四大建筑风格

哥特式

定义：Gothic architecture is a style of architecture that flourished during the high and late medieval period. It evolved from Romanesque architecture and was succeeded by Renaissance （文艺复兴）architecture

时期及特点：Originating in 12th-century France and lasting into the 16th century, Gothic architecture was known during the period as Opus Francigenum ("French work") with the term Gothic first appearing during the latter part of the Renaissance. Its characteristics include the （1）pointed arch,（2）the ribbed vault and（3）the flying buttress.

应用范围：

Gothic architecture is most familiar as the architecture of many of the great cathedrals, abbeys and churches of Europe. It is also the architecture of many castles, palaces, town halls, guild halls, universities and to a less prominent extent, private dwellings.

代表：巴黎圣母院Notre Dame de Paris

Notre-Dame de Paris is a historic Catholic cathedral on the eastern half of the Île de la Citéin the fourth arrondissement of Paris, France.[2]The cathedral is widely considered to be one of the finest examples of French Gothic architecture and among the largest and most well-known church buildings in the world. The naturalism of its sculptures and stained glass are in contrast with earlier Romanesque architecture.

The first buildings in the world to use the flying buttress（飞拱）

巴洛克式建筑

定义Baroque architecture is the building style of the Baroque era, begun in late 16th-century Italy, that took the Romanvocabulary of Renaissance architecture and used it in a new rhetorical and theatrical fashion, often to express the triumph of the Catholic Church and the absolutist state. It was characterized by new explorations of form, light and shadow and dramatic intensity.

特点1 Features:1 large-scale ceiling frescoes

2 Dramatic central projection on the external facade

3 Opulent use of ornaments（装饰）,such as plaster or stucco marble or faux finishing

4 use of the interiors as a shell for painting and sculpture (especially during the late Baroque

5 Use of columns ,domes,towers and oval windows

典例San Carlo alle Quattro Fontane（圣卡罗教堂）

The Church of Saint Charles at the Four Fountains is a Roman Catholic church in Rome, Italy. The church was designed by the architect Francesco Borromini and it was his first independent commission. It is an iconic masterpiece of Baroque architecture,

Rococo（洛可可）

定义Rococo less commonly roccoco, or "Late Baroque", is an 18th-century artistic movement and style, affecting many aspects of the arts including painting, sculpture, architecture, interior design, decoration, literature, music, and theatre. It developed in the early 18th century in Paris, France as a reaction against the grandeur（庄严）, symmetry（对称）, and strict regulations of the Baroque, especially of the Palace of Versailles（凡尔赛宫）.

特点Rococo artists and architects used a more jocular（滑稽）, florid（绚丽）, and graceful approach to the Baroque. Their style was ornate（华丽）and used light colours,

asymmetrical designs（不对称设计）, curves（曲线）, and gold.

代表作Catherine Palace（凯瑟琳宫）

The Catherine Palace is a Rococo palace located in the town of Tsarskoye

Selo(Pushkin), 25 km southeast of St. Petersburg, Russia. It was the summer residence of the Russian tsars.

Ancient Roman architecture（古罗马建筑）

定义Ancient Roman architecture adopted many aspects of Ancient Greek architecture, creating a new architecturalstyle. The Romans were indebted to their Etruscan neighbors and forefathers who supplied them with a wealth of knowledge essential for future architectural solutions, such as hydraulics in the construction of