学术论文与写作

1.1

Features/standards of academic research?

Scientific

Rigorous

Systematic

valid and reliable

Replicable

Original

Responsible

critical.

科学，严谨，系统，有效和可靠，可复制的，原创，负责，批判性

1.3

Types of academic paper:

Research paper,academic report,review article,brief/rapid communications paper,course paper,thesis and dissertation.

1.4

Main characteristics of academic writing style：p6-11

Formality

Complexity

Explicitness明确性

Accuracy

Conciseness简洁，简明

Objectivity

Responsibility-referencing system Formality:

academic writing will normally avoid:contractions,colloquialisms,abbreviations and acronyms,phrasal verbs,second person pronoun in addressing readers.

学术写作通常会避免：缩略语、口语、缩略语和缩略词、短语动词、称呼读者的第二人称代词。

Objectivity: impersonality and hedging

1.5

Major parts of paper: Tittle, Key words, Abstract, Introduction, Materials and methods, Results, Discussion, Conclusions, Acknowledgements, References,Appendices,Supplementary data.

Reference：

acknowledging others’ contributions

Providing a context for your work

2.1

2.2

Library print resources:reference works,nonfiction books,journals,government publications,business and nonprofit publications.

Strategy of academic reading:read critically.

Describe;interpret;evaluate.描述；解释；评价

2.4

3.1

Result sections：text-based presentation of key findings

Writing strategies of the result section:

Using subheadings to streamline reports;

Captioning and referencing figures and tables;

3.2

Purposes of discussion:

interpret the results,answer the research questions,justify the

approach,critically evaluate the study. Elements of discussion:

Reiterating your research questions and methods; Elaborating on your major findings and additional findings; Relating the findings to similar studies;

Pointing out limitations of the study;

Stating future directions;

Making your overall conclusion.

重申你的研究问题和其他发现；

阐述你的主要调查结果和其他调查结果；

将研究结果与类似研究联系起来；

指出研究的局限性；

说明未来的方向；

得出你的总体结论。

3.3

conclusions features:

Conclusions based on sound evidence;

A reference to the main purpose or hypothesis of the study;

A brief summary of the main ideas in the paper; Comments on the main ideas in the paper;

Predictions for future developments of the topic; Limitations of the work covered by the paper;

Mention of further research.

基于可靠证据的结论；

指研究的主要目的或假设的参考文献；

简要总结了本文的主要观点；

对论文主要观点的评述；

对本专题今后发展的预测；

文件所涉工作的局限性；

提到进一步的研究。

4.3 4SCI

Use the present tense when:

Stating or referring to an established fact;

Explaining the essential details of conventional materials or methods used in your study;

Reporting facts about a general population;

Use the past tense when:

Describing the methods of your study;

Describing materials in your study that you modified,altered,or changed in any way;

Reporting sample data obtained through the research you conducted or from your literature review.

5.1

Structural elements of introductions:

Introduce the topic and provide the relevant background information/context of the topic field;

Give clear definitions of the key terms;

Review the previous related studies and point out their limitations if possible; State the purpose/objective of your study and set out the research questions to be addressed;

Introduce the theoretical perspectives and/or the method to be used; Explain how the paper will be organized(the outline of the paper).

5.2