英语导游词

Sunyat-sen Memorial Hall 中山纪念堂
(Ladies and Gentlemen:
Our next destination is the Sun Yat-sen Memorial Hall. The Sun Yat-sen Memorial Hall, as its name suggests, is a structure built in honor of a person by the name of Sun Yat-sen. Do you know who Sun Yat-sen was?)
Sun Yat-sen was the forerunner of Chinese bourgeois democratic revolution. He was born on November 12, 1866 in a farmer’s family in the Cuiheng Village in Xiangshan County (the present-day Zhongshan City) in Guangdong Province. At the age of 12, he went to Honolulu, where his elder brother sent him to a missionary school. Later, he came back to Hong Kong to study in a college of Western medicine and, after graduation, practiced medicine in Guangzhou and Macao. So, ever since he was a child, he had been influenced by the Western ideas of Christianity and democracy and this had helped him make his mind to cure the ills of the old feudal China and turn it into a democratic and strong nation. At first, he had illusions about the Qing government and hoped to save this moribund regime through reforms. But, China’s defeats by foreign invaders and the corruption and incompetence of the Qing government intensified his patriotic indignation. He decided that the Qing court was rotten to the core and must be overthrown and replaced by a democratic republic.
So, in 1894, together with some 20 Chinese shop-keepers and farm-owners in Honolulu, he established the first Chinese bourgeois revolutionary organization –the Society for the Revival of China (the Xing Zhong Hui). In the following spring, he returned to Hong Kong and staged the first armed uprising against the Qing Dynasty
in Guangzhou; but it ended in failure. Then, in 1905, he went to Japan, where he founded China’s first political party called “China Revolutionary League”(the Tong Meng Hui), which later developed into the Nationalist Party (the Guomindang). Since then, he had made successive attempts to topple the Qing regime and finally succeeded in the Wuchang Uprising that broke out in October 1911. The Qing regime was overthrown and he was elected the provisional president of the interim government of the Republic of China in Nanjing. This political power, however, was soon taken over by the warlords. Then in 1920, Sun Yat-sen came back to Guangzhou to set up a new government called the South Revolutionary Government. In 1921, he proclaimed his extraordinary presidency in Guangzhou. In 1925, he died of illness in Beijing and was buried later in Nanjing.
Sun Yat-sen had devoted all his life to the cause of the Chinese democratic revolution, and the 1911revolution he led had put an end to the feudal monarchy that had existed in China for several thousand of years. To commemorate his great contributions to the Chinese revolution, people of Guangzhou had this memorial hall built in 1929-1931, at the original site of the former presidential house of the South Revolutionary Government, which was burned down in 1922 by a rebel warlord, Chen Jiongming by name.
The Sun Yat-sen Memorial Hall is an octagonal palace-like reinforced concrete structure, 58 meters high with a floor space of 12 thousand square meters. It looks like a traditional Chinese palace in appearance but was constructed with modern architectural technique. In front of the hall stands a bronze statue of Sun Yat-sen, which is 5.5 meters high and weighs 3.9 tons. Up on the façade below one of the eaves is written Sun Yat-sen’s motto, meaning “China Belongs to the People”in
English (or literally “Let Public Spiritedness Rule under the Sky”). Inside the building is a conference hall with a seating capacity of 3,238 people. And, thanks to the ingenious designing of the architect, the acoustics of the hall are excellent and there is no pillar to obstruct the spectator’s view because the eight pillars sustaining the four long-spanned steel trusses supporting the huge domed roof, are hidden in the walls. Today, the Sun Yat-sen Memorial Hall is still one of the main places for mass meetings or theatrical performances in Guangzhou.
At the back of the hall, there is a 2-storied building on each side. In the backyard are planted over 70 species of trees and flowers. Among them a kapok tree is already over 300 years old and the two magnolia trees on both sides of the garden are over 70 years old. These two magnolia trees are the oldest magnolia trees in Guangzhou and have grown up to 90 centimeters in diameter, each giving a shade of over 200 square meters.
The magnificent Sun Yat-sen Memorial Hall was designed by a young Chinese architect, by the name of Lv Yan-zhi, who was born in Tianjin, graduated from the Qinghua University in Beijing and later studied architecture in the Cornell University in the USA. He died of lung cancer in 1929, at the age of 36, before the hall was completed.
(Here we are. This is the Sun Yat-sen Memorial Hall. We’ll stay here for 40 minutes and everybody please be back to the bus before 11 o’clock. Thank you!)
中山纪念堂
孙中山先生是中国伟大的资产阶级民主革命的先行者，1866年11月12日出生于广东香山县(即今中山市)翠亨村。

他12岁时随兄去美国夏威夷读书，后回香港西医学堂学医，学成后在广州和澳门行医。

孙中山童年时期起就受西方民主思想的影响，从小就矢志于把中国建成一个民主、富强的国家。

他早期曾对清政府存有幻想，曾向清朝统治者提出革新政治的主张;但帝国主义列强对中国的侵略和清政府的腐败无能使他认识到，要振兴中华就必须推翻满清王朝，建立民国。

1894年，孙中山在美国檀香山组建了中国最早的资产阶级革命团体兴中会;次年春天，在广州发动了旨在推翻满清王朝的第一次武装起义，但起义失败了。

1905年，他又在日本成立了中国第一个革命政党同盟会(即国民党的前身)，致力于推翻清朝的革命斗争，并最终于1911年发动的武昌起义中取得成功，建立了中华民国，孙中山被推选为临时大总统。

但是，革命成果不久就被军阀袁世凯窃取;于是，孙中山于1920年回到广州，次年在广州成立了南方革命政府，他出任非常大总统。

1925年12月，孙中山先生在北京病逝，葬于南京中山陵。

孙中山为中国的民主革命奋斗终生，他所领导的辛亥革命推翻了在中国存在了几千年的封建帝制;广州人民为了纪念他的功绩，在当年南方革命政府总统府所在地建造了这座中山纪念堂。

原总统府在1921年被叛变的广东军阀陈炯明烧毁。

中山纪念堂于1931年10月建成。

它是一座八角形的宫殿式钢筋混凝土建筑;在外形上具有中国传统建筑艺术风格，在结构上则采用了当时最新的建筑技术。

纪念堂的主体建筑高58米，建筑面积1.2万平方米。

大堂前面竖立着孙中山先生的铜像，高5.5米，总重3.9吨。

大堂前面檐下悬挂着孙中山先生的名言:天下为公。

大堂里面是一个能容纳3238名观众的大会堂;会堂内看不到一根支撑柱子，整个大屋顶由4个大跨度的大型钢桁架支撑，8根柱子都巧妙地隐藏在墙内。

观众坐在大堂内任何一个座位都不会被柱子遮挡视线;而且，堂内没有回音，任何位置都能清晰地听到舞台上的音响。

这种结构，充分体现出建筑设计师对声学和力学的巧妙运用。

中山纪念堂至今仍是广州举行大型集会和文艺演出的主要场所之一。

大堂后东西两侧各建有一座两层的配楼，后院内种植着70多种树木和花卉，其中一棵木棉树已有300多年的历史;两侧还有两棵白玉兰树，均有70多年的树龄，其直径达90厘米，树荫覆盖面均超过200平方米，是广州最大的白玉兰树。

中山纪念堂由中国近代杰出的建筑师吕彦直先生设计。

吕彦直出生在天津，北京清华大学毕业，后赴美国康奈尔大学学习建筑，1929年在纪念堂落成之前因患肝癌病逝，时年仅36岁。

The Danxia Mountain 丹霞山
[简介]
丹霞山位于韶关市东北部，距市区45公里。

2500万年以前，那里原是一片低平的湖泊，后来因地壳运动的作用，地面上升，湖水尽退，形成了高耸的山峰；原来是湖底的沉积物受到氧化的作用，变成了红色的岩石。

山上红色的石头，红色的山崖在绿树、碧水和蓝天的映衬下，就像天上的彩霞；所以人们将这座山称为丹霞山。

[Introduction]
The Danxia Mountain is situates 45 kilometers to the northeast of Shaoguan City. Geological studies show that ,twenty five million years ago, this place was a vast expanse of a low-lying lake .Later, movements of the earth’s crust made it rise above the ground and the water receded away, thus turning it into a mountain and the former sediment at the bottom of the lake gradually oxidized and because red rocks. These red rocks and red precipices, being relieved against the green woods and the blue sky, look just like rosy clouds, hence the name “Danxia”, meaning “red clouds”in English.
二十世纪30年代、中山大学教授陈国达对丹霞山及华南地区的红石山地作了深入的研究之后，将这一类红色砂石的地貌命名为“丹霞山地貌”，并很快被学术界接受并采用；此后世界上凡是由红色沙砾岩构成、以赤壁丹崖为特征的地貌均被称为丹霞地貌。

世界各大洲除南极洲之外均有丹霞地貌，如美国的大峡谷和德国萨拉逊一些地区；而丹霞山是世界上这类地貌中面积最大、发育最典型、风景最优美的地区。

In the 1930s, Professor Chen Guoda of the Sun Yat-sen University made an intensive investigation and study of the geomorphic features of the Danxia Mountain and other
red-rock mountain in South China. He denominated this kind of red-rock land configuration the “Danxia Landform”, which was soon approved and universally adopted by the academic
circles, thus making the Landform can be found in all continents of the world except Antarctica, such as the Great Canyon of the United States and the some areas in Saxony of Germany. But, the Danxia Mountain is the largest and the most beautiful and typical of its kind.
丹霞山的面积为319平方公里，有大小石峰600多座，宛如一方红宝石雕朔园，故又称“中国红石公园”，并于1995年被国务院批准为国家地质自然保护区，2000年被联合国科教文组织评为世界地质公园，2010年评为“世界遗产”。

The Danxia Mountain covers an areas of 319 square kilometers, in which over
600red-rock peaks stand out well against the woods of green, a sight that reminds one of a large garden with many ruby sculptures; therefore it is also named China Ruby Park or literally China Red Stone Park. In 1995, the Chinese State Council approved of its being a geological nature reserve and, in2000; it was rated by the UNESCO (United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization) as the world’s geological park.
[山门]
现在我们来到了丹霞山的山门，这座山门全部是用丹霞山的红砂石砌成。

这几个大字是公园的名字：中国红石公园。

山门上“丹霞山”三个大字是中国著名画家关山月所题。

现在我们沿山路攀登海拔408米的丹霞山主峰---长老峰。

[The Entrance to the Mountain]
Now we have arrived at the entrance to the Danxia Mountain. The gate structure here is constructed of red sand rocks. These Chinese characters are the name of the park, meaning “China Ruby Park”. The three big Chinese characters up on the horizontal beam, “Dan Xia Shan”, meaning Danxia Mountain, were written by Guan Shanyue, who was a famous
painter in China. We’ll follow the mountain road to climb the Zhanglao Peak, which is the main peak of the Danxia Mountain, 408 meters above sea level.
[群象过江和玉女拦江]
现在我们将要进入丹霞山的中心景区。

丹霞山是广东四大名山之首，其独特的自然风光给人们带来了无限遐想。

请大家往锦江对面的山峰看：那些山峰就像一头头大象正要跨越锦江向我们走来，象鼻、象牙、象耳、象眼形神俱备；所以，这一景就叫“群象过江”。

（在阳元大桥上）大家往右看：那座山就像一个入睡的少女，从右到左是头部，颈部，胸部和腹部，轮廓分明；故此景叫“睡美人”或“玉女拦江”。

[The Elephants Crossing the River and the Beautiful Girl Blocking the River] Now we have come to the central area of the Danxia Mountain. The Danxia Mountain is rated first among the four famous mountains in Guangdong Province and its unique natural scenery gives free play to one’s fancy. Please look at the hill in the distance beyond the coming up to us. Their trunks, tusks, ears and eyes are all lifelike. So this sight is named
‘The Elephants Crossing the River”.
(On the Yangyuan Bridge) Please look to your right at the hill in the distance. It looks as if a young girl is lyingdown to sleep: From right to left, the outlines of her head, her neck, her chest and her belly are all clearly discernible. So, this sight is called “The Sleeping Belle”or “The Beautiful Girl Blocking the River”.
[阳元石]
这座山叫阳元山，即“雄性之山”。

这根石柱叫阳元石。

高28米，直径7米，酷似男根；阳元山因此得名。

据专家考证，阳元石原为山体石壁的一部分，大自然的鬼斧神工把它从山体重分离出来
并雕琢成这个样子，至今已有30万年了。

旧时人们都祈求家族男丁兴旺、子孙绵延，所以此石常受人膜拜。

[The Yangyuan Column]
This hill is called Yangyuan Hill, meaning “The Hill of Male Sex “. It is so named because the stone column here, 28 meters tall and 7meters in diameter, is the very image of man’s external genitals. According to geological studies, this stone column was a part of the cliff and it is over three hundred thousand years since Mother Nature severed it form the mountain body and carved it into this shape. In the old days, men were regarded as superior to women and people often prayed for having highly worshiped by the pilgrims.
[阴元石]
刚才我们看过阳元石，现在我们看到的这块石壁叫“阴元石”，其形状酷似女性的生殖器：它的形成已有10多万年了。

上帝创造了伊甸园中的亚当和夏娃一堆夫妻，而大自然则在丹霞山雕琢出这对夫妻。

世界多么奇妙！
[The Yinyuan Cliff]
This steep face of rock is called Yinyuan Cliff, meaning Stone Cliff of Female Sex in English, because it is a strong resemblance of woman’s external genitals. It was found some one hundred thousand years ago. Just as God had sculptured the first man and his wife, Adam and Eve, in the Garden Danxia Mountain. What a wonderful world this is!
[锦石岩]
这个岩洞叫锦石岩。

岩洞里面是一座佛教寺庙，有千佛殿、观音殿、大雄宝殿等庙堂；其中观音殿岩洞最大，深30多米，高四米，可容纳上百善信同时参拜；洞内朔有观音32相，个个表情栩栩如生，神态各异。

在大雄宝殿内有一石壁，状似龙，其颜色会因春夏秋冬四季不同而变化；春而嫩绿，
夏而深绿。

秋而黄绿，冬而褐黄；故被称作变色龙。

这种神奇的现象是怎样出现的呢？原来是因为岩石上生长着一种低等藻类植物；这种藻类吸水性很强，天气潮湿是吸水多生长旺盛颜色就深；天气干燥时吸水少，颜色就变成褐黄。

洞外的摩崖上刻有“锦崖”二字，是南宋（1127-1279）赵汝来所题；这是丹霞山最早的摩崖石刻。

[The Jinshi Cave]
This cave is called Jinshi Cave, meaning Colorful Rock Cave in English. The inside of this cave is a Buddhist monastery consisting of the Thousand Buddha Hall, the Guanyin Hall and the Sakyamuni Hall etc. Among these halls, the Guanyin Hall for the Goddess of Mercy is the largest, 30 meters deep and 4meters high with adequate space to accommodate a hundred pilgrims at the same time. In this hall there are many images of the Goddess of Mercy in her different incarnations, 32 in all, which are all made to be lifelike of rock that shapes like a dragon. It is called “Bian Se Long ”, meaning “color-changing dragon”or chameleon, because its color changes according to its background. It is light green in spring, dark green in summer, yellowish green in autumn and brownish yellow in winter. Why is that? It is because on the surface of the rock is growing a kind of alga that is highly water-absorbing. The alga is lush and green when water is adequate in rainy seasons while in dry seasons, when water is insufficient, it turns yellow or brown. On the cliff outside the cave, there are two big Chinese characters “jin yan”, meaning “colorful rock cave”. They were written by Zhao Rulai, a man of letters of the Southern Song Dynasty (1127—1279AD), and are the earliest engravings on cliffs in the Danxia Mountain.
[别传寺]
别传寺建于清朝康熙元年（1662年），清朝时香火极盛，是粤北三大佛教寺院之一（其它两座为乳源的法门和曲江的南华寺）。

走进别传寺山门，我们可以看到在丹红的悬崖上有很多石刻，其中
“丹霞”二字石刻是民国时期广东省主席李汉魂所题。

别传寺结构与其它佛教寺庙大体相同；有天王殿、钟鼓楼、大雄宝殿、观音堂等。

The Biechuan Temple
This is a Buddhist monastery called Biechuan Temple. Built in 1662, i. e. the first year in the reign of Emperor Kangxi of the Qing Dynasty, it was frequented by a large number of pilgrims and is one of the three largest Buddhist monasteries in Northern Guangdong (The other tow being the Famen Temple in Ruyuan Country and the Nanhua Temple in Qujiang Country). Up on the main gate of the temple, there are four Chinese characters: Bie chuan Chan Si, meaning Biechuan Chan Buddhist Monastery. They were written by Li Hanhun, who was then the gate, we can see many engravings on the red cliff. Among them the two big Chinese characters Dan Xia, 5-6 square feet each, are the most beautiful. They were written by an official of the Qing Dynasty.
The Biechuan Temple is constructed in more or less the same layout as other Buddhist monasteries. It consists of the Hall of the Heavenly Kings, the bell and drum towers, the Sakyamuni Hall and the Hall of the Goddess of Mercy and so on.
现在给大家半个小时自由参观；半个小时后我们在寺庙的门口集中，然后沿原路下山，到江边码头乘船游览锦江。

大家可在船上尽情欣赏两岸的美景。

Now you can look around on your own for a while. We’ll meet half an hour later at the entrance and will go down-hill, by the same way as where we came up, to the pier to take a boat-ride on the Jinjiang River so that you may feast your eyes on the beautiful scenery along the river.
Kaiping Diaolou
——The watchtower-like Houses in Kaiping City
【What&How is Kaiing Diaolou】—【Outstanding Diaolou Structures】—【The Li Garden】
（Good morning! Ladies and gentlemen:
This morning we’ll drive 1.5hours to visit the unique “Diaolou”houses in Kaiping City. You fell puzzled when hearing the word Diaolou, don’t you? Now let me tell you something about the city of Kaiping as well sa what and how these houses are.
【What&How is Kaiing Diaolou】
Kaiping is a small city in Guangdong Province, about 100 kilometers to the southwest of Guangzhou, with an area of 1659 square kilometers and a population of 680 thousand. It has long been known as the native land of a great many overseas Chinese, the number totting up to or even more than its domestic population. The Chinese, you know, are a nostalgic people having a strong feeling of wistful longing for home, so the overseas Chinese from Kaiping, no matter how long they had been away and how far they were away from home, would come back to buy a piece of land to build their house and to get married. Those houses built by the returned overseas Chinese during the late 19th and early 20th centuries are all watchtower-like, with thick solid walls, small and narrow iron doors and windows, and even with embrasures on the walls and an observation tower on the top.
So, “Kaiping Diaolou”is a proper name of the multi-storied defensive country houses of the returned overseas Chinese in Kaiping City. Built of stone, brick or
concrete, these buildings display a fusion of Chinese and foreign architectural and decorative forms, and reflect the significant role these emigrant Kaiping people had played in the development of the countries they resided, in South Asia, Australasia, North America and other regions of the world.
You may wonder why these returned overseas Chinese had their houses built into a structure of a watchtower. Well, the reasons are clear. First, public order at that time was bad and banditry was a real headache and the better-off returned overseas Chinese families naturally became targets for robbery; second, the Kaiping area is a stretch of low-lying land and folds were a frequent occurrence. So, these solid and high-rise buildings were good both for defense against bandits and for refuge from the floods.
Kaiping Diaolou is listed by the Chinese State Council as a key cultural relic protected by the state. Its total number amounted to 3, 300 in the peak years and now the registered number is 1833, and twenty of the better ones are inscribed on the World Heritage List by UNESCO. Org (United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization). These buildings take three forms: communal tower jointly built by. Several families for use as temporary refuge, residential tower built by individual rich family and used as fortified residence, and watch tower for guarding against bandits. In the 1940s during the war of resistance against Japan, some of these towers became strongholds for people’s militia.
【Outstanding Diaolou Structures】
The Diaolou structures in Zili Village, 12 kilometers away from the Kaiping city center, are the most magnificent and best preserved. There are 15 in all, which are all listed as key cultural relics protected by the state. Among them the Mingshilou is the
best of all. Built in 1925, it is a 5-storeyed reinforced concrete structure, with an hexagon observation pavilion on the top and a blockhouse built on the outside walls at each of the four corners on the fifth floor. This huge and imposing tower is installed with heavy iron doors and strong iron windows, and is luxuriously decorated and well furnished.
Other well-known Diaolou structures are the Yinglonglou in Chikan Town, the Ruishilou in Yan’gang Town and the Fangshe Denglou in Tangkou Town. They were built in different years by different families and so are different in architectural style. The Yinglonglou, built during the Jiajing Reign of the Ming Dynasty in the middle of the 16th century (1522 - 1566), is the oldest Diaolou structure and is free from foreign influence in architectural style. The Ruishilou, a 9 –storied 25-meter high reinforced concrete structure, is the most luxury and is laid out and furnished in the traditional Chinese pattern. The Fangshi Denglou, a reinforced concrete structure built in 1920 by the Fang family, is typical of the Diaolou structure as a watchtower for it was located in an open land and was provided with electric
generator,searchlights and guns.
【The Li Garden】
Another tourist attraction in Kaiping City is the Li Garden. It was a private residential garden built in 1926 –1936 by an American Chinese, Xie Wei Li （谢维立）by name. The garden’s name “Li”（立）was derived from the name of its owner and it gives expression to the meaning of a Chinese idiom Xiu Shen Li Ben（修身立本）, which is written on an archway in the garden, meaning that cultivating one’s moral
and character is the key to success in one’s life and work. This idea of the owner’s is also embodied in many other inscriptions and couplets written in the garden.
The Li Garden is laid out in the way of traditional Chinese gardening but many of its structures are built in Western styles, such as the two Roman-styled structures popularly known as the Bird’s Nest and the Flower & Rattan Pavilion. The garden covers an area of 19, 600 square meters, with a man-made stream running through and cutting it into two parts, which are connected by arch-bridges. Along the stream are pavilions, a hundred-meter-long corridor, archways, residential houses and other structures.
The residential buildings in the villa area are also combinations of Chinese and Western architectural elements. While their main structures are foreign-styled, some are roofed like a Chinese palace, and inside they are decorated and furnished with both Chinese and foreign artifacts: Western fireplace and pendent lamps, Italian ceramic tiles, Chinese wooden furniture, wall paintings depicting Chinese folk stories, Chinese gilded wood-carvings etc.
The Li Garden is indeed a paragon of harmonious combination of the Chinese and foreign cultures.
（Ladies and Gentalmen: We are now approaching the Zili Village and, in ten minutes, we’ll leave the bus for a close look at the Diaolou towers. We’ll stay in the village for one and a half hours and will be back to the bus at 11 o’clock. Since the billage is quite a big place and one can get happily lost, Iwould suggest you keep together.Miss Wang will be taking the lead, please follow her, and I will bring up the rear. Thank you!）
开平碉楼与立园
【概况】
开平市位于珠江三角洲西南部，东北距离广州110公里。

开平市是著名的华侨之乡，更是闻名遐迩的碉楼之乡。

中国人历来具有强烈的思想情绪，很多华侨将自己的积蓄汇回家乡，或者亲自回国操办“三件事”：买土地、建房子、娶老婆。

由于开平侨眷、归侨生活比较富裕，当时的社会较为混乱，经常惹来匪患。

同时因为开平地势低，经常发生洪涝。

所以，明末清初就有乡民建筑碉楼，用来防涝防匪。

开平碉楼是集防卫、居住和中西建筑艺术于一体的建筑群体，被誉为“华侨文化的典范之作”、“世界建筑艺术博物馆”。

开平碉楼在鼎盛时期达3300多座。

目前，登记在册的有1833座。

开平碉楼是国务院公布的国家重点文物保护单位。

目前开平碉楼已申报世界文化遗产。

2006年6月接受联合国专家验收，2007年7月交由第31届世界遗产大会表决。

【调楼的建筑风格】
开平碉楼千姿百态、形式多样.从功能看,有用作家族住所的居楼、村民共同集资兴建的众楼、主要用于打更放哨的更楼三大类.从建筑结构与材料上分,有石楼、三合土楼、砖楼、钢筋混凝土楼等四种.从建筑形体看,基本上都是单体建筑,其上部造型有中国传统硬山顶式、悬山顶式,也有国外不同时期的建筑形式、建筑风格,它的最大特点是按照自己的意愿选取不同的外国建筑式样综合一起,自成一体,既有古希腊、罗马的风格,又有哥特、伊斯兰、巴洛克和洛可可风格的建筑要素,很难将开平碉楼具体归人国外某一个时期的某种建筑风格之中.这些不同风格流派不同宗教的建筑元素在开平碉楼中和谐共处,表现特有的艺术魁力.
开平碉楼尽管在用才风格上都各有差异，但是它们都有一个共同特点：就是门窗窄小，铁门钢窗，墙身厚实，墙体上设有枪眼。

有的碉楼还顶楼四角还设有“燕子窝”可以对碉楼四周形成上下左右全方位控制。

碉楼顶层又多设有瞭望台，并准备了早期的枪械，发电机，警报器，探照灯及石块，铜锣等防卫装置，从这一特点我们就可以看出碉楼在当时的主要功能就是防范匪患。

开平碉楼也在不同历史时期发挥了不同的作用，抗日战争后期成了抗日据点，其中最为出名的是赤坎镇腾蛟村的南楼；在20世纪二三十年代，开平碉楼更成为共产党的地下活动场所。

著名的有适庐和中山楼。

【自力村调楼群】
自力村碉楼群是开平最精美、保存最完好的碉楼群，它位于开平市塘口镇，东距开平市区12公里。

自力村现存15座，全部是全国重点文物保护单位，其中最精美的碉楼是铭石楼，建于1925年，是钢筋混凝土结构的居楼。

楼高5层，顶部种种有一中西合璧的六角形瞭望亭，第五层四角均建有角堡(又名“燕子窝”)。

铭石楼楼身宽大，外形壮观，有厚重的铁门和坚固的铁窗，内部陈设豪华，生活设施齐全。

除铭石楼碉楼外，还有登记在册的碉楼1833座，而其中最有名的除上面讲到的铭石楼外，还有赤坎镇迎龙楼碉楼、蚬冈镇瑞石楼碉楼，塘囗镇方氏灯楼，他们由于建筑年代不同或因不同的家族建造，所以建筑风格各异。

其中迎龙楼碉楼是开平最早的碉楼，建于明朝嘉靖年间(1522-1566年)，是开平没有受外来建筑风格影响，最古老的碉楼。

瑞石楼碉楼是开平最高，最豪华的碉楼，楼高25米，9层，楼内设施布局典雅，具有中国传统格调，是开平碉楼第一楼。

属钢筋混凝土结构。

方氏灯楼是开平最具代表性的碉楼，建于1920年，楼内的警用发电机，探照灯，机械一应俱全，选地视野开阔，是典型的防守更楼，属钢筋混凝土结构。

【开平立园】
开平立园，位于广东省侨乡开平市塘口镇北义乡，立园结合了中西园林的风格与情调，与1936年建成的花园别墅。

在高大圆拱形门上书写“立园”二字。

园内有别墅区、大花园区和小花园区。

建筑有“立园”大牌坊、“修身立本”大牌楼和四个桥亭，以及古罗马式的建筑—“鸟巢”、“花藤亭”。

而镶刻期间的名家书法对联更使立园散发出浓厚的传统文化气息。

立园的最大特色是有意开凿一些运河，把园内的别墅区、大花园区和小花园区联起来，运河之上布置了长长的回廊、小桥和亭台楼榭。

穿过大约100米的彩画回廊，就进入了立园的别墅区。

其中以“泮立”与“泮文”两幢别墅最为壮观。

别墅的楼顶按照中国宫殿式的建筑风格;而楼身却采用了西式建筑风格，楼内的楼梯和地面、墙壁装饰也是中西结合。

如西式壁炉、吊灯，意大利瓷砖、中式的酸枝家具，民间故事壁画，涂金木雕。

立园不仅建筑艺术精湛，传统文化氛围也非常浓厚。

立园的主人认为处世兴家的根本在于自身修养，所以他既注意庄重的德行，也提倡休息游览。