毒品问题带给美国的社会思考

美国社会的癌症
———毒品问题带给我们的社会思考
20世纪50年代以来，人类目睹了毒品问题的全球化。

而在这个毒品蔓延的狂潮中，一个引人注目的现象是，美国一直是这个潮流的火车头和急先锋，同时也是最大的受害者。

近半个世纪以前，美国年轻人的反主流文化情绪盛行，大量的嬉皮士出现。

作为社会反叛者的精神依托，美国毒品文化开始蔓延。

从那时起，美国就成为全球毒品消费大户之一，毒品交易和毒品走私也日益猖獗。

2005年3月2日的报告表明，2002年以来，美国吸毒者占全国总人口的8.2%，是全球最大的非法毒品市场。

更令人担忧的是，美国吸毒者的年龄正在不断变小。

墨西哥《每日报》3月1日的一篇报道披露，目前美国吸毒者首次吸毒的年龄在12岁至17岁之间。

其实，早在6年前的调查就指出，在美国12岁至17岁的人群中，有57%的人认为毒品“很容易获得”。

美国拥有当今世界上最先进的科学与技术，拥有美国人自诩为全世界最完美的政治、民主和司法制度。

那么，美国民众和政府为什么会在吸毒这个纯粹人为的反道德、反法律的罪恶面前束手无策呢？其原因是复杂和多方面的。

本文将从社会文化即社会意识形式的视角对美国毒品问题的发展及特点进行分析、研究，试图发现那些属于美国所特有的导致毒品问题恶化的社会文化原因。

人和毒品，一个是主体，一个是客体，它们是构成吸毒行为的两个不可缺少的因素。

如果没有毒品对人体的作用，自然就不会产生吸毒行为。

而作为主体的人之所以对毒品的诱惑产生两种不同的反应——拒绝诱惑或接受诱惑——则是由人的主观因素和客观因素决定的。

主观因素是指吸毒者接触毒品后发生生理变化，因而与毒品形成某种互动关系。

客观因素则是指导致人们接近或选择毒品的人文与社会环境。

由于两者的相互作用，使吸毒者在人群中表现出特异的“流行病学特征”。

它的传播与泛滥程度的大小不仅与特定的社会阶层或群体紧密相关，而且与社会气候和环境，特别是思想和文化思潮的影响密切相连。

这一点在美国的毒品问题发展史上表现得十分明显，同时也是解释美国何以成为世界头号吸毒大国的一个最重要的也是不可忽视的视角。

一、“药品文化”与毒品传播
吸毒在英语中叫做“drug abuse” 或“drug addict”等，意为“滥用药品”、“吃药成瘾”或“药物依赖”。

吃药成瘾或药物依赖之所以会成为当今美国的一个严重的社会问题，这与美国的“药品文化”密切相关。

美国是一个崇尚和迷信药物的社会，以药养身、以药健身的传统或习惯在美国由来已久，它不仅是寻常百姓热衷的养生之道，更是有钱人追求的生活时尚。

然而，无论从医学还是从社会学的角度看，毒品不能与其他药物相提并论，尤其是它所具有的耐药性和它带给使用者的药物依赖即人们通常所说的“毒瘾”，是常人所难以自控和抵御的。

由于有为数众多的美国人喜欢或需要经常使用消除疲劳、恢复精力类的药物，而这类药物大多含有大麻成分或实际上就是大麻制品，大麻的泛滥从根本上混淆和改变了美国人，特别是广大青少年对健康与保健、药品与毒品的态度。

“药品文化”使许多美国人尤其是青少年丧失了对药物的必要的警惕，甚至形成了依赖药物的倾向，从而为以“保健药品”面目出现的大麻走进人们的日常生活打开了方便之门。

与此同时，社会和法律对大麻的宽容以及将其与一般药物混为一谈，无疑又为毒品泛滥提供了极大的可能。

可以说，美国的药品文化对毒品泛滥起了推波助澜的作用，同时也是美国社会难以消除毒品的症结之一。

"Drug Culture" and the spread of drug
Drug called "drug abuse" or "drug addict" , etc. in English , meaning " drug abuse ", " addiction medicine " or " drug dependence ." Medication addiction or drug dependency would be a reason why the United States a serious problem in today's society , which is closely related to the U.S. "drug culture ." The United States is a community advocate and superstition drug to drug cultivation , drug fitness to traditional or customary in the United States for a long time , it is not only ordinary people keen regimen , it is the pursuit of the rich lifestyle .
However, both from a medical or from a sociological point of view, the drug can not be compared with other drugs , especially that it has drug resistance and drug-dependent users it brings that people commonly referred to as " addiction " is ordinary self-control and are difficult to resist .
Because of the large number of Americans prefer or require frequent use of fatigue , restore energy class of drugs , and most of these drugs actually contain ingredients or cannabis marijuana products, confusion and proliferation of marijuana fundamentally changed the way Americans , particularly the young people 's attitude towards health and health care, pharmaceuticals and drugs.
"Drug culture" so many Americans , especially young people lost to drugs necessary vigilance , and even formed a tendency to rely on drugs , so as marijuana to "health drug" emerged into people 's daily lives opens the door . At the same time , social and legal tolerance of marijuana and its confused with generic drugs , but also for the spread of drugs undoubtedly offer great possibilities. We can say that American drug culture on the proliferation of drugs played a role in fueling , but also the American society is difficult to eliminate the crux of the drug .
二、“消费、享乐文化”与毒品泛滥
二次世界大战之后，美国逐步进入了后工业社会，这是美国历史上又一重要的转折时期。

生产的巨大发展使物质十分丰富，人们的一般需要乃至高档商品都变得容易得到满足。

随着物质生活的变化，整个社会的价值导向也出现了偏离。

美国消费型资本主义的发展表现出了十分典型的悖论特征。

一方面，强烈的消费倾向大大促进了经济的繁荣与发展，改善了国民的生活质量；另一方面，追求消费也使社会的传统价值观开始发生逆转。

在这种社会价值取向的影响下，人们，尤其是青年一代，注重自我陶醉、自我表现和自我完善；他们不再敬畏传统道德、传统秩序和传统权威，而是崇尚标新立异和独树一帜。

消费、享乐文化成为20世纪七八十年代美国社会生活的“主旋律”。

这样的社会文化环境为美国社会形形色色的犯罪和各种社会偏离行为提供了滋生的土壤，其中毒品泛滥的应运而生就是最典型的例证。

而毒品，又是一种追求独特“享受”的“理想”消费。

毒品所包含的这两个重要特征决定了毒品与“消费、享乐文化”结合的“合理性”与必然性。

由于毒品可以提高服用者对声音、颜色和运动的感受力，帮助人们去“探索心灵的奥秘”，体验“神奇的力量”，经历“美妙的人生幻游”，等等，因此，无论是五十年代的“垮掉的一代”，或是六、七十年代的“嬉皮士”、“自我”的一代，还是八、九十年代的“注重现在的一代”，他们在融入“消费、享乐文化”的实践中，在追求极端个人主义欲望的满足时，都把毒品作为打开“幻觉之门”、“享乐之门”的钥匙。

他们鼓吹吸毒，甚至赞美吸毒给人带来的“美妙感觉”，使吸毒向全社会迅速蔓延。

"Consumption , pleasure culture" and the proliferation of drugs
After World War II, the United States gradually entered the post-industrial society , which is on another important turning point in American history, period . Substances produced tremendous development so very rich , people generally need even luxury goods have become easier to be met. With the change of material life , value-oriented society as a whole , there have been deviated from . Development of American consumer capitalism showed a very typical characteristic paradox . On the one hand , a strong propensity to consume greatly contributed to the economic prosperity and development, improving the quality of people 's lives ; on the other hand , the pursuit of the traditional values of the consumer society also began to be reversed.
Under the influence of such social values , people , especially the young generation , focusing on narcissism , self-expression and self-improvement ; they are no longer in awe of traditional morality , traditional order and traditional authority, but advocating unconventional and unique. Consumption , pleasure culture has become the seventies and eighties of the 20th century American social life "theme ."
Such social and cultural environment for the American criminal society and various kinds of social deviation provides a breeding ground , where the proliferation of drugs came into being is the most typical example. And drugs , but also a unique pursuit "enjoy" the "ideal" consumption. This drug contains two important characteristics determine the drugs and "consumption , pleasure culture" a combination of "reasonableness" and inevitability.
Since taking those drugs can improve the sound , color and movement sensibility , helping people to " explore the mysteries of the mind ," experience " magic power " experience " wonderful life magic tour" , and so on, whether it is five " Beat Generation" of the 1980s , or the sixties and seventies "hippies ," " self" generation, or the 1980s and 1990s , " focusing on the present generation," they are into the " consumption, hedonic culture " the practice, in the pursuit of extreme individualism desire to meet , regarded drugs as open " the door key hallucination "," pleasure of the door " . They advocate drug use , drug use and even praise brings the " wonderful feeling " so that the whole of society drug use spread rapidly .
三、“自我孤独文化”与毒品蔓延
美国是一个具有重视和保护个人的私域权或隐私权传统的社会，这植根于美国追求个人权利与自由的历史传统。

尊重和保护个人的私域或者让人们享有充分的隐私权是文明发达的标志之一，也是现代社会中人们追求自我完善，体现个性解放，实现自由选择的必然要求。

然而问题在于，随着经济与科技的进步以及由此而产生的公民意识的变化，美国社会把这种隐私权或私域权推向了极端，从而营造了一种人们心灵上的离群索居和自我孤独的社会文化氛围。

1．科技发展与心灵孤独
二次大战之后，科学技术在美国突飞猛进。

然而，科技发展所带来的影响却并非都是正面的。

这种变化使美国人在社会地位、资源占有量、教育、个性发展以及种族和宗教等方面
的差异不断加大。

这种倾向的潜在危险是“不但使每个人忘记了祖先，而且使每个人不顾后代，并与同时代的人疏远。

它使每个人遇事总是只想到自己，而最后完全陷于内心的孤独”。

2．经济环境恶化与心理失衡
20世纪70年代以来，美国的经济环境不断恶化，其中最为明显的表现是：第一，经济危机的周期缩短。

第二，经济危机持续的时间加长。

第三，战后特别是70年代以来，美国经济危机的破坏程度虽然减轻了，但失业率却长期居高不下，高失业率成为美国经济的一个长期特征。

以西方人的普遍价值观而言，人的尊严和价值在很大程度上是通过收入和固定工作而实现的，一旦失业或失去体面的工作和收入，这些基本尊严和价值就失去了它赖以生存的基础。

因此失业问题不仅使许多美国人的经济状况恶化，社会地位下降，更严重的是导致了人的尊严、价值的丧失和心理的严重失衡。

然而，职业和私生活的状况与质量是美国人的两个最重要的隐私，对此，他们不愿向任何人敞开心扉，更不能接受外人的介入与干预。

毒品能带给人呢兴奋高潮期，在兴奋高潮期内，吸食者会觉得自己无所不能，并且极愿意与人交往，毫无疲倦之意。

24 这种精神状态恰是当时众多初次遭遇到人生特别是职业和收入挫折的青年一辈所最需要的。

当时，许多人特别是青少年把可卡因视为“力量和成功的源泉”。

从毒品中寻求精神解脱。

而吸毒又使人们精神空虚，脱离现实社会，从而陷入更深的孤独。

这种恶性循环是导致许多美国人无法摆脱毒品的主要原因之一。

四、反主流文化与毒品泛滥
反主流文化思潮起源于20世纪六七十年代，它是一种同美国传统的文化、道德、宗教、政治、伦理等观念相对立，追求一种与主流社会相背离的价值目标的文化价值观。

虽然作为一种轰轰烈烈的运动，反主流文化思潮在达到鼎盛的六七十年代之后便逐渐趋于平静。

但是，作为一种社会文化形态，它却永久地留在了美国的社会生活中，“嬉皮士文化”和“极端个人权利文化”对美国人特别是青少年的影响一直没有消失，而且这种影响始终是美国难以根本遏止毒品泛滥问题的关键之一。

“低流文化”的价值中心是破坏、暴力、刺激和命运。

认同这种文化的个人推崇和追求蔑视法律、与众不同、冒险、欺诈等。

吸毒非常适合于这种低层文化的价值定义。

吸毒不仅带来刺激，而且是一种反抗社会、向法律挑战的“勇敢”行为；在贩卖毒品的冒险活动中，可以体验到一种他们在“文明”的社会竞争中未曾体验到的成功的乐趣与收获。

美国的禁毒教育在全世界可以说是最普及、最全面的。

美国的吸毒者、贩毒者很少有人不懂得吸毒、贩毒的危害和后果。

相反，他们中的绝大多数人是“明知故犯”，其中的重要原因之一是他们当中有相当比例的人正是要通过这种反文明、反道德、反法律的行为来追求一种与主流社会相去甚远的价值目标。

嬉皮士文化是20世纪50年代美国“垮掉的一代”的延续，其中摇滚乐和吸毒对美国社会
的影响最大。

嬉皮士原想以吸毒来蔑视贪婪麻木的社会，但却因此而为另一个更糟的社会打开了大门。

这是对嬉皮士文化运动的一大讽刺。

"Self lonely culture" spread of drug- The United States is one with the attention and protection of individual rights or privacy of the private domain of traditional society, which is rooted in the American pursuit of individual rights and freedoms of history and tradition . Respect and protection of the private sphere of individuals or let people enjoy full privacy is one of the signs of civilization developed , but also the modern society in which people pursue self-improvement , reflecting the personal liberation , a necessary requirement to achieve freedom of choice . But the problem is that , with the progress of economic and technological change and the resulting civic awareness , the American Society put this right to privacy or the private domain into the extreme , creating a kind of people's spiritual solitude and self- lonely social and cultural atmosphere .
Technological development and spiritual loneliness
After World War II , science and technology are advancing rapidly in the United States . However , the impact of technological development has brought not all positive. This change makes Americans differences in social status , amount of resources , education and personality development as well as ethnic and religious continue to increase . This tendency is potentially dangerous , " not only make everyone forget the ancestors , and so that everyone regardless of future generations , and with contemporaries alienate it so that each person in distress is always only think of themselves , and finally completely trapped in lonely heart . "
Deteriorating economic environment and psychological imbalance
Since the 1970s , the deteriorating economic environment in the United States , one of the most obvious manifestations are: first , the economic crisis cycles . Second, the economic crisis lasts longer . Third, after the war , especially since the 1970s, the extent of damage to the U.S. economic crisis, although reduced, but chronically high unemployment rate , high unemployment becomes a permanent feature of the U.S. economy.
To the universal values of the West in terms of human dignity and the value of fixed- income and largely through the work achieved , once unemployment or loss of decent jobs and income , these basic dignity and value which it loses basic survival. Therefore, the problem of unemployment not only the deterioration of the economic situation of many Americans , social status decline , more serious is leading to a serious imbalance in human dignity, the value of the loss and psychological. However , professional and private life situation and quality are the two most important privacy of Americans , which they did not want to open up to anyone , but can not accept the intervention of outsiders and intervention .
People do drugs can bring the height of excitement in the exciting climax period, smokers will feel all-powerful , and very willing to work with people, meaning there is no tiredness . 24 This mental state is just the first of many encounters in life was particularly frustrated youth employment and income generation are most needed. At the time, many people, especially youngsters to cocaine as " a source of strength and success ."
Seeking relief from the drug in the spirit . The drug has to make people spiritual emptiness , from the real world , so deeper into loneliness. This vicious cycle is one of the main causes of many Americans can not get rid of drugs.
Fourth, the counter-culture and the spread of drugs
Counter-culture trend originated in the sixties and seventies of the 20th century , it is a tradition with the United States opposed the concept of culture , morality, religion, politics, ethics , and the pursuit of cultural values of a departure from mainstream society value target . Although , as a vigorous campaign , anti- mainstream cultural trends after reaching its peak in the sixties and seventies will gradually calmed down . However , as a social and cultural forms , it permanently stay in the social life of the United States , the " hippie culture" and "extreme individual rights culture" of Americans in particular the impact of young people has not disappeared, but this effect is always America is one of the key issues is difficult to fundamentally curb the spread of drugs .
"Low flow culture" value center is destroyed , violence, excitement and destiny. This cultural identity and the pursuit of personal esteem contempt laws, unique, adventure , fraud and so on. Drug use is very suitable for low- value define this culture. Drug not only bring exciting, but also a social revolt , to legal challenge "brave " behavior ; adventures in drug trafficking activities, they can experience a "civilized " society competition never experienced success fun and rewarding. U.S. anti-drug education in the world is arguably the most popular, the most comprehensive . American drug traffickers few people do not know how to drug abuse, the dangers and consequences of drug trafficking . Instead, the majority of them are " knowingly " , one of the important reasons is that a considerable proportion of them who is to pass this anti- civilization , anti- morality, anti- law behavior to pursue a mainstream a far cry from the value of social goals .
Hippie culture of the United States "Beat Generation " a continuation in the 1950s , where rock and drug greatest impact on American society . Hippies originally wanted to drugs to numb contempt greedy society , but another worse thus opens the door to social . This is a major cultural movement hippie satire .
通过以上分析可以看出，美国之所以成为世界头号毒品大国，美国政府和公众之所以在毒品泛滥面前束手无策，其症结主要在于，美国的文化传统与现行体制造就了众多非科学、非理性、存在严重矛盾冲突的“文化怪圈”，这种“文化怪圈”带给人们的心理疾病恰好是毒品这种神经或精神性“药物”可以来“医治”的。

所以，从某种意义上说，只要这些“文化怪圈”存在，而毒品又垂手可得，那么吸毒问题在美国就是一个盘根错节、无法根除的痼疾。

Through the above analysis we can see that the United States has become the world's number one drug country, the U.S. government and the public why helpless in the face of the spread of drugs, the main crux is that the American cultural tradition and the current system has created a number of non-scientific, irrational, there is a serious conflicts "culture circles", this "culture circles" to bring people mental illness happens to be neurological or psychiatric drugs such "drug"
can "heal" the. So, in a sense, as long as these "cultural circles" exist, and drug and readily available, then the drug problem in the United States is a deep-rooted, chronic disease can not be eradicated.
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