高中英语——代词和it的用法

代词和it的用法
一、代词
1．人称代词
They like him.
[名师指津]在非正式英语尤其是口语中，人称代词作表语时常可用其宾格形式代替主格。

在比较状语从句中，有时也可用宾格代替主格(尤其是其后跟有同位语“all”时)。

—Who is it?
—It’s me.
He is taller than I (或me)．
He is taller than us all.
若可能引起误解，就不能用宾格代替主格。

试比较：
He loves you more than I．(他比我更爱你。

)
He loves you more than me.(他爱你比爱我更多。

)
2．物主代词
(1)
his pen, our books。

(2)“形容词性物主代词＋own”常用来强调“某人自己的”，其后可跟名词。

Don’t use my pen.Why not use your own (pen)?
I want a car of my own.
(3)“of＋名词性物主代词(或名词所有格)”构成双重所有格形式。

如：a friend of mine。

3．反身代词
反身代词myself, yourself, himself, herself, itself, oneself, ourselves, yourselves, themselves可在句中作表语、宾语和同位语。

I am not quite myself today.(表语)
He saw himself in the mirror.(宾语)
I myself did it.(同位语)
4．相互代词
(1)相互代词each other和one another表示相互关系，两者差别不大，一般用作宾语。

Bill and Helen blamed each other.
(2)each other和one another有所有格形式，可用作定语。

They looked into each other’s eyes for a silent moment.
5．指示代词
指示代词有this, that, these, those, it, such, same等。

(1)this, that, these, those的用法
①作主语、宾语、表语和定语。

this (these)常代指时间和空间上较近的人或物；而that (those)常代指时间和空间上较远的人或物。

This is my book and that is hers.
②this (these)常指后文将要提及的事物；that (those)常指前文已提及的事物。

Now hear this.Meeting of all students on the playground in ten minutes!
He didn’t come.That is why he didn’t know.
③that和those常可用来代指前文提及的内容，以免重复。

The life in Japan is different from that in America.
④this和that有时可表示“程度”，作状语，相当于so。

I don’t want that much.
(2)such的用法
可用作主语、宾语、补语和定语。

用作定语修饰单数可数名词时，不定冠词a(n)放在such 之后。

Such is life./He is such a kind man.
(3)same的用法
可用作定语、宾语、表语、状语等，常与定冠词连用。

It’s the same kind of work, just a different department.
6．疑问代词
用于引导特殊疑问句。

who, whom, whose用于指人；which和what可指人或物。

(1)who通常作主语和表语，whom作宾语。

在口语中，常用who代替whom，但如果前面有介词，则仍需用whom。

Who is he？(表语，问姓名)
By whom was the book written？(介词宾语)
试比较：
Who is he？(问姓名或关系)
What is he？(问职业或地位)
(2)what, which均可作主语、宾语或定语。

试比较：
What sport do you like best？(不定范围的选择)
Which sport do you like better, football or volleyball？(确定范围的选择)
(3)whose可用作定语或表语。

Whose dictionary is this？(定语)
7．关系代词
关系代词有who, whom, whose, which, that, as等，用于引导从句。

I like the book that was written by Shi Naian.
二、不定代词
1．another, the other, other, others的区别
(1)another“又一；再一；另一”，泛指三者或三者以上的人或物中的“另一个”。

I felt so bad all day yesterday that I decided this morning I couldn’t face another day like that.
Give me another ten minutes and I will complete the task.
(2)the other表示两者中的“另一个”或两部分中的“另一部分”，是特指，常用于one ...the other ...。

I’ll spend half of my holiday practising English and the other half learning drawing.
(3)other作前置定语，表示“另外的”。

We study Chinese, maths, English and other lessons.
(4)others作代词，泛指“其他人”或“其他物”。

You are a team star! Working with others is really your cup of tea.
Some are singing and dancing, some are drawing, others are climbing the hill.
2．it, that, one, those的区别
(1)it意为“它”，特指前面提到过的同一个人或者物。

I like this house with a beautiful garden in front, but I don’t have enough money to buy it.
(2)that用来替代前面出现的特指的单数可数名词或特指的不可数名词，相当于the＋单数/不可数名词。

Few pleasures can equal that (＝the pleasure) of a cool drink on a hot day.
(3)one用来替代前面出现的单数名词，是泛指概念，相当于a/an＋单数名词；ones用来替代前面出现的复数名词，也是泛指概念；the one用来替代前面的特指的单数名词，有时可用that替代(尤其在有后置定语的情况下)；the ones用来替代前面的特指的复数名词，有时可用those替代(尤其在有后置定语的情况下)。

Helping others is a habit, one you can learn even at an early age.
—Why don’t we take a short break?
—Didn’t we just have one (＝a break)?
Students who do well in examinations are those/the ones who ask questions in class.
3．no one, nobody, none, nothing的区别
(1)no one, nobody表“没有人；谁也不”，只指人，作主语时，谓语动词用单数形式。

常可用来回答who引导的问句。

Charles was alone at home, with no one looking after him.
(2)none“没人；没有任何东西”，既可指人，也可指物。

none后可接of短语，常用来回答how many/much的问题。

—How many of you have seen the film?
—None (of us)．
(3)nothing意为“没有东西”，一般回答what。

Nothing in my life impressed me so deeply as my first visit to the Palace Museum.
4．all, both, either, neither, none的区别
(1)all指所有的人或物，表示“(三者或三者以上)全部；都”。

All I want is peace and quiet.
(2)both表示“两者都”。

—Did you go to London or Paris last year?
—We went to both. A week in London and two weeks in Paris.
(3)either表示“(两者中)任何一个”。

He had lost his temper and his health in the war and never found either of them again.
(4)neither表示“(两者)都不”。

I tried two different methods, yet neither of them seemed to work very well.
5．each和every的区别
(1)each和every都表示“每个”的意思，但each侧重个体，可作主语、宾语、定语和同位语。

every侧重全体，相当于汉语的“每个都”，在句中只作定语。

The tickets each cost ten dollars.(同位语)
Every dog has his day.(定语)
(2)each代指两个或两个以上的人/物，而every需指三个或三个以上的人/物。

Each of the two has won a prize.
Every Chinese is pleased at the news.
6．few, little和a few, a little的区别
few和little表示“很少的……”，含否定意义；而a few与a little表示“一些……”，含肯定意义。

few和a few代替可数名词，little和a little代替不可数名词。

在句中用作主语或宾语。

Of all the guests, he knows only a few.
Few of them are famous.
[名师指津]这组词更多用作形容词，在句中作定语。

few与a few修饰复数可数名词；
little, a little修饰不可数名词。

He has few friends and lives a lonely life.
三、it的用法
1．it指代前面所提到过的事情、事物；婴儿或身份不明的人，未指明但谈话双方都明白的事情或情况。

—I’ve broken a plate.
—It (＝Breaking the plate) doesn’t matter.(指前面所提到过的事情)
The Parkers bought a new house but it will need a lot of work before they can move in.(指双方都明白的事情)
Look at the baby. Isn’t it lovely？(指人们对其性别还不太在意的婴儿)
2．it用作形式主语或形式宾语，而把真正的主语或宾语放在后面，真正的主语或宾语往往由从句、动名词或不定式充当。

It worries me that he keeps changing his mind.
New technologies have made it possible to turn out new products faster and at a lower cost.
As far as I’m concerned, it’s no use arguing with him.He won’t change his mind.
3．有些动词或动词＋介词后面接it，再加从句，构成固定结构。

这类动词或动词＋介词有：enjoy, prefer, love, like, hate, dislike, appreciate, have, take, put, help, see to, rely on等。

I dislike it when I am left alone to start a conversation with a stranger.
They would appreciate it, to be frank, if the goods could be delivered as soon as possible.
How can I help it if people don’t read the instructions?。