学术英语写作

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研究生学术英语写作

6. 宣讲
1）考虑你的书面文字材料的总体格式 2）校对疏忽大意所造成的语法错误 3）即便是你已经检查了你的文本材料，也要检
查其中的词汇拼写错误
第二单元: 学术写作的两个基本结构
（1）泛论-特指(GS) （2）问题-过程-解决方法
1.泛论-特指文本写作 GS文本通常以下列一种形式开始 1. 简短或拓展定义 2. 对比或比较定义 3. 一般化或目标性陈述 4. 事实陈述
3. 组成结构
问题—解决方法模式的四部分： (1) 描述情况 (2) 甄别问题 (3) 描述解决方法 (4) 评估解决方法
Key to Exercise C: P.111
1—2句：描述情况 3—4句：甄别问题 5—6句：描述解决方法
7句：评估解决方法
4. 文体特征
学术写作的突出特征就是选用更加正式的词汇 1) 动词
写作中应使用更为正规的词汇
Key to Exercise F: P.112 1. an integral part of 2. nearly 3. considerable 4. obtained 5. increasing 6. intensified 7. have insufficient 8. rarely happen 9. enlarged to facilitate loading and
第二部分: 学术英语写作
第一单元: 学术写作的六个思虑因素
学术写作是多种思虑因素的产物：写作对象、写作目的、组成结构、文体特征、表达连贯、宣讲
1.写作对象
要想写作成功，你需要了解读者对你的期盼是什么以及之前读者对此主题知识的了解有多少
Key to Exercise A: P.109
Text 1 is targeting an educated, but not highly specialized audience; while Text B is directed at experts. Text A provides quite a lot of background

学术英语写作课件Academicwriting概要

Papers
目录
• Writing Techniques for Academic Papers • Publication and evaluation of academic
papers
01
Introduction to Academic English
Writing
The Definition of Academic English Writing
VS
Method
Critical evaluation of the strengths and weaknesses of past research, and how the current study builds upon or challenges existing knowledge.
Research Method
对于学生和研究者来说，良好的学术英语写作能力是获得学位、发表论文和提升职业发展的关键因素。
Norms and Requirements for Academic English Writing
01
学术英语写作应遵循准确、清晰、简洁和规范的语言表达原则。
02
文章结构应包括引言、文献综述、方法、结果和结论等部分，
Academic English Writing
Courseware Academic Writing
Summary
目录
• Introduction to Academic English Writing • The structure and organization of academic
papers • The Language Characteristics of Academic

学术英语写作Unit-6.Introduction

methodology reported in the paper. In sentence 10 the writer announces the findings.
9
➢Background (sentences 1-4) ➢Literature Review (sentences 5-6) ➢Unresolved Question (sentence 7) ➢The Present Paper (sentences 8-10)
In sentence 6 the writer provides a brief overview of key research projects in this area.
In sentence 7 the writer describes a gap in the research.
In sentence 8 the writer describes the paper itself. In sentence 9 the writer gives details about the
Unit 6 How to Write the Introduction
1
Teaching Procedures
1
Lead-in
2
Sample Analysis

Building a Model
4
Grammar and Writing Skills
2
Lead-in 1. What information should be contained in the Introduction?
13
➢ The Present Paper
8. The present paper presents a set of criteria for selecting such a component. 9. On the basis of these criteria it then describes the preparation of a set of polymer blends using PLA and a hydro-carbon rubber (PI). 10. This combination of two mechanistically distinct polymerizations formed a novel polymer in which the incorporation of PI significantly increased flexibility .

学术英语写作总结分析解析

专业英语写作考点总结Part І Academic English Writing （专业英语写作）Chapter 1 Six Considerations in Academic Writing1、Academic writing is a product of many consideration : audience, purpose and strategy ,organization, style, flow and presentation.（学术写作六要素：写作对象，目的，组织结构，文体特征，表达连贯和宣讲或宣读）。

2、Organization usually has the following four parts : 问题-解决方法包括四个部分(1)description of a situation （描述情况）(2)Identification of a problem （甄别问题）(3)Description of a solution （描述解决方法）(4)Evaluation of the solution （评估解决方法）3、Formal Grammar Style：（正规的语法风格）(1) Generally avoid contractions （一般来讲避免使用略缩词）例：won’t改为will not(2)Use the more appropriate formal negative forms （使用更为适宜的正规的否定形式）例：not...any改为no not...much改为little not...many改为few(3)Limit the use of “run-on”expressions, such as and so forth and etc. （限制使用多个词连用的表达法）例：句子不能出现and so forth和etc.出现时应将省略的部分扩展出来。

学术英语写作的特点

学术英语写作的特点
学术英语写作具有以下几个特点：
1. 准确性：学术英语写作要求表达准确、清晰，避免使用模糊、
含混或错误的语言。

作者需要对所研究的领域有深入的了解，并使用
正确的术语和措辞来表达自己的观点。

2. 严谨性：学术英语写作需要遵循严格的逻辑和结构，包括引言、方法、结果和讨论等部分。

每个部分都需要有明确的目的和内容，并
且需要遵循相应的学术规范和标准。

3. 客观性：学术英语写作要求作者保持客观、中立的态度，避免
使用主观的语言和情感色彩较浓的措辞。

作者需要基于事实和证据来
阐述自己的观点，并对其他观点进行客观的评价和比较。

4. 正式性：学术英语写作通常使用较为正式的语言和措辞，避免
使用口语化、俚语化或过于简单的表达方式。

同时，学术英语写作也
需要遵循相应的文体和格式要求，如引用文献、标注出处等。

5. 简洁性：学术英语写作要求简洁明了，避免使用冗长、复杂或
晦涩难懂的语言。

作者需要用简洁的语言表达复杂的思想和观点，并
尽可能减少不必要的重复和废话。

学术英语写作需要作者具备扎实的专业知识、严谨的逻辑思维和良好的语言表达能力，以确保文章的准确性、客观性和正式性。

学术英语写作分类

学术英语写作分类？
答：学术英语写作主要有以下几种分类：
1. 研究论文（Research Paper）：主要用来报告复杂的研究，展示研究结果和过程，常常包括引言、文献综述、方法、结果、讨论等部分。

2. 综述论文（Review Paper）：对某一主题或领域进行全面的概述，通常包括对已有研究的批判性分析和综合。

3. 短篇报告（Short Communication）：比研究论文简短，通常用来报告初步的研究结果或者一项研究的进展。

4. 海报展示（Poster Presentation）：一种视觉化的学术报告方式，常常在学术会议上进行展示，包括研究目的、方法、结果和结论的简要说明。

5. 期刊论文（Journal Paper）：发表在学术期刊上的论文，通常经过严格的同行评审，包括原创性研究、综述、评论等。

6. 学位论文（Thesis or Dissertation）：为了获得硕士或博士学位而写的论文，通常包括大量的原创性研究和对该领域的深入理解。

请注意，以上分类可能会因不同的学科领域或期刊要求而有所不同。

另外，在撰写学术论文时，应遵循一定的格式和结构，并确保使用正确和专业的学术语言。

以上是关于学术英语写作分类的信息，希望对您有所帮助。

英语学术论文写作范文学术英语写作范文17篇

英语学术论文写作范文学术英语写作范文17篇Sample 1Native American Influences on Modern U.S. CultureWhen the first Europeans came to the North American continent, they encountered the completely new cultures of the Native American. Peoples of North America, Native Americans, who had highly developed cultures in many respects, must have been as curious about them. As always happens when two or more cultures come into contact, there was a cultural exchange. Native Americans adopted some of the Europeans? ways, and the Europeans adopted some of their ways. As a result, Native Americans have made many valuable contributions to modern U.S. culture, particularly in the areas of language, art, food, and government.First of all, native Americans left a permanent mark on the English language. The early English-speaking settlers borrowed from several different Native American languages1words for places in this new land. All across the country are cities, towns, rivers, and states with native American names. For example, the states of Delaware, Iowa, Illinois, and Alabama are named after Native American tribes, as are the cities of Chicago, Miami, and Spokane. In addition to place names, English adopted from various Native American languages the words for animals and plants found in the Americas,Chipmunk, moose, raccoon, skunk, tobacco, and squash are just a few examples.Although the vocabulary of English is the area that shows the most Native Americaninfluence, it is not the only area of U.S. culture that has been shaped by contact with NativeAmericans. Art if another area of important Native American contributions. Wool rugs woven by women of the Navajo Tribe in Arizona and New Mexico are highly valued works of art in the United States. Native American jewelry made from silver and turquoise is also very popular and very expensive. Especially in the western and southwestern regions of the United States, native crafts such as pottery, leather products, and beadwork can be found in many homes. Indeed, native art and handicrafts are a treasured2part of U.S. culture.In addition to language and art, agriculture is another area inwhich Native Americans had a great and lasting influence on the peoples who arrived here from Europe, Africa, and Asia. Being skilled farmers, the Native Americans of North America taught the new comers many things about farming techniques and crops. Every U.S. schoolchild has heard the story of how Native Americans taught the first settlers to place a dead fish in a planting hole to provide fertilizer for the growing plant. Furthermore, they taught the settlers irrigation methods and croprotation. Many of the foods people in the United States eat today were introduced to the Europeans by Native Americans. For example, corn and chocolate were unknown in Europe. Now they are staples in the U.S. diet.Finally, it may surprise some people to learn that citizens of the United States are also indebted to the native people for our form of government. The Iroquois, who were an extremely large tribe with many branches called “nations”,had developed a highly sophisticated system of government to settle disputes that arose between the various branches. Five of the nationshad joined together in a confederation3called “The League of the Iroquois.” Under th e league, eachnation was autonomous in running its own internal affairs, but the nations acted as a unit when dealing with outsiders. The league kept the Iroquois from fighting among themselves and was also valuable in diplomatic relations with other tribes. When the 13 colonies were considering what kind of government to establish after they had wontheir independence from Britain,someone suggested that they use a system similar to that of the League of the Iroquois. Under this system, each colony or future state would be autonomous in managing its own affairs but would join forces with the other states to deal with matters that concerned them all. This is exactly what百度搜索“就爱阅读”,专业资料,生活学习,尽在就爱阅读网,您的在线图书馆happened. As a result, the presentfrom of government of the United States can be traced directly back to a Native American model.In conclusion, we can easily see from these few examples the extent of Native American influence on our language, our art forms, out eating habits, and our government. The people of the United States are deeply indebted to Native4Americans for their contributions to U.S. Culture.Exercise: Complete the outline by filling in the missing parts.Native American Influences on Modern U.S. CultureI. IntroductionThesis statement:___________________________________________________________ II. BodyA. Native Americans left a permanent mark on the English language.1. Names of places-cities, towns, rivers, and statesa. States: Delaware, Iowa, Illinois, Alabamab. Cities: Chicago, Miami, Spokane2. Names of animals and plantsa. Animals: chipmunk, moose, raccoon, skunkb. Plants: tobacco, squashB._____________________________________________________________1. Navajo rugs2. Silver and turquoise jewelry3.5______________________________________________________________a. Potteryb._____________________________________________________c._____________________________________________________c.______________________________________________________________1. Farming techniquesa._________________________________________________b. ________________________________________________2._____________________________________________________a._________________________________________________b. ________________________________________________6D. _1. Iroquois-large tribe with many branches (“nations”) Needed to settle disputes among various branches2. Five nations formed League of Iroquoisa._________________________________________________b. Acted together when dealing with outsiders3. After independence, 13 colonies adopted similar system.a. Each colony (future state) was autonomous in managing own affairs.b.______________________________________________________III. Conclusion___________________________________________________________百度搜索“就爱阅读”,专业资料,生活学习,尽在就爱阅读网,您的在线图书馆Sample 2:At the MoviesYou Are Where You Sit: Seating Choice Can Tell a Lot about a Person!71 When he goes to the movies, Ravel Centeno likes to sit on theaisle and stretch his feet out-a fact that by itself speaks volumesabout his personality, according to a new study. The study, commissioned by the British movie theater company Odeon, examined how theater seating habits reflect personality. And as the summer movie season reaches its zenith, the research says you are where you sit. Psychologist Donna Dawson divided moviegoers into four different personality types based on their seating preferences and cited examples of movie characters who fit those types.2 Those who sit on the aisle, like Centeno, are “detached observers”-people who like to have their own space, who are observers and tend to be quieter. “That?s funny, because I?m a writer,” Centeno said Thursday as he waited to see AI. atthe CineplexOdeon at Universal CityWalk. “So that?s what I do (observe people).” One celluloid example of a detached observer, said Dawson, is Jack Nicholson?s Melvin Udall character in As Good as It Gets.3 Other personality types, according to Dawson:4 The “front row film fanatic”: Extroverted, assertive, and8competitive, these are people who like to see movies with others,not on their own. An example from the movies might be Mike Meyers?s Austin Powers or Julia Roberts?s ErinBrockovich.5 The”middle-of-the-roaders”: These are the people wholike to sit in the middle, fittingly. They are people who areflexible and try to get along with others, such as Gwyneth Paltrow?s Emma. Gloria and Tom Candelaria of Redlands say that seems to fit them. “We like the middle because it?s not too far back and not too close to the front,” Gloria Candelaria said as she scanned the marquee at CityWalk. Tom Candelaria said the “middle-of-the-roader” label seems to fit them because “we?re easygoing.”6 The “invisible rebels”: Those who sit far in the back are people who are rebellious and like excitement but don?t necessary seek the limelight, the study said. A typical example is ClintEastwood?s Man with No Name and Sigourney Weaver?s Lt. Ripley in the Alien films. “The back row is,where things happen; it?s an exciting area of danger and lots of passionate smooching,” Dawson said in the Odeon report. “It tends to attract people who are rebellious.”97 For some people, though, sometimes a chair i s just a chair. “I don?t knowwherever there?s an empty seat,” said filmgoer Chris Marshall of Lake Hollywood, when asked where he likes to sit. “That works for me.”Questions About the Organization1. What kind of introduction does this newspaper article have?a. It is a funnel introduction-it begins with a general statement and narrows down to the thesis statement.b. It begins with an example and ends with the thesis statement.c. It explains the reasons for the study and ends with the thesis statement.2. What kind of conclusion does it have?a. It summarizes the four main personality types.b. It gives the writer?s opinion on the study.c. It gives an example that contrasts with the main points.3. What words in the thesis statement indicate that the article uses logical division of ideas as a百度搜索“就爱阅读”,专业资料,生活学习,尽在就爱阅读网10,您的在线图书馆pattern of organization?About the Support4. What two kinds of supporting details are used in this article?_________ and _________5. The psychologist who made the study used one kind of support, and the writer of the article reporting the results of the study used another kind. Which person used which kind?a. The psychologist used _b. The writer used _About the Content6. How do we know if the psychologist is correct? Does the article mention the methods she used in her study to match seating preference and personality type, or does it report only the results?百度搜索“就爱阅读”,专业资料,生活学习,尽在就爱阅读网,您的在线图书馆Sample 3Culture ShockMoving to a new country can be an exciting, even exhilarating experience. In a newenvironment, you somehow feel more alive: seeing new11sights, eating new food, hearing theforeign sounds of a new language, and feeling a different climate against your skin stimulate your senses as never before. Soon, however, this sensory bombardment becomes sensory overload. Suddenly, new experiences seem stressful rather than stimulating, and delight turns intodiscomfort. This is the phenomenon known as culture shock. Culture shock is more than jet lag or homesickness, and it affects nearly everyone who enters a newculture-tourists, business travelers, diplomats, and students alike. Although not everyone experiences culture shock in exactly the same way, many experts agree that it has roughly five stages.In the first stage, you are excited by your new environment. You experience some simple difficulties such as trying to use the telephone or public transportation, but you consider these small challenges that you can quickly overcome. Your feelings about the new culture are positive, so you are eager to make contact with people and to try new foods.Sooner or later, differences in behavior and customs become more noticeable to you. This is the second stage of culture shock. Because you do not know the social customs12of the new culture, you may find it difficult to make friends. For instance, you do not understand how to make “small talk,” so it ishard to carry on a casual, get-acquaintedconversation. One day in the schoolcafeteria, you overhear a conversation. You understand all the words, but you do not understand the meaning. Why is everyone laughing? Arethey laughing at you or at some joke that you did not understand? Also, you aren?t always sure how to act while shopping. Is this store self-service, or should you wait for a clerk to assist you? If you buy a sweater in the wrong size, can you exchange it? These are not minor challenges; they are major frustrations.In the third stage, you no longer have positive feelings about the new culture. You feel that you have made a mistake in coming here. Making friends hasn?t been easy, so you begin to feel lonely and isolated. Now you want to be with familiar people and eat familiar food. You begin to spend most of your free time with students from your home country, and you eat in restaurants that serve your native food. In fact, food becomes an obsession, and you spend a lot of time planning, shopping for, and cooking food from home.You know that you are in the fourth stage of culture shock13when you have negative feelings about almost everything. In this stage, you actively reject the new culture. You become critical, suspicious, and irritable. You believe that people are unfriendly, thatyour landlord is trying to cheat you, that your teachers do not like you, and that the food is making you sick. In fact, you may actually develop stomachaches, headaches, sleeplessness, lethargy, or other physical symptoms.Finally, you reach the fifth stage. As your language skills improve, you begin to have somesuccess in meeting people and in negotiating situations. You areable to exchange the sweater that was too small, and you cansuccessfully chat about the weather with a stranger on the bus. Yourself-confidence grows. After realizing that you cannot change your surroundings, you begin to accept the differences and tolerate them. For instance, the food will never be as tasty as the food in your home country, but you are now able to eat and sometimes even enjoy many dishes. You may not like the way some people in your host country dress or behave in public, but you do not regard their clothes and behavior as wrong-just different.14Concluding Paragraph A百度搜索“就爱阅读”,专业资料,生活学习,尽在就爱阅读网,您的在线图书馆To sum up, culture shock is a veryreal phenomenon that has been studied for more than 30 years by psychologists and anthropologist$. Its five phases are (1) positive feelings toward the new culture, (2) awareness of small differences, (3) growing discomfort and need for contact with home culture, (4) negativefeelings, and (5) acceptance and adjustment. Symptoms may vary, and not all people experience all five phases. In the end, however, people who suffer culture shock are stronger from having overcome the difficulties and frustrations of adapting to life in a new land. Concluding Paragraph BIn conclusion, nearly everyone moving to a new country feels some degree of culture shock. Symptoms may vary, and not all people experience all five stages. Newcomers with a strong support group may feel at home immediately in the new culture, while others may take months to feel comfortable. Staying in touch with friends and family, keeping a positive attitude, and, above all, learning the language as soon as possible are ways to overcome the15difficulties and frustrations of adapting to life in a new land.Exercise:1. Which concluding paragraph best suits the passage and why?2. Which concluding paragraph is a summary of the subtopics? Which one paraphrases the thesisstatement?3. Which concluding paragraph gives suggestions? Which one makes a prediction?百度搜索“就爱阅读”,专业资料,生活学习,尽在就爱阅读网,您的在线图书馆Sample 4: Cause and Effect百度搜索“就爱阅读”,专业资料,生活学习,尽在就爱阅读网,您的在线图书馆百度搜索“就爱阅读”,专业资料,生活学习,尽在就爱阅读网,您的在线图书馆Sample 5: Cause and Effect16百度搜索“就爱阅读”,专业资料,生活学习,尽在就爱阅读网,您的在线图书馆Sample 6: Comparison百度搜索“就爱阅读”,专业资料,生活学习,尽在就爱阅读网,您的在线图书馆百度搜索“就爱阅读”,专业资料,生活学习,尽在就爱阅读网,您的在线图书馆Sample 7: ComparisonCLASSROOM LEARNING AND INTERNETBASEDTEACHINGSince the late 1990s internet-based teaching (also known as e-education) has emerged as a potential rival to traditional classroom learning. It normally involves having access to a secure site on the internet where a graded series of lessons are available, and which have assignments sent and returned by email. Although on-line courses are now offered by many institutions, it is by no means clear that they offer real advantages compared to classroom education. Little research has been done so far on their effectiveness, but this17essay sets out to examine the arguments on both sides and attemptsto draw conclusions from them.Two main advantages of internet use in education are put forward. Firstly, it is seen as more economical, in that once a course is prepared, it can be used by large numbers of students. The savings made by not having to employ so many teachers should be reflected in cheaper course fees. The second benefit is convenience; instead of having to attend classes at fixed times and places, students are free to study when they choose and progress at their own pace. Furthermore, by studying from home there is no need to travel to the college or university, saving both time and money. A student living in a small town in China, for example, can now study a course at an American college without the worry of travelling, accommodation or homesickness.Despite the considerations mentioned above, classroom learning shows no signs of being replaced by e-learning. It seems that face-to-face contact with a teacher is still widely regarded as the best way for students to make progress, despite the expense and inconvenience involved. Not only the personal contact with a teacher, but also the support and18encouragement gained from being part of a class may be one reasonfor this. Membership of a group may also create a useful spirit of competition, which stimulates learning.Given the increasing pressure on university places in many countries, internet-based teaching is often seen as a convenient development. However, e-learning eliminates personal contact and travel from education, which are possibly the aspects many students value. Sittingat home working on a computer may be economical, but clearly cannot replace the social experience of attending courses. However, there are many people who are unable, either through work or family commitments,or due to lack of funds, to go to classes, and who would clearly find internet learning beneficial. On-line courses can also be used tosupport taught courses, for instance by providing access to extra materials. In many ways these kinds of courses are similarto ,universities of the air?, such as Britain?s OpenUniversity, which have developed distance learning so successfullyin the last 40 years.Faced by growing demand for university places, more institutions are likely to develop on-line courses, but the apparent benefits of e-learning may be less than are19generally believed. Students seem to value the personal contact ofthe classroom highly, despite its cost andinconvenience. There may be a role for internet-based courses to supplement teacher-taught ones, and certainly for people with other commitments they will be the only practical option. There is an urgentneed for research on the effectiveness of this type of learning, which should help maximise its advantages in the future.(Approximately 550 words)百度搜索“就爱阅读”,专业资料,生活学习,尽在就爱阅读网,您的在线图书馆Sample 8: Argument百度搜索“就爱阅读”,专业资料,生活学习,尽在就爱阅读网,您的在线图书馆Now complete the outline of the model essay:Separating the Sexes, Just for the Tough YearsI. Introduction (explanation of the issue)Thesis statement:20_______________________________________II. BodyA. Opposing argument 1Opponents of single-sex education claim that test scores show that there is no advantage to all-girl or all-boy classes.Rebuttal to argument 11. Research is inconclusive-show opposite results2. Other results that cannot be calculateda. Girls____________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________ ____b. Boys____________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________________ ______B. Opposing argument2____________________________________________________________21Rebuttal to argument 2_________________________________________________________a. Settling squabbles with siblingsb. Negotiating with opposite-sex parent百度搜索“就爱阅读”,专业资料,生活学习,尽在就爱阅读网,您的在线图书馆C. Opposing argument 3_________________________________________________________Rebuttal to argument 3___________________________________________________________a._______________________________________________________b. Teachers call on boys more oftenIII.Conclusion1. Same-sex classes provide a better learning environmentReasonsa. Boys and girls___________________________________________________22_____________________________________________________________________________ ______ b.Girl________________________________________________________________ _____ c. Boys____________________________________________________________________2.____________________________________________________________________ __3.____________________________________________________________________ _____百度搜索“就爱阅读”,专业资料,生活学习,尽在就爱阅读网,您的在线图书馆Sample 9A major change that has occurred in the Western family is an increased incidence in divorce. Whereas in the past, divorce was a relatively rare occurrence, in recent times it has become quite commonplace. This change is borne out clearly in census figures. For example thirty years ago in Australia, only one marriage in ten ended in divorce;23nowadays the figure is more than one in three (Australian Bureau of Statistics, 1996: p.45). A consequence of this change has been a substantial increase in the number of single parent families and the attendant problems that this brings (Kilmartin, 1997).An important issue for sociologists, and indeed for all of society,is why these changes in marital patterns have occurred. In this essay I will seek to critically examine a number of sociological explanationsfor the …divorce phenomenon? and also consider the social policy implications that each explanation carries with it. It will be arguedthat the best explanations are to be found within a broad socio-economic framework.One type of explanation for rising divorce has focused on changes in laws relating to marriage. For example, Bilton, Bonnett and Jones (1987) argue that increased rates of divorce do notnecessarily indicate that families are now more unstable. It is possible, they claim, that there has always been a degree of marital instability. They suggest that changes in the law have been significant, because they have provided unhappily married24couples with …access to a legal solution to pre-existentmarital problems? (p.301). Bilton et al. therefore believe that changes in divorce rates can be best explained in terms of changes inthe legal system. The problem with this type of explanation however, is that it does not consider why these laws have changed in the first place.It could be argued that reforms to family law, as well as the increased rate of divorce that has accompanied them, are the product of more fundamental changes in society.Another type of explanation is one that focuses precisely on these broad societal changes. For example, Nicky Hart (cited in Haralambos, 1995) argues that increases in divorce and marital breakdown are the result of economic changes that have affected the family. One example of these changes is the raised material aspirations of families, which Hart suggests has put pressure on both spouses to become wage earners. Women as a result have been forced to become both homemakers and economic providers. According to Hart, the contradiction of these two roles has lead to conflict and this is the main cause of marital breakdown. It would appear that Hart?s explanation cannot account for all cases of divorce - for example, marital breakdown is liable to occur25in families where only the husband is working. Nevertheless, her approach, which is to relate changes in family relations to broader social forces, would seem to be more probing than one that looks only at legislative change.The two explanations described above have very differentimplications for social policy,especially in relation to how the problem of increasing marital instability might be dealt with. Bilton et al. (1995) offer a legal explanation and hence would see the solutions also beingdetermined in this domain. If rises in divorce are thought to be the consequence of liberal divorce laws, the obvious way to stem this riseis to make them less obtainable. This approach, oneimagines, would lead to a reduction in divorce statistics; however, it cannot really be held up as a genuine solution to the problems of marital stress and breakdown in society. Indeed it would seem to be a solution directed more at symptoms than addressing fundamental causes.Furthermore, the百度搜索”就爱阅读”,专业资料,生活学习,尽在就爱阅读网26,您的在线图书馆experience of social workers,working in the area of family welfare suggests that restricting a couple?s access to divorce would in some cases serve only to exacerbate existing marital problems (Johnson, 1981). In those cases where violence is involved, the consequences could be tragic. Apart from all this, returning to more restrictive divorce laws seems to be a solution little favoured by Australians. (Harrison, 1990).Hart (cited in Haralambos, 1995), writing from a Marxist-feminist position, traces marital conflict to changes in the capitalist economic system and their resultant effect on the roles of men and women. It is difficult to know however, how such an analysis might be translated into practical social policies. This is because the Hart program would appear to require in the first place a radical restructuring of the economic system. Whilst this may be desirable for some, it is not achievable inthe present political climate. Hart is right however, to suggest that much marital conflict can be linked in some way to the economic circumstances of families. This is borne out in many statistical surveys which show consistently that rates of divorce are higher among socially disadvantaged families27(McDonald, 1993). This situation suggests then that social policies need to be geared to providing support and security for these types of families. It is little cause foroptimism however, that in recent years governments of all persuasions have shown an increasing reluctance to fund social welfare programs of this kind.It is difficult to offer a comprehensive explanation for the growing trend of marital breakdown; and it is even more difficult to find solutions that might ameliorate the problems created by it. Clearly though, as I have argued in this essay, the most useful answers are to be found not within a narrow legal framework, but within a broadersocio-economic one.Finally, it is worth pointing out that, whilst we may appear to be living in a time of increased family instability, research suggests that historically, instability may have been the norm rather than the exception. As Bell and Zajdow (1997) point out, in the past, single parent and step families were more common than is assumed - although the disruptive influence then was not divorce, but the premature death of。

学术英语写作_范文17篇

Sample 1Native American Influences on Modern U.S. CultureWhen the first Europeans came to the North American continent, they encountered the completely new cultures of the Native American. Peoples of North America, Native Americans, who had highly developed cultures in many respects, must have been as curious about them. As always happens when two or more cultures come into contact, there was a cultural exchange. Native Americans adopted some of the Europeans’ ways, and the Europeans adopted some of their ways. As a result, Native Americans have made many valuable contributions to modern U.S. culture, particularly in the areas of language, art, food, and government.First of all, Native Americans left a permanent mark on the English language. The early English-speaking settlers borrowed from several different Native American languages words for places in this new land. All across the country are cities, towns, rivers, and states with Native American names. For example, the states of Delaware, Iowa, Illinois, and Alabama are named after Native American tribes, as are the cities of Chicago, Miami, and Spokane. In addition to place names, English adopted from various Native American languages the words for animals and plants found in the Americas, Chipmunk, moose, raccoon, skunk, tobacco, and squash are just a few examples.Although the vocabulary of English is the area that shows the most Native American influence, it is not the only area of U.S. culture that has been shaped by contact with Native Americans. Art is another area of important Native American contributions. Wool rugs woven by women of theNavajo Tribe in Arizona and New Mexico are highly valued works of art in the United States. Native American jewelry made from silver andturquoise is also very popular and very expensive. Especially in the western and southwestern regions of the United States, native craftssuch as pottery, leather products, and beadwork can be found in many homes. Indeed, native art and handicrafts are a treasured part of U.S. culture.In addition to language and art, agriculture is another area in which Native Americans had a great and lasting influence on the peoples who arrived here from Europe, Africa, and Asia. Being skilled farmers, the Native Americans of North America taught the new comers many things about farming techniques and crops. Every U.S. schoolchild has heard the story of how Native Americans taught the first settlers to place a dead fish in a planting hole to provide fertilizer for the growing plant. Furthermore, they taught the settlers irrigation methods and crop rotation. Many of the foods people in the United States eat today were introduced to the Europeans by Native Americans. For example, corn and chocolate were unknown in Europe. Now they are staples in the U.S. diet.Finally, it may surprise some people to learn that citizens of the United States are also indebted to the native people for our form of government. The Iroquois, who were an extremely large tribe with many branches called “nations”, had developed a highly sophisticated system of government to settle disputes that arose between the various branches. Five of the nations had joined together in a confederation called “The League of the Iroquois.” Under the league, each nation was autonomousin running its own internal affairs, but the nations acted as a unit when dealing with outsiders. The league kept the Iroquois from fightingamong themselves and was also valuable in diplomatic relations withother tribes. When the 13 colonies were considering what kind of government to establish after they had won their independence from Britain, someone suggested that they use a system similar to that of the League of the Iroquois. Under this system, each colony or future state would be autonomous in managing its own affairs but would join forces with the other states to deal with matters that concerned them all. This is exactly what happened. As a result, the present from of government of the United States can be traced directly back to a Native American model.In conclusion, we can easily see from these few examples the extent of Native American influence on our language, our art forms, out eating habits, and our government. The people of the United States are deeply indebted to Native Americans for their contributions to U.S. Culture.Exercise: Complete the outline by filling in the missing parts.Native American Influences on Modern U.S. CultureI. IntroductionThesis statement:___________________________________________________________II. BodyA. Native Americans left a permanent mark on the English language.1. Names of places-cities, towns, rivers, and statesa. States: Delaware, Iowa, Illinois, Alabamab. Cities: Chicago, Miami, Spokane2. Names of animals and plantsa. Animals: chipmunk, moose, raccoon, skunkb. Plants: tobacco, squashB. _____________________________________________________________1. Navajo rugs2. Silver and turquoise jewelry3. ______________________________________________________________a. Potteryb. _____________________________________________________c. _____________________________________________________C. ______________________________________________________________1. Farming techniquesa. _________________________________________________b. ________________________________________________2. _____________________________________________________a. _________________________________________________b. ________________________________________________D. ______________________________________________________________1. Iroquois-large tribe with many branches ("nations")Needed to settle disputes among various branches2. Five nations formed League of Iroquoisa. _________________________________________________b. Acted together when dealing with outsiders3. After independence, 13 colonies adopted similar system.a. Each colony (future state) was autonomous in managing own affairs.b. ______________________________________________________III. Conclusion___________________________________________________________ Sample 2:Culture ShockMoving to a new country can be an exciting, even exhilarating experience. In a new environment, you somehow feel more alive: seeingnew sights, eating new food, hearing the foreign sounds of a new language, and feeling a different climate against your skin stimulate your senses as never before. Soon, however, this sensory bombardment becomes sensory overload. Suddenly, new experiences seem stressfulrather than stimulating, and delight turns into discomfort. This is the phenomenon known as culture shock. Culture shock is more than jet lag or homesickness, and it affects nearly everyone who enters a new culture-tourists, business travelers, diplomats, and students alike. Although not everyone experiences culture shock in exactly the same way, many experts agree that it has roughly five stages.In the first stage, you are excited by your new environment. You experience some simple difficulties such as trying to use the telephone or public transportation, but you consider these small challenges that you can quickly overcome. Your feelings about the new culture are positive, so you are eager to make contact with people and to try new foods.Sooner or later, differences in behavior and customs become more noticeable to you. This is the second stage of culture shock. Because you do not know the social customs of the new culture, you may find it difficult to make friends. For instance, you do not understand how to make "small talk," so it is hard to carry on a casual, get-acquainted conversation. One day in the school cafeteria, you overhear a conversation. You understand all the words, but you do not understand the meaning. Why is everyone laughing? Are they laughing at you or at some joke that you did not understand? Also, you aren't always sure how to act while shopping. Is this store self-service, or should you waitfor a clerk to assist you? If you buy a sweater in the wrong size, canyou exchange it? These are not minor challenges; they are major frustrations.In the third stage, you no longer have positive feelings about the new culture. You feel that you have made a mistake in coming here. Making friends hasn't been easy, so you begin to feel lonely and isolated. Now you want to be with familiar people and eat familiar food. You begin to spend most of your free time with students from your home country, and you eat in restaurants that serve your native food. In fact, food becomes an obsession, and you spend a lot of time planning, shopping for, and cooking food from home.You know that you are in the fourth stage of culture shock when you have negative feelings about almost everything. In this stage, you actively reject the new culture. You become critical, suspicious, and irritable. You believe that people are unfriendly, that your landlord is trying to cheat you, that your teachers do not like you, and that the food is making you sick. In fact, you may actually develop stomachaches, headaches, sleeplessness, lethargy, or other physical symptoms.Finally, you reach the fifth stage. As your language skills improve, you begin to have some success in meeting people and in negotiating situations. You are able to exchange the sweater that was too small, and you can successfully chat about the weather with a stranger on the bus. Your self-confidence grows. After realizing that you cannot change your surroundings, you begin to accept the differences and tolerate them. For instance, the food will never be as tasty as the food in your home country, but you are now able to eat and sometimes even enjoy many dishes. You may not like the way some people in your host country dressor behave in public, but you do not regard their clothes and behavior as wrong-just different.Concluding Paragraph ATo sum up, culture shock is a very real phenomenon that has been studied for more than 30 years by psychologists and anthropologists. Its five phases are (1) positive feelings toward the new culture, (2) awareness of small differences, (3) growing discomfort and need for contact with home culture, (4) negative feelings, and (5) acceptance and adjustment. Symptoms may vary, and not all people experience all five phases. In the end, however, people who suffer culture shock are stronger from having overcome the difficulties and frustrations of adapting to life in a new land.Concluding Paragraph BIn conclusion, nearly everyone moving to a new country feels some degree of culture shock. Symptoms may vary, and not all people experience all five stages. Newcomers with a strong support group may feel at home immediately in the new culture, while others may take months to feel comfortable. Staying in touch with friends and family, keeping a positive attitude, and, above all, learning the language as soon as possible are ways to overcome the difficulties and frustrations of adapting to life in a new land.Exercise:1. Which concluding paragraph best suits the passage and why?2. Which concluding paragraph is a summary of the subtopics? Which one paraphrases the thesis statement?3. Which concluding paragraph gives suggestions? Which one makes a prediction?Sample 3At the MoviesYou Are Where You Sit: Seating Choice Can Tell a Lot about a Person!1 When he goes to the movies, Ravel Centeno likes to sit on the aisle and stretch his feet out-a fact that by itself speaks volumesabout his personality, according to a new study. The study, commissioned by the British movie theater company Odeon, examined how theater seating habits reflect personality. And as the summer movie season reaches its zenith, the research says you are where you sit. Psychologist Donna Dawson divided moviegoers into four different personality types based on their seating preferences and cited examples of movie characters who fit those types.2 Those who sit on the aisle, like Centeno, are "detached observers"-people who like to have their own space, who are observersand tend to be quieter. "That's funny, because I'm a writer," Centeno said Thursday as he waited to see AI. at the Cineplex Odeon at Universal CityWalk. "So that's what I do (observe people)." One celluloid example of a detached observer, said Dawson, is Jack Nicholson's Melvin Udall character in As Good as It Gets.3 Other personality types, according to Dawson:4 The "front row film fanatic": Extroverted, assertive, and competitive, these are people who like to see movies with others, not on their own. An example from the movies might be Mike Meyers's Austin Powers or Julia Roberts's Erin Brockovich.5 The “middle-of-the-roaders": These are the people who like to sit in the middle, fittingly. They are people who are flexible andtry to get along with others, such as Gwyneth Paltrow's Emma. Gloria and Tom Candelaria of Redlands say that seems to fit them. "We like the middle because it's not too far back and not too close to the front," Gloria Candelaria said as she scanned the marquee at CityWalk. Tom Candelaria said the "middle-of-the-roader" label seems to fit them because "we're easygoing."6 The "invisible rebels": Those who sit far in the back are people who are rebellious and like excitement but don't necessary seek the limelight, the study said. A typical example is Clint Eastwood's Man with No Name and Sigourney Weaver's Lt. Ripley in the Alien films. "The back row is, where things happen; it's an exciting area of danger and lots of passionate smooching," Dawson said in the Odeon report. "It tends to attract people who are rebellious."7 For some people, though, sometimes a chair is just a chair. "I don't know wherever there's an empty seat," said filmgoer Chris Marshall of Lake Hollywood, when asked where he likes to sit. "That works for me."Questions About the Organization1. What kind of introduction does this newspaper article have?a. It is a funnel introduction-it begins with a general statement and narrows down to the thesis statement.b. It begins with an example and ends with the thesis statement.c. It explains the reasons for the study and ends with the thesis statement.2. What kind of conclusion does it have?a. It summarizes the four main personality types.b. It gives the writer's opinion on the study.c. It gives an example that contrasts with the main points.3. What words in the thesis statement indicate that the article uses logical division of ideas as a pattern of organization?About the Support4. What two kinds of supporting details are used in this article?_________ and _________5. The psychologist who made the study used one kind of support, and the writer of the article reporting the results of the study used another kind. Which person used which kind?a. The psychologist used _b. The writer used _About the Content6. How do we know if the psychologist is correct? Does the article mention the methods she used in her study to match seating preference and personality type, or does it report only the results?Sample 4: Cause and EffectSample 5: Cause and EffectSample 6: ComparisonSample 7: ComparisonCLASSROOM LEARNING AND INTERNETBASED TEACHINGSince the late 1990s internet-based teaching (also known as e-education) has emerged as a potential rival to traditional classroom learning. It normally involves having access to a secure site on the internet where a graded series of lessons are available, and which have assignments sent and returned by email. Although on-line courses are now offered by many institutions, it is by no means clear that they offer real advantages compared to classroom education. Little research has been done so far on their effectiveness, but this essay sets out toexamine the arguments on both sides and attempts to draw conclusions from them.Two main advantages of internet use in education are put forward. Firstly, it is seen as more economical, in that once a course is prepared, it can be used by large numbers of students. The savings made by not having to employ so many teachers should be reflected in cheaper course fees. The second benefit is convenience; instead of having to attend classes at fixed times and places, students are free to study when they choose and progress at their own pace. Furthermore, by studying from home there is no need to travel to the college or university, saving both time and money. A student living in a small town in China, for example, can now study a course at an American college without the worry of travelling, accommodation or homesickness.Despite the considerations mentioned above, classroom learning shows no signs of being replaced by e-learning. It seems that face-to-face contact with a teacher is still widely regarded as the best way for students to make progress, despite the expense and inconvenience involved. Not only the personal contact with a teacher, but also the support and encouragement gained from being part of a class may be one reason for this. Membership of a group may also create a useful spirit of competition, which stimulates learning.Given the increasing pressure on university places in many countries, internet-based teaching is often seen as a convenient development. However, e-learning eliminates personal contact and travel from education, which are possibly the aspects many students value. Sitting at home working on a computer may be economical, but clearlycannot replace the social experience of attending courses. However, there are many people who are unable, either through work or family commitments, or due to lack of funds, to go to classes, and who would clearly find internet learning beneficial. On-line courses can also be used to support taught courses, for instance by providing access to extra materials. In many ways these kinds of courses are similar to‘universities of the air’, such as Britain’s Open University, which have developed distance learning so successfully in the last 40 years.Faced by growing demand for university places, more institutions are likely to develop on-line courses, but the apparent benefits of e-learning may be less than are generally believed. Students seem to value the personal contact of the classroom highly, despite its cost and inconvenience. There may be a role for internet-based courses to supplement teacher-taught ones, and certainly for people with other commitments they will be the only practical option. There is an urgent need for research on the effectiveness of this type of learning, which should help maximize its advantages in the future.(Approximately 550 words)Sample 8: ArgumentNow complete the outline of the model essay: Separating the Sexes, Just for the Tough YearsI. Introduction (explanation of the issue)Thesis statement: _______________________________________II. BodyA. Opposing argument 1Opponents of single-sex education claim that test scores show that there is no advantage to all-girl or all-boy classes.Rebuttal to argument 11. Research is inconclusive-show opposite results2. Other results that cannot be calculateda. Girls________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ _____b.Boys _________________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________ _______B. Opposing argument2____________________________________________________________ Rebuttal to argument 2_________________________________________________________a. Settling squabbles with siblingsb. Negotiating with opposite-sex parentC. Opposing argument 3_________________________________________________________Rebuttal to argument 3___________________________________________________________a. _______________________________________________________b. Teachers call on boys more oftenIII.Conclusion1. Same-sex classes provide a better learning environmentReasonsa. Boys and girls_______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ _______b.Girl____________________________________________________________________ _c. Boys____________________________________________________________________2.______________________________________________________________________3.________________________________________________________________________ _Sample 9A major change that has occurred in the Western family is an increased incidence in divorce. Whereas in the past, divorce was a relatively rare occurrence, in recent times it has become quite commonplace. This change is borne out clearly in census figures. For example thirty years ago in Australia, only one marriage in ten ended in divorce; nowadays the figure is more than one in three (Australian Bureau of Statistics, 1996: p.45). A consequence of this change has been a substantial increase in the number of single parent families and the attendant problems that this brings (Kilmartin, 1997).An important issue for sociologists, and indeed for all of society, is why these changes in marital patterns have occurred. In this essay I will seek to critically examine a number of sociological explanationsfor the 'divorce phenomenon' and also consider the social policy implications that each explanation carries with it. It will be arguedthat the best explanations are to be found within a broad socio-economic framework.One type of explanation for rising divorce has focused on changesin laws relating to marriage. For example, Bilton, Bonnett and Jones (1987) argue that increased rates of divorce do not necessarily indicate that families are now more unstable. It is possible, they claim, that there has always been a degree of marital instability. They suggest that changes in the law have been significant, because they have provided unhappily married couples with 'access to a legal solution to pre-existent marital problems' (p.301). Bilton et al. therefore believe that changes in divorce rates can be best explained in terms of changes inthe legal system. The problem with this type of explanation however, is that it does not consider why these laws have changed in the first place. It could be argued that reforms to family law, as well as the increased rate of divorce that has accompanied them, are the product of more fundamental changes in society.Another type of explanation is one that focuses precisely on these broad societal changes. For example, Nicky Hart (cited in Haralambos, 1995) argues that increases in divorce and marital breakdown are the result of economic changes that have affected the family. One example of these changes is the raised material aspirations of families, which Hart suggests has put pressure on both spouses to become wage earners. Womenas a result have been forced to become both homemakers and economic providers. According to Hart, the contradiction of these two roles has lead to conflict and this is the main cause of marital breakdown. It would appear that Hart's explanation cannot account for all cases of divorce - for example, marital breakdown is liable to occur in families where only the husband is working. Nevertheless, her approach, which is to relate changes in family relations to broader social forces, would seem to be more probing than one that looks only at legislative change.The two explanations described above have very differentimplications for social policy, especially in relation to how the problem of increasing marital instability might be dealt with. Bilton et al. (1995) offer a legal explanation and hence would see the solutions also being determined in this domain. If rises in divorce are thought to be the consequence of liberal divorce laws, the obvious way to stem this rise is to make them less obtainable. This approach, one imagines, would lead to a reduction in divorce statistics; however, it cannot really be held up as a genuine solution to the problems of marital stress and breakdown in society. Indeed it would seem to be a solution directed more at symptoms than addressing fundamental causes. Furthermore, the experience of social workers, working in the area of family welfare suggests that restricting a couple's access to divorce would in some cases serve only to exacerbate existing marital problems (Johnson, 1981). In those cases where violence is involved, the consequences could be tragic. Apart from all this, returning to more restrictive divorce laws seems to be a solution little favored by Australians. (Harrison, 1990).Hart (cited in Haralambos, 1995), writing from a Marxist-feminist position, traces marital conflict to changes in the capitalist economicsystem and their resultant effect on the roles of men and women. It is difficult to know however, how such an analysis might be translated into practical social policies. This is because the Hart program would appear to require in the first place a radical restructuring of the economic system. Whilst this may be desirable for some, it is not achievable in the present political climate. Hart is right however, to suggest that much marital conflict can be linked in some way to the economic circumstances of families. This is borne out in many statistical surveys which show consistently that rates of divorce are higher among socially disadvantaged families (McDonald, 1993). This situation suggests then that social policies need to be geared to providing support and security for these types of families. It is little cause for optimism however, that in recent years governments of all persuasions have shown an increasing reluctance to fund social welfare programs of this kind.It is difficult to offer a comprehensive explanation for the growing trend of marital breakdown; and it is even more difficult tofind solutions that might ameliorate the problems created by it. Clearly though, as I have argued in this essay, the most useful answers are to be found not within a narrow legal framework, but within a broadersocio-economic one.Finally, it is worth pointing out that, whilst we may appear to be living in a time of increased family instability, research suggests that historically, instability may have been the norm rather than the exception. As Bell and Zajdow (1997) point out, in the past, single parent and step families were more common than is assumed - although the disruptive influence then was not divorce, but the premature death of one or both parents. This situation suggests that in studying the modernfamily, one needs to employ a historical perspective, including the possibility of looking to the past in searching for ways of dealing with problems in the present.Sample 10Discuss why assignment essays are common assessment tasks in undergraduate tertiary coursework, and evaluate the effectiveness of assignments as an avenue for learning. (Word limit 500 words - 10% leeway) Please note that the APA referencing style is used in this sample essay.Assignment essays are developed from set questions that give students a period of time to research a topic and produce their answer with references to their sources of information. While there are some disadvantages with using assignment essays as an assessment tool, there are sound educational purposes underpinning this practice. This essay examines the reasons why assignment essays are beneficial for student learning and considers some of the problems with this method of assessment.Assignment essay tasks are set to assist students to develop mastery of their study subject. Firstly, assignment tasks enhance understandings about subject matter. Yang and Baker (2005) reason that "to master your learning materials and extend your understandings, you need to write about the meanings you gain from your research" (p. 1). Secondly, research (Jinx, 2004; Zapper, 2006) clearly demonstrates that students learn the writing conventions of a subject area while they are researching, reading and writing in their discipline. This activity。

学术英语写作范文参考

学术英语写作范文参考学术英语写作范文参考：Title: The Impact of Social Media on Mental Health Introduction:In recent years, the use of social media has skyrocketed, with millions of people engaging with various platforms on a daily basis. This surge in popularity has raised concerns about the impact of social media on individuals' mental health. This paper aims to explore the potential negative effects of social media on mental well-being and discuss possible strategies to mitigate these issues. Body Paragraphs:1. Addiction and dependency:One of the major concerns associated with excessive social media use is addiction and dependency. Research has shown that constant reliance on social media platforms can lead to compulsive behaviors and a loss of control. This can result in decreased productivity, impaired social relationships, and increased stress levels, which ultimately have a detrimental effect on mental health.2. Social comparison and self-esteem:Social media often presents an idealized version of people's lives, leading to social comparison and negative self-perception. Users are exposed to carefully curated content, showcasing only the best aspects of others' lives, which can lead to feelings of inadequacy and low self-esteem. This constant comparison to others can contribute to anxiety and depression, impacting mental well-being.3. Cyberbullying and harassment:The anonymity and distance afforded by the online environment make social media platforms fertile ground for cyberbullying and harassment. These experiences can cause severe emotional distress and have long-lasting effects on mental health. Victims of cyberbullying may feel isolated, anxious, and depressed, further exacerbating mental health issues.4. Sleep disturbances:Frequent social media use, especially before bedtime, has been shown to interfere with sleep patterns. The blue light emitted by screens and the constant stimulation from social media content can disrupt the body's natural circadian rhythm. Sleep disturbances have been linked to various mental health disorders, such as depression and anxiety, emphasizing the need to minimize late-night social media consumption.Conclusion:In conclusion, social media has the potential to negatively impact individuals' mental health in various ways. Addiction, social comparison, cyberbullying, and sleep disturbances are just a few examples of the detrimental effects of excessive social media use. However, it is important to recognize the positive aspects of social media as well, such as the ability to connect with others and share experiences. To mitigate the potential harm, individuals should be mindful of their social media usage, set boundaries, and prioritize their mental well-being. Additionally, implementing educational programs and policies to raise awareness about the risks associated with social media can contribute to a healthier online environment.。

学术英语作文万能模板范文

学术英语作文万能模板范文Title: A Universal Template for Academic English Writing。

Academic writing is an essential skill for students and scholars in various fields of study. Whether it is for a research paper, a thesis, or a journal article, having a solid understanding of academic English writing is crucial for effectively communicating ideas and findings. In this article, we will discuss a universal template for academic English writing that can be applied to different types of academic papers.Introduction。

The introduction is the opening section of an academic paper where the writer introduces the topic, provides background information, and presents the research question or thesis statement. It is important to grab the reader's attention and provide a clear roadmap for the rest of the paper. The introduction should be concise, engaging, and informative.Literature Review。

学术英语论文范文精选3篇(全文)

学术英语论文范文精选3篇评价系统（The pprisl Systems）是对系统功能语言学的新进展。

系统功能语言学以系统功能语法为基础。

评价理论是在20世纪90年代对澳大利亚新南威尔士的中学和其他场所语文水平研究的基础上进展起来的。

该研究由Mrtin指导，Croline Coffin，Rick Iedem，Henrike Korner，Dvid Rose，Robert Vee 和Peter White 参与。

这项研究是“写得得体”（Write It Right）科研项目的一部分。

评价理论包括三大次系统：态度，介入和级差。

三大次系统又可以次系统化。

态度系统指对文本，人类行为和现象所作出的推断。

态度有积极和消极之分。

任何句子都传递者积极和消极的评价。

态度可以明确或者含蓄的表达。

态度是指向文化的并与读者的意识形态相关。

态度可以通过表品质的词来表达，如hppy；可以通过心理过程和行为过程来表达，如like；通过情态状语表达，如hppily。

态度包含三个系范畴：情感系统、推断系统和鉴赏系统。

推断系统又可分为社会评判和社会约束。

鉴赏系统又可分为：反应、构成和价值。

介入系统深受Bkhtin （1981，1986）对话性和多语性的影响。

从这个意义层面上讲，介入资源是一种方式，通过这种方式说话者或XX自己介入对话中，一定程度上展示加入、承认、回应、挑战或拒绝其他XX或说话者的声音，或者对其他说话者或XX的回应做出可能的预期。

介入分为对话扩展和对话紧缩。

对话扩展又可次系统化为包容和归属；对话紧缩可次系统化为弃言和借言。

介入可以通过情态词、言剧性表达、模糊语等来实现，如my，it is sid tht等。

级差系统是对态度介入的程度的分级资源，包含语势和聚焦。

语势有强势和弱势之分，聚焦有明显和模糊之分。

级差可以通过一些表程度的词来实现，如some，plusible等。

3.语料本项研究的语料是60篇英文4.研究结果及分析本研究分别从三个次系统对语料进行分析：态度，介入，级差。

学术英语写作academic language

学术英语写作（Academic Language）是一种用于学术和专业领域的英语写作风格。

它具有以下特点：
- **准确性**：使用准确的词汇和语法，避免模糊或歧义。

- **专业性**：运用特定领域的专业术语和词汇，体现学术的专业性。

- **逻辑性**：结构清晰，段落之间有明确的逻辑关系。

- **客观性**：以客观的态度表达观点，避免主观情感和个人偏见。

- **正式性**：语言风格较为正式，避免口语化和随意的表达。

- **引用和参考**：正确引用他人的研究成果，以支持自己的观点并提供参考依据。

- **论证性**：通过论证和证据来支持观点，使文章具有说服力。

要提高学术英语写作水平，可以多阅读相关领域的学术文献，学习其写作风格和表达方式。

同时，注重语法和词汇的积累，不断练习写作，接受老师或同行的反馈，都有助于提升学术英语写作能力。

学术英语写作课后答案

学术英语写作课后答案第一篇1、Academic Writing----A Handbook for International Students (Fourth Edition) and Writing Research Papers (Fifteenth Edition)中提到，我们可以用两种形式来罗列大纲，它们是：A、The outline might be informalB、The outline might be a listC、The outline might be a mind mapD、The outline might follow up答案：B2、Academic Writing----A Handbook for International Students (Fourth Edition) and Writing Research Papers (Fifteenth Edition)中提到，大纲有两种类型，分别是：A、Informal outlineB、List outlineC、Running outlineD、Formal outline答案：C;D3、在formal outline 中，显示等级的常规做法是：A、SymbolsB、IndentationC、ParalleliD、ConsistencyE、Content-rich headings答案：B；A；C；D4、正式大纲的三种形式是：A、Sentence outlineB、Topic outlineC、Combination outlineD、Phrase outline答案：A;B;C5、我们有可能对working outline进行以下哪些修改？A、You will choose a new topic.B、You will add some topics and delete others.C、You will reevaluate topics.D、You will rearrange the order of topics and subtopics to facilitate transitions and improve coherence.答案：B C D6、Working outline不是暂定的，一旦制定下来，就不能再修改了。

学术综合英语作文模板

学术综合英语作文模板英文回答：Introduction。

The advent of globalization has spurred the interconnectedness of the world, leading to an unprecedented rise in cross-cultural interactions. Consequently, the need for effective communication across linguistic and cultural boundaries has become paramount. Academic Comprehensive English (ACE) serves as a crucial tool in facilitating this communication, enabling individuals to navigate the complexities of academic discourse in a globalized world.ACE is an amalgamation of linguistic proficiency, critical thinking skills, and cultural awareness that equips individuals with the necessary competencies to engage in academic discourse. It encompasses a broad spectrum of skills, including the ability to:Read, comprehend, and analyze academic texts。

Effectively convey complex ideas in written and spoken form。

学术专著英语作文模板

学术专著英语作文模板英文回答：Chapter 1: Introduction。

Background and significance of the research。

Statement of the problem。

Research questions。

Scope and limitations of the study。

Chapter 2: Literature Review。

Review of existing literature on the topic。

Identification of gaps in the research。

Development of theoretical framework。

Chapter 3: Methodology。

Description of the research design。

Sampling strategy and sample characteristics。

Data collection methods。

Data analysis techniques。

Chapter 4: Results。

Presentation and analysis of the research findings。

Discussion of the key findings。

Chapter 5: Discussion。

Interpretation of the research findings。

Implications for theory and practice。

Recommendations for future research。

Chapter 6: Conclusion。

Summary of the research findings。

Restatement of the research questions。

Concluding remarks。

学术英语写作summary范文

学术英语写作summary范文全文共6篇示例，供读者参考篇1Title: An Introduction to Academic WritingHi guys! Today we are going to talk about academic writing. Academic writing is super important because it helps us communicate our ideas in a clear and organized way.First, let's talk about the structure of academic writing. Usually, it has three main parts: introduction, body, and conclusion. The introduction is where you introduce your topic and thesis statement. The body is where you support your thesis with evidence and arguments. And the conclusion is where you summarize your main points and wrap everything up.Next, let's talk about the language of academic writing. It is important to use formal language and avoid slang or contractions. Also, make sure to use proper grammar and spelling.Another important thing in academic writing is to use citations. This means giving credit to the sources you used inyour writing. You can use footnotes, endnotes, or in-text citations to do this.Finally, make sure to revise and edit your writing. Check for any errors in grammar, punctuation, or spelling. It's also a good idea to have someone else read your writing to get feedback.So, that's a basic introduction to academic writing. Remember to practice and keep improving your writing skills. Happy writing!篇2Summary:In the article "The Effects of Technology on Children's Learning", the author explores the impact of technology on children's education. The author discusses how technology can enhance learning by providing access to a vast amount of information and resources. However, the author also highlights the potential negative effects of technology, such as decreased attention span and limited social interaction.The author suggests that it is important for parents and educators to strike a balance between using technology as a learning tool and encouraging traditional forms of learning. Thearticle emphasizes the importance of monitoring children's screen time and ensuring that technology is used in a way that benefits their educational development.Overall, the article acknowledges the benefits of technology in education but also emphasizes the need for caution and moderation. By being mindful of how technology is used, parents and educators can help children to harness the benefits of technology while also promoting healthy cognitive and social development.篇3Summary:Today, I want to talk about academic writing. Academic writing is like the superhero of writing because it is smart, proper, and super cool! When you write academically, you need to use big words and long sentences to show how smart you are. But don't worry, you can always use a dictionary or ask your teacher for help if you get stuck.In academic writing, you need to follow the rules. This means you have to use references and citations to give credit to the people who came up with the ideas you are talking about. This isimportant because it shows that you are honest and respectful of other people's work.Another important thing in academic writing is to stay focused on your topic. You can't just write about whatever you want – you need to stick to the main point and support it with evidence. This can be hard sometimes, but don't give up! Just keep practicing and you'll get better.So, next time you have to write an academic paper, remember to be smart, follow the rules, and stay focused. With these tips, you'll be a superhero of academic writing in no time! Good luck!篇4SummaryLast week, my teacher asked us to write a summary of an academic article for our English class. The article was about the impact of social media on teenagers' mental health. I learned a lot from reading the article, and I want to share some of the key points with you.Firstly, the article discussed how social media can have both positive and negative effects on teenagers' mental health. On theone hand, social media can help teenagers connect with friends and family, express themselves, and find support during difficult times. However, on the other hand, it can also lead to feelings of loneliness, anxiety, and low self-esteem.Secondly, the article highlighted the importance of monitoring and limiting teenagers' use of social media. Excessive use of social media has been linked to a variety of mental health issues, including depression and addiction. Parents and educators play a crucial role in helping teenagers navigate the online world and develop healthy technology habits.Lastly, the article discussed the need for more research on the long-term effects of social media on teenagers' mental health. While some studies have shown a clear link between social media use and mental health problems, more research is needed to fully understand the complex relationship between the two.In conclusion, social media has a significant impact on teenagers' mental health, and it is important for parents, educators, and policymakers to address this issue. By promoting healthy online behaviors and supporting teenagers in developing positive coping strategies, we can help prevent the negative effects of social media on mental health.篇5Oh, hello everyone! Today I want to tell you about academic writing in English. Academic writing is like writing essays or reports for school, but it's more fancy and serious. You have to use big words and make sure your sentences are clear and logical.First, you need to have a good topic. It can be anything you want to learn more about, like animals, space, or even your favorite video game. Then, you have to do research to find information and facts to support your ideas. You can use books, articles, or the internet to find the information you need.Next, you have to organize your ideas into paragraphs. Each paragraph should have a topic sentence that tells the reader what the paragraph is about. You also need to use transition words like "first," "next," and "finally" to help your reader follow along.After you write your paragraphs, you need to write a conclusion to sum up what you've learned. This is where you tell your reader why your topic is important and what you want them to remember.Finally, you have to edit and revise your writing. Make sure your sentences are clear and easy to understand. Check for spelling and grammar mistakes, and make sure you've cited your sources correctly.So, that's how you write an academic paper in English. Remember to choose a good topic, do your research, organize your ideas, write a conclusion, and edit your work. You'll be writing like a pro in no time!篇6Today I read a really cool article about academic writing and I want to share a summary with you guys. The article talks about how to write a good academic paper and gives some tips and tricks.First, the article says that you should start by choosing a topic that interests you. This will make the writing process much more fun and you'll be more motivated to do a good job.Next, the article recommends doing some research on your topic. You should read a lot of books and articles to get a good understanding of the subject. This will help you come up with some original ideas for your paper.When you start writing, the article suggests making an outline first. This will help you organize your thoughts and make sure your paper flows well.After you finish writing, it's important to edit and proofread your paper. You should check for spelling and grammar mistakes, as well as make sure your ideas are clear and easy to understand.Overall, the article emphasizes the importance of writing clearly and concisely. You should avoid using too many fancy words or complicated sentences.I think these tips are really helpful and I'm going to try them out next time I have to write a paper. I hope you guys found this summary helpful too!。

学术英语写作Unit-3-Conference-Program

A schedule is usually part of a program.
An example will be shown in the next page.
March 11, 2006 PROGRAM •Conference Registration •Conference Schedule •Convention Center Map •Auxiliary Meetings •Ocoee Middle School Tour •First Timers' Session •Opening Session •Opening Reception •Featured Speakers •Eye-Opener Keynotes •Concurrent Sessions •Search the Sessions •Assistive Technology Lab •Virtual Handouts •Thursday Night Dance •Closing Session •Conference Companion
The Conference Program The 2013 Global Conference on
Sustainability and Reporting is a three-day event that included training sessions, workshops and networking time. A year-long process of community-building activities preceded the Conference, engaging business leaders and other stakeholders globally to develop a compelling agenda.

学术英语写作华东理工大学答案

学术英语写作华东理工大学答案(一) 学术英语写作与学术英语素养目标:概念建构EAP写作是学术写作, 包括文献综述、学位论文、学术报告、学术评论等, 具有学术性、科学性、创新性等特点。

不同于通用英语教学中去情景化的写作模式, 学术英语写作课堂更强调真实情境下的学术语言运用能力和学术思维的培养, 帮助学生自主学习管理。

所谓学术英语写作的“真实情景”, 就是纷繁的信息来源与复杂的信息环境, 需要写作者对多源材料阅读分析、批判取舍, 最终以符合学术规范的形式表述出自己恰当的结论。

换言之, 自然环境下的学术英语写作是基于多源材料的学术英语写作, 其过程并不是简单地以文字形式表达某一学术观点, 也不是读与写的简单相加, 而是在阅读的基础上, 通过思维与认知的加工形成自己的观点, 并用学术性的语言阐述出来。

学术英语写作的本质属性与其写作环境的纷繁性也赋予了其不同于通用英语的培养目标。

后者以培养学生的通用语言技能为重心, 而前者则容纳了“通用学术语言技术素养、科学思维素养和学习的自我管理素养”[3]三大素养目标。

学生在习得语言技能, 掌握其在不同学科语境下相关使用特征(通用学术语言技术素养)的同时, 发展对不同信息的筛选分析与综合思辨能力(科学思维素养), 通过计划目标、监管过程、反思成效、自我评价等方式促进自我主动学习, 监控自身有效学习(学习的自我管理素养)。

学术英语写作课堂的开展与三大学术素养目标的培养紧密相关, 因此, 课堂教学模式的设计应以素养目标为导向, 展现学术英语写作课堂特色, 提高教学质量, 促进学生发展。

(二) 体裁教学-学习循环模式:方法基础体裁意识的培养在理解原文与组织行文的过程中占据着重要作用, 是学术英语写作教学中的关键环节。

在国外的相关研究中, 基于Halliday系统功能语言学, 结合当地教学状况, 以Martin为代表的一批澳大利亚学者开创了悉尼学派(Sydney School)的“体裁教学法”, 并逐渐发展成为体裁教学研究领域的主要研究流派之一。