供应链管理SCM的内容与模型

供应链管理：内容

SCM是对整个生产过程范围内的“实物流、商业流、信息流和资金流”的管理，从供应商开始，到配送结束。覆盖了物料在组织内部的运动与存储情况。“实物流、商业流、信息流和资金流”是SCM的三条流。

SCM通过“时间time、地点place、数量quantity”的改变来创造价值。SCM是企业竞争优势的源泉之一。为挖掘这一潜能，管理部门采购和供应商量管理、运营管理以及物流管理。SCM由三部分组成：供应管理（采购部分和供应商部分）、生产运作管理（公司内部管理）、物流管理（客户端）。简单地说，SCM就是从供应商处采购（供应管理）、在内部进一步增值（运营管理）、再递送给客户（物流管理）。

1. 供应管理supply management

Supply management deals with identifying needs to be met with outside sources, selecting these sources, and negotiating purchase contracts with those selected.

Purchases fall into 3 categories: parts or components to be used in manufacture, merchandise for resale, and services.

Supply management is closely related to logistics for two reasons. First, nearly anything purchased must be moved to wherever it is needed. Second, if 3PL providers are used, the firm’s procurement staff will be involved in their selection.

①采购管理Purchasing

采购负责“组织”的物料流入，即获得生产产品或提供服务所需的物料、零件和补

给。这是企业的“内向物流Inbound Logistics部分”。采购包括物料的实际购买、

供应商选择与对采购细项进行价值分析等。

采购的重要性决不仅仅限于外购商品的成本，它的其他方面的重要性还包括商

品与服务的质量，以及提交商品或服务的时间选择，这两个方面都能对生产运

作产生重大的影响。最基本的设计问题是对“集中或分散采购（Centralized or

Decentralized Purchasing）”的抉择。集中采购的控制性较强，能节约费用；而

分散采购则趋于快速反应和更好地满足地区性需求。定期进行价值分析，确保

所购细项的“成本效益比”最佳。根据成本、售后服务、可靠性与质量评价供应商。Purchasing is the eyes and ears眼睛和耳朵of the organization in the supplier marketplace 供应市场, continuously seeking better buys and new materials from suppliers. Consequently, purchasing is in a good position to能够select suppliers for the supply chain and to conduct certification programs 认证计划. 【purchase []购买__ consequently []因此】

Green Purchasing is the process of identifying, assessing, and managing the flow of environmental waste and finding ways to reduce it and minimize its impact on the environment. 【environmental[]__minimize []】

②供应商管理

2. 生产运作管理

Operations management deals with processes[] that produce goods and services that people use every day. Operations management is the direction and control of the processes that transform inputs into products and services. Processes are fundamental activities that organizations use to do work and achieve their goals.

By selecting appropriate techniques and developing sound operations strategies, managers can design and operate processes to give companies a competitive edge【= competitive advantage竞争优势】.

3. 市场营销

4. 物流Logistics

Logistics is that part of the supply chain process that plans, implements, and controls the efficient and effective forward and reverse [] 相反的flow and storage[]贮藏of goods, services, and related information between the point of origin[ ] 产地and the point of consumption [ ]消费in order to meet customers requirements.”