语言学pragmatics的课件

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II. Context & Meaning
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• The notion of context is particularly significant in pragmatics because it contributes a lot to the meaning of an utterance.
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• Depending on the context, "he" can be anybody, any male. "Town" can refer to any place big enough to be called town. And "yesterday" can refer to any day in the past.
• But if it is said when John is swimming, it probably means "John swims well".
If it is said at a party, it will be taken to mean that "John can drink a lot of wine", etc.
• In a sense pragmatics studies how contextual features determine or influence the interpretation of utterances.
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• For example, there will be several possible interpretations to the utterance "John is like a fish" in isolation.
Why do we need pragmatics since we have grammatical analysis?
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• After we have done grammatical analysis of a sentence, there is still some aspect of meaning uncovered by our analysis.
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• “小明，今晚上全 队去听讲座!你去 不去??”
• “我去!!我不去!!”
• 问：小明去不去 听讲座?
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• “小明，今天上书 法课用不用带笔 啊?”
• “带毛笔啊!”
• 问：小明的意思 是带不带笔?
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• “小明，你的睫毛好漂 亮，真的假的？”
Example: The grammatical analysis of "He went to town yesterday" does not tell us who he is, which town or when yesterday. In other words, there are still things undetermined.
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• 领导：“你这是什么意思？”
• 小明：“没什么意思。意思 意思。”
• 领导：“你这就不够意思 了。”
• 小明：“小意思，小意思。”
• 领导：“你这人真有意思。”
• 小明：“其实也没有别的意 思。”
• 领导：“那我就不好意思 了。”
• 小明：“是我不好意思。”
• 问：以上“意思”分别是什么 意思？
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• Let's look back into our Chinese, the context is also very important. Behold these dialogues :
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• “小明，帮我擦下窗户好么?" • “我擦!!我不擦!!” • 问：小明擦不擦窗户?
• “假的。”
• “真的么？”
• “真的”
• 问：小明的睫毛是真的 假的？
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• 客服小姐：“小明你是要几等座？” • “你们一共有几等？” • “特等，一等，二等，等等，二等要多等一等。” • “我看下，等一等。” • “别等了，再等一等也没了。” • “那不等了就这个吧。” • 问：小明最终买了几等座？
• Much of the meaning of deictic terms depends on the specific context of situation in which they are used.
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• In English deictics may be grouped into 3 categories.
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• Moreover, every language in the world has DEICTICS, which identify objects, persons and events in terms of their relations to the speaker in space and time.
• As a result, the sentence must have performed many functions.
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• From this brief discussion, we can see that the context of a situation in which a sentence is used contribute a lot to its meaning which cannot be accounted for in pure grammatical analysis.
Pragmatics
Flower
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I. Introduction
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What is pragmatics?
Pramatics can be defined as the study of language in use and linguistic communication.