大学英语专业语言学重点概念复习

术语解释：

Language: Language is a system of arbitrary vocal symbols used for human communication.

Linguistics: Linguistics is the scientific and systematic study of language.

Design features（甑别性特征）: Design features refer to the defining properties of human language that distinguish it from any animal system of communication

Arbitrariness(任意性): It means that there is no logical connection between meanings and sounds

Productivity /creativity (创造性）: Language is productive or creative in that it makes possible the con-struction and interpretation of new signals by its users.

Recursiveness(递归性）: according to some linguistic theories , the capacity that enables the grammar of a language to produce an infinite number of sentences.

Cultural transmission（文化传递性）：It refers to the fact that the details of the linguistic system must be learned anew by each speaker. Language is not transmitted biologically from generation to generation.

Interchangeability(可交替性）：means that any human being can be both a producer and receiver of messages.

Displacement（移位性）: Displacement means that human language enable their users to symbolize objects,events and concepts which are not present(in time and space) at the moment of communication.

Duality（二元性）: The duality nature of language means that language is a system, which consists of two sets of structure, or two levels, one of sounds and the other of meanings.

Informative(信息功能）: The use of language to record facts to state what things are like, and to exchange information.

Interpersonal Function(人际功能）: It is the most important sociological use of language, by which people establish and maintain their status in a society.

Performative(行为功能）:Language can be used to do things, to change the social status or the immediate state of affairs of people.

Emotive Function(情感功能）：Language can be used to express the emotional state of the speaker.

Phatic Communion(交流功能）:This function refers to expressions that help define and maintain interpersonal relations.

Ritual exchange: exchange that have little meaning but help to maintain our relationships with other people.

Recreational Function(娱乐功能）: the use of language to have fun.

Metalingual Function(元语言功能）：language can be used to explain or describe itself or other languages.

研究语言学坚持的原则：Exhaustiveness穷尽性Consistency一致性Economy 经济性Objectivity客观性

Phonetics（语言学）: The study of sounds which are used in linguistic communication is called phonetics. / the characteristics of speech sounds and provide methods for their description, classification, transcription

Phonology(音韵学): The study of how sounds are put together and used in communication.

Morphology（形态学）: The study of the way in which morphemes are arranged to form words is called morphology.

Syntax（句法）: The study of how morphemes and words are combined to form sentences is called syntax. / the rule governing the combination of words into sentences

Semantics（语义学）: It studies how meaning is encoded in a language. / The study of meaning in language is called semantics.

Pragmatics(语用学): The study of meaning in context of use is called pragmatics. Macrolinguistics(宏观语言学）: the interdisciplinary study of language.

Psycholinguistics（心理语言学）: The study of language with reference to the workings of mind is called psycholinguistics.

Sociolinguistics（社会语言学）: The study of language with reference to society is called sociolinguistics.