广西黎塘岩溶区富含铁锰结核土元素迁移特征
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广西黎塘岩溶区富含铁锰结核土元素迁移特征
苏春田;黄晨晖;邹胜章;罗飞;杨杨;赵光帅;阳明
【摘要】[Objective] Element contents and transferring features of soil rich in iron-manganese (Fe-Mn) nodules in karst area in Litang,Guangxi were studied in order to provide theoretical basis for effective remediation of soil rich in Fe-Mn nodules.[Method] The representative soil rich in Fe-Mn nodules which was not affected by agricultural cultivation were selected as sample plots.Its soil mother rock was carbonate,control was soil whose soil mother rock was clastic rock.Stratified sampling profiles layers A (0-35 cm),B(>35 cm) soil,and corresponding rock samples were
obtained.Then,the oxides contents and heavy metal of soil and rock were determined.[Result] The soils in the karst area in Litang were mainly oxides of Si,Al and Fe.The average content of three oxides in the soil profile layers A and B accounted for 86.32% and 86.30% of the total respectively.The contents of SiO2 and Fe2O3 were lower than control,while the contents of Al2O3、CaO、MgO were higher than control.The contents order of Cd、Pb、Zn in the karst area in Litang was Zn>Pb>Cd,the average contents of Pb and Cd in layer A were higher than layer B,while the contents of Zn were the opposite.The average contents ofZn,Pb and Cd in profile layers A and B were all over Guangxi soil element background value and soil whose soil mother rock was clastic rock,but they did not exceed environmental quality standard([Ⅱ) for soils.The soil in the area contaIned high silicon-aluminum coefficient and low eluviation coefficient of total base.The
weathering and leaching intensity of layer B in soil profile was higher than that in layer A,the degree of weathering and leaching of soil was higher than that of clastic soil.The correlation coefficient were-0.8063,0.7091,-
0.8570,-0,2923 respectively between soil ignition loss (LOI) and SiO2 content,Al2O3 content,silicon-aluminum coefficient and eluviation coefficient of total base.The elements Ca and Mg in layers A and B and Cd
in layer B were loss,while others presented enrichment or strong enrichment.[Conclusion] The oxides,heavy metals,intensity of weathering leaching,transferring features are different in soils from carbonate rocks and clastic rocks.The heavy metals have been accumulated by Fe-Mn nodules and posed potential pollution on soil.%[目的]研究广西黎塘岩溶区土壤富含铁锰结核背景下元素含量与迁移特征,为富含铁锰结核土的有效修复提供理
论依据.[方法]选择具有代表性的未受农业耕作影响的富含铁锰结核土为试验样地,
其成土母岩为碳酸盐岩,以成土母岩为碎屑岩的土壤为对照,分层采集剖面A(0~35 cm)、B层(>35 cm)土壤及对应岩石样品,测定土壤、岩石氧化物及重金属元素含量.[结果]广西黎塘岩溶区土壤主要是Si、A1和Fe的氧化物,三者之和在土壤剖面A、B层的平均含量分别占总量的86.32%和86.30%;广西黎塘岩溶区土壤的SiO2和Fe2O3含量均低于对照,而Al2O3、CaO和MgO含量高于对照.广西黎塘岩溶
区土壤Cd、Pb和Zn含量顺序为Zn>Pb>Cd,其中剖面A层Cd和Pb平均含量均超过B层,而Zn平均含量低于B层,剖面A、B层Cd、Pb和Zn平均含量均已
超过广西土壤元素背景值及成土母岩为碎屑岩的土壤,未超过土壤环境质量二级标
准值.广西黎塘岩溶区土壤以高硅铝系数、低盐基总量淋溶系数为特征,土壤剖面B
层风化淋溶强度高于A层,风化淋溶程度整体上高于碎屑岩成土.土壤烧失量(LOI)与SiO2含量、Al2O3含量、硅铝率、盐基总量淋溶系数的相关系数分别为-0.8063、
0.7091、-0.8570和-0.2923,土壤剖面A、B层Ca、Mg元素及B层的Cd元素发生了亏损,其他元素均表现为富集或强烈富集.[结论]成土母岩为碳酸盐岩的土壤氧化物、重金属含量、风化淋溶强度、迁移特征等与成土母岩为碎屑岩的土壤具有差异,铁锰结核的存在已造成重金属元素在土壤中的积累并具有潜在污染.
【期刊名称】《南方农业学报》
【年(卷),期】2017(048)009
【总页数】6页(P1594-1599)
【关键词】铁锰结核;岩溶;元素迁移;黎塘
【作者】苏春田;黄晨晖;邹胜章;罗飞;杨杨;赵光帅;阳明
【作者单位】中国地质科学院岩溶地质研究所/国土资源部广西壮族自治区岩溶动力学重点实验室,广西桂林541004;中国地质科学院岩溶地质研究所/国土资源部广西壮族自治区岩溶动力学重点实验室,广西桂林541004;中国地质科学院岩溶地质研究所/国土资源部广西壮族自治区岩溶动力学重点实验室,广西桂林541004;中国地质科学院岩溶地质研究所/国土资源部广西壮族自治区岩溶动力学重点实验室,广西桂林541004;中国地质科学院岩溶地质研究所/国土资源部广西壮族自治区岩溶动力学重点实验室,广西桂林541004;中国地质科学院岩溶地质研究所/国土资源部广西壮族自治区岩溶动力学重点实验室,广西桂林541004;中国地质科学院岩溶地质研究所/国土资源部广西壮族自治区岩溶动力学重点实验室,广西桂林541004【正文语种】中文
【中图分类】S151.3
Abstract:【Objective】Element contents and transferring features of soil rich in iron-manganese(Fe-Mn)nodules in karst area in Litang,Guangxi were studied in order to provide theoretical basis for effective remediation of soil rich in Fe-Mn nodules.【Method】The representative soil rich in Fe-Mn nodules which was not affected by agricultural cultivation were selected as sample plots.Its soil mother rock was carbonate,control was soil whose soil mother rock was clastic rock.Stratified sampling profiles layers A(0-35 cm),B(>35 cm)soil,and corresponding rock samples were obtained.Then,the oxides contents and heavy metal of soil and rock were determined.【Result】The soils in the karst area in Litang were mainly oxides of Si,Al and Fe.The average content of three oxides in the soil profile layers A and B accounted for 86.32%and 86.30%of the total respectively.The contents of SiO2andFe2O3were lower than control,while the contents of Al2O3、CaO、MgO were higher than control.The contents order of Cd、Pb、Zn in the karst area in Litang was Zn>Pb>Cd,the average contents of Pb and Cd in layer A were higher than layer B,while the contents of Zn were the opposite.The average contents of Zn,Pb and Cd in profile layers A and B were all over Guangxi soil element background value and soil whose soil mother rock was clastic rock,but they did not exceed environmental quality standard(Ⅱ)for soils.The soil in the area contained high silicon-aluminum coefficient and low eluviation coefficient of total base.The weathering andleaching intensity of layer B in soil profile was higher than that in layer A,the degree of weathering and leaching of soil was higher than that of clastic soil.The correlation coefficient were-
0.8063,0.7091,-0.8570,-0.2923 respectively between soil ignition loss (LOI)and SiO2content,Al2O3content,silicon-aluminum coefficient and eluviation coefficient of total base.The elements Ca and Mg in layers A and B and Cd in layer B were loss,while others presented enrichment or strong enrichment.【Conclusion】The oxides,heavy metals,intensity of weathering leaching,transferring features are different in soils from carbonate rocks and clastic rocks.The heavy metals have been accumulated by Fe-Mn nodules and posed potential pollution on soil.
Key words:iron-manganese nodules nodule;karst;element transferring;Litang
【研究意义】土壤是人类生存环境中变化最复杂、最频繁、各种信息最丰富、最敏感的部分(李雪垣,2001)。
表生作用过程中,化学元素的迁移富集规律是土壤
元素对环境条件变化响应的表现,不同地区、不同成因类型的土壤,其元素迁移富集规律也存在差异(刁桂仪和文启忠,1999)。
岩溶区特殊的地质条件和雨热同
期的气候特点决定了元素迁移具有其独特的特点。
广西黎塘岩溶区土壤富含铁锰结核,其占土壤比例为A层22.55%~47.8%、B层8.25%~36.31%(苏春田等,2008a),铁锰结核的存在对土壤理化性质(苏春田等,2008b)、农作物质量具有显著影响(唐健生等,2009),但此背景之下的元素迁移特征不清。
因此,开
展富含铁锰结核土元素迁移特征分析,对掌握富含铁锰结核土元素迁移规律具有重要意义。
【前人研究进展】目前已有研究者对我国雷琼地区(张丽娟等,2012)、辽南地区(张威等,2013)、汉江上游谷地及渭河谷地(卞鸿雁等,2014)、江西赣县(熊平生,2015)等地区的土壤元素迁移进行了研究;也有一些针对岩溶
地区土壤元素迁移的研究。
覃星铭等(2010)研究表明,典型农业区洼地与坡地
元素含量、迁移特征等具有显著差别;蓝芙宁等(2011)对我国南方3个典型石
山区土壤、岩石的研究发现,除Ca、Mg元素含量小于成土母岩之外,其他元素
均大于成土母岩,且元素含量与成土母岩相似,主要在剖面A层富集,其次为剖
面B层和C层;董彦(2013)对柳江流域岩溶区石灰土的研究发现,大量元素含量在水平方向因迁移富集作用而不同,表现为Si、Al富集,Na、Mg、Ca含量少;尹川等(2014)对黔北坡面林地的研究发现,不同元素在坡顶、坡脚富集也具有
差异。
【本研究切入点】成土母岩是影响土壤元素含量的重要因素,但在岩溶区土壤富含铁锰结核背景下,土壤剖面元素含量及其迁移特征很少被关注,也未见相关研究报道。
【拟解决的关键问题】以广西黎塘岩溶区富含铁锰结核土壤为例,通过对土壤剖面及岩石的取样,分析其元素含量、迁移特征、风化淋溶特征等,以期为富含铁锰结核土的有效修复和治理提供技术支撑。
研究区属黎塘镇行政区划,位于广西中部偏南、宾阳县东部,东经109°02′~109°18′,北纬23°04′~23°20′,属亚热带季风气候。
据宾阳县气象站的观测资料,研究区多年平均降雨量1584 mm/年,4~9月为丰水期,占全年降雨量的77.9%,多年平均蒸发量1631.2 mm/年,年平均气温20.9℃,太阳辐射强,无霜期332 d。
黎塘镇拥有丰富的农业资源,如莲藕、萝卜、淮山、苦瓜等名特优产品,是全国莲藕主产区之一(苏春田等,2008c)。
1.2.1 样品采集与测定在广西黎塘地区桥美、岭甲等沿公路分布的地带设置土壤采样点,共设8个采样点,成土母岩为碳酸盐岩。
在采样点内开挖长方形土坑,土
坑平面1.0 m×0.6 m,深度0.6~1.2 m,根据土壤颜色及剖面特征将土壤划分为A、B层,A为表土层(0~35 cm),B为表土层以下,自下而上逐层采集中部土壤,重量1 kg左右,以成土母岩为碎屑岩的土壤作为对照,土壤中偶见铁锰结核,对照点3个。
同时采集相应的岩石样品,碳酸盐岩采样10个,碎屑岩采样3个。
样品由澳实分析检测(广州)有限公司测试完成。
岩石、土壤微量元素采用等离子体质谱法测定,土壤氧化物采用荧光光谱仪熔融法测定。
1.2.2 土壤风化淋溶强度与迁移指标土壤烧失量(LOI)采用重量法测定。
土壤风
化系数(张丽萍等,2001)采用如下指标:硅铝系数(Sa)=SiO2/Al2O3;铝铁系数(Af)=Al2O3/Fe2O3;碱金属淋溶系数=(Na2O+K2O)/Al2O3;碱土金属淋溶系数=(CaO+MgO)/Al2O3;盐基总量淋溶系数(ba)=
(Na2O+K2O+CaO+MgO)/Al2O3。
土壤迁移采用迁移系数(陈松等,2013)表示:K=Cn/Cd。
其中,K为迁移累积系数,Cn为土壤层元素含量,Cd为母岩元素含量。
K小于1.00表示纯迁移,K
大于1.00表示相对积累。
采用Excel 2016和SPSS 20.0进行数据处理、相关性分析及制图。
由表1可知,广西黎塘岩溶区土壤化学组分主要是Si、Al和Fe的氧化物,三者之和在土壤剖面A、B层的平均含量分别占总量的86.32%和86.30%。
其中,以
SiO2含量最高,A、B层的SiO2平均含量分别为63.29%和61.66%,其次为
Al2O3;含量最少为Fe2O3,其在A、B层平均含量分别为8.55%和6.68%。
A
层碱土金属CaO和MgO平均含量在0.50%左右,碱金属Na2O和K2O在土壤
剖面A、B层含量相接近,平均含量分别为0.07%、0.07%和0.39%、0.37%;MnO和P2O5含量很低,含量0.10%左右;TiO2在土壤剖面具有较好的相对稳
定性,A、B层含量分别为2.01%和2.38%。
广西黎塘岩溶区土壤的SiO2和
Fe2O3含量均低于成土母岩为碎屑岩的土壤剖面,而Al2O3、CaO和MgO含量高于成土母岩为碎屑岩的土壤剖面。
由表2可知,广西黎塘岩溶区土壤剖面A、B层的Cd、Pb和Zn平均含量均以
Zn含量最高,分别为126.13和158.88 mg/kg,其次为Pb,最少为Cd,且土
壤剖面A层的Cd和Pb平均含量均超过B层,而Zn平均含量低于B层。
与土壤环境质量二级标准值(环境保护部和国家质量监督检验检疫总局,2008)相比较,广西黎塘岩溶区土壤剖面A、B层的Cd、Pb和Zn平均含量均未超过标准值;与
广西土壤元素背景值(中国环境监测总站,1990)相比较,土壤剖面A、B层的Cd、Pb和Zn平均含量均已超过背景值,A层的Cd、Pb和Zn平均含量分别是
背景值的1.69、2.41和1.67倍,B层Cd、Pb和Zn平均含量分别是背景值的
1.20、1.85和
2.10倍;与成土母岩为碎屑岩的土壤相比,A层的Cd、Pb和Zn
平均含量分别是其5.63、2.49和2.89倍,B层的Cd、Pb和Zn平均含量分别是其7.17、2.30和3.00倍。
硅铝系数、铝铁系数、碱金属淋溶系数、碱土金属淋溶系数、盐基总量淋溶系数等常用来表征表生风化作用的强度(杨元根等,2000;张丽萍等,2001)。
由表3可知,研究区土壤以高硅铝系数、低盐基总量淋溶系数为特征,表明土壤剖面的Ca、Mg、Na和K等元素活动组分相对于惰性组分Al的淋溶强烈;从土壤剖面
A和B层来看,B层的硅铝系数、盐基总量淋溶系数小于A层,表明土壤剖面B
层的风化淋溶强度高于A层。
与成土母岩为碎屑岩相比较,碳酸盐岩形成土壤过
程中风化淋溶程度整体上高于碎屑岩成土。
由图1可知,LOI与SiO2含量呈极显著负相关(P<0.01,下同)(R2=-0.8063),与Al2O3含量呈极显著正相关(R2=0.7091),与硅铝系数存在极显著负相关(R2=-0.8570),与盐基总量淋溶系数呈显著负相关(P<0.05)(R2=-0.2923)。
由表4可知,广西黎塘岩溶区在元素由成土母岩向土壤迁移过程中,土壤剖面A、B层的Ca、Mg元素及B层的Cd元素发生了亏损,K小于1.00,其他元素均表
现为富集或强烈富集,K均大于1.00。
但在相对富集的元素中,K具有明显差异,土壤剖面A、B层Si、Al、Fe和Ti元素的K较大,其中,以Si元素的最大,其
在A、B层的平均值分别为147.88、144.06,而Na、K和Cd的K相对较小。
剖面A层中元素迁移排序为Si>Ti>Fe>Al>Pb>P>Mn>Zn>K>Na>Cd>Mg >Ca;剖面B层中元素迁移排序为Si>Ti>Al>Fe>Pb>Zn>Mn>P>K>Na
>Cd>Mg>Ca。
综上所述,剖面A层中Si、Fe、K、P、Mn、Cd、Pb和Ca元
素的K大于B层,而Al、Na、Ti、Zn和Mg元素的K小于B层。
在化学风化过程中,母岩成分对风化过程的速度和强度存在根本性影响(李徐生等,2007),也是导致成土母岩为碳酸盐岩的土壤与成土母岩为碎屑岩的土壤元素含量、土壤风化淋溶存在差异的原因。
岩溶区土壤是碳酸盐岩长期岩溶地球化学过程中风化残积和淋溶、淀积而形成(蓝芙宁,2004),Ca、Mg的大量淋溶,是成
土过程中土下溶蚀作用的结果(蒋忠诚,1997)。
本研究中土壤剖面B层风化淋
溶强度高于A层,与熊尚发等(2001)的研究结果一致,可能与沉积速率快慢、风化时间长短有关。
土壤剖面A层中Si、Fe、K、P、Mn、Cd、Pb和Ca元素的K大于B层,表明在成土初期元素富集强烈,随着成土过程富集系数逐渐变小,Al、Na、Ti、Zn和Mg元素的K小于B层,反映随着成土过程深入而不断加大(陈
松等,2013)。
A层Ca、Mg与B层Cd的亏损,以及不同元素间K的差异,可能是除了受岩溶作用影响外,还与元素本身的特点有关。
LOI与SiO2和Al2O3
含量、硅铝系数、盐基总量淋溶系数间的相关性,表明LOI可用来表征土壤的风
化淋溶强度的指标。
广西黎塘岩溶区土壤剖面Cd、Pb和Zn平均含量均未超过国家土壤元素二级标准值,但已超过广西土壤元素背景值及成土母岩为碎屑岩的土壤含量,其中,A层的Cd平均含量与标准值相等,表明铁锰结核的存在已造成重金属元素尤其是Cd元
素在土壤中积累,具有潜在污染。
成土母岩为碳酸盐岩的土壤偏碱性,富含Ca、Mg元素,有利于Cd的积累(宁晓波等,2009)。
土壤组分、有机质、pH、阳
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主要影响因素(罗绪强等,2009;余小芬等,2012)。
成土母岩为碳酸盐岩的土壤氧化物、重金属含量、风化淋溶强度、迁移特征等与成土母岩为碎屑岩的土壤具有差异,铁锰结核的存在已造成重金属元素在土壤中的积累并具有潜在污染。
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