中国的国际软实力提升
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Self-Presentations
¥ Foreign
Languages Press (FLP) was established in November 1949, first under the China Information Bureau of the Press Administration of the Central People’s Government and, after 1952, under the State Administration of Publications; ¥ Translating and publishing materials regarding “China’s successful revolution and construction.” Indonesian-language books ranked second in the number of FLP’s publications, surpassed only by English-language books
Public Diplomacy
¥ “The
influence of public attitudes on the formation and execution of foreign policies. It encompasses dimensions of international relations beyond traditional diplomacy . . . [including] the cultivation by governments of public opinion in other countries; the interaction of private groups and interests in one country with those of another . . . (and) the transnational flow of information and ideas.” ¥ Edmund Gullion, a career diplomat (1965)
Mechanisms
¥ According
to an official instruction by the Ministry of Foreign Affairs sent to various ambassadors in Southeast Asia in early 1950s, the fostering of patriotism and overseas Chinese patriotic united national front, as well as the publicizing of China’s successes were singled out as the key themes during PRC’s national day celebrations in these countries.
Transnational Flows of Information
¥ The
Medan Consulate distributed a total of 6,426 copies of following regularly published magazines in Northern and Central Sumatra in 1955, which were composed of (1) People’s Pictorials (Chinese version), 336 copies; (2) China Pictorials (Indonesian version), 3578 copies; (3) People’s China (English version), 607 copies; (4) China Construction (English version), 782 copies; and (5) People’s Literature (English version) 114 copies. In addition, the Consulate distributed sixteen magazines (1,846 copies) and donated 1,623 books;
Liu Hong, Waseda Summer School (July-Aug, 2013)
From Mao to Confucius
China Builds Soft Power in Southeast Asia
Presentation Outline
¥ Soft
power and Public Diplomacy ¥ History: China’s Efforts to Build Soft Power in Cold War Asia--Mao as the Center ¥ Soft Power Building at the time of China Rising: The Case of Confucius Institutes ¥ Assessments and Concluding tive modernity
“It is necessary to establish a conception of national culture at the top and then to spread it downwards,” [said Achmad]. “This is why I agreed with brother Yasrin’s plan to study the development of the people’s culture in RRT [the People’s Republic of China]. He will probably learn a lot and be inspired by their example.”… ¥ ”Look at RRT,” [said Suryono]. “How tremendous the progress which has been initiated by Mao Tse-tung in all fields — the liberation of the people from the oppression and corruption of Chiang Kai-shek’s clique. If it can be done there, why not here?” ¥ — Mochtar Lubis Twilight in Djakarta (1957)
SE Asia in China’s Strategic Thinking
¥ Considering
Southeast Asia as “one of the most important areas in the colonial world,” Chinese policy makers came to believe that this region’s anti-colonial nationalist movements were “influenced and inspired by the Chinese revolution.” ¥ “China’s today is Southeast Asia’s tomorrow.” ¥ --Vice Primier Chen Yi (1961)
Images of China
¥ China
as a purposeful and harmonious society ¥ China as a participatory and populist polity, nationalist instead of a communist country in the Soviet bloc ¥ China as a vibrant culture imbued with great intellectual creativities ¥ Indonesia too could achieve comparable socioeconomic progress, by using some of the mechanisms thought to be responsible for China’s growth
Mao as a Philosopher-King and Symbol of the New China
¥ He
impressed me as being not so much the leader of a people who had succeeded in changing the course of history and the destiny of the Chinese nation, as rather a father figure, the head of a large Chinese family such as I had often met in the Chinese quarters of Indonesian towns and cities, who was respected and looked upon as an old man of great wisdom and intelligence not only by his children and his grandchildren, but also by all the local Chinese. ¥ Prime Minister Ali Sastroamidjojo recalled his 1955
Embassy as Nexus of Soft Power Building
¥ In
1954 the embassy hosted 48 receptions for Indonesian guests.;1835 cases of interactions with local Indonesians; 1955, three Chinese documentary movies were shown 97 times in ten districts of Indonesia, with a total audience of 79,000; ¥ The Medan Consulate showed 7 feature and documentary films for a total of 20 times, attracting an audience of 5,401.
Soft Power
¥ A
country may obtain the outcomes it wants in world politics because other countries admire its values, emulate its example, aspire to its level of prosperity and openness.This soft power—getting others to want the outcomes that you want—coopts people rather than coerces them… soft power is attractive power. ¥ Joseph Nye, Soft Power: The Means to Success in World Politics (2004)
Foreigners’ Knowledge of Chinese Personalities
China in Sukarno’s Indonesia
¥
¥
¥
¥
¥
Introduction: China in Indonesia: What’s in a Name? Part I: (Re)presenting China Part II: Constructing the China Metaphor Part III: Shaping a New Trajectory Conclusion: China as an Alternative Modernity