中英文工业设计中3R原则的运用与影响

The impact of 3r principles to industrial design
Abstract: While industrial design creates modem life and living surroundings for people, it also accelerates the exhaustion of the natural resources and the energy resources. Besides, it has done harm to the ecological balance, and threatened the existence and the sustainable development of human beings. Confront with this situation, the strategy of sustainable development, proposed in 1990s, is accepted by many people. Recycling economy and its key point, “3r” principle, were born for this situation and become important principle in all kinds of economic activities and in the area of design and manufacture. By decoding the connotation of “3r”principle, the article analyzes the influence and the guidance over industrial design of “3r” principle. Furthermore, the article tries to discuss the conception of redesign, which is the extension of “3r” principle in the area of industrial design.
Key words: 3R principle; industrial design; recycling economy; redesign
I Introduction
Industrial design as a cross-cutting technology and the arts disciplines, it is closely related to the economy and to maintain its development and progress of society. It can be summarized: First. It services for industrial mass production, making industrial products enhance the value and valued-added. Second, it leads the fashion, to effectively stimulate consumption, so that consumers now only use the product at the same time, but also enjoy the new technology and material, Third, it puts technology to link up with the market, making products enhance competitiveness; Last but now least, it can bring the innovation into the enterprise. Therefore, the economic development needs industrial design which has become indispensable to the country’s economic construction.
However, along with the traditional industrial design creating high-quality modern lifestyle and living environment and promoting economic development, it also speeds up the consumption of resources and energy. What’s more, it does harm to the ecological balance of the Earth and brings about a serious of great damage to human survival and sustainable development. Especially the excessive commercialization of industrial design, utilitarian and excessive pursuit of profit, the implementation of “merchandise has plans to abolish the system”without taking into account production, use, process waste, such as the environment, the impact of resources. It can be said that people are in inappropriate and excessive consumption patterns of life. The industrial design objectively becomes essential medium to encourage people to uncontrolled consume, which is countered to the essence of industrial design------creating a science and healthy way of life.
Facing the threat of human survival and sustainable development, in the 20th century, people began to question the sustainable development of humanity, to carry out a profound reflection on sustainable development and to put forward a suitable model of circular economy. The principle of circular is “3R” (ie Reduce, Reuse, Recycle) which is of great significance to the implementation and promotion of socio-economic stability, sustainable development. Against this background, the concept of sustainable development into rapid economic development is inextricably linked to the design, based on this ongoing exploration and practice. “3R”principle intended to sort out this article on various aspects of industrial design and the guiding, and attempts to explore the “3R”principle of industrial design at the extension.
2: Cycle economic model and the principle of “3R”
Economy is engaged in production, consumption and reproduction activities, which is to meet human material needs of their own material. Recycling economy is considered following the
original economy, the agricultural economy, industrial economy after the time of the post-industrial economy, with the industrial economy is different between the resources and environment relationship. Following the economic cycle refers to the natural ecosystem of the material circulation and energy flow reconstruction of the economic system so that it harmoniously into the natural ecosystem of the material energy recycling process to product clean production, resource recycling and efficient recycling characterized eco-economic development patterns, also known as eco-economy, green economy.
2.1: The relationship between economic model, environment and the resources
Human survival and economic activities rely on the resources and the environment. On one hand, it is the source of the human beings material system; on the other hand, it bears the economic activities of human waste generated by the various roles. The Earth can provide resources but are limited, even though it must have the ability to purify, however it is subject to human economic activity the ability of emissions is also limited.
Industrial economic development patterns from “One Product One resource pollution” posed by one-way flow of material and an open economy, this openness has let to a global depletion of resources and waste, as well as the serious deterioration of the ecological environment.
Circular economy development patterns is from “one of resources of renewable resources, one of green products” posed by the material energy of the closed-up feedback loop process. This closed loop system, can maintain economic production of low, high-quality, low-waste, which will be economic activity of natural resources and environmental impacts to minimize damage.
2.2: Interpretation of the circular economy mode “3R” principle
“3R” principle is the basic manifestation of the economic cycle, and its specific contents are as follows:
“Reduction” principle is the first principle of circular economy. That is the source of control method, which requires the source of economic activity – the design stage, pay attention to the use of resources-saving and pollution reduction requirements with fewer resources to achieve the established purpose of the production or consumption. In the production areas, usually the energy-saving production processes, material and conservation of resources, the products of small size and lightweight, and easy and simple packaging requirements in order to achieve the purpose of reducing waste emissions. In the consumer area, reduction of the supremacy of the principle of a change in consumer lifestyles and advocate moderate consumption and green consumption.
“Reuse”principle is the second principle of circular economy, that is, process control methods, with the aim to improve the products and resources use efficiency, it calls for product design to initial the form of packaging for multiple items to prevent premature become waste. In the design, to the use of standard-sized parts, repair and upgrade in order to replace, thus prolonging the service life of products. In the consumer area, to promote the purchase of durable consumer goods, to reduce the use of disposable products, such as after-sales service by strengthening the means to extend the product life as possible and not waste.
“Recycling”principle is the third principle of circular economy, that is, terminal control methods of production and consumption in the process of waste generated, through the “resources ” of the means of its re-processing of raw materials can be re-used or product, put it back on consumption, Resources of the so-called class of resources usually include the original and secondary resources. The original class of resources is the waste of resources after the formation of the same with the original products, sub-resources is the waste of resources into
performance, different specifications of the products on the basis of functional analysis, and design into a serious of functional modules, through the selection and combination of modules can constitute different products to designed to meet the different needs of the Ways. The benefits of modular design: First, make products with good performance Recycling demolition, settled design different types of products and waste of resources; Second, it will be able to be easy to use or duplicate the function of independent recovery, enhance the versatility of the components, once the end-of-life products, they can re-use or recycling; Third, improve the repair of products can extend the life of the products.
Product design is removable at the design stage, so that parts of the products have a good performance of the demolition. Conducive to the re-use of components or recycled materials to save not only protect the environment and materials. The demolition of the design requirements, Products First, connect the various parts and components, as far as possible the use of detachable connection, such as threaded connections, unified type fasteners, reducing the number of fasteners, try not to use welding, riveting, bonding and other non-removable the connection; Second, in the selection and processing of raw materials, the demolition of the connection; to use and reuse of recyclable materials, the types of materials, such as less as possible.
Recyclable design refers to products, to take full account of the various materials products components the possibility of recycling, recovery treatment, recycle and products recovery of costs related to a series of questions, thus saving materials and reducing waste, minimum of environmental pollution for the purpose of a design method. Long-life design is the design of products based on life in the economic indicators to ensure that products, value and environmental requirements at the same time try to make our products to extend the life to achieve the slow resource consumption of a design method. Specifically include the following: First, improving product reliability and durability; Second, products are easy to repair and maintenance; Third, using standard, modular product structure.
3.4: The impact of design material
“3R” principle in guidance and norms, products design, material selection should be taken into consideration: First of all, minimize the use of materials. Try using high quality materials to enhance the service life of products: the prohibitions of the use of contaminated material against big, look for the corresponding sound material substitution; reuse as much as possible the use of recyclable materials. Secondly, the preferred sound of the ecological environment of the material, after the preferred decomposition of waste and the natural world to absorb the material, preferred low power, low cost, low-polluting materials, preferred easy processing, and processing of non-polluting or less polluting materials, preferred materials recycling. Finally, to reduce the use of types of materials in order to reduce the cost of Recycling Materials; maintain original material, as far as possible the use of simple materials, the use of alloy materials, to avoid material harm to the environment of the surface treatment; marked parts Products material composition for the materials to facilitate recycling and so on.
5. Conclusion
Circular economy is to achieve sustainable human development of new economic development model. “3R”principle is the core substance of the economic cycle, the idea of circular economy is the fundamental expression. “Re-design” are able to make the best of “3R” in the extension of the field of industrial design and development, is a matter of deep study and
practice the new task, it should be, together with the “3R” principle, become a model of circular economy are industrial 4R principles of design.
As the international chairman of the Federation of Societies of Industrial Design, Mr. Peter said “design of human development as an important factor, with the exception of self-destruction might be the ruin of mankind. Human arrival may also become a shortcut to a better world.” Today, in the framework of national sustainable development strategies, the role of industrial design is changing, and actively looking for a new direction for the development of circular economy at all levels play a role. Industrial design will become a powerful for cycling of our economic.
3R 原则对工业设计的影响
摘要：在工业设计为人们创造了现代生活和环境的同时，也进一步加速了自然资源和能源资源的衰竭。

除此之外，它还对生态平衡产生破坏以及人类社会的可持续发展产生威胁。

面临这种形势，20世纪90年代提出的可持续发展战略被很多人认同。

循环经济以及其重点“3r”原则应运而生，并成为所有经济活动、设计和制造领域的重要原则。

本文主要试图对“3r”原则对工业设计的影响及引导作用进行分析。

此外，还将对“3R”原则的延伸——设计理念进行讨论。

关键词：3R 原则，工业设计，循环经济，再设计
1.介绍
工业设计作为贯穿各个技术领域和艺术学科，与维持社会经济发展与进步密切相关。

它可以概括为：第一，它服务于工业化大规模生产；制造工业产品，提高产品价值。

第二，工业设计引领时尚，有效地刺激消费。

从而消费者在使用产品的同时也享受到新技术和新材料带来的快乐。

第三：它使得技术与市场紧密结合，提高产品竞争力；最后并且最重要的是，它能促使企业革新。

因此，工业设计已经成为国家经济建设和发展必不可少的因素。

然而，在传统工业设计为人们创造高质量现代生活方式和生存环境以及促进经济发展的同时，也在加速资源和能源的消耗。

更重要的是，传统工业设计破坏了地球生态平衡，给人类生存及自然资源和能源的可持续发展带来了一些列严重的损害。

尤其是工业设计过度商业化、利益的过度追捧，忽略了对产品的生产、使用、报废过程的考虑，实施“货物计划废除系统”以及对环境资源的影响。

可以说，人们已经进入了不恰当的过度消费生活模式。

工业设计的本质是创造科学健康的生活方式，反而客观地成为鼓励人们过度消费的必不可少的工具。

面临人类生存和资源可持续发展的威胁，在20世纪，人们开始提出人类的可持续发展，深刻贯彻可持续发展思想，并且提出适当的循环经济模式。

“3R”循环原则（即减少原料，再使用，再循环）对贯彻可持续发展和推展社会经济稳固发展具有重要的指导意义。

通过不断探索与实践，可持续发展观念、经济飞速发展与设计从此密不可分。

本文将尝试根据3R 原则对工业设计各个方面的影响和指导以及工业设计的延伸进行分类。

2.循环经济模式与3R 原则
经济包括生产、消费和再生产，以满足人类物质需求的一些列活动。

循环经济可以看作是原始经济、农业经济、工业经济发展而来的后工业化经济。

它同工业经济与能源和环境之间的关系不同。

其次，循环经济适用于自然生态系统中物质循环和能源循环的经济体制，以实现和谐开展自然生态系统物质能源循环进程，从而实现清洁生产、资源回收和有效并具有特征性的生态经济发展模式，即绿色经济。

2.1环境、资源与经济模式之间的联系
人类生存和经济活动依赖于资源环境。

一方面，它是人类生存所需物质体系的来源；另一方面，它承担人们在经济活动中各种废弃物的多种角色。

地球能提供的资源是有限的，即使它有能力净化，它还是遭受着人类经济活动所产生的排放物。

工业经济发展模式源于物质和开放经济体制单行循环中提出的“一种产品，一种资源污染”。

这种开放经济模式致使资源浪费全球化，同时导致生态环境极度恶化。

循环经济发展模式源于物质能源闭环反馈系统中提出的“一种再生资源，一种绿色产品”。

这种闭环反馈系统能够保持经济产物的高质量、低消耗，从而将经济活动对自然资源环境造成的损害降至最低。

2.2循环经济模式：3R原则的解释
3R原则是循环经济的基本体现，主要内容如下：
“减量”原则是循环经济的第一原则，即资源控制。

要求用较少的原料和能源投入来达到既定的生产目的或消费目的，进而到从经济活动的源头就注意节约资源和减少污染，以此来实现确立生产和消费观念。

在生产领域，通常是指减少节能生产工序、节约物质资源；生产产品小型化和轻型化，此外，减量化原则要求产品的包装应该追求简单朴实而不是豪华浪费，从而达到减少废物排放的目的。

在消费者领域，主要是指减少豪华至上原则，改变生活方式，提倡节制消费和绿色消费。

“再使用原则”是循环经济的第二项原则，即过程控制。

主要目的是提高产品资源有效利用，要求制造产品和包装容器能够以初始的形式被反复使用，避免浪费。

在设计过程中，再使用原则要求生产者应该将制品及其包装当作一种日常生活器具来设计，使其像餐具和背包一样可以被再三使用。

对于消费者来说，再使用原则提倡购买耐用产品，抵制当今世界一次性用品的泛滥。

再使用原则还要求制造商应该尽量延长产品的使用期，而不是非常快地更新换代。

再使用原则还要求制造商应该尽量延长产品的使用期，例如加强产品的售后服务，而不是非常快地更新换代。

“再循环原则”是循环经济的第三个原则，即对生产和消耗过程的终端控制。

再循环原则要求生产出来的物品在完成其使用功能后能重新变成可以利用的资源，而不是不可恢复的垃圾。

所谓的等级资源通常包括原级资源和次级资源。

原级资源是指废品被循环用来产生同种类型的新产品；次级资源即将废物资源转化成其它产品的原料，成产出不同于原级资源的新产品。

通过促进原级资源与次级资源相结合充分实现资源和经济的循环发展。

3.3R原则对工业设计的影响
3R 原则不仅对产品从设计、生产、销售、使用、处理以及整个生命周期等各个方面产生影响；而且对工业设计本身有着更广泛更深刻的变化。

3.1对设计理念的影响
现代工业经济当中，产品设计经常是服务于人民；都是以满足人民需求和解决其问题为出发点；并没有考虑到后续产品、资源利用、能源消耗以及废弃物排放对环境和其他生态系统带来的问题和影响。

设计理念中的3R原则是在“以人为本”向“天人合一”发展的绿色设计的影响下形成的，旨在满足人民日益增长的需求的同时注重生态系统的安全。

循环经济模式下的工业设计理念将人与自然和谐发展放在首要位置。

在工业设计中充分体现理论校对系统，从产品设计之初优先考虑并注重宏观环境与产品协调运行以达到系统优化。

这里，环境因素是贯穿整个设计的出发点与终点。

通过设计，在努力提高产量、使用期、循环进程的同时，降低其对环境造成的不利影响。

所以，绿色产品设计是在“天人合一”思想的指导下形成，即人与自然和谐发展、人机系统设计原则首要考虑环境、综合优化工业设计的新概念。

3.2 对设计风格的影响
在20世纪80年代，简约美风靡美国，它是一些极端纯粹审美者对设计风格的追求。

如果说，在工业经济模式中，产品设计的简约美风格是人们对美的主管追求；那么产品设计的结构简单、耗材节省、外型美观大方以及可持续发展将是循环经济模式的具体体现。

3R原则对产品设计具有风格简约、更深入、更具体的意义。

首先，在确保尽可能多回收原材料，如：生物原料，并维持其功能性的前提下，适当地减少加工；其次，提倡使用小而美、少即多、轻型产品；第三，在设计产品时，必须综合校对、评估、定义产品特征，以实现简化、优化并制造出核心功能简明的产品；第四，产品本身必须简单大方，语言清晰；第五，结构简单，易于制造；第六，选择不同的可降解、结构易溶解的材料。

3.2对设计方法的影响
3R原则以及贯彻绿色设计方法的指导对设计方法的影响主要有：模块化设计方面、可
移动设计方面、可循环设计方面和使用期设计方面。

模块化设计是指在一系列范围内，对不同功能或者不同功能同种性能、不同规格的产品进行基本功能分析的基础上，设计成一些列功能模块；通过对模块的选择和组合，重组并设计成不同的产品，以满足不同的需求。

模块化设计的好处在于：首先，提高产品性能，回收废弃材料，解决不同产品的设计，降低资源浪费；其次，方便使用，易于各个产品的功能恢复，提高产品多功能性。

一旦将近使用期限，可以将产品再回收或再利用；第三，改善产品维修服务，延长产品使用期。

产品在设计阶段是不断改变和移动的，以便大部分产品除了美观之外，都有良好的性能。

即使产品破损、性能损坏，也有利于其元件及其他材料回收再利用，这不尽环保也节省材料。

产品拆除设计要求：第一，连接各个零部件，尽可能利用可分离连接，例如：螺纹连接、统一紧固件；减少紧固件使用数量；尽量不使用焊接、铆接以及其他的固定连接。

第二，在选择和处理原材料时，尽量使用可再利用和再回收材料。

可循环利用设计是针对产品而言。

指充分考虑各种产品元件材料的可回收，功能恢复处理、再利用的可能性。

产品功能恢复成本与一些列问题有关。

因此，可循环利用设计的主要目的就是节省资源、减少浪费、降低环境污染。

产品长期设计是基于经济指标下延长产品使用期的同时，确保产品使用价值及环境需求，实现资源耗损得以减速的一种设计方式。

具体包括：第一，提高产品质量的可靠性和耐久性；第二，使得产品便于维护；第三，利用标准的模块化产品结构。

3.4：对设计材料的要求
在3R原则的规范指导下，产品设计中对于产品材料的选择必须考虑一下几点：首先，精剪原材料的使用。

尝试使用高品质材料来提高产品使用寿命，禁止使用被污染材料，寻找相应的健康材料代替；尽量使用可回收材料。

其次，首选有利于保护生态环境、易于自然界分解和吸收的健康材料，以及选用低消耗、低成本、易加工同时加工过程低污染的原材料，另外优先利用可回收利用材料。

最后，减少材料的使用种类，以便降低回收材料成本；维护原始材料，尽可能采用天然材料外使用相关合成材料，避免产品进行表面处理时给环境带来的破坏；对产品零件及材料进行明确标记便于回收利用。

4：结论
循环经济是实现人类可持续反发展的新型经济发展模式。

3R原则是循环经济的核心宗旨，是循环经济理论的基本体现。

国际工业设计联合会主席Peter 先生曾说“设计，作为人类发展的重要因素，除了自毁，也可能毁灭人类，同时也可能成为人类到达美好世界的一种捷径。

”在当今国家可持续发展战略结构下，工业设计的角色也正在发生着改变，成为积极寻找循环环境发展新方向的重要因素。

工业设计将是促进我国循环经济发展的强大力量。