现在完成时总结

现在完成时总结

现在完成时：表示过去某一时间发生的动作对现在造成的影响和产生的后果，还有可能一直延续下去。

（黑点表示现在和过去两个时间点，实箭头表示动作在延续，虚箭头表示动作可能继续持续。）

现在完成时句子结构：have/ has + p.p.(动词过去分词），三单has, 其它have

变否定：主语+have/ has+ not+ 过分+其它.

变疑问：have/ has 提前，already 变yet

回答：Yes, 主语+ have/has. No, 主语+have/has not.

现在完成时标志词：

一、助后动前：already已经, just刚刚，用于肯定句；ever曾经，never从未

二、yet仍，尚，用于否定和疑问，放句末；

三、表延续的时间标志：

①since,for；since（介词）+时间点，since（连词）+从句（一般过去时态），since+时间

段+ago，for+时间段，It is /has been+一段时间+ since从句(一般过去式）,“多长时间”

+has passed+since从句（一般过去式）

Three years has passed since he died.他已经死了两年了

It is /(has been) two years since I became a postgraduate student . 我是研究生已经两年了。

I have been a teacher since 2008.=I have been a teacher for 7 years.

We have known each other since we were children.

②直到现在：before,before now, up till now, up to now, so far

I have heard nothing from him up to now.迄今为止，我还没听到他的消息

③与过去一个时间段的时间状语连用，如：in the last… , in the past… , during the last...,

through centuries几世纪以来

Throughout history man has had to accept the fact that all living things must die,for the very nature of life includes death .自古以来，人类必须接受这样的事实：一切生命体最终都会消失，因为生命的本质包含了死亡。

四、现在完成时中，表示终止性的动词（即动作开始的时候就已经结了）的肯定式不能与表示“一段时间”的状语连用。要用必须改为“be…”延续性动词来表示。现归纳总结一下由非延续性动词到延续性动词的转换：

arrive→be here begin(start)→be on become → be

come back→be back come→ be here, catch a cold →have a cold

die →be dead eat → have, leave →be away

go to bed →sleep fall ill(sick,asleep)→be ill(sick,asleep)

get up→be up go out →be out get ready→ be ready

finish →be over put on →wear/be on get married→be married

open →be open join →be in / be a member of…

close →be closed go to school→be a student

borrow →keep buy →have make friends→ be friends get to know →know begin to study→study come to work→work

如He has been a soldier for three years.他参军三年了。

His father has been dead for two years.他父亲去世二年了。

The film has been on for ten minutes.电影已开始十分钟了。

We have studied English for three years. 我们（开始）学英语已三年了。

终止性动词现在完成时的否定式，已变成一种可以延续的状态，因此可以和表示一段时间的状语连用。如：I haven't left here since 1997.自从1997年以来，我一直没有离开过这儿。

五、have been(to)与have gone( to)的区别：have been(to)表示“去过某地（现在已经回来

了）”，可用于各人称；have gone(to)表示“去某地了（说话时某人不在当地）”，常用于第三人称，前者可与once ,never,several times等连用，后者则不能。如：They have been to Beijing twice.他们去过北京两次。He has gone to Beijing . 他去北京了。

六、练习题：1、He has never surfed, ?（改成反意疑问句）

2、They have been here since 2000. (对划线部分提问)

____ ＿＿they been here?

3、The old man _________ last year. He＿＿＿for a year. (die) （动词填空）

4、This factory opened twenty years ago.(同义句转换)

This factory ___ ___ __ for twenty years.

5、Miss Gao left an hour ago. (同义句转换)

Miss Gao ________ _______ ________ ________ an hour ago.

6、Her mother has been a Party member for three years .（同义句）

Her mother _______ the Party three years ________ .

7、The Green Family moved to France two years ago. (同义句转换)

_______ two years ________ the Green family moved to France.

8、The bus has arrived here. It arrived ten minutes ago. (把两个句子合并成一个句

子) __________________

9.—Our country ______ a lot so far .—Yes . I hope it will be even ______ .

Ａ. has changed ; well Ｂ. changed ; good

Ｃ. has changed ; better Ｄ. changed ; better