / By woman wailing for her demon-lover”, and “His flashing eyes, his floating hair! / Weave a circle round him thrice”… -these give people a sense of the supernatural and fantastic.第7单元 简•奥斯汀1Do you agree with the statement “it is a truth universally acknowledged that a single man in possession of a good fortune must be in want of a wife”? What is the relationship between money and marriage?Key: Yes, I agree. It is reasonable that when a man is mature enough he wants to get married and raise a family. That is a necessary part of his success and accomplishment. More importantly, he has to earn enough money to support his family. So, when he possesses such kind of fortune, he wants to achieve this purpose.Money is not the only criteria of a happy marriage, but a happy marriage cannot achieve without enough money. Without money, we also can get married with our lovers, and we can earn money by working hard together. As time goes on, if we can get enough money to support our families, we will feel satisfied and live happily. However, if we cannot earn a good fortune, but live a poor life, we will encounter many practical problems, and our pride and confidence will be ruined, thus it is difficult to be happy. Money does have something to do with marriage, but is not crucial. What really matters in marriage is love and affection between the couple.2What do you think of Mrs. Bennet? How can you characterize her?Key: I think Mrs. Bennet is very typical of middle-aged woman. She is worried about her daughters’ marriage, and is eager to marry them off. She is somewhat a gossip; she is easy to get nervous; she likes to make a fuss about everything.3What makes Elizabeth feel so grateful to Darcy? How does Darcy respond to her?Key: Elizabeth’s sister Lydia has always been frivolous. Later in the novel, she elopes with Wickham, who is poor and hypocritical, and lives with him out of wedlock. This behavior is not recognized at that time and destroys the Bennets’ reputation. Although Lydia has the plan to marry Wickham, who as a playboy, considers everything as a game. Elizabeth is so worried with hersister, so she decides to leave her hometown to find her sister. Fortunately, Darcy gives a helping hand. He finds them and tries his best to convince Lydia to come back. Faced with Wickham’s greedy, he doesn’t flinch. He pays the debts for Wickham and gives Lydia a large amount of money. In order to help them, he also buys an office post for Wickham. Besides, Darcy is also very gentle; he does not expose Wickham so as to protect the whole family’s reputation. He does everything for Elizabeth, and he doesn’t want her to be harmed. Darcy is very proud at the beginning, which makes Elizabeth hate him so much, but after he has done so many things, Elizabeth’s prejudice is eliminated and she feels so grateful to Darcy. Darcy feels sorry at the beginning. He is also surprised and excited. At first, he doesn’t want Elizabeth to know everything. However, he is delighted that Elizabeth is not as indifferent to him as before. He has never wanted to get her gratitude, but this time he feels hopeful. He tells Elizabeth that all his done was for her only, because it’s only her in his heart. He shows his affections to her again which makes Elizabeth so embarrassed. Darcy also apologizes for his pride in the past time. Now, they have cleared up the misunderstanding. It’s a turning point of their emotional journey.第8单元 浪漫主义诗人（2）George Gordon ByronShe Walks in Beauty1What is the colour of the lady’s dress? How do you know?Key: The lady’s dress is black. Because “She walks in beauty, like the night / Of cloudless climes and starry skies”. We can see that she is dressed in black and looks like the dark night.2What does “their dwelling place” refer to in the last line of the second stanza?Key: It refers to the lady’s face. “Or softly lightens o’er her face; / Where thoughts serenely sweet express / How pure, how dear their dwelling-place.”From these lines, we can know that “their” refers to “thoughts’”.3Where are the lady’s winning smiles? How do they appear to the poet? Key: The winning smiles are on the lady’s face and over her brow.The poet observes the woman’s tints on the face, so he figures out the smile on it.When a Man Hath No Freedom to Fight for at Home1What should a man fight for according to the poet?Key: According to the poet, a man should fight for glories and freedom. “Let him think of the glories of Greece and of Rome”, “Then battle for freedom wherever you can”.2What is the difference between this man in Byron’s poem and a hero in your mind?Key: In my mind, a hero should only think about others and forget about hisown life and glories. However, in this poem, the man is seeking for rewards and is thinking about being knighted if he can live through the war. “And is always as nobly requited”, “And, if not shot or hang’d, you’ll get knighted”.Percy Bysshe Shelly1In what way is the West Wind both a destroyer and a preserver?Key: The poet describes vividly the activities of the west wind on the earth, in the sky and on the sea, and then expresses his envy for the boundless freedom of the west wind, and his wish to be free like the wind and to scatter his words among humankind. The west wind is the destroyer as it is turbulent and strong and destroys the wide spread vegetation. It drives the last signs of life from the trees. It is the preserver as it brings life to the dead atmosphere, and it scatters the seeds which will come to life in the spring. The west wind enjoys boundless freedom and has the power to spread messages far and wide.2What is the relationship between the West Wind and the poet?Key: The poet admires and envies the West Wind very much. He admires the West Wind because it is very powerful, and he envies the West Wind because it is free from any restriction. The poet wants to be like the West Wind, which becomes the symbol of power and freedom. What’s more, the poet appeals to the West Wind to infuse him with a new spirit and a new power to spread his ideas.3As “the trumpet of prophecy,” what does the West Wind predict in physical reality? How do you understand it symbolically?Key: The West Wind predicts that the cold winter is coming.The West Wind symbolizes a kind of revolutionary power and spirit. It destroys the old and builds up the new. It predicts the winter is nearby, thus the spring is not far behind. In a deeper sense, it predicts that the bright future is not far away.John Keats1Describe, in your own words, the scenes on the Grecian urn. Who are they in the pictures? And what are they doing?Key: There are two scenes on the Grecian urn. The first scene describes the fair youth under the tree tying to kiss his lover, but he cannot. The second scene is that people are coming to the sacrifice on the morning of a special day.2Who is the speaker of the last two lines in the ode?Key: I think the speaker is the urn. However, it clearly conveys the poet’s ides of beauty and truth.3Comment on the epigram "beauty is truth, truth beauty".Key: I agree that truth is beauty, but I cannot agree that beauty is truth. Truth is always real, charming and beautiful, so, we can say that truth is beauty. However, beauty is not always true, especially with the development of technology, some artificial beauty emerges, such as artificial flowers, artificial plants, and even artificial noses and eyes… they are also beautiful, but they are not real.。
英国文学及作品选读复习笔记整理
Part one Pre-Classicism The Middle Ages ( 449 -- 1485 )General Colors of English Literature ：1. Elegant and standard in language; 2. Melancholy and ironical in style or in tone; 3. Conventional and conservative in thematic concern and in literary thoughts.Main Literary Achievements1.The Anglo-Saxon PeriodBeowulf--England’s national epicIt well reveals the features of Anglo—Saxon English, such as 1)wide use of alliteration, 2) metaphors and understatements, 3)mixture of pagan and Christian elements.Alliteration ：Two or more words in a phrase or line have the same initial sound.2. The Anglo-Norman Period1）The RomancesSir Gawain and the Green Knight2）English Ballads (Popular Ballads)“The character of Robin Hood is many—sided. Strong, brave and clever, he is at the same time tender-hearted and affectionate …But the dominant key in his character is his hatred for the cruel oppressors and his love for the poor and downtrodden.”(Liu Bingshan, 20) 3) The Medieval Drama3. Geoffrey Chaucer (1340—1400)Chaucer’s main contributions to English literature (language) can be found from language aspect. 1) It is Chaucer who formally finished the blend of three languages, Anglo-Saxon English, Norman’s French and Latin to shape the early form of modern English. It is he who first used London Dialect English in formal writing, and it is due to his writing that modern English became the only national language accepted by all English people.2) Based on his application of London Dialect English in his writings, English became a bridge between literature and the great public. 3) First use of “heroic couplet”( the rhymed couplet of 5 accents in iambic meter/the rhymed couplet of iambic pentameter)4) He devoted a masterpiece The Canterbury Tales to English literature, which remains a classic with sufficient heritage in both language and artistic achievements.4. The Canterbury Tales (General Prologue)1) Its social significance:The Canterbury Tales is more than a mere collection of true-to-life pictures. Taking the stand of the rising bourgeoisie, Chaucer affirms men and women’s right to pursue their happiness on earth and opposes the dogma of asceticism preached by the church.As a forerunner of humanism, he praised man’s energy, intellect, quick wit and love of life. His tales expose and satirize the evils of the time and attack the corruption of the church. ( Liu Bingshan,28)2）sample reading•They suggest a state of strength, vigor, vitality, life and imply the return of life.•Study on Images:•In category, we can classify the images in this part into four groups1．Showers, liquid are concerned with water or rain that becomes the source of life and vitality;2.Root, bud, flowers, wood and field are the signs of living things which suggest the return of life;3.Zephyrs, sun, birds are the living things which either brings about or engenders life or the real life form;4.Palmers, pilgrims and people are the waken people who are hopeful and pious, longing for betterfuture and dedicating to the martyred saint.3）Features of Chaucer’s Writing:a : Simple and expressive language ;b :Optimistic tone; c: Thematic concern– the rising and advancing society.Part two The English Renaissance (1485-1660)Renaissance: rebirth of learningI: Background Information1. Historically, we have to pay attention to the following events in this period: 1) Henry Ⅶcame to power in 1485；2) Henry Ⅷ’s break with the Rome Catholics in 1533 (Protestant Reformation);3) Victory over Spain by defeating Spanish Armada in 1588.2. Economically, we have to remember these facts: 1)The Enclosure Movement (“Sheep Devoured Men”); 2)The expansion of the territory.3. Culturally, we have to be aware of the following facts: 1)JamesⅠauthorized the publication of the Bible 2) The Puritan Revolution 3) The Renaissance: a) Historical significance b) “Three worships” c) Main traitsa) Historical Significance: It signified the beginning of the disruption of feudal system and became a movement against feudalism and hierarchy as time went on. It was the greatest progressive revolution that mankind has so far experienced, a time which called for giants and produced giants– giants in power of thought, passion, character, in universality and learning. ---Engelsb) “Three Worships”: Classical works; Humanism; Science and knowledge⏹The love of classics was but an expression of the general dissatisfaction at Catholic andfeudal ideas. ... Another feature of the Renaissance is the keen interest in the activities of humanity. People ceased to look upon themselves as living only for God and a future world.Thinkers, artists and poets arose, who gave expression, sometimes in an old guise, though, to the new feeling of admiration for human beauty and human achievement, a feeling in a sharp contrast with theology. Humanism is the key-note of the Renaissance which reflected the new outlook of the rising bourgeois class.(Liu Bingshan: 34)⏹What a piece of work is a man! How noble in reason! How infinite in faculty! In form andmoving how express and admirable! In action how like an angel! In apprehension how likea god! The beauty of the world! The paragan of animals!⏹人是一件多么卓越的精品: 多么高贵的理性! 多么伟大的力量! 多么优越的仪表! 多么文雅的举动! 在行为上多么象一个天使!在智慧上多么象一个天神!宇宙的精华!万物的灵长!(《哈姆雷特》）II : Main Literary Achievements of the Time1. Main Figures: Thomas More (1478-1535) Edmund Spenser (1552-1599) Christopher Marlowe (1564-1593) Ben Jonson (1562-1637) William Shakespeare (1564-1616 ) Francis Bacon (1561-1626) John Donne (1573-1631) John Milton (1608-1674) John Bunyan …2. Some Literary Terms1) University Wits: It is applied to a group of writers who flourished in London in the lasttwenty years or so of the 16th century. The most notable were Marlowe, Nashe, Greene and Lyly who all graduated from either Oxford or Cambridge, and who favored using euphuism and extravagance in writing.2) Comedies of Humors: It is applied to a form of drama fashionable in the late of the 16thand the early of the 17th century. It is so called because it presented characters whose actions were ruled by a particular passion, trait or humor. The leading figure of this form is BenJonson and his play Every Man in His Humor is one of the typical.3) Metaphysical Poets: This is a term applied to a group of seventeenth century poets, such asJohn Donne, George Herbert and Andrew Marvell. They shared some features in writing, for example, they favored using conceits and hyperboles, they liked to develop some peculiar themes but didn’t like to be restrained by strict rhythm.3. Edmund Spenser (1552-1599) : --poets’poet⏹Spenser is the first master to make Modern English the natural music of his poeticeffusions.⏹Spenser has held his position as a model of poetical art among the Renaissance Englishpoets, and his influence can be traced in the works of Milton, Shelley and Keats.⏹“Faerie Queen” : The dominating thoughts of the poem are nationalism, humanism, andPuritanism, all typical of the poet’s age (Wang: 40).⏹His “Faerie Queen”is meant to edify through allegory which gets more and morecomplex as the books go on…. He is a master musician and a great painter. (Liu: 48)4.Shakespeare1)Four periods of Shakespeare’s dramatic composition: a) The experimental period b)The period of comedies and histories c) The period of tragedies d) The period of dramatic romance2) Chief Achievements and Features of Shakespeare’s DramaShakespeare’s successes as a great playwright chiefly rest on the following five aspects: a) The progressive significance of his themes. Living in the transitional period from feudal-ism to capitalism, Shakespeare paints in his drama a faithful panorama of the decline of old feudal nobility and the rise of the Tudor monarchy, which represented the interests of the English bourgeoisie. Moreover, he distilled into his drama the humanistic spirit of the Renaissance, and his drama becomes an expression, a monument of the English Renaissance. b) Lifelike characters--his successful character portrayal c) His masterhand in constructing plays d) The ingenuity of his poetry e) His mastery of English language3) Sample Reading of Shakespeare’s “Sonnet 18”a) Historical Approach: “The 16th century in England was a period of the breaking up of feudal relations and the establishing of the foundations of capitalism.”(Wu Weiren)b) Character study--- Analysis of Hamlet (Analysis of Hamlet’s melancholy and delay)⏹“Hamlet is one of the several idealists (or Renaissance humanists as some critics wouldhave it ) created by Shakespeare as an embodiment of the poet’s own ideals.”(Chen Jia)⏹“Hamlet is a humanist, a man who is free from medieval prejudices and superstitions.”c) Analysis of the soliloquy:ⅰHamlet is in a serious conflict or contradiction, (to be or not to be; that is the question);ⅱHamlet is in a great melancholy and he is sensitive and alert; ⅲHamlet believes more in the life than the afterlife; ⅳHamlet is very cautious and thoughtful; ⅴHamlet has a very perceptive mind at the cruelty and hardships of the life or the society.5. Francis Bacon: 1) Francis Bacon and his essays The founder of English materialist philosophy. The founder of modern science in England . “Essays”have won popularity for their precision, clearness, brevity and force. 2) Sample reading : Of Studies ( partial analysis)6. John Donne (1573-1631) and his Metaphysical Poetry1) Metaphysical Poets: This is a term applied to a group of seventeenth century poets, such as John Donne, George Herbert and Andrew Marvell. They shared some features in writing, for example, they favored using conceits and hyperboles, they liked to develop some peculiar themes but didn’t like to be restrained by strict rhythm.2) Reading and analysis (A V alediction: Forbidding Mourning)⏹Valediction - a farewell, but a stronger meaning than that: Valedictions for people are readat funerals, etc, and ties in with the first stanza.3) Features of the metaphysical poetry⏹a) The original images and conceits.⏹Conceit: Usually refers to a startling, ingenious, perhaps even far-fetched, metaphorestablishing an analogy or comparison between two apparently incongruous things.⏹b) Skillful use of colloquial speech or language;⏹c) Flexible meter and rhythm;⏹d) Extravagant hyperboles;⏹e) Complex and even peculiar themes.7. John Milton (1608-1674)1)Literary achievements: “…a revolutionary and writer, …”Poetic works: Paradise Lost(1665 ) Paradise Regained(1667 ) Samson Agonistes (1671 )Prose (mainly concerned with revolutionary propaganda and defence): Areopagitica (1644 )8. John Bunyan(1628-1688)⏹The Pilgrim’s Progress (1678 ) is an allegorical story in the form of dream and in thestyle of the Bible.⏹---“Life is a journey.”⏹Allegory:（style of a ) story, painting or description in which the characters and events aremeant as symbols of purity , truth, patience, etc.⏹Three great allegories⏹Spenser’s The Faerie Queen⏹Dante’s La Divina Commdia (the Divine Comedy)⏹Bunyan’s The Pilgrim’s Progress⏹As I walked through the wilderness of this world, I lighted on a certain place where wasa den, and laid me down in that place to sleep; and as I slept, I dreamed a dream. Idreamed, and behold, I saw a man clothed with rags, standing in a certain place, with his face from his own house, a book in his hand, and a great burden upon his back. I looked and saw him open the book, and read therein; and as he read, he wept and trembled; and not being able longer to contain, he brake out with a lamentable cry, saying, "What shall I do?"Part Three The Restoration And The Enlightenment (1660-1798)…in contrast with Classicism during the Renaissance, the writers in this period had a great respect for the classical authors, especially the ancient Romans, among whom Horace ( 65—8 BC ) was the favorite ; …they thought that Reason and Judge were the most admirable faculties of the human beings; in the third place, they cared about the painstaking craftsmanship in practice than about the theme or spirit of their writings. It is also called, therefore, the Age of Reason.ⅠPolitical, Social and Cultural Background Information1. Politically, 1) The Glorious Revolution (1688) 2) Two-Party Politics 3) The American Warof Independence (1775-1781) and The French Revolution(1789-1794)2. Economically, 1) Industrialization: Industrial Revolution: the mechanization of industryand the consequent changes in social and economic organization in Britain in the late 18th andearly 19th century. 2) Territory Expansion3. Culturally, 1) REASON 2) Politics and Literature 3) Enlightenment1) The Humanist Views and the Rational Rules: The enlighteners celebrated reason or rationality, equality and science. They held that rationality or reason should be the only cause of any human thought and activities. They called for a reference to order, reason and rules.2) Politics and LiteratureThe pen seemed mightier than the sword.3) Enlightenment: …an progressive intellectual movement , an expression of the struggle of the bourgeoisie against feudalism. The enlighteners fought against class inequality, stagnation, prejudice, dogma and other feudal survivals. (Wang,155)…Its central idea was the need for (and capacity of) human reason to clear away ancient superstition, prejudice, dogma, and injustice. Enlightenment thinking encouraged rational scientific inquiry, humanitarian tolerance, and the idea of universal human rights…--- Oxford Concise Dictionary of Literary TermsIn the field of literature, the Enlightenment Movement brought about a revival of interest in the old classical works. This tendency is known as neoclassicism.1. Neoclassicism 1) Neoclassicist ideas or concepts became the dominant belief, that is, literature must follow the example made by ancient Greek and Roman writers such as Homer, Virgil, Horace, Ovid and so on to take order, logic and accuracy as the most and first concern, simply, it must be judged by Reason and its service to human society.…This belief led writers to seek proportion, unity, harmony and grace in literary expressions in order to delight, instruct and correct human beings. With this motivation, condense and witty language in graceful and polite manner became a popular vogue. In this group we can take Dryden, Pope, Johnson, Richardson as representatives. --- Oxford Concise Dictionary of Literary Terms2. Some Main Writers1) John Dryden (1631-1700 ) Dryden was esteemed as “the father of English prose”, “the father of English literary criticism”, and consequently the Restoration is often called “the Age of Dryden”. He was authorized the poet laureate. His main contributions to English literature lie in two aspects: in prose and in literary criticism.In prose a new tradition was established with his direction and efforts, that is, a tradition of simplicity, brevity, order and grace in style; in literary criticism, his main ideas can be found in the essay “An Essay On Dramatic Poesy” (1668) which set an example to have specific and condense analysis rather than theoretical illustration.2) Alexander Pope (1688-1744 )•a) To err is human, to forgive, divine.•b) All nature is but art, unknown to thee;•（一切自然之物皆为艺术，只是你未领悟）•All chance , direction, which thou canst see;•（一切偶然之事皆有主宰，只是你未看清，）•All discord, harmony, not understood;•(一切杂乱之绪皆成和谐，只是你未理解；)•All partial evil, universal good;•(一切局部丑陋之物，整体察之皆为美；)•One truth is clear, whatever is , is right.•(一条道理很清楚：凡存在的都是合理的。
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1、The earliest form of literature in Anglo-Saxon period was oral.2、Anglo-Saxon 代表作《Beowulf》“national epic of the Anglo-Saxons”特征：alliteration3、Religious poet Caedmon，story in Bible4、The first great book in prose散文in English is 《Anglo-Saxon Chronicle》(AD1 to 1154)5、Anglo- Norman period, French Latin and English, 重要形式metrical romance(源自法国文学) 关于love or knight adventure 或两者都有。
最出名素材Legend of King Arthur 和round table knights. 代表作：《Sir Gawain and the Green Knight》6、Preparation of Renaissance, Hundred Y ears' War,, the War of Roses. 先锋代表作《Piers Plowman》(by William Langland)著名人物Geoffrey Chaucer, 代表作《The Canterbury Tales》.风格satirical and narrative7、同时期，a collection of the legends of King Arthur by Sir Thomas Malory(法翻英)8、John Wyclif 翻译Bible（拉丁翻英）《Wyclif Bible》9、一种folk literature 叫ballad（民谣）10、Geoffrey Chaucer,(1340-1400), 受早期意大利文艺复习影响，《The House of Fame》《The Parliament of Fouls》《Troilus and Criseyde》《The Legend of Good Women》,死后第一个第一个葬在“Poet's Corner" 的诗人。
特点：heroic couplet11、文艺复兴到英国大概16世纪，the Tudors，English merchant class, agrarian revolution, clothing industry, the geographical exploration and trade expansion, reformation. 主要事情separate the English Church from Rome.12、William Caxton 引进印刷术13、文艺复兴时期三种文学：poetry, prose and drama14、Drama 起源于宗教，miracle plays，morality plays(《Everyman》15、Drama黄金时期伊丽莎白一世，appeal to all classes in society16、Dramatists, "University Wits", 七个成员，代表Christopher Marlowe(先于Shakespeare)其成就Elizabethan tragedy, using blank verse.代表作《The tragical History of Doctor Faustus》德国传说，献身魔鬼。
17、Ben Jonson的喜剧，《Every Man in His Humor》,《V olpone》假死贪婪, 《The Silence Woman》, 《The Alchemist》and 《Bartholomew Fairs》他的To Celia 情诗18、Shakespeare,17th, 第一部剧《A comedy of Errors》historical drama《Titus Andronicus》《Henry 4th》narrative poems 《V enus and Adonis》and《The Rape of Lucrece》.其他《Midsummer Night's Dream》《Much Ado About Nothing》四大悲剧《Hamlet》《Othello》《King Lear》《Macbeth》最后一篇《The Tempest》19、文艺复兴初期，lyric poetry 代表《Thomas Wyatt》和《Earl of Surrey》sonnet 和blank verse 的引进，Wyatt开创新世界，人成为诗歌主题20、Sonnet的代表人物Sidney(第一个写完十四行诗系列，sonnet sequence组诗，示爱) 和Shakespeare（不仅示爱，还affection for his young friend，搞基？？XD）21、同时期，Edmund Spense r,,当时最有名，The Fairie Queene ,combining Arthur legend with religious and Platonic idealism and political commentary22、Prose散文，Sir Thomas Mor e, early humanist, 代表作《Utopia》,对话形式，prose包括religious writingTranslation the Authorized V ersion of the Bible, King Jamesprose fiction 《Euphues》by John Lyly , English novel 的起源.realistic prose, adventures of Jack Wilton by Nasheshort essay.23、Francis Bacon(1561-1626) English philosopher,writer and statesman ;a philosophical treatise 《Instauratio Magma》,上篇为《The advancement of Learning》下篇为《Novum Organum》观点human nature, not as it ought to be, but as it is.24、17th Anglican Church 与Puritans 的矛盾以及revolution，人物John Webster,其作品revenge tragedy,《The White Devil》《The Duchess of Malfi》另一人Middleton，最佳喜剧作者，描写gamblers. Prostitutes,decayed soldiers and other beings of its underworld. 两个剧作家Beaumont 和Fletcher ,作品《The Maid's Tragedy》25、诗歌的两个学派，Cavalier poets（受Ben Jonson影响）特点：for the aristocratic (贵族)simple and graceful in structure and finely polished in style,代表人物Herrick, Lovelace and Suckling metaphysical school（形而上学，受John Donne 影响）特点：learned imagery and striking metaphors and comparisons,也对数学、科学、地理有兴趣。
26、John Milton, 支持Puritans,关注liberty, idealism and self-sacrifice代表作《Paradise Lost》它的诗歌特点：一是puritan strain 二是classical strain27、18th the Age of Reason, prose 特征: uncomplicated and clear sentence, 而poetry 特征：neat and reasonable heroic couplet 主导地位didactic and satirical（说教讽刺）28、John Dryden, 代表作《Absalom and Archistophel》political satire, 英国第一个桂冠诗the title poet laureate of England 同时，也写heroic tragedy 和critical essay29、Heroic couplet的典型、巅峰人物Alexander Pope “best technician in English verse"《The Rape of the Lock》（他最好的诗歌）《The Dunciad3》30、18世纪中期，poet of sentiment, 关注穷人生活，nature become an independent theme 代表人物：James Thomson, James Collins, Edward Y oung and Thomas Gray(著名情诗《Elegy Written in a Country Churchyard》）。
31、理性时代向Romanic movement 过渡期代表：William Cowper和Robert Burns.32、Modern prose and the rise of journalism, 18th, periodicals，期刊包括news-sheet 和journals。
代表Sir Richard Steele 的《The Tatler》和他与Joseph Addison合写的《Spectator》。
期刊的发展推动了creative writing和criticism，著名作家代表：Defo e，Swift，Fielding和Smollett.33、18世纪prose writers 代表Jonathan Swift,《Gulliver's Travels》,《A Modest Proposal》Samuel Johnson,James Boswell《Johnson's Biography》34、18世纪Restoration drama in both comedy and tragedy 不再主流，悲剧方面，模仿French classical drama, 主题是Greek and Roman 喜剧方面，sentimentality 和morality 。