学术英语写作Unit-6.Introduction
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➢ Background
1. Polylactide (PLA) has received much attention in recent years due to its biodegradable properties, which offer important economic benefits. 2. PLA is a polymer obtained from corn and isproduced by the polymerization of lactide. 3. It has many possible uses in the biomedical field1 and has also been investigated as potential engineering material.2,3 4. However, it has been found to be too weak under impact to be used commercially.4
In sentence 4 the writer describes the general problem area or the current research focus of the field.
8
In sentence 5 the writer provides a transition between the general problem area and the literature review.
7
In sentence 1 the writer establishes the importance of this research topic.
In sentence 2 the writer provides general background information.
In sentence 3 the writer does the same as in Sentence 1 and2, but in a more specific/detailed way.
6
Sample Analysis
Introduction
1.Polylactide (PLA) has received much attention in recent years due to its biodegradable properties, which offer important economic benefits. 2.PLA is a polymer obtained from corn and is produced by the polymerization of lactide. 3.It has many possible uses in the biomedical field1 and has also been investigated as potential engineering material.2,3 4.However, it has been found to be too weak under impact to be used commercially.4
methodology reported in the paper. In sentence 10 the writer announces the findings.
9
➢Background (sentences 1-4) ➢Literature Review (sentences 5-6) ➢Unresolved Question (sentence 7) ➢The Present Paper (sentences 8-10)
13
➢ The Present Paper
8. The present paper presents a set of criteria for selecting such a component. 9. On the basis of these criteria it then describes the preparation of a set of polymer blends using PLA and a hydro-carbon rubber (PI). 10. This combination of two mechanistically distinct polymerizations formed a novel polymer in which the incorporation of PI significantly increased flexibility .
4
Typical complaints of referees
The Introduction occupies too high a proportion of the entire paper and contains too many general statements that are widely known. The rational and objectives are not defined and the whole section is completely disorganized- it is not clear what problem the author is addressing or trying to solve and why they chose their particular methodology. Much of the initial part is essentially a cut and paste from the Abstract.
In sentence 6 the writer provides a brief overview of key research projects in this area.
In sentence 7 the writer describes a gap in the research.
In sentence 8 the writer describes the paper itself. In sentence 9 the writer gives details about the
8.The present paper presents a set of criteria for selecting such a component. 9.On the basis of these criteria it then describes the preparation of a set of polymer blends using PLA and a hydrocarbon rubber (PI). 10.This combination of two mechanistically distinct polymerizations formed a novel polymer in which the incorporation of PI significantly increased flexibility.
5.One way to toughen polymers is to incorporate a layer of rubber particles5 and there has been extensive research regarding the rubber modification of PLA. 6.For example, Penney et al. showed that PLA composites could be prepared using blending techniques6 and more recently, Hillier established the toughness of such composites.7
5
The author has not related the background information to the objective of the paper.
Please remember that the paper may be read by inexperienced Ph.D. students or others starting their work in your specific field. Hence, please add an explanation or at least a reference when mentioning notions related to… and terminology for…
11
➢ Literature Review
5. One way to toughen polymers is to incorporate a layer of rubber particles5 and there has been extensive research regarding the rubber modification of PLA. 6. For example , Penney et al. showed that PLA composites could be prepared using blending techniques6 and more recently, Hillier established the toughness of such composites.7
➢ Background ➢ Literature Review ➢ Unresolved Question ➢ The Present Paper
3
2. What is the purpose of writing the Introduction? 3. How does the Introduction differ from the Abstract? 4. How do writers normally start the Introduction? 5. What type of information should be included in the Introduction, and in what order? 6. How do writers normally end the Introduction?
7.However, although the effect of the rubber particles on the mechanical properties of copolymer systems was demonstrated over two years ago,8 little attention has been paid to the selection of an appropriate rubber component.
12
Fra Baidu bibliotek
➢ Unresolved Question
7. However, although the effect of the rubber particles on the mechanical properties of copolymer systems was demonstrated over two years ago,8 little attention has been paid to the selection of an appropriate rubber component.
Unit 6 How to Write the Introduction
1
Teaching Procedures
1
Lead-in
2
Sample Analysis
3
Building a Model
4
Grammar and Writing Skills
2
Lead-in 1. What information should be contained in the Introduction?
➢ Background
1. Polylactide (PLA) has received much attention in recent years due to its biodegradable properties, which offer important economic benefits. 2. PLA is a polymer obtained from corn and isproduced by the polymerization of lactide. 3. It has many possible uses in the biomedical field1 and has also been investigated as potential engineering material.2,3 4. However, it has been found to be too weak under impact to be used commercially.4
In sentence 4 the writer describes the general problem area or the current research focus of the field.
8
In sentence 5 the writer provides a transition between the general problem area and the literature review.
7
In sentence 1 the writer establishes the importance of this research topic.
In sentence 2 the writer provides general background information.
In sentence 3 the writer does the same as in Sentence 1 and2, but in a more specific/detailed way.
6
Sample Analysis
Introduction
1.Polylactide (PLA) has received much attention in recent years due to its biodegradable properties, which offer important economic benefits. 2.PLA is a polymer obtained from corn and is produced by the polymerization of lactide. 3.It has many possible uses in the biomedical field1 and has also been investigated as potential engineering material.2,3 4.However, it has been found to be too weak under impact to be used commercially.4
methodology reported in the paper. In sentence 10 the writer announces the findings.
9
➢Background (sentences 1-4) ➢Literature Review (sentences 5-6) ➢Unresolved Question (sentence 7) ➢The Present Paper (sentences 8-10)
13
➢ The Present Paper
8. The present paper presents a set of criteria for selecting such a component. 9. On the basis of these criteria it then describes the preparation of a set of polymer blends using PLA and a hydro-carbon rubber (PI). 10. This combination of two mechanistically distinct polymerizations formed a novel polymer in which the incorporation of PI significantly increased flexibility .
4
Typical complaints of referees
The Introduction occupies too high a proportion of the entire paper and contains too many general statements that are widely known. The rational and objectives are not defined and the whole section is completely disorganized- it is not clear what problem the author is addressing or trying to solve and why they chose their particular methodology. Much of the initial part is essentially a cut and paste from the Abstract.
In sentence 6 the writer provides a brief overview of key research projects in this area.
In sentence 7 the writer describes a gap in the research.
In sentence 8 the writer describes the paper itself. In sentence 9 the writer gives details about the
8.The present paper presents a set of criteria for selecting such a component. 9.On the basis of these criteria it then describes the preparation of a set of polymer blends using PLA and a hydrocarbon rubber (PI). 10.This combination of two mechanistically distinct polymerizations formed a novel polymer in which the incorporation of PI significantly increased flexibility.
5.One way to toughen polymers is to incorporate a layer of rubber particles5 and there has been extensive research regarding the rubber modification of PLA. 6.For example, Penney et al. showed that PLA composites could be prepared using blending techniques6 and more recently, Hillier established the toughness of such composites.7
5
The author has not related the background information to the objective of the paper.
Please remember that the paper may be read by inexperienced Ph.D. students or others starting their work in your specific field. Hence, please add an explanation or at least a reference when mentioning notions related to… and terminology for…
11
➢ Literature Review
5. One way to toughen polymers is to incorporate a layer of rubber particles5 and there has been extensive research regarding the rubber modification of PLA. 6. For example , Penney et al. showed that PLA composites could be prepared using blending techniques6 and more recently, Hillier established the toughness of such composites.7
➢ Background ➢ Literature Review ➢ Unresolved Question ➢ The Present Paper
3
2. What is the purpose of writing the Introduction? 3. How does the Introduction differ from the Abstract? 4. How do writers normally start the Introduction? 5. What type of information should be included in the Introduction, and in what order? 6. How do writers normally end the Introduction?
7.However, although the effect of the rubber particles on the mechanical properties of copolymer systems was demonstrated over two years ago,8 little attention has been paid to the selection of an appropriate rubber component.
12
Fra Baidu bibliotek
➢ Unresolved Question
7. However, although the effect of the rubber particles on the mechanical properties of copolymer systems was demonstrated over two years ago,8 little attention has been paid to the selection of an appropriate rubber component.
Unit 6 How to Write the Introduction
1
Teaching Procedures
1
Lead-in
2
Sample Analysis
3
Building a Model
4
Grammar and Writing Skills
2
Lead-in 1. What information should be contained in the Introduction?