SCI常用词语辨析

SCI常用词语辨析
SCI常用词语辨析

SCI常用词语辨析

(1).largely , mostly , mainly, chiefly, greatly, primarily, principally, generally.

largely表示主要的,大部分的。一般形容程度和范围,强调程度上。例如: His successes were largely due to luck.他的成功主要靠运气。

mostly通常表数量,大多数,例如:

They mostly are girls. 表示他们大多数是女孩。

mainly指主要部分,突出在一系列事物中的相对重要性。通常表示主要地,不表数量,例如:

The article is mainly about friendship. 这个文章主要是讲友谊的。 chiefly侧重某人或某物在众多的人或物中占主要和显著地位。

greatly 通常强调程度的高。

primarily侧重基本地,首要地。

principally侧重居首要地位。

generally通常强调普遍性。

(2). indispensable, essential, necessary, requisite

这些形容词均有"必不可少的,必需的"之意。

indispensable 语气强,侧重指绝对必要性或不可缺少性。

Eg:A library is indispensable to a college.

大学里图书馆是必不可少的。

essential 指对事物本身性质具有决定性的重要性,暗含不可缺少,否则便无法存在。

Eg:Hard work is essential to success.

成功必须努力工作。

necessary 最常用词,侧重由客观因素决定的某种需要,强调不可避免,但并非绝不可缺少。

It is necessary that he be sent there at once.

有必要马上派他到那里去。

requisite 正式用词,特指为实现某一目的或得到某种结果而应有的需要,有时可与necessary换用。

(3). indeed, really, truly, actually

这些副词均有"确实地,真正地"之意。

indeed 一般用于肯定或证实对方所说的话,多承接前言,也用来加强或肯定自己说话的语气。

really 主要用于强调与事实或现实不相违背,也可表示不快、惊奇或某种含蓄的怀疑。

truly 强调客观存在的真实性,没有任何虚假。

actually 侧重于实际的事,而不是凭空想象或推测的事。

(4). feasible, possible, practicable

这些形容词均有"可行的"之意。

feasible 指完全可行,切实可行,强调成功的较大可能性。

Eg:That is a feasible scheme. 那是一个可行的方案。

possible 多用来消除对某事的怀疑,侧重从客观上看有存在或发生的可能。 practicable 强调经过证明是有效的,合乎实际,行得通的。

Eg:Is it practicable to try to develop agriculture in desert regions?

试图在沙漠地区发展农业可行吗?

(5).famous, noted, prominent, outstanding, notorious, eminent, notable

这些形容词均含有"著名的,知名的"之意。

famous 是普通用词,指传播很广,引起人们注意的人或事物。

noted 多指因成绩卓著而备受注意的专家或权威及其著作,有时含贬义。 prominent 指出人头地,为公众所熟悉,至少在地方上闻名。 outstanding 侧重指因素质优良,功绩卓著而超过同类的人或物,强调"突出"。notorious 指因劣迹而臭名昭著,含强烈贬义;但有时也作"众所周知的"解。eminent 指在某方面杰出卓越或突出的人或物。

notable 用于指事件时,侧重其重要、值得注意;用于指人时,与famous 同义,但语气较弱。

(6).fairly, pretty, quite, rather

这些程度副词都有"相当,颇"之意。

fairly 语意最弱,多用于褒义,表示适度地、尚可的意思。不可与too或比较

级连用。

pretty 用法与rather相似。常用于非正式文体。

quite含义比fairly稍强,与不定冠词连用时,一般放在不定冠词之前。 rather语气比quite强,褒意贬意无可使用。可与too和比较级连用。 (7).expectation, hope, outlook, prospect

这些名词都有"期望,指望"之意。

expectation 指期待某事发生或假设某事能发生,多含揣想的意味。

hope 通常指建立在愿望基础上的期待。这种期待有可能发生或实现,但也可能相反。

outlook 多指根据征兆或分析对要发生的事情的愿望或预料。

(8).exist, be, live

这些动词都有"存在"之意。

exist 通常指可观察到的或众所周知的存在现象。

be 指某时某地确存在的事物或现象,多与there连用。

live 多指有生命的东西的存在。指无生命事物时,强调可联想起生命的那些特点。

(9).excess, surplus

这两上名词都有"过剩"或"过量"之意。

excess 指超过了限度、标准或界线。

surplus 通常指数量或量的过剩。

(10).discern, discriminate, distinguish

这些动词均有"区别、辨别"之意。

discern 语义较笼统,着重精深与准确的观察力,不一定有能分辨关系密切的各项事物的含义。

discriminate 语气强,指从十分相似的事物中辨出差异,尤其把好坏区分开来。distinguish 普通用词,指辨别者的能力或实际观察到的区别,强调辨别所需的技巧。

(11). dominant, predominant, sovereign

这些形容词均含有"占优势的,支配其它的"之意。

dominant 强调权威。

predominant 侧重指影响与新近的优势。

sovereign 侧重指其他事物都从属于或低于它的。

(12). due to, owing to, because of, thanks to

这些词组均表示"由于"之意。

due to 用于较庄重的书面语中,侧重"起因于",在句中多作表语,有时作状语。owing to 可以和due to换用,但在句中多作状语,也可作表语。 because of 着重某种原因的理由,在句中通常作状语。

thanks to 突出一种感激之情,含"多亏"意味。

(13). each, every

这两个形容词都有"每一个"之意。

each 指两个或两个以上中的每一个,强调个别。

every 指3个或3个以上的整体中的每一个,侧重于整体,与all接近。(14). earnings, allowance, income, salary, wage, pay, fee

这些名词都可表示"工资、收入"之意。

earnings 多指通过劳动或投资等手段所得到的收入。

allowance 指收入中的补贴部分。

income与earnings含义很相近,但前者强调总收入。

salary 指按年定下,按月或星期平均给予的报酬,指脑力劳动者的薪水。 wage 多用复数形式,指按小时、日或星期的报酬,通常指体力劳动者的工资。pay 是个通用词,可取代salary与wage.

fee 指提供某种服务收取的固定费用。

(14). econmic, economical, financial, economy

这些形容词均含有"经济的"之意。

econmic 指与political"政治的"相对而言的"经济的"。

economical 指与"节约"同义的"经济",含"节约,不浪费"之意。 financial 指"财务的,金钱的,财政的,财力的"。

economy 在名词前作形容词用,相当于economical,表"节约的"或"经济实惠的"。

(15). electric, electrical, electronic

这些形容词均有"电的"之意。

electric 强调与电有直接的关系。一般而言,凡表示产生电的或由电开动、操纵的机器或装置要用electric,如electric motor(电动机),electric batteries(电池)、electric fan(电扇)等;或表示"本身带电的","由电产生的"要用electric,如electric current(电流)、electric wave(电波)、electric arc(电弧)等。 electrical 强调与电的关系是间接的。凡指电气性质,同电有关的或涉及电气

科学技术研究的多用electrical,如electrical test(电气试验)、electrical engineering(电气工程)、electrical fault(电气故障)、electrical noise(电噪声)、electrical engineer(电气工程师)等。

electronic是electronics(电子学)的形容词,指与电子装置有关的或使用电子装置的。

(16). entire, whole, complete, full, total, gross, all

这些形容词都表示"完整的,全部的,整个的"之意。

entire 除了有whole的意思外,还强调既不能加一个也不减少一个的含义。 whole比entire更普通,强调每个组成部分都包括在内,无一漏掉或舍去。 complete 强调事物在内容、程度、或数量方面已完整,已达标准。

full 侧重指内容,含有能包括所有的充足内容的意味。

total与complete用法相近,但强调总量。

gross 侧重指未打折扣,未除去成本或皮重等与净重、净数相对。

all有时可与whole, entire和total换用。

(17). enhance, heighten, intensify, aggravate

这些动词均有"加强,增强"之意。

enhance 侧重指增加价值,魅力或声望等使人或物具有超科寻常的吸引力。 heighten 通常指使某物的某种性质变得不同于一般的显著或突出。 intensify 指深化或强化某事或某物,尤指其特别之处。

aggravate 指加剧令人不快或困难的形势。

(18). error, fault, blunder, flaw, mistake, shortcoming, defect, slip

这些名词均有"错误"或"缺点"之意。

error 指思想或行动背离正题轨道或没有得到正确指引而出现的偏差或错误。fault 一般指小并且可宽容的缺点、错误。

blunder 通常指由于无知或情况不明造成判断或行动上的大错。

flaw 指结构或组织上的缺点,如破裂之处。用作比喻意义时,指品格上的缺陷。mistake 最普通用词,泛指思想上、行为上或认识上的判断或理解方面的错误。shortcoming 指没有达到所要求的标准、没有充分发展或没尽到职责的不足、缺点或短处。多用复数形式。

defect 普通用词。指表面上的缺陷,或指人或物本质上的缺点。

slip 指因疏忽或无意而造成的差错。

(19). explicit, definite, specific, express

这些形容词均含"明确的"之意。

explicit 指清楚明白,毫不含糊其辞,因而无任何理解困难。

definite 指对所提到的事的范围及其细节毫无疑问,含有明确和确定界限的意味。

specific 强调内容明确,毫不抽象、笼统。

express 语气较强,较正式,指不但清楚明确,而且含有直截了当和有力等的意思。

(20). further, advance, promote, contribute, push

这些动词都含"促进,推进"之意。

further 中性词,既可指对好事的促进、推进,又可指对坏事的助长。如: He did his best to further the interests of his state.

他尽力(或倾全力)去增进他的州的利益。

advance 通常指为加速某一进程或达到某个预期目的而给予有效的促进,强调作出有意识、决定性的努力。如:

The president has done his utmost to advance the national interest.

总统已尽了最大努力来增进国家的利益。

promote 指在某一进程的任何时期或阶段提供积极的帮助与支持。如: The Prime Minister's visit will promote the cooperation between the two countries. 首相的访问将促进两国间的合作。

contribute 指能促进事物向前发展的因素,但这种因素并非决定性的。 push 口语用词,通常指利用自己的活动或影响推进某事。

(21). gather, collect, assemble

这组动词均可表示"集中,归拢"之意。

gather 换用,但多强调按照一定目的或计划进行有选择的收集。 assemble与collect相比更为突出聚集或收集的目的。

(22). especially, particularly, specially,

均可表"特别地"。

especially一般表示某事物在意义、程度、重要性性超过其他事物。如:

I love Italy, especially in summer.我喜欢意大利,尤其在夏天。

particularly往往着重说明与同类事物不同的个别事物。如:

The visitors admired his paintings, but particularly the portrait of his daughter.

来访者赞赏他所有的绘画,特别是他女儿的画像。

specially 多表示"专门地","为特别目的的地",如表"不寻常","过分"等,可与especially通用。如:

I made chocolate cake specially for you.

我特地为你做了巧克力蛋糕。

specifically 明确的。一般指所说的内容被专门提起, 区分于其他内容。如: The boss asked specifically for you.

老板明确地要找你。

(23) .Restraint , Constraint , limitation , limit

Restraint通常指”克制”

Restraint has the sense of discipline, moderation. For instance, "Show some restraint with that wine!" or

"I know you're dying to kiss me, but restrain yourself!"

Constraint通常指”制约”

Constraint has the sense of limitation, restriction, rules that mean you can't do something. For instance,

"I can't buy a house because of financial constraints".

Limitation通常指”局限”

If someone or something has limitations, they are not as good as they could be. For instance,

“Living in a flat is all right, but it has its limitations - for example, you don't have your own garden. “

“Despite her limitations as an actress, she was a great entertainer.” Limit通常指”极限”

(24).明显地,显然的。

clearly;obviously;apparently;evidently;conspicuously;distinctly;manifestly (25) corollary 必然的结果。

Something that follows directly from something that has been proven. The corollary to the fact that the Earth is round is that we don't have to worry about falling off the edge.

(26) result , consequence , outcome.

1)result泛指结果本身,使用频率高

The use of the noun to mean not just an outcome but a favourable outcome.

例一:The result of the game was five-nil. 比赛结果是五比零。

2)consequence强调因果关系和前因后果的逻辑性,通常是不好的结果。

例二:As a consequence of being in hospital, Shelly decided that she wanted to become a nurse. 由于在医院的缘故,谢莉决定当一名护士。 3)outcome强调一件事情的结局

例三:The outcome of the election was in doubt then.

当时大选的结果还看不准。

(27) consistent , consecutive , continuous , contiguous , adjacent , successive ,sequential.

在表示"相连"或"连续"的若干英语词汇中,尤以consistent、consecutive和continuous最容易混淆,现逐一解释如下:

1、consistent是指行为/态度的"始终如一",一般翻译成"一贯(如此)的"。与之相对的是朝三暮四、出尔反尔之类的词语。

2、consecutive是指空间(位置/排列)上的"连续"和"贯通",它强调的是"连",与之相对的是间断、断裂。如某条曲线是连续的,某个文章段落是连贯的。

3、continuous是指时间/过程上的"继续"和"承接",强调中间的"内容或实体"不发生中断或缺失(但是在时间/过程上可以暂时中止/停顿,后续承接着往下发展),是在原有状态下的"继起"和"延续"。如电视连续剧是指在剧情上承接,但可以中途停播然后续播,文章或故事也先写一部分再于后面其它时间续完(这时候最先的文章末尾常有to be continued 或 to be completed字样)。

4、contiguous跟continuous只有g和n一个字母的差别,但它们的区别还是很明显的。contiguous是指地域上的相连、相邻、交界,是"毗邻"的意思,

如广东和广西在地域上就是contiguous的,Excel中的单元格之间也是contiguous的。

5、adjacent是指"挨个、紧挨着"的意思,强调空间位置上的挨在一起且中间没有间隔物。比如隔壁的2个房间就是adjacent的(可以认为墙壁隔开了彼此),两个人并排站一起或者某2个人之间没有其它人也是用adjacent(可以认为是空 隙隔开了彼此)。adjacent和contiguous的最大区别就在于:adjacent不要求拼凑性地将边界进行贴合,中间是可以有空隙的;contiguous则是没有任何空隙或间隔物的。

6、successive是succession的形容词形式,是指"一个接一个的"、"前后相继的/前仆后继的"、"后面的、接替的"。它强调的是"接"和"替":因为要"接上",所以相邻的两个对象是连续的(未断开);因为要"顶替",所以后者要在前者死亡、离任、离开之后才能代替前者的位置。

7、sequential

One after the other in some consecutive order such as by name or number.

(28).attribute to, ascribe to, stem from

1.sb attribute/ascribe sth to sb/sth某人将某事物归因为某事/人。

eg:She attributed his bad temper to ill health. 她把他的坏脾气归因于生病。

2.sth stem from sth某事物起因于某事

eg:These problems all stem larhely from your mismanagement.这些问题都根源于你管理不善。

由上面可以看出来,短语1当中有个归因后果的一个"主动者",它表现的是这个主动者的主观看法。

而2中却没有这么一个"主动者",表明说话者的客观态度。

(29) importance, consequence, moment, significance, import, weight.

These nouns refer to the state or quality of being significant, influential, or worthy of note or esteem.

Importance is the most general term: the importance of a proper diet.

Consequence is especially applicable to persons or things of notable rank or position (scholars of consequence) and to what is important because of its possible outcome, result, or effect (tax laws of consequence to investors).

Moment implies importance or consequence that is readily apparent: making decisions of great moment.

Significance and import refer to the quality of something, often not obvious, that gives it special meaning or value: an event of real significance; works of great social import.

Weight suggests a personal evaluation or judgment of importance: "The popular faction at Rome . . . was led by men of weight" (J.A. Froude).

Ps:I use import when talking about the variable meaning of something.

I use importance when talking about the relative meaning of something.

By variable I mean that the meaning changes character, whereas by relative I mean that the character remains the same but the degree of meaning changes.

Most people don't have a high enough strength of reading comprehension to understand the difference though, or at least to pick it up as they're reading.

Here's an example:

The import of Joseph graduating with a degree is not in his skill in the field but about the job opportunities now open to him.

The importance of of having First Aid training on the job varies with the dangers of the workplace.

In the former the character is changing but in the latter only the degree is changing.

(30) include, comprise,consist, comprehend, embrace, involve.

These verbs mean to take in or contain as part of something larger.

Include often implies an incomplete listing: "Through the process of amendment, interpretation and court decision I have finally been included in 'We, the people'" (Barbara C. Jordan).

Comprise or consist of usually implies that all of the components are stated: The book comprises 15 chapters.

Comprehend and embrace usually refer to the taking in of subordinate elements: My field of study comprehends several disciplines. This theory embraces many facets of human behavior.

Involve usually suggests inclusion as a logical consequence or necessary condition: "Every argument involves some assumptions"

(31) depend vs rely

If you are using word or some other thing like that, it should have the option for synonyms. What I do is I right click the word in question, and then you have a pop up with lots of choices. choose synonyms, or even hover over it, and it will give you a limited list.

Or a better option is to go to https://www.360docs.net/doc/d114108675.html,, and click on the thesaurus tab. It will give you synonyms for pretty much everything.Here is what I got from that site.

Main Entry: depend

Part of Speech: verb

Definition: count on, rely upon

Synonyms: bank on, bet bottom dollar on, bet on, build upon, calculate on, confide in, gamble on, lay money on, lean on, reckon on, trust in, turn to Notes: depend is invoked when the expectation is that the person will provide something that need not involved physical activity, whereas rely is used when the person is needed to physically do something

Main Entry: depend

Part of Speech: verb

Definition: be contingent on

Synonyms: be at mercy of, be based on, be conditioned, be connected with, be determined by, be in control of, be in the power of, be subject to, be subordinate to, bottom, found, ground, hang, hang in suspense, hang on, hinge on, pend, rest, rest on, rest with, revolve around, revolve on, stand on, stay, trust to, turn on.

(32)timeless , endless , infinite

Timeless(与时间无关的)

adj.

1.Independent of time; eternal.

2.Unaffected by time; ageless. See synonyms at ageless.

Infinite(量上的无穷无尽)

1.Having no boundaries or limits.

2.Immeasurably great or large; boundless: infinite patience; a discovery of infinite importance.

Endless(时间上的无穷无尽)

adj.

1.Being or seeming to be without an end or limit; boundless: an endless universe; an endless conversation.

2.Formed with the ends joined; continuous: an endless chain.

(33) depend on ,hinge on ,contingent on ,be determined by ,rest on ,turn on

都表示取决于 大部分情况下可以互换。

教你怎么写sci论文

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Was it real or was it a dream? 这是真的还是个梦? true既是形容词也是副词,意思是"真实的,真正的",其意义与real的区别是:true的"真实"是建立在已知的事实基础上,指与实际相符,不是"发明"或"编造"出来的。如:This is a true story. 这是一个真实的故事。 Is the news true? 这消息是真的吗? a movie based on a true story 一个以真实故事为背景的影片 true与real在某些情况下也可以通用,如在表示一件事情的实际情况与真实情况不符时,true与real都可以用。如:Tell me the real/true reason why he resigned. 告诉我他辞职的真实原因。 He seems quiet but reveals his true/real character on the football field. 他看起来很安静但是在足球场上却展现了他真实的一面。 另外,在说到某事物时举例说他/它有其应有的"重要"性质时,二者均可使用。如: She was his first real/true girlfriend. 她是他的第一个真正的女朋友。 This job will be a true/real test of the new system. 这项工作将会是对这个新系统的一次真实的检验。 real表示客观存在

SCI论文写作方法(超实用)

SCI论文写作方法(超实用) 这是我在一个论坛上看到的一个猛人发的很多贴,感觉写的挺好,我就将他写的内容全部整下来,供自己也为大家提供一个参考 SCI论文的写作对国内的同行来说似乎是一个拦路虎,让咱们就这个话题发表一下自己的意见。我先来。 英语若是我们自己的母语的话,我相信我们每一个人发表的每一篇论文将都是SCI论文,因为国外的英语类杂志除了刚申办的之外都是SCI收录杂志,外国人发表的英语类论文都是SCI论文。这说明了什么?关键是语言。语言是非英语国家论文的最大障碍。首先是时态和语态:在前言和讨论里,描述该研究的过去历史和现状时,要使用相应的时态:过去就使用过去时,现状要求现在时。在材料与方法、结果里,写自己的研究过程时,要使用过去式。在前言和讨论里引述别人的研究或话语时,要使用过去式,或者如果所引述的东西已被证实是真实的事实,要使用现在时。最后的结论要使用现在时。语态上要尽量使用被动语态,主动语态少用或不用。 谈到SCI论文,很多人似乎觉得这种文章很高深,不好写。其实不然,有很多可写的。除了实验研究之类的论文外,临床上做的很多都可以成文:一篇个案(case report 或者case report and literature review),一点技术革新(techniqcal case report), 临床报告(4-5个个案可以写成一篇clinical report),正式论文(论著或原著original),甚至对某篇论文的看法都可以写成文章与编辑交流登报。一点技术革新可以包括你如何解决临床上的一个难题,比如导管导丝在某个位置进不去,你如何解决的,都可以成文。 关于语态,要尽可能使用被动态。比如要这样写:This study was carried out to investigate the complications of thyroid arterial embolization. 这种被动态论文中常见,而如果您写成“We carried out this study to investigate the complications of thyroid arterial embolization", 这种主动态无论从语法上还是其他方面来说都正确,但就是不适用于科学论文中。因为科学论文讲究的是科学性,往往从客观的角度去描述,而不是从We人的角度去描述。 前言主要是简单地交代一下该研究的过去历史、现状以及存在的问题,这一部分以1-3段为宜,不能太长。常见的问题是写得太短或太长。国内的中文论文的前言往往写得太短,没有简介清楚就开始材料与方法了。写得太长的都快要写成一篇短的综述了。曾经审过美国Stanford大学的一篇稿子,前言写了2-3页了还没有进入正题。写前言的时候时态是:过去的用过去时,现状以及存在的问题用现在时。其实这一部分可以从现有的文献中摘引过来,因为别人往往将该研究的历史与现状及问题总结的很清楚了;所以写这部分时很多作者都是摘引其他现成论文的前言或讨论中的相关内容,只不过将句子进行不同的排列组合罢了,让别人看不出来是摘引过来的;另外,在这样写的时候,要给出引文的出处,让人一看有理有据,也不会授人以抄袭的嫌疑。这部分的文字部分可以完全摘引过来,只是在结尾时要点明你要做的是什么研究、解决的是什么问题,这样才能顺利进入材料与方法的写作。因此前言的写法基本是没有什么问题的。 前言主要是简单地交代一下该研究的过去历史、现状以及存在的问题,这一部分以1-3段为宜,不能太长。常见的问题是写得太短或太长。国内的中文论文的前言往往写得太短,没有简介清楚就开始材料与方法了。写得太长的都快要写成一篇短的综述了。曾经审过美国Stanford大学的一篇稿子,前言写了2-3页了还没有进入正题。写

英语论文中常用词汇和短语

英语论文中常用词汇和短语 差另U gaps betwee n, differe ntiate betwee n, discrepa ncies, no in tergroup differe nee No statistically significant differences in survival were found for MMC or MPMA. AlthoughMMC and MPMA decreased with increasing nuclear grade and TNM stage,this di fference failed to achieve statistical significanee. 存在,出现occurred, occurrenee ,existed, existenee, presenee, present 多数,少数the overwhelming majority of, in the majority of cases , a marked majority, h an dful 方法approaches, avenues, methods, techniques, means, tools 发生率In cide nee, freque ncy, prevale nee In contrast with regions of high incidenee, the mutation spectrum did not show a high pre vale nee of mutati ons at A:T base pairs. 发现,阐明,报道,证实verify, con firm, elucidate, ide ntify, defi ne, characterize,clarify, est ablish, ascerta in, expla in, observe, illu min ate,illustrate ,dem on strate, show, in dicate, exhibit, presented, reveal,display, manifest,suggest, propose, estimate, prove, imply,disclose,report, describe,facilitate the identification of ,screening,isolation 改变change, alteration, 高,增力口high, enhan ced, elevated, in creased, forced 各种,多种in multiple types of neoplasia, in various types of apoptosis, in a variety of tu mors 关系,相关,参与closely involved in, associated, 广泛的in an extensive survey 进行conducte,perform, carry out, 降,少,缺decrease, reduct ion, reduced, dimini sh, loss, suppressi on, deficie nt, low, weak, fa int, light, absenee, absent, undetectable, lack,defective, negative,poor,impaired, greatly reduc ed or completelyabsent, frequently lost or down-expressed, presented discontinuous andwea ker expression, completely negative, was not detectable ordramatically reduced, very faint, was undetectable or barelydetectable, no expression was found, 角色,起作用role, part ( limited, potential, early, possible role),serve antiapoptotic func

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