英语词类汇总(名冠代数)
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第一章名词
1.某些动物名词
fish鱼,deer鹿,sheep绵羊,works(工厂),means手段,Swiss瑞士人,Chinese中国人2.只有复数形式的名词
trousers裤子,pants裤子,shorts短裤
glasses眼镜,compasses圆规,scales天平,pliers钳子,clips剪子
3.“某国人”的复数有三种类型:
(1)Chinese,Japanese,Swiss 三国人单数复数同形,不需加s;
(2)Englishman,Frenchman,Dutchman复数要把man 变为men;
(3)其他各国人以–an,-ian收尾的均直接加s.如:Americans,Australians,Indians等. 常见的不可数名词
1.最常见的不可数名词有:
advice(建议), baggage(妇女), change(零钱), furniture(家具), hair(头发)homework (家庭作业), information(消息), knowledge(知识;了解), luggage(行李), money(钱), news(新闻;消息;新情况), progress(前进;行进), traffic(交通;非法交易;来往)
2、其它不可数名词还有:
absence, age, anger, courage, energy, equipment, experience, failure, fear, food, fun, health, ice, industry, kindness, labour, luck, marriage, music, nature, paper, peace, pleasure, power, pride, rain, research, respect, safety, salt, sand, silence, sleep, strength, snow, technology, time, trade, transport, travel, trust, truth, waste, water, wealth, weather, wind, work(工作)
注:液体,肉类,抽象名词,米饭,钱,知识
3、常用不可数名词
bread面包beer啤酒
cloth布coffee咖啡
cream奶油dust尘土
gin杜松子酒glass玻璃
gold黄金ice冰
jam果酱oil油
paper纸sand沙
soap肥皂stone石头
tea茶water水juice饮料
wine葡萄酒wood木头
advice忠告/主意beauty美丽,漂亮courage勇气death死亡experience经验fear担心
help帮助hope希望
horror恐惧information消息/信息knowledge知识mercy仁慈
pity同情relief救济
suspicion猜疑work工作baggage行李camping露营damage损害furniture家具luggage 行李parking停车
shopping购物weather天气money金钱people人物
a bit of news一件消息
a cake of soap一块肥皂
a drop of oil一滴油
a grain of sand一粒沙子
a pane of glass一块玻璃
a piece of advice一条忠告a pot of jam一罐果酱
a sheet of paper一页纸
a box of milk一盒牛奶
4、不可数名词:
a piece of news
a good piece of news
a bad piece of news.
An exciting piece of news much newspaper
two pieces of information
a set of furniture
much machinery
a lot of jewellery
enough chalk
three pieces of bread much homework
a lot of work
much experience
a bar of chocolate
a stick of candy
a cake of soap
a bowl of soup
a mouthful of rice
a spoonful of sugar a handful of sand
a cup of coffee
a grain of rice
a sum of money
a block of ice
a box of chalk
a glass of milk
a basin of water
an article of clothing a suit of clothes much food enough money
a box of gold
a pile of sand
four sheets of paper
five bottles of wine
a glass of juice
a bottle of jam
a bowl of soup
a grain of rice
a sum of money
a block of ice
注:只能修饰不可数名词的词语有:much, a great deal of, a great / large amount of等。
第二章冠词
一、冠词基本用法
1.特指某(些)人或某(些)事物
Give me the book. Did you hear the talk given by Mr Li?
How do you like the film. Have you got the letter?
2.指谈话双方都知道的人或事物
Where is the teacher? Open the door.
3.复述上文提过的人或事物
I have a beautiful wallet, but the wallet was stolen yesterday.
4.世界上独一无二的事物等(月亮、地球、天空、宇宙)
The sun rises in the east. The earth goes round the sun. the globe, the universe. the atmosphere大气层
5.用在方位名词前
in the south, in the west ,in the north
6.用在序数词或形容词最高级前
The first thing I want to say is to listen carefully in class. He is the tallest one in our class.
7.表示两者间“较……的一个”时用定冠词
The older of the two noblemen took a light.
He is the taller of the two boys.
8.用在单数可数名词前表示一类人或事物。
The horse is a useful animal.
9.定冠词用在形容词前,表示一类人或东西
The rich, the poor ,the wounded ,the deaf
10.冠词可用在党派、阶级、民族名词前
The Chinese people中华民族The working class 工人阶级The Communist Party 11.用在姓氏的复数形式前表示一家人,或这一姓的夫妇二人
The Lius live upstairs. The Johns are watching TV.
12.在乐器前加the,但在球类运动名词前一半不加the
the the piano the violin (basketball table tennis ect)
13.在习惯性短语中
in the morning in the afternoon
14.在人或物后有限定性的后置定语
The man standing by the gate is Li Feng.
15.代替所有格代词,表示人体的一部分
He received a blow on the head 他头上挨了一击。
John’s brother took him by the hand. 约翰的哥哥牵着他的手。
16.在世纪,年代名词前用冠词。
In the 1980s或in the 1980’s 20世纪80年代in the nineteenth century 二十世纪
二、不用冠词的场合
1.专有名词、抽象名词和物质名词前,一般不用冠词。
如:
Canada加拿大,Japanese日语,love爱,hatred恨,glass玻璃,water水。
2.名词前已有作定语用的this,that,my,your,whose,some,any,no,each,every
等代词时,不用冠词。
如:
That is my cap.那是我的帽子。
I enjoyed every minute of it.我自始至终都玩得痛快。
I want this book, not that one.我要这本书,不要那本书。
3.季节、月份、星期几等名称前,一般不用冠词。
如:
Spring has come.春天来了。
Winter is the best time for skating.冬天是溜冰的最好季节。
Her little daughter was born in April 1987.她的小女儿于1987年4月出生。
We have mathematics on Monday.我们星期一有数学课。
[注]季节前有时也用冠词。
如in the spring在春季。
当然也可以说in spring。
4.复数名词表示某一类人或事物时,不用冠词。
如:
Books are my best friends.书是我最好的朋友。
5.称呼语前面不用冠词,表示头衔和职务(这种职务一般只由一人担任)的名词的前面也常不用
冠词。
如:
What does this word mean, Father?这个词是什么意思,爸爸?
6.在某些固定词组里,名词之前常不用冠词。
如:
by air乘飞机,at night夜间,in fact事实上,in danger在危险中,after school放学后,at home在家中,in town在城里,to go to school上学去,to go to bed去睡觉,to go to class去上课,from door to door挨门挨户,from morning till night从早到晚。
7.三餐饭的名称前,常不用冠词。
如:
Have you had breakfast?你吃过早饭了吗?
After lunch we usually have a nap.午饭后我们一般都睡午觉。
[注]但指一特定的餐食时则须用定冠词,如Come on, or the dinner will be getting cold.(快来,要不饭就凉了)。
8.球类运动、棋类游戏等名词前不用冠词。
如:
My younger brother likes to play table tennis.我弟弟喜欢打乒乓球。
Let's go and watch them play chess.让我们去看他们下棋去。
9.节日、假日等名称之前不用冠词。
如:
New Year's Day元旦National Day国庆节
May Day五一劳动节Children's Day儿童节Christmas Day圣诞节
10.报纸和文章的标题常常省去冠词。
如:
Letter from Beijing: Women in Capital Cotton Mill 《北京来信:首都棉纺厂的妇女》(文章标题,letter之前省去了不定冠词a。
)
第三章代词
代词的基本分类
1、人称代词(Personal Pronouns)
I我you你he他she她they他们me我(宾格)you你(宾格)him他(宾格)her 她(宾格)them他们(宾格)
2、物主代词(Possessive Pronouns)
my我的his他的your你的(your你们的)their他们的hers她的
3、指示代词
this这that那these这些those 那些
4、反身代词
myself我自己himself他自己themselves他们自己
5、疑问代词
who谁what什么which哪个
6、不定代词
一.定义:
由some,any,no,every加上-body,-one,-thing,-where构成的不定代词,叫做复合不定代词.
二.分类:
1.指人:含-body或-one的复合不定代词指人.
2.含-thing的复合不定代词指物。
3.含-where的复合不定代词指地点。
三:复合不定代词:
somebody =someone某人
something某物,某事,某东西
somewhere在某处,到某处
anybody= anyone任何人,无论谁
anything任何事物,无论何事,任何东西
anywhere在任何地方
nobody=no one无一人
nothing无一物,没有任何东西
everybody =everyone每人,大家,人人
everything每一个事物,一切
everywhere到处,处处,每一处
四. 复合不定代词用法:
(与some 和any 的区别一样,即some肯定,any否疑)〔特别注意:在would…like sth?can…?句式中,用some,不用any〕
1.作主语,看作三单,谓语三单(即主三动三)
Something is wrong with my watch.
Nobody likes him. Every wants to win. Anyone can do it well.
2. 修饰它们的形容词或不定式一定要位于它们的后面.即
(1)复合不定代词+形容词
(2)复合不定代词+不定式(to do)
Eg.There is nothing wrong with the radio.这机器没出什么毛病。
Is there anything important in today``s newspaper?今天报纸上有什么重要消息吗?
Can you tell something interesting? 你能讲些有趣的事情吗?
Would you like something to eat? 要来些吃的东西吗?
3、当anything表示“任何事(物),无论何事(物)”,anyone,anybody表示“无论谁,任何人”等意义时,它们也可以用于肯定句中。
如:
Anybody knows the answer.任何人都知道答案。
4.nothing=not anything完全否定
I don’t have anything to do today=I have nothing to do today我今天无事可做
5.everyone=everybody, anyone=anybody, someone,只指人,不能与of短语连用;every one, any one,some one,可指人也可指物,一定要与of连用才可以。
如:Is anybody here? 有人吗?
You can take any one of these. 你可以随便拿一个。
巧记复合代词分合:分合皆能单独用,后加of合不成。
6.no one(=nobody)“没有人”,只用来指人,通常不和介词of连用;none“没有一个”,既可以用来指人也可用来指物。
例如:
No one can do it better. 没有人能做得更好。
None of these questions is easy, and none of us can even answer any one of them.这些问题没有一个是容易的,我们中没有一个人能答出其中的一题。
7.回答who引导的特殊疑问句时用no one;回答how many引导的特殊疑问句时用none。
例如:
---Who was late ? ---No one. ---谁迟到了?---谁也没有迟到。
---How many pigs do you keep? ---None. ---你养几头猪?---一头也没养。
巧学不定代词:不定代词美名扬,修饰成分后边藏;单数动词作谓语,何时何地都一样。
五:属格
1.含-one和-body等指人的复合代词可有-’s属格形式。
如:
Is this anybody’s seat? 这儿有人坐吗?
That must be somebody else’s coat; it isn’t mine. 那一定是别人的外衣,不是我的。
2.含-one和-body等指人的复合代词后跟else时,-’s属格应加在else之后。
如:
Can you remember someone else’s name? 你还记得其他人的姓名吗?
3.含-thing等指事物的复合不定代词没有-‘s属格形式。
4.代替与-thing构成的复合不定代词,用it;代替与-body, -one构成的复合不定代词,
一般用they,在正式文体中可用he。
如:Everyone knows what they have / he has to do, don’t they / doesn’t he? 每个人都知道他必须做什么,不是吗?
Something goes wrong, doesn’t it?出问题了,是吗?
either,neither等。
一般来讲,修饰不定代词的词要置于其后。
7、关系代词
which……的物who……的人that……的人或物who谁that引导定语从句
8、相互代词
each other 互相(指两者之间的相互)
one another互相(一般指三者或更多的人或物)
9、连接代词
who,whom,whose,what,which,whatever,whichever,whoever,whomever
10、替代词one(单数),ones(复数)用于替代前面出现的同类事物
第四章数词1.基数词:
1 one
2 two
3 three
4 four
5 five
6 six
7 seven
8 eight
9 nine
10 ten
11 eleven 12 twelve
13 thirteen
14 fourteen
15 fifteen
16 sixteen
17 seventeen
18 eighteen
19 nineteen
20 twenty
30 thirty
40 forty
50 fifty
60 sixty
70 seventy
80 eighty
90 ninety
97 ninety-seven
98 ninety-eight
99 ninety-nine
100 one hundred
1000 one thousand
1001 one hundred and one 2.序数词:
第1 first
第2 second 第3 third 第4 fourth 第5 fifth 第6 sixth
第7 seventh 第8 eighth 第9 ninth 第10 tenth
第11 eleventh
第12 twelfth
第13 thirteenth
第14 fourteenth 第15 fifteenth
第16 sixteenth
第17 seventeenth 第18 eighteenth 第19 nineteenth 第20 twentieth
第21 twenty-first 第30 thirtieth
第32 thirty-second 第40 fortieth
第43 forty-third 第50 fiftieth 第54 fifty-fourth
第55 fifty-fifth
第60 sixtieth
第65 sixty-fifth
第66 sixty-sixth
第70 seventieth
第76 seventy-sixth
第80 eightieth
第87 eighty-seventh
第90 ninetieth
第98 ninety-eighth
第100 one hundredth
第1000 one thousandth
第1001 one thousandth and one。