英语语言学
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语音学分类
articulatory phonetics(发音语音学): speaker’s production acoustic phonetics(声学语音学): transmission’s medium auditory phonetics(听觉语音学): receiver’s reception
语言学知识点
I
语言学导论 II 语言学主要分支学科 III 语言学的流派和理论
Байду номын сангаас I 语言学导论
1. design feature of language (语言的定义特征) 2. Language Families (世界语言分类) 3. important distinctions in linguistics (语言学研究中几对重要的概念) 4. scope of linguistics (语言学的研究范围)
1)Arbitrariness(任意性) 2)Duality(二层性) 3)Creativity/Productivity(创造性) 4)Displacement(移位性) 5)Cultural Transmission(文化传递性)
1)Arbitrariness(任意性): 定义:the forms of linguistic signs bear no natural relationship to their meaning.
3. Design feature 定义特征
1)Arbitrariness(任意性) 2)Duality(二层性) 3)Creativity/Productivity(创造性) 4)Displacement(移位性) 5)Cultural Transmission(文化传递性)
如何记忆: 五性,创意遗传
举例: Sounds > syllables > words > phrases > clauses > sentences> texts/discourses
3) Creativity/Productivity(创造性): 定义:Language can be used to create new meanings because of its duality
Germanic group 日耳曼语族
Celtic group 凯尔特语族
Roman group 罗曼语族
Slavic group 斯拉夫语族
West Branch 西日耳曼语支 英语,德语
North Celtic group 北凯尔特语支 爱尔兰语,盖尔语 South Celtic group 南凯尔特语支 威尔士语
举例: Don't say X. People don't say X. The first is a prescriptive command, while the second is a descriptive statement.
2). Synchronic(共时性) vs. Diachronic (历 时性) synchronic: takes a fixed instant as its point of observation. diachronic: the study of a language through the course of its history.
(语音学) Phonology (音系学)
(形态学)
(句法学)
(语义学)
Pragmatics (语用学)
Macro-linguistics
Language & Society
Language & Mind
Language & Culture
Language & Computer
Sociolinguistics 社会语言学
1) Descriptive (描述性) vs. Prescriptive (规定性) Descriptive: describing how things are. prescriptive: prescribing how things ought to be
Important Distinctions in Linguistics
举例: too 和 tea 中的 /t/ 发too中的/t/时, 舌位更靠近口腔前部 发tea中的/t/时,舌位更靠近口腔后部 语音学要研究这种/t/发音的不同之处, 音系 学不研究
Phonetics studies how speech sounds are produced, transmitted, and perceived.
如何记忆phonetics和phonolgy的区别: 联想: mathematics, physics, mechanics phonetics 语言学,-ics科学性更强 geology, sociology, astrology
phonology 音系学,-ology人文性更强
How speech sounds are made
Important Distinctions in Linguistics
举例:
汉语系统
langue
每个中国人在不同具体场景
中说出的具体话语 parole
Important Distinctions in Linguistics
4) Competence(语言能力) and performance (语言运用) theorist: Chomsky(乔姆斯基) competence: user's knowledge of rules about the linguistic system. performance: the actual realization of this knowledge in concrete situations.
Linguistic nature, universal rules
language acquisition, teaching, assessment
语言学分类-按研究内容分
MicroLinguistics sound Phonetics word Morphology sentence Syntax meaning Semantics
Speech organs
Position of the vocal folds(声带): voicing(浊音) and voiceless (清音)
4. Important Distinctions in Linguistics (语言学研究中几对重要的概念) 1) descriptive & prescriptive 2) synchronic & diachronic 3) langue & parole 4) competence & performance
1. design feature of language(语言的定义特征)
defining properties of human language that distinguish it from any animal system of communication
1. design feature of language 语言定义特征
West Roman Group 西罗曼语支 法语,西班牙语等
West Slavic group 斯拉夫语西支 波兰语,捷克语 东支 俄语
North Branch 瑞典语,丹麦语--
东支 罗马尼亚语
Important Distinctions in Linguistics
3). langue(语言) & parole (言语) Theorist:Saussure(索绪尔), father of modern linguistics langue: abstract linguistic system parole: actual realization of langue
Psycholinguistics 心理语言学
anthropological linguistics 人类语言学
Computational Linguistics
计算机语言学
语言学分类-按研究导向分
Linguistics
Theoretical Linguistics
Applied Linguistics
5. Scope of Linguistics (语言学的研究范围) 1)按研究内容来分 2)按研究导向来分
语言学分类-按研究内容分
Linguistics
Microlinguistics
Macrolinguistics 语言与外部世 界关系问题
语言内部问题
语言学分类-按研究内容分
MicroLinguistics sound Phonetics word Morphology sentence Syntax meaning Semantics
(形态学)
(句法学)
(语义学)
Pragmatics (语用学)
考点: 1.语音学(phonetics)和音系学(phonology)的定 义和区别 2.语音学重要概念: 清音和浊音 3.音系学重要概念: 音子,音位, 超音段特征
Phonetics studies all speech sounds in human languages: how they are produced, transmitted and how they are received. Phonology: aims to discover how speech sounds in a language form patterns and how these sounds are used to convey meaning in linguistic communication. 区别: meaning(是否研究和表达意义有关的 语音)
5) Cultural Transmission(文化传递性): 定义:language is passed on from generation to generation through teaching and learning rather than instinct. 反例:印度狼孩
举例: 研究1800年的英语发音 Synchronic studies (共时性研究)
研究1800-1900的法语语法变化 Diachronic studies (历时研究)
2. 世界语言分类
2. 世界语言分类
Indo-European language family 印欧语系
举例1:/k/ ,/a:/, /p/---- carp or park 举例2:England, defeated, France England defeated France. France defeated England.
4)Displacement(替代性): 定义:Human languages enable their users to symbolize something which are not present at the moment of communication.
(语音学) Phonology (音系学)
(形态学)
(句法学)
(语义学)
Pragmatics (语用学)
语言学分类-按研究内容分
MicroLinguistics sound Phonetics word Morphology sentence Syntax meaning Semantics
(语音学) Phonology (音系学)
举例: 书, book, livre 喜欢,like,aimer
2)Duality(二层性): 定义:the property of having two levels of structures, such that units of the primary level are composed of elements of the secondary level.