王长喜老师 考研15堂语法课 第13堂_省略结构

LECTURE 13省略结构
本堂目标 熟悉识别各种各种省略结构，了解各种情况下的结构现象，完整理解含有省略结构的长难句。

基础预习
一个句子中有时一个或更多的成分会被省略掉，这样的句子可以称为省略句。

省略在语言中，尤其在对话中，是一种普遍的现象，因为它有助于语言的简洁。

一、单句中的省略
二、并列句中的省略
并列结构中，尤其当后一个分句出现and, but, neither, either, nor, so, too 时，后一个分句与前一个分句相同的句子成分可以省去。

【例】(08-翻译)
三、不定式符号to 后面的省略
重点讲解
一、宾语从句中的省略
当宾语从句由which, when, where, why 以及how 等疑问词引导时，只保留wh-疑问词，省略其余部分。

【例】
由whenever, whatever, wherever, however, no matter how/what/when/where 及whether …nor 等引导的状语从句，也常常省略句中某些成分。

【例】(06-Text 1)
【补充拓展】
【例】（07-翻译）
当遇到“when (或if ，where ，wherever
，whenever ，as soon as ，as fast as ，than 等)+possible/necessary 等”时，可理解中间省略了it is (或was)。

【例】
课堂练习
难句分析
1. This DNA can reveal genetic information about only one or two ancestors, even though, for example, just three generations back people also have six other great-grandparents or, four generations back, 14 other great-great-grandparents. (09-Text 2)
2. While it is easy to ignore in our contact with them the effect of our acts upon their disposition, it is not so easy as in dealing with adults. (09-翻译)
3. If you are working on a word processor, you can take advantage of its capacity to make additions and deletions as well as move entire paragraphs by making just a few simple keyboard commands. (08-Part B)
4. Darwin was convinced that the loss of these tastes was not only a loss of happiness, but might possibly be injurious to the intellect, and more probably to the moral character. (08-翻译)
5. The rise of anti-happy art almost exactly tracks the emergence of mass media, and with it, a commercial culture in which happiness is not just an ideal but an ideology. (06-Text 4)
6． Do you remember all those years when scientists argued that smoking would kill us but the doubters insisted that we didn ’t know for sure? That the evidence was inconclusive, the science uncertain? That the antismoking lobby was out to destroy our way of life and the government should stay out of the way? (05-Text 2)
7. If the moderate end of the legal community has its way, the information on products might actually be provided for the benefit of customers and not as protection against legal liability. (99-Passage 1)
8. But long-term difficulties such as unemployment, serious illness in family or big emotional changes, not readily resolved, can cause insomnia that is so ingrained that it persists even after the crisis is over.
9. I should wish to die while still at work, knowing that others will carry on what I can no longer do and content in the thought that what was possible has been done.
10. In fact, adoption experts believe that people who adopt these children need special training and preparation in order to successfully rear the child and to integrate the child into the family and eventually into society.
课堂讲评
1. 【分析】复合句。

句子的主干为This DNA can reveal genetic information…。

even though 引导让步状语从句，从句由or连接的两个并列分句构成。

并列结构中的同等句子成分省略。

【译文】这种DNA只能揭示一到两位祖先的基因信息，即便如此，举例来说，只要上溯三代，一个人就会有六个其他的曾祖父母，或者上溯四代，就会有14位其他的曾曾祖父母。

2. 【分析】复合句。

While引导让步状语从句，其中it是形式主语，真正的主语是不定式短语。

注意ignore与其宾语被状语in our contact with them隔开了。

主句和从句的结构相同，并列结构中的同等句子成分被省略，完整形式是it is not so easy to ignore the effect of our acts upon their disposition in dealing with adults。

【译文】虽然在与年轻人的接触中，我们容易忽略自己的行为对他们的性情所产生的影响，然而和成年人打交道时这种情况就不那么容易发生。

3. 【分析】该句为if引导的条件句。

句中的move entire…同前面的to make additions and deletions构成并列关系，move前省略了to；its指代的是a word processor’s。

【译文】如果你使用文字处理软件写作，就可以通过一些简单的键盘指令进行添加和删除内容，也可以移动整个段落。

4. 【分析】句子的主干是Darwin was convinced that…，其中谓语动词包含被动语态，to the moral character与to the intellect并列，承前省略了be injurious。

【译文】达尔文认为，失去对音乐和绘画方面的兴趣，不仅失去了快乐，而且还可能伤及智力，甚至可能危及精神品质。

5. 【分析】该句是由and连接的两个并列分句。

其中后一分句是省略句，承前省略了谓语tracks，补充完整应为a commercial cultur e…is not…but an ideology tracks the emergence of mass media with it；其中定语从句in which修饰culture。

【译文】反快乐艺术的兴起几乎完全与大众传媒同步出现，而随之兴起了一种商业文化，在这种文化中，快乐不仅仅是一个理想，而且是一种意识形态。

6. 【分析】第一个问句的主干是Do you remember all those years…；其中when引导的定语从句修饰years；第二、三个问句省略主句Do you remember all those years when scientists argued that smoking would kill us but the doubters insisted…；the science uncertain承前省略了was。

【译文】你还记得那些年代吗？当科学家认为吸烟将会杀死我们，但是持怀疑态度的人坚持，我们并不知道确切的原因。

他们声称证据不确定，科学不可靠。

他们认为反对吸烟的议员公开地破坏生活方式，政府应该站到一边去。

7. 【分析】复合句。

if引导条件状语从句，主句是and连接的并列结构；其中第二个分句中的主语the information on products 与谓语mig ht…be p rovided被省略了。

【译文】如果该法律组织这一不太过分的要求得以实行,产品上所提供的警示信息可能实际上是用来保护顾客的利益,而不是仅仅为了保护公司免除法律责任。

8. 【分析】复合句。

句子主干为long-term difficulties can cause insomnia。

not readily resolved 是省略了主谓语的条件状语从句；that引导定语从句，修饰insomnia，从句中又包含一个so…that句型。

【译文】但是，长期的困难，例如失业、家人患重病、经历巨大的情感变化，如果得不到迅速解决，就会导致根深蒂固的失眠症，即使危机过后失眠仍将持久存在。

9.【分析】复合句。

while still at work为状语从句的省略形式；现在分词短语knowing
that…和形容词短语content in…作伴随状语；其中what I can no longer do 为宾语从句，that what… been done为thought的同位语从句。

【译文】知道其他人会继续我未尽的事业，想到自己已经做了可能做的事情，我心满意足，我会愿意在工作当中死去。

10. 【分析】复合句。

主句是adoption experts believe that…。

其中that引导宾语从句，该从句中又包含who引导的定语从句；in order to…rear…and to integrate…为目的状语，其中into society前省略了to integrate the child。

【译文】事实上，收养方面的专家认为收养这些孩子的人需要接受特殊训练并做好充分的准备才能成功地将孩子养大并使孩子融入自己的家庭，最后融入社会。