光电传感器(中英文对照版)

Photoelectric sensor
Key word: photoelectric effect photoelectric element photoelectric sensor classification sensor application characteristics .
Abstract: in the rapid development of science and technology in the modern society, mankind has into the rapidly changing information era, people in daily life, the production process, rely mainly on the detection of information technology by acquiring, screening and transmission, to achieve the brake control, automatic adjustment, at present our country has put detection techniques listed in one of the priority to the development of science and technology. Because of microelectronics technology, photoelectric semiconductor technology, optical fiber technology and grating technical development makes the application of the photoelectric sensor is growing. The sensor has simple structure, non-contact, high reliability, high precision, measurable parameters and quick response and more simple structure, form etc, and flexible in automatic detection technology, it has been widely applied in photoelectric effect as the theoretical basis, the device by photoelectric material composition. Text:
First, theoretical foundation - photoelectric effect
Photoelectric effect generally have the photoelectric effect, optical effect, light born volts effect.
The light shines in photoelectric material, according to the electronic absorption material surface energy, if absorbed energy large enough electronic electronic will overcome bound from material surface and enter the outside space, which changes photoelectron materials, this kind of phenomenon become the conductivity of the photoelectric effect
According to Einstein's photoelectron effect, photon is moving particles, each photon energy for hv (v for light frequency, h for Planck's constant, h = 6.63 * 10-34 J/HZ), thus different frequency of photons have different energy, light, the higher the frequency, the photon energy is bigger. Assuming all the energy photons to photons, electronic energy will increase, increased energy part of the fetter, positive ions used to overcome another part of converted into electronic energy. According to the law of conservation of energy:
Type, m for electronic quality, v for electronic escaping the velocity, A microelectronics the work done.
From the type that will make the optoelectronic cathode surface escape the necessary conditions are h > A. Due to the different materials have different escaping, so reactive to each kind of cathode materials, incident light has a certain frequency is restricted, when the frequency of incident light under this frequency limit, no matter how the light intensity, won't produce photoelectron launch, this frequency limit A -h m 212νν=
called "red limit". The corresponding wavelength for type, c for the speed of light, A reactive for escaping.
When is the sun, its electronic energy, absorb the resistivity reduce conductive phenomenon called optical effects. It belongs to the photoelectric effect within. When light is, if in semiconductor electronic energy big with semiconductor of forbidden band width, the electronic energy from the valence band jump into the conduction band, form, and at the same time, the valence band electronic left the corresponding cavities. Electronics, cavitation remained in semiconductor, and participate in electric conductive outside formed under the current role.
In addition to metal outer, most insulators and semiconductor have photoelectric effect, particularly remarkable, semiconductor optical effect according to the optoelectronics manufacturing incident light inherent frequency, when light resistance in light, its conductivity increases, resistance drops. The light intensity is strong, its value, if the smaller, its resistance to stop light back to the original value. Semiconductor produced by light illuminate the phenomenon is called light emf, born volts effect on the effect of photoelectric devices have made si-based ones, photoelectric diode, control thyristor and optical couplers, etc.
Second, optoelectronic components and characteristics
According to the outside optoelectronics manufacturing optoelectronic devices have photoelectron, inflatable phototubes and photoelectric times once tube.
1. Phototubes phototubes are various and typical products are vacuum phototubes and inflatable phototubes, light its appearance and structure as shown in figure 1 shows, made of cylindrical metal half cathodic K and is located in the wires cathodic axis of anode in A package of smoke into the vacuum, when incident light within glass shell in the cathode, illuminate A single photon took all of its energy transfer to the cathode materials A free electrons, so as to make the freedom electronic energy increase h. When electrons gain energy more than escape of cathode materials, it reactive A metal surface constraints can overcome escape, form electron emission. This kind of electronic called optoelectronics, optoelectronic escaping the metal surface for after initial kinetic energy
Phototubes normal work, anode potential than the cathode, shown in figure 2. In one shot more than "red light frequency is premise, escape from the optoelectronic cathode surface by positive potential attracted the anode in photoelectric tube forming space, called the current stream. Then if light intensity increases, the number of photons bombarded the cathode multiplied, unit of time to launch photoelectron number are also increasing, photo-current greatens. In figure 2 shows circuit, current and resistance is the voltage drop across the only a function of light intensity relations, so as to achieve a photoelectric conversion. When the LTT optoelectronic cathode K, electronic escape from the cathode surface, and was the photoelectric anode is an electric current, power plants absorb deoxidization device in the load resistance - I, the voltage
Phototubes photoelectric characteristics fig.03 shows, from the graph in flux knowable, not too big, photoelectric basic characteristics is a straight line.
2. Photoelectric times had the sensitivity of vacuum tube due to low, so with people developed has magnified the photomultiplier tubes photo-current ability. Figure 4 is photomultiplier tube structure schematic drawing.
图4光电倍增结构示意图
From the graph can see photomultiplier tubes also have A cathode K and an anode A, and phototubes different is in its between anode and cathode set up several secondary emission electrodes, D1, D2 and D3... They called the first multiply electrode, the second multiply electrode,... Usually, double electrode for 10 ~ 15 levels. Photomultiplier tubes work between adjacent electrode, keeping a certain minimum, including the cathode potential potentials, each multiply electrode potential filtering increases, the anode potential supreme. When the incident light irradiation, cathodic K escape from the optoelectronic cathode multiplied by first accelerated, by high speed electrode D1 bombarded caused secondary electron emission, D1, an incident can generate multiple secondary electron photonics, D1 emit of secondary electron was
D1, D2 asked electric field acceleration, converged on D2 and again produce secondary electron emission... So gradually produce secondary electron emission, make electronic increased rapidly, these electronic finally arrived at the anode, form a larger anode current. If a n level, multiply electrodes at all levels for sigma, the multiplication of rate is the multiplication of photomultiplier tubes can be considered sigma n rate, therefore, photomultiplier tube has high sensitivity. In the output current is less than 1mA circumstances, it in a very wide photoelectric properties within the scope of the linear relationship with good. Photomultiplier tubes this characteristic, make it more for light measurement.
3 and photoconductive resistance photoconductive resistance within the working principle is based on the photoelectric effect. In semiconductor photosensitive material ends of mount electrode lead, it contains transparent window sealed in the tube and shell element photoconductive resistance. Photoconductive resistance properties and parameters are:
1) dark resistance photoconductive resistance at room temperature, total dark conditions stable resistance called dark resistance, at the current flow resistance is called dark current.
2) light resistance photoconductive resistance at room temperature and certain lighting conditions stable resistance measured, right now is called light resistance of current flow resistance is called light current.
4, volt-ampere characteristics of both ends photoconductive resistance added voltage and current flows through photoconductive resistance of the relationship between called volt-ampere characteristics shown, as shown in figure 5. From the graph, the approximate linear volt-ampere characteristics that use should be limited, but when the voltage ends photoconductive resistance, lest than shown dotted lines of power consumption area
5, photoelectric characteristics photoconductive resistance between the poles, light when voltage fixed the relationship between with bright current photoelectric characteristics. Called Photoconductive resistance photoelectric characteristics is nonlinear, this is one of the major drawback of photoconductive resistance.
6, spectral characteristics is not the same incident wavelength, the sensitivity of photoconductive resistance is different also. Incidence wavelength and photodetector the relationship between relative sensitivity called spectral characteristics. When used according to the wavelength range by metering, choose different material photoconductive resistance.
7, response time by photoconductive resistance after photo-current need light, over a period of time (time) rise to reach its steady value. Similarly, in stop light
photo-current also need, over a period of time (down time) to restore the its dark current, this is photoconductive resistance delay characteristics. Photoconductive resistance rise response time and falling response time about 10-1 ~ 10-3s, namely the frequency response is 10Hz ~ 1000Hz, visible photoconductive resistance cannot be used in demand quick response occasion, this is one of the main photoconductive resistance shortcomings.
8 and temperature characteristic photoconductive resistance by temperature affects greatly, temperature rise, dark current increase, reduced sensitivity, which is another photoconductive resistance shortcomings.
9, frequency characteristic frequency characteristics refers to an external voltage and incident light, strong must be photo-current I and incident light modulation frequency, the relationship between the f, photoelectric diode is the frequency characteristic of the photoelectric triode frequency characteristics, this is because of the photoelectric
triode shot "yankees there capacitance and carrier base-combed need time's sake. By using the principle of the photoelectric efficiency of optoelectronics manufacturing frequency characteristics of the worst, this is due to capture charge carriers and release charge need a certain time's sake.
Three, photoelectric sensors
Photoelectric sensor is through the light intensity changes into electrical signal changes to achieve control, its basic structure, it first figure 6 by measuring the change of change of converting the light signal, and then using photoelectric element further will light signals into electrical signal by photoelectric sensor general. Illuminant, optical path and optoelectronics. Three components of photoelectric detection method has high precision, fast response, non-contact wait for an advantage, but measurable parameters of simple structure, sensors, form flexible, therefore, photoelectric sensor in the test and control is widely used.
By photoelectric sensor generally is composed of three parts, they are divided into: transmitter and receiver and detection circuit shown, as shown in figure 7, transmitter aimed at the target launch beam, the launch of the beam from semiconductor illuminant, general light emitting diode (LED), laser diode and infrared emission diode. Beam uninterrupted launch, or change the pulse width. Receivers have photoelectric diode, photoelectric triode, composed si-based ones. In front of the receiver, equipped with optical components such as lens and aperture, etc. In its back is detection circuit, it can filter out effective signal and the application of the signal. In addition, the structural components in photoelectric switch and launch plate and optical fiber, triangle reflex plate is solid structure launch device. It consists of small triangle cone of reflective materials, can make a beam accurately reflected back from plate, with practical significance. It can be in with the scope of optical axis 0 to 25, make beams change launch Angle from a root almost after launch line, passes reflection or from the rotating polygon.some basic returns.
图7
Photoelectric sensor is a kind of depend on is analyte and optoelectronics and light source, to achieve the relationship between the measured purpose, so the light source photoelectric sensor plays a very important role, photoelectric sensor power if a constant source, power is very important for design, the stability of the stability of power directly affect the accuracy of measurement, commonly used illuminant have the following kinds:
1, leds is a change electric energy into light energy semiconductor devices. It has small volume, low power consumption, long life, fast response, the advantages of high mechanical strength, and can match and integrated circuits. Therefore, widely used in computer, instruments and automatic control equipment.
2, silk light bulb that is one of the most commonly used illuminant, it has rich infrared light. If chosen optoelectronics, constitutes of infrared sensor sensitive colour filter can be added to the visible tungsten lamps, but only filter with its infrared does illuminant, such, which can effectively prevent other light interference.
3, compared with ordinary light laser laser with energy concentration, directional good, frequency pure, coherence as well as good, is very ideal light sources.
The light source, optical path and photoelectric device composition photoelectric sensor used in photoelectric detection, still must be equipped with appropriate measurement circuit. The photoelectric effect to the measurement circuit of photoelectric element of widerange caused changes needed to convert the voltage or current. Different photoelectric element, the measurement circuit required is not identical also. Several semiconductor introduces below optoelectronic devices commonly used measurement circuit.
Semiconductor photoconductive resistance can through large current, be in so usually, need not equipped with amplifier. In the output power of demand is bigger, can use figure 8 shows circuit.
Figure 9 (a) with temperature compensation given the photosensitive diode bridge type measuring circuit. When the incident light intensity slow change, the reverse resistance photosensitive diode is the slow change, the change of the temperature will cause the bridge output voltage, must compensate. Drift Picture a photosensitive diode as the test components, another into Windows, in neighboring bridge, the change of the temperature in the arms of the influence of two photosensitive diode, therefore, can eliminate the same output with temperature bridge road drift.
Light activated triode incident light in work under low illumination, or hope to get
bigger output power, also can match with amplifying circuit, as shown in figure 9 shows.
Because even in the glare photosensitive batteries, maximum output voltage also only 0.6 V, still cannot make the next level 1 transistor have larger current output, so must add positive bias, as shown in figure 9 (a) below. In order to reduce the transistor circuit impedance variations, base si-based ones to reduce as much as possible without light, when the reverse bias inherit in parallel a resistor si-based ones at both ends. Or like figure 9 (b) as shown by the positive ge diode produces pressure drop and test the voltage produced when exposed to light, make silicon tube e stack, b the voltage between actuators than 0.7 V, and conduction work. This kind of circumstance also can use silicon light batteries, as shown in figure 10 (c) below.
Semiconductor photoelectric element of photoelectric circuit can also use integrated operational amplifier. Silicon photosensitive diode can be obtained by integrating
op-amp larger output amplitude, as shown in figure 11 (a) below. When light is produced, the optical output voltage in order to guarantee photosensitive diode is
reverse biased, in its positive to add a load voltage. Figure 11. (b) give the photocell transform circuit, because the photoelectric si-based ones short-circuit current and illumination of a linear relationship between, so will it up in the op-amp is,
inverse-phase input, using these two potential difference between the characteristics
of close to zero, can get better effect. In the picture shows conditions, the output voltage
The photoelectric element by flux the role of different made from the principle of optical measurement and control system is varied, press the photoelectric element (optical measurement and control system) output nature, namely, can be divided into second analog photoelectric sensor and pulse (switch) photoelectric sensor. Analog photoelectric sensors will be converted into continuous variation of the measure, it is measured optical with a single value relations between analog photoelectric sensor. According to be measured (objects) method detection of target can be divided into transmission (absorption) type, diffuse type, shading type (beam resistance gears) three categories. So-called transmission style means the object to be tested in optical path in constant light source, the light energy through things, part of being measured by absorption, transmitted light onto photoelectric element, such as measured liquid, gas transparency and photoelectric BiSeJi etc; speed.gratifying The so-called diffuse style means the constant light by the light onto the analyte from the object to be tested, and projected onto surfaces reflect on after optoelectronic devices, such as photoelectric colorimetric thermometer and light gauge etc; The so-called shading style means the when illuminant issued by the flux of light analyte covered by a part Jing optoelectronics, make projection on the flux change, change the object to be tested and extent of the position with the light path, such as vibration measurement, the size measurement; And in pulse photoelectric sensor in the sensors, photoelectric element acceptable optical signal is intermittent change, therefore photoelectric element in switch work of the state, the current output it is usually only two steady state of the signal, the pulse form used for photoelectric counting and photoelectric speed measurement and so on.
And infrared photoelectric sensor classification and working way generally have the
following kinds:
1, groove photoelectric sensor put a light emitter and a receiver in a slot face-to-face outfit are on opposite sides of the photoelectric groove. Lighter emits infrared light or visible light, and in unimpeded cases light receptors can receive light. But when tested objects from slot zhongtong obsolete, light occluded, photoelectric switches and action. Output a switch control signal, cut off or connect load current, thus completing a control movement. Groove switch is the overall of detection distance because general structure limits only a few centimeters.
2, DuiShe type optoelectronic sensor if you put lighter and receive light is separated, can make the detection distance increase. By a lighter and an inbox light sensor into a photoelectric switch is called DuiShe separate photoelectric switches, referred to DuiShe photoelectric switch. Its detection distance can reach a few meters and even a dozen meters. When using light-emitting device and receive light device are installed in test object through the path of the sides, test object by blocking light path, accept light implement action output a switch control signals.
3, reflex plate.it photoelectric switch light-emitting device type and receive light device into the same device inside, in its front pack a reflex plate.the using the reflection principle of complete photoelectric control function is called reflex plate.it reflex (or reflector reflex) photoelectric switch. Under normal circumstances, lighter the light reflected by reflex plate.it is received by accept light; Once the light path be test object to block, accept light, the light is not receive photoelectric switch is action, output a switch control signals.
4, diffusion reflective photoelectric switches its detection head with a lighter and also an inbox light ware, but no reflex plate.it ahead. Normally lighter for the light collect light is not found. When test object by blocking the light, and the light reflected light, receive part implement received light signals, output a switch signals.
Four, I'm the idea of photoelectric sensor
With the development of science and technology people on measuring accuracy had the higher request, this has prompted the pace with The Times photoelectric sensor have updated, improve the main means photoelectric sensor performance is the application of new materials, new technology manufacturing performance is more superior photoelectric element. For example, today the prototype of the photoelectric sensor is a small metal cylindrical equipment, with a calibration lens, transmitter into receiver focused light, the receiver out of cable to the device got a vacuum tube amplifiers in metal cylinder on the incandescent light bulb inside a small as the light source a strong incandescent lamp sensor. Due to the sensor various defects existing in the fields, gradually faded. To appear, because of it of fiber of excellent performance, then appeared with sensors supporting the use of optical passive components, another fiber without any interference of electromagnetic signal, and can make the sensor of the electronic components and other electrical disturbance in isolation. Have a piece of plastic optical fiber core or glass light core, light outside a metallic core skins and bread this layer metal cortical density lower than light core, so low, the beam refraction in the two materials according to the border (incident Angle
within a certain range, reflected), is all. Based on optical principle, all beams can be made by optical fiber to transmission. Two incident beam Angle in an Angle (along the fiber length direction within) by multiple reflections from the other end after injection, another incident angles than accept the incident light in metal skin, loss. This accept Angle within the biggest incident Angle than two times, this is because fiber slightly larger from air into density larger fiber materials hitting may have a slight refraction. In light of the optical fiber transmission from inside the influence of fiber bending (whether more than bending radius minimal bending radius). Most optical fiber is flexible, easy to install in the narrow space. Photoelectric sensor is a kind of non-contact measurement small electronic measurement equipment, rely on detect its receives the light intensity change, to achieve measurement purposes, and
it's also a vulnerable to external disturbance and lose the measurement accuracy of the device. When be being designed so besides the choice optoelectronic components, still must set GSCC signal and temperature compensating measures used to weaken or eliminate the impact of these factors.
Photoelectric sensor must pass a light modulation, like radio waves of light modulation of sends and receives, the radio to a station, can ignore other radio signal sensors without modulation long-focal-length only through the use of mechanical shielded, scenes that receiver transmitter only can receive the emission of light, can make its energy becomes very high. In contrast, through modulation transceivers can ignore ambient light, only to own light or with the same modulation frequencies of light without modulation response. The sensor used to test the infrared rays or around the radiation, if just baked red bottle, in this application situation if use other sensor, may be incorrect actions.
Photoelectric sensor due to non-contact, high reliability, etc, and to change in measurement, damage the object to be tested
So since its invention in fields since play a significant role, at present it has been widely used in measuring mechanical quantity, thermal quantity, weight, intelligent vehicle system into etc. Now it in power system automatically grid device plays a very important role, because generator input power grid operation often USES accurate with law, must meet: three-phase line sequence is consistent, frequency, phase agree unanimously, voltage amplitude equal, one of the conditions in system design has been satisfied, after three conditions must also meet to grid, of course, artificially grid is more difficult, photoelectric grid is easier.
The development of times, science and technology in the update, photoelectric sensor types are increasing and application domain more and more widely, such as a recent kind of infrared already in intelligent vehicle electrical sensors in to the application, one of which had based on infrared sensor is the core of intelligent vehicle, reflective type infrared sensor using reflex infrared sensor design path detection module and speed monitoring module; Another method based on infrared sensor using the car tracing is to collect infrared sensor data.
Photoelectric sensor has cannot be replaced by other sensors superiority, so it development foreground is very good, the application will also become more widespread.
光电传感器
关键字：光电效应 光电元件 光电特性 传感器分类 传感器应用 摘要：在科学技术高速发展的现代社会中，人类已经入瞬息万变的信息时代，人们在日常生活，生产过程中，主要依靠检测技术对信息经获取、筛选和传输，来实现制动控制，自动调节，目前我国已将检测技术列入优先发展的科学技术之一。

由于微电子技术，光电半导体技术，光导纤维技术以及光栅技术的发展，使得光电传感器的应用与日俱增。

这种传感器具有结构简单、非接触、高可靠性、高精度、可测参数多、反应快以及结构简单,形式灵活多样等优点，在自动检测技术中得到了广泛应用，它一种是以光电效应为理论基础，由光电材料构成的器件。

正文：
一、理论基础——光电效应
光电效应一般有外光电效应、光导效应、光生伏特效应。

光照在照在光电材料上，材料表面的电子吸收的能量，若电子吸收的能量足够大是，电子会克服束缚脱离材料表面而进入外界空间，从而改变光电子材料的导电性，这种现象成为外光电效应
根据爱因斯坦的光电子效应，光子是运动着的粒子流，每种光子的能量为hv(v 为光波频率，h 为普朗克常数，h ＝6.63*10-34 J/HZ)，由此可见不同频率的光子具有不同的能量，光波频率越高，光子能量越大。

假设光子的全部能量交给光子，电子能量将会增加，增加的能量一部分用于克服正离子的束缚，另一部分转换成电子能量。

根据能量守恒定律：
式中，m 为电子质量,v 为电子逸出的初速度,A 微电子所做的功。

由上式可知，要使光电子逸出阴极表面的必要条件是h>A 。

由于不同材料具有不同的逸出功，因此对每一种阴极材料，入射光都有一个确定的频率限，当入射光的频率低于此频率限时，不论光强多大，都不会产生光电子发射，此频率限称为“红限”。

相应的波长为 式中，c 为光速，A 为逸出功。

当受到光照射时，吸收电子能量，其电阻率降低的导电现象称为光导效应。

它属于内光电效应。

当光照在半导体上是，若电子的能量大与半导体禁带的能级宽度，则电子从价带跃迁到导带，形成电子，同时，价带留下相应的空穴。

电子、空穴仍留在半导体内，并参与导电在外电场作用下形成的电流。

除金属外，多数绝缘体和半导体都有光电效应，半导体尤为显著，根据光导效应制造的光电元件有固有入射光频率，当光照在光电阻上，其导电性增强，电阻值下降。

光强度愈强，其阻值愈小，若停止光照，其阻值恢复到原阻值。

半导体受光照射产生电动势的现象称为光生伏特效应，据此效应制造的光电器件有光电池，光电二极管，管控晶闸管和光耦合器等。

A -h m 2
12νν=A hc K =λ
二、光电元件及特性
根据外光电元件制造的光电元件有光电子，充气光电管和光电倍曾管。

1.光电管光电管的种类繁多，典型的产品有真空光电管和充气光电管，光它的外形和结构如图1所示，半圆筒形金属片制成的阴极K和位于阴极轴心的金属丝制成的阳极A封装在抽成真空的玻壳内，当入射光照射在阴极上时，单个光子就把它的全部能量传递给阴极材料中的一个自由电子，从而使自由电子的能量增加h。

当电子获得的能量大于阴极材料的逸出功A时，它就可以克服金属表面束缚而逸出，形成电子发射。

这种电子称为光电子，光电子逸出金属表面后的初
始动能为
2 )
2
1
(
mv
光电管正常工作时，阳极电位高于阴极，如图2所示。

在人射光频率大于“红限”的前提下，从阴极表面逸出的光电子被具有正电位的阳极所吸引，在光电管内形成空间电子流，称为光电流。

此时若光强增大，轰击阴极的光子数增多，单位时间内发射的光电子数也就增多，光电流变大。

在图2所示的电路中，电流和电阻只上的电压降就和光强成函数关系，从而实现光电转换。

当光线照射到光电阴极K上时，电子从阴极表面逸出，并被光电阳极的正电厂吸收，外电路产生电流I，在负载电阻L
R上的电压0U
光电管的光电特性如图3 所示，从图中可知，在光通量不太大时，光电特性基本是一条直线。

2.光电倍曾管由于真空光电管的灵敏度低，因此人们研制了具有放大光电流能力的光电倍增管。

图4是光电倍增管结构示意图。

从图中可以看到光电倍增管也有一个阴极K和一个阳极A，与光电管不同的是在它的阴极和阳极间设置了若干个二次发射电极，D1、D2、D3…它们称为第一倍增电极、第二倍增电极、…，倍增电极通常为10～15级。

光电倍增管工作时，相邻电极之间保持一定电位差，其中阴极电位最低，各倍增电极电位逐级升高，阳极电位最高。

当入射光照射阴极K时，从阴极逸出的光电子被第一倍增电极D1加速，以高速轰击D1 ，引起二次电子发射，一个入射的光电子可以产生多个图1光电光结构示意图图2光电管测量电路图3光电管的光电特性
图
4
光
电
倍
增
结
构
示
意
图。