全国职称英语考试考点手册

全国职称英语考试考点手册
全国职称英语考试考点手册

全国职称英语考试考点速记手册

第一章词汇选项的必背解题技巧

第一节词汇选项的应试技巧以及注意事项

由于在职称考试中可以带一本符合规定的英语字典进入考场,所以就使得词汇选项这种题目在职称英语考试过程中显得较为简单,我们常常称之为“送分题”。但就是这种“送分题”也会使许多考生感到非常挠头或者即使能够拿到较高分数,但是却在这15道题目上浪费了30或30分钟以上的时间。之所以会出现这些令人尴尬的局面,其中最主要的原因是大多数考生局限在传统的做题思路中,未能对这种题型的出题思路以及解题技巧形成一个全面的了解。下面举出一个例子来剖析一下传统的错误的解题方法,如:

Photojournalist Margaret White became famous for her coverage of significant events during the Second World War.

A. baggage

B. orphanage

C. reportage

D. usage

传统的做题方法:

第一步:尽量翻译该句子

【译文】由于对第二次世界大战重要战事的报道,摄影记者玛格利特·怀特成名了。

(注意:该句的翻译对很多考生而言并不是一件容易的事情。)

第二步:用字典查划横线单词以及选项的中文意思coverage(覆盖;报道)

A. baggage(行李)

B. orphanage(孤儿的身份)

C. reportage(新闻报道)

D. usage(用法)

第三步:对比意思,确定意思最相近的选项为正确答案

在时间足够充裕的情况下,以上做题方法本无可厚非,但是在职称英语的考场上,这种传统的做题方法的弊端就显露了出来,最突出表现在单元时间内的得分率的下降。比较理想的做题方法如下:

America's emphasis on the importance of education for everyone has spurred scientific research.

A. encouraged

B. endangered

C. endorsed

D. enlarged

做题步骤(一步到位):

spurred(刺激,激励)

A. encouraged(促进,激励)

B. endangered(危害)

C. endorsed(签名,批准)

D. enlarged(放大)

以上方法的做题实质就是把有语境的句子翻译题目一步转变成在五个单词(组)中寻找两个同义词的题目。在做词汇选项题目时,应当注意以下问题:

1.不要把词汇选项题做成翻译句子题。

2.查找字典,确定正确答案。在查字典的过程中还是要注意个别问题:

(1)题肢选项查找的顺序问题。美国权威机构通过对标准化考试的研究与分析,最终得出结论:在题肢是A、B、C、D四个选项的情况下,往往B和C正确的机率较大。因此查字典时我们最好从B和C答案查起。

(2)选项在字典中义项的确定问题。由于职称英语考试是全国统一的规范化考试,词

汇项的选择往往以常用词汇为主。因此,我们往往以字典中该选项的前三个义项为主。

(3)在确定了正确答案之后,其他选项就不必再查了。

3.词汇选项题需要注意的原则:

(1)(不)及物性一致的原则。也就是说划线单词或词组如果是(不)及物动词或词组,那么所选的动词或词组也必须是(不)及物动词或词组。

如:We should not complain about taxes.

A. fell unhappy

B. say bad things

C. care

D. praise

在这道题中,complain后跟介词about再接宾语taxes,所以complain是不及物动词,在字典中被标注为“vi.”而D praise在字典中被标注为“vt.”,所以D与划线单词的不及物性不一致,因此D答案肯定不能入选。利用这些基本知识,在一定程度上能够帮助我们迅速排除错误选项,一步步向正确选项迈进。

在这里还需要强调一下的是,我们在通过查字典方式做词汇题的时候,查找的重点有时有所不同。比如在上述这道题中,我们在确定D praise这个选项能否入选为正确答案时,不是看其在字典中的释义与complain是否一致,更为快捷的方式是注意一致其后的vt.标注,就能够很快排除其入选正确答案的可能性。

(2)单(复)数一致的原则。也就是说划线单词如果是单(复)数可数名词,那么作为正确答案的选项也必须是单(复)数可数名词。如:

Passengers and planes are often equipped with ship-to-shore or air-to-land radio telephones.

A. highways

B. railroads

C. sailboats

D. aircraft

(答案为D)

在这道题中,划横线单词planes是复数形式,因此入选答案也必须是复数形式。如果同学们不认识答案D,会轻易地排除答案D,往往会认为正确答案可能出现在A、B、C中,但这道题偏偏在这个知识点上设置了陷阱,D. aircraft意为“飞机”,是一个单复数同形的可数名词,在这里D为复数形式,所以同学们在做类似的同义词选项题时一定要多加留神。

(3)时态一致原则。

例如:He left for Shanghai yesterday.

A. come

B. went

C. gets

D. rising

在这道题中,A,C,D答案与划线单词的时态不一致,故正确答案为B。

(4)意义一致原则。这是一个基本原则,意思相近的词才能入选正确答案。

(5)词性一致原则。

例如:In this match,he is likely to win.

A. perhaps

B. possible

C. friendly

D. deadly

在这道题中,A肯定不能入选,因为划线单词在该题中是形容词,而perhaps是副词。而friendly,deadly是形容词,但意思不一致,故选B。

4.词汇题的绝对准确要凭字典。

词汇题一般情况下仅凭字典一般也能做对,因此考生对自己不认识、不熟悉或没有绝对把握的题一定要通过字典来确认,从而确保词汇题100%的正确率。

第二节教材必备词汇集锦

第二章阅读判断的必背解题技巧

第一节题型要求

题目是若干个陈述句(statement),要求根据原文所给的信息,判断每个陈述句是对(Right)、错(Wrong),还是未提及(Not Mentioned)。

这种题型的难度在于,在对和错之外还有第三种状态:未提及。很多同学难以区分“错”和“未提及”。

实际上,这种题型本身有一定缺陷,即不严密,有些题目很难自圆其说,但大多数题目还是有规律可循的,同学们应认真阅读下面的方法和规律,争取做对大多数的题目。

第二节解题步骤

对于考生而言,职称英语考试的时间非常紧张,阅读判断题型不适合先阅读文章后做题,而应当先阅读题目后看文意,这样便于节省时间。

一、第一步:寻找关键词回归定位,找出题目在原文中的出处

一是准确确定题目中的关键词,然后寻找关键词在文章中所在的句子及段落。

在这里我们必须明确一下“关键词”的有关知识理论:(一)关键词的确定依据:1.在文章中出现频率较低;2.醒目好找,有利于及时确定答案。(二)关键词是指:1.名词或名词性短语;2.形容(幅)词或形容(副)词性短语;3.专有名词;4.数字或年代。(三)关键词的例外原则:1.文章标题中的单词一般不宜作为关键词;2.在文章中出现频率较高的词一般不宜作为关键词;3.动词一般不宜作为关键词。(四)关键词的优先原则:1.短语优先于单词作为关键词;2.形容(副)词的比较级、最高级优先于原级作为关键词。

将题目中的关键词与每段话的第一句相对照。有些题目能先定位到原文中的一个段落,这必将大大加快解题时间,并提高准确率。但并不是每个题目都能先定位到原文中的一个段落的。

二是从头到尾快速阅读该段落,根据题目中的其他关键词,在原文中找出与题目相关的一句话或几句话。

确定一个段落,答案在该段落中的具体位置是未知的。所以,需要从头到尾快速阅读该段落,找出该段落中与题目相关的一句话或几句话,通常是一句话。

三是仔细阅读这一句话或几句话,根据第二大步中的原则和规律,确定正确答案。

四是注意顺序性,即题目的顺序和原文的顺序基本一致。

题目是有顺序性的。第一题的答案应在文章的前部,第二题的答案应在第一题的答案之后。总的来说,靠前边的题在靠前边的段落寻找答案;反之亦然。这个规律也有助于同学们确定答案的位置。

二、第二步:判断,根据下列原则和规律,确定正确答案

笔者尽可能将规律总结得详细些,使同学们能够对号人座,加快解题的速度和准确率,但请同学们不要僵化理解。

(-)Right

1.第一种情况:题目是原文的同义改写。

通常用同义词或同义结构。

【例1】

【原文】Dyslexia first was recognized in Europe and the United States more than 80 years ago.

【译文】80多年前在欧洲和美国首次发现读写困难症。

【题目】The first cases of dyslexia in Europe were discovered less than a century ago.

【译文】在欧洲首次发现读写困难症不早于一个世纪。

【解释】题目中discover, less than a century ago与原文中的recognize, more than 80 years ago是同义表达,因此答案应为Right。

【例2】

【原文】Dinosaurs are losing the ecological battle for survival, and biologists are at a loss to

explain their demise.

【译文】恐龙失去了生存下来的生态竞争能力,生物学家不能解释它们的灭亡。 【题目】Biologists are unable to explain why Dinosaurs are dying. 【译文】生物学家不能解释为什么恐龙灭亡。

【解释】题目中的are unable to 与原文中的are at a loss to 是同义词,题目中的why Dinosaurs are dying 与原文中的their demise 是同义词,所以答案应为Right 。 【例3】

【原文】Women could not take part and were forbidden, on pain of death ,even to attend the Games.

【译文】妇女不能参加甚至被禁止出席这个运动会。

【题目】The spectators, as well as the participants, of the ancient Olympics were male. 【译文】古代奥运会的观众和运动员都是男的。

【解释】题目中的spectators 与原文中的attend 是同义词,题目中的participants 与原文中的take part 是同义词,所以答案应为Right 。

2第二种情况:题目是根据原文中的几句话推断或归纳而成。

这种情况有一定的难度。需要根据原文中的几句话作出推断或归纳。不推断不行,但有时有些同学会走入另一极端,即自行推理或过度推理。 【例1】

【原文】However, research has shown that dyslexia is more common in males than in females, and it is found more of ten in persons who are left-handed.

【译文】但是研究表明,男性患读写困难症者多于女性,而且在左撇子中尤为常见。 【题目】Generally speaking, dyslexia is more common in left-handed males than in right-handed females.

【译文】通常来讲,患读写困难症的左撇子男性要比右撇子女性更为常见。

【解释】右撇子女性

左撇子男性

右撇子左撇子女性

男性根据原文可得不等式>>+>:

故答案为Right 。 【例2】

【原文】Before the widespread use of computers, the information either reached managers too late or was too expensive to be used. Today, the information provided by computers helps managers compare standards with actual results, find out problems, and take corrective action before it is too late to make changes.

【译文】计算机广泛应用之前,信息要么到达经理处太迟,要么费用太贵而用不起。今天,计算机提供的信息能够帮助经营者比较标准与实际结果,发现问题,并及时采取纠正措施。

【题目】Equipped with computers, managers today operate their firms with higher efficiency and less cost than they used to.

【译文】配备了计算机之后,经营者能比过去更为高效,更低成本地管理公司。

【解释】显而易见,题目对比了managers 过去和现在的状况,是对原文的总结与归纳,故答案为Right 。

(二)Wrong

1.第一种情况:题目与原文直接相反。

通常用反义词,not加同义词及反义结构。

【例1】

【原文】A man begins to explore the fat problem in the early 30’s.

【译文】男人是在30出头开始担心肥胖问题的。

【题目】Men usually begins to worry about their weight when they are nearly 40.

【译文】男人通常是在接近40岁时开始担忧肥胖问题的。

【解释】可以看出题目与原文是反义结构。“in the early 30’s”与“nearly 40”是不同的时间段,所以正确答案选Wrong。

【例2】

【原文】Unfortunately, the more industrialized we become the farther away we move from direct contact with plants.

【译文】不幸的是,我们的工业化程度越高,人类与植物间的直接联系就越少。

【题目】Our direct contact with plants grows with the process of industrialization.

【译文】随着工业化进程的发展,我们与植物的联系越来越大。

【解释】原文中用“the more ... the farther”的句型表明我们与植物之间的接触越来越少,而题目中用“grow”表明我们与植物之间的接触越来越多,此两种情况正好截然,相反,所以正确答案应为Wrong。

【例3】

【原文】Y ou may qualify for the Common Interest Group system, if you are one of at least ten adults who are traveling together.

【译文】如果你是至少10个一起旅行的成人中的一个,你可能会适合Common Interest Group模式。

【题目】The Common Interest Group 10 scheme does not apply if there are 11 adults in the group.

【译文】如果一个组里有11个成人,Common Interest Group模式就不适用。

【解释】可以看出,题目与原文直接相反,答案为Wrong。

2.第二种情况:原文是多个条件并列,题目是其中一个条件(出现must或only)。

原文是两个或多个情形(通常是两种情形)都可以,常有both ... and、and、or及also 等词。题目是“必须”或“只有”其中一个情况,常有must及only等词。

【例1】

【原文】Booking in advance is strongly recommended as all Daybreak tours are subject to demand. Subject to availability, stand-by tickets can be purchased from the driver.

【译文】我们强烈建议提前预定,因为所有的Daybreak旅行都是由需求决定的。如果还有票的话,可直接向司机购买。

【题目】Tickets must be bought in advance from an authorized Daybreak agent.

【译文】票必须提前从一个认证的代理处购买。

【解释】原文是提前预定、直接向司机购买都可以,是多个条件的并列。题目是必须提前预定,必须是其中一个情况。所以答案应为Wrong。

【例2】

【原文】Since the Winter Games began, 55 out of 56 gold medals i n the men’s Nordic skiing events have been won by competitors from Scandinavia or the former Soviet Union.

【译文】自从冬奥会开始,在男子越野滑雪项目的56块金牌中的55块被来自北欧和前

苏联的选手获得。

【题目】Only Scandinavians have won gold medals in the men’s winter Olympics.

【译文】只有北欧人获得了冬奥会男子项目中的金牌。

【解释】原文是北欧人和前苏联的选手获得了金牌,而且是获得了56块中的55块,还有1块不知道被谁获得。题目是只有北欧人获得了金牌。所以答案应为Wrong。

【例3】

【原文】Apart from the Second World War period the Winter Olympics were held every four years, a few months before the summer Olympics. But in 1986 the IOC changed the schedule so that the summer and winter games would be held in different years. Thus, for the only time in history, the Lillehammer (Norway) Games took place just two years after the previous Winter Olympics which were held in Alvertville, France.

【译文】除了第二次世界大战期间,冬奥会每四年举行一次,在夏季奥运会之前的几个月。但在1986年,国际奥委会改变了安排,使得冬奥会和夏季奥运会能在不同的年份举行。因此,历史上第一次,在法国Albertville冬奥会之后两年就举行了Lillehammer(挪威)运动会。

【题目】One Winter Olympics has succeeded another every four years since 1924 with a break only for the Second World War.

【译文】自从1924年,冬奥会每四年成功举行一次,其中只有一次例外,是因为第二次世界大战。

【解释】原文提到有两次例外。一次是第二次世界大战,一次是1986年国际奥委会做了一个改变。而题目说只有一次例外。所以答案应为Wrong。

3.第三种情况:原文为人们对于某样事物的理论或感觉,题目则强调是客观事实或已被证明。

原文强调是一种“理论”或“感觉”,常有feel, consider及theory等词。题目强调是一种“事实”,常有fact及prove等词。

【例1】

【原文】But generally winter sports were felt to be too specialized.

【译文】但一般来说,冬季项目被感觉是很专门化的。

【题目】The Antwerp Games proved that winter sports were too specialized.

【译文】Antwerp运动会证明冬季项目是很专门化的。

【解释】原文中有feel,强调是“感觉”。题目中有prove,强调是“事实”。所以答案应为Wrong。

【例2】

【原文】Another theory is that worldwide temperature increases are upsetting the breeding cycles of frogs.

【译文】另一种理论是世界范围温度的升高破坏了青蛙的生长周期。

【题目】It is fact that frogs' breeding cycles are upset by worldwide increases in temperature.

【译文】一个事实是青蛙的生长周期被世界范围温度的升高所破坏。

【解释】原文中有theory,强调是“理论”。题目中有fact,强调是“事实”。所以答案应为Wrong。

4.第四种情况:原文和题目中使用了表示不同范围、频率、可能性的词。

原文中常用many(很多),sometimes(有时)及unlikely(不太可能)等词。题目中常用all(全部),usually(通常),always(总是)及impossible(完全不可能)等词。

【例1】

【原文】Snakes are sometimes poisonous.

【译文】蛇有时是有毒的。

【题目】Snakes are usually poisonous.

【译文】蛇通常是有毒的。

【解释】原文中有sometimes,强调是“有时”。题目中有usually,强调是“通常”。所以答案应为Wrong。

【例2】

【原文】Without a qualification from a reputable school or university, it is unlikely to find a good job.

【译文】不是毕业于著名学校的人不太可能找到一个好的工作。

【题目】It is impossible to get a good job without a qualification from a respected institution.

【译文】不是毕业于著名学校的人找到一个好工作是完全不可能的。

【解释】原文中有unlikely,强调是“不太可能”。题目中有impossible,强调是“完全不可能”。所以答案应为Wrong。

5.第五种情况:原文中包含条件状语,题目中去掉条件成分。

原文中包含条件状语,如if,unless或if not,也可能是用介词短语表示条件状语,如in,with,but for或except for。题目中去掉了这些表示条件状语的成分。这时,答案应为Wrong。

【例1】

【原文】The Internet has often been criticized by the media as a hazardous tool in the hands of young computer users.

【译文】Internet通常被媒体指责为是年轻的计算机用户手中的危险工具。

【题目】The media has often criticized the Internet because it is dangerous.

【译文】媒体经常指责Internet,因为它是危险的。

【解释】原文中有表示条件状语的介词短语in the hands of young computer users,题目将其去掉了。所以答案应为Wrong。

(三)Not Mentioned

1.第一种情况:题目中的某些内容在原文中没有提及。

题目中的某些内容在原文中找不到依据。

2.第二种情况:题目中涉及的范围小于原文涉及的范围,也就是更具体。

原文涉及一个较小的范围的范畴,而题目是一个具体的概念。也就是说,题目中涉及的范围比原文要小。

【例1】

【原文】Our factory club provides printer.

【译文】我们工厂提供打印机。

【题目】Our factory club provides color printer.

【译文】我们工厂提供彩色打印机。

【解释】题目中涉及的概念“color printer”比原文中涉及的概念“printer”要小。换句话说,工厂提供打印机,但是彩色的还是黑白的,不知道或都有可能,文章中没有给出进一步的信息。所以答案应为Not Mentioned。

【例2】

【原文】Tourists in Spain come mainly from Europe.

【译文】到西班牙旅游的游客主要来自欧洲。

【题目】Tourists in Spain come mainly from the UK.

【译文】到西班牙旅游的游客主要来自英国。

【解释】题目中涉及的概念“UK”比原文中涉及的概念“Europe”要小。原文只说到西班牙旅游的游客主要来自欧洲,有可能主要来自英国,也可能主要来自欧洲的其他国家,文章中没有给出进一步的信息。所以答案应为Not Mentioned。

3.第三种情况:原文是某人的目标、目的、想法、愿望、保证、发誓等,题目是事实。

原文中常用aim(目的),purpose(目的),promise(保证),swear(发誓)及vow(发誓)等词。题目中用实义动词。

【例1】

【原文】Mary vowed she would never come back.

【译文】玛丽发誓她将永不回来。

【题目】Mary never came back.

【译文】玛丽没再回来。

【解释】原文中说她发誓将永不回来,但实际怎么样,不知道。也可能她违背了自己的誓言。所以答案应为Not Mentioned。

【例2】

【原文】His aim was to bring together, once every four years, athletes from all countries on the friendly fields of amateur sport.

【译文】他的目的是把各国的运动员每四年一次聚集到友好的业余运动的赛场上。

【题目】Only amateur athletes are allowed to compete in the modern Olympics.

【译文】只有业余运动员被允许在现代奥运会中竞争。

【解释】原文中用aim表示“目的”,题目用实意动词表示“事实”。把各国的运动员聚集到友好的业余运动的赛场上,这只是创建者的目的,实际情况如何,文章中没说,所以答案应为Not Mentioned。

4.第四种情况:题目中有比较级,原文中没有比较。

【例1】

【原文】In Beijing, a vast array of ethnic and local restaurants can be found to suit all palates and pockets.

【译文】在北京,有各种各样的餐馆。

【题目】There is now a greater variety of restaurants to choose from in Beijing than in the past.

【译文】现在有更多种类的餐馆可供选择。

【解释】原文中提到了北京有各种各样的餐馆,但并没有与过去相比,所以答案应为Not Mentioned。

注意:

1.谨遵原文内容,不能凭借自己的知识。

原文是判断答案的惟一根据。所以,无论你对文章的内容或背景多么的熟悉,或者你的知识面是多么的丰富,都不能凭借自己的知识来确定答案。即使题目中说“太阳是从西方升起的”,如果文章中没说,你只能答Not Mentioned,不能答Wrong。

【例】

【原文】His aim was to bring together, once every four years, athletes from all countries on the friendly fields of amateur sport.

【译文】他的目的是把各国的运动员每四年一次聚集到友好的业余运动的赛场上。

【题目】Only amateur athletes are allowed to compete in the modern Olympics.

【译文】只有业余运动员被允许在现代奥运会中竞争。

【解释】有的同学会认为,现在奥运会中有很多职业运动员参赛,所以答Wrong。但很可惜,这是你自己的知识,文章中没说,所以答案应为Not Mentioned。

有些题目需要根据原文做适当的推断,才能确定正确答案,但必须是根据原文来做推断,不能做毫无根据的推理。而且一般来讲,即使有推理,也只推一步,不要推得很深。有些阅读水平较好的同学,如不掌握前面的规律和方法,做这种题型反而错得更多,主要原因就是想得太多,或推理得太多和太深。

2.题目中若出现must, only, all及always等时,答案一般不会是Right。

题目中出现这些词很常见,95%的答案都不是Right。笔者只遇到过一次题目中出现了must而答案为Right的情况。题目中出现上述这些词,答案是Wrong还是Not Mentioned,就不一定,需要根据上面讲的规律再做判断,一般答案是Wrong的比例更大一些。不看原文,下面几个题目的答案都是Wrong。

(1) Europeans learned all of what they knew of edible wild plants from Aborigines.

(2) Before the dry plate process short exposures could only be achieved with cameras held in the hand.

3.答案选择有一定的规律。

如下的较实用规律要作为解题技巧牢记在心:

(1)三种答案(Right/Wrong/Not Mentioned)都要出现。

(2)可以连续三题答案都一样,如都是Right,但还没有过连续四题答案都一样。连续三题答案都一样的情况也不多见。

4.要相信自己的第一感觉,不要轻易改答案,除非你非常肯定自己做错了答案。

在考试中,除非有特别强的理由,否则不要轻易改答案,人的第一感觉往往是正确的。很多同学都将正确的答案改错了。

5.要注意上述规律和方法的运用,不要钻牛角尖。

这种题型本身有一定的缺陷,即不严密。所以,上述规律和方法若能理解就最好,如不能理解,就记住它们,考试时,照着做就可以了,这些规律都经过实践的检验。

第三节例题讲解

【例1】

Dyslexia

As many as 20% of all children in the United States suffer from some form of the learning disorder called dyslexia.

Experts on dyslexia say that the problem is not disease. They say that persons with dyslexia use information in a different way. One of the world's great thinkers and scientists, Albert Einstein was dyslexic. Einstein said that he never thought in words the way that most people do. He said that he thought in pictures instead. The American inventor Thomas Edison was also dyslexic. Dyslexia first was recognized in Europe and the United States more than 80 year ago. Many years passed before doctors discovered that persons with the disorder were not mentally slow or disabled. The doctors found that the brains of persons with dyslexia are different. In most people, the left side of the brain —the part that controls language —is larger than the right side. In

persons with dyslexia, the right side of the brain is bigger. Doctors are not sure what causes this difference. However, research has shown that dyslexia is more common in males that in females, and it is found more often in persons who are left-handed. No one knows the cause of dyslexia, but some scientists believe that it may result from chemical changes in a baby's body long before it is born. They are trying to find ways to teach persons with dyslexia. Dyslexic persons think differently and need special kinds of teaching help. After they have solved their problems with language, they often show themselves to be especially intelligent or creative.

1. One out of five American children suffers from dyslexia.

A. Right

B. Wrong

C. Not mentioned

2. Many great thinkers and scientists in the world are dyslexic.

A. Right

B. Wrong

C. Not mentioned

3. The first cases of dyslexia in Europe were discovered less than a century ago.

A. Right

B. Wrong

C. Not mentioned

4. The left side of the brain in a dyslexic person is bigger than the right side.

A. Right

B. Wrong

C. Not mentioned

5. Generally speaking, dyslexia is more common in left-handed males that in right-handed females.

A. Right

B. Wrong

C. Not mentioned

6. It is believed that dyslexia is related to the bad habits of a baby's mother.

A. Right

B. Wrong

C. Not mentioned

7. Dyslexic people often turn out to be intelligent or creative once they have learned to handle language properly.

A. Right

B. Wrong

C. Not mentioned

答案及详解:

1.题目中的关键词是one out of five和American children. 根据顺序出题的特点,我们很快在原文第一段中找到答案,其中one out of是20%的同义改写,American children是all children in the United States的同义改写,因此该题的答案为A. Right。

2.题目中的关键词great thinkers and scientists. 我们在第二段中找到答案所在句。但是通过对比我们发现,原文中的限制词是one of,而题目中却是many。再仔细阅读文中发现,文中仅提到爱因斯坦和爱迪生为读写困难症的患者,并未讲述除爱因斯坦和爱迪生以外的思想家和科学家的情况,因此该题的答案为C. Not Mentioned。

3.题目中的关键词是专有名词Europe,我们很快在第二段第五行找到答案所在句。通过对比题目和答案所在句,我们发现从recognize →discover, more than 80 years ago →less than a century ago都属于同义改写,但惟一有差别的是文中提到的两个地方:Europe和the United States在80多年前发现了读写困难症病例,但题目中仅仅提到了Europe。对于这个问题,我们可以进行如下推理:设A = Europe,B = the United States,实际上这道题就变为这样一道推理题:如果A + B正确,那么A是否正确?实际上很简单:A + B成立(正确)

A 正确,即A正确或者B正确。经过这样的推理,我们知道该题的的充分必要条件是B

答案应为A. Right。

4.题目中的关键词是bigger,我们很快在第二段第九行找到答案所在句。该句题目属反义表达,所以该题选B. Wrong。

5.题目中的关键词是more common。答案所在句在第二段第十句。对答案所在句必须进行逻辑分析,我们才能得出正确结论。设A = males,B = females,C = left-handed,D = right-handed。根据答案所在句前半句我们知道:A > B,根据后半句我们知道,C > D,于是

我们进行如下推导:

BD

AC D C B A >>+>即

females

handed -right males handed -left handed

-right handed -left females

males >>+>以上可知,

该题答案为A. Right 。

6.题目中的关键词应为bad habits 和baby’s mother ,但是通读全文,我们只找到了无关信息baby’s body ,由此可见,该题正确答案为C. Not Mentioned 。

7.题目中的关键词是intelligent or creative ,我们在全文最后一句找到答案,通过对比,我们知道:show themselves to be → turn out to be, solve → handle 等均属同义表达,所以该题正确答案是A. Right 。

【例2】

Named after an ex-Governor of New South Wales, Sydney is the state's capital city. Located on the south-east of Australia in the temperate zone, it enjoys a mild climate, averaging 14.5 hours of sunshine pet day in summer and 10.25 hours in winter. It is also the largest, oldest, and perhaps most beautifully situated city in Australia. First established by the British as a convict settlement in 1788, it is a modern cosmopolitan city that has developed into one of the nation's major industrial, business, and manufacturing centres.

Sydney is home to nearly 4.4 million people (as of 1997). The suburbs reach out from the city centre and harbour some 55km to the north, 35km to the west and 30km to the south, creating a metropolitan area of about 3000 square kilometres. The 57 square kilometer harbour is one of the largest in the world, and famous for the unmistakable 134 metres high arch of the Harbour Bridge and the graceful sails of the Opera House. It is a busy waterway with ferries, freighters, hydrofoils and pleasure craft.

Not far from the city centre are the attractive old residential suburbs of Balmain, Glebe, and Paddington, where many people live in smart terraced houses, art galleries, pubs, and restaurants abound in the cosy streets that tend to be quite narrow, whereas the suburbs surrounding the city's cosy streets that tend to be quite narrow, whereas the suburbs surrounding the city's colleges and universities consist mainly of family homes and multi-unit blocks — an ideal situation for students looking for a homestay, or to rent. Sydney's newer suburbs now have a large multicultural population, and local shopping centres reflect the influences of many cultures.

As well as scores of cinemas and theatres throughout the city and suburbs, there are numerous clubs which appeal to people of all ages, and cater for all tastes. Pubs are the venue for smaller modern bands, while the big-name popular music artists, both local and international, attract capacity audiences at the huge Entertainment Centre in the heart of the city.

In Sydney, a vast array of ethnic and local restaurants can be found to suit all palates and pockets. In summer, cafe patrons often sit outside at tables under umbrellas, and enjoy the passing parade of shoppers. Students who prefer to cook at home can choose from several large weekend markets, where fresh fruit, fish, and vegetables may be bought more cheaply than at the local supermarket. Sydney also has its own China town.

In the heart of the city are several big department stores linked by enclosed over-the-street crossings and underground walkways. Most noticeable are the towering centre point complex and the Queen Victoria Building, both containing many shopping arcades, coffee shops and restaurants. Out of town, in the suburbs, there are huge regional shopping centres. At the weekend markets,

bargains can be had when shopping for clothing as well as for a wide range of assorted goods.

Australia is recognised as one of the most sports-conscious nations in the world. Sydney boasts an impressive number of facilities for all types of indoor and outdoor sporting activities. Wherever one goes, there are golf courses, cricket pitches, football ovals, tennis and squash courts, and, of course, indoor and outdoor swimming pools. A vid ice-skating and ten-pin bowling fans will find that these activities are also popular and inexpensive.

1. Sydney was first established as a settlement for convicted criminals.

A. Right

B. Wrong

C. Not Mentioned

2. Sydney Harbour is the largest in the world.

A. Right

B. Wrong

C. Not Mentioned

3. The streets of Paddington are not very wide and contain houses arranged in rows.

A. Right

B. Wrong

C. Not Mentioned

4. The Entertainment Centre is only for international popular music artists who attract large audiences.

A. Right

B. Wrong

C. Not Mentioned

5. There is now a greater variety of restaurants to choose from in Sydney than in the past.

A. Right

B. Wrong

C. Not Mentioned

6. Some department stores in Sydney are joined by walkways above and below the ground.

A. Right

B. Wrong

C. Not Mentioned

7. Australians are sports-minded people, but this is not realised by the rest of the world.

A. Right

B. Wrong

C. Not Mentioned

答案及详解:

1.题目中的关键词是first,对应原文的第二段,其中有一句:First established by the British as a convict settlement in 1788,是题目的同义表达,答案为Right。

2.题目中的关键词是Harbour,对应原文的第三段,其中有一句:The 57 square kilometer harbour is one of the largest in the world. 原文说悉尼港是世界最大的港口之一,题目讲悉尼是世界最大的港口。题目的范围小于原文的范围,答案为Not Mentioned。注意,答此题不能凭借自己的知识,事实上,世界最大的港口是荷兰的鹿特丹,但文章当中没说,所以不能答Wrong。

3.题目中的关键词是Paddington,对应原文的第四段,其中有一句:Paddington, where many people live in smart terraced houses, art galleries, pubs, and restaurants, abound in the cosy streets that tend to be quite narrow. terraced 对应题目中的arranged in rows, quite narrow 对应题目中的not very wide,原文和题目是同义表达,答案为Right。此题主要考词terraced的意思,目前考试中,很少考对一个词的理解。

4.题目中的关键词是entertainment,对应原文的第五段,其中有一句:the big-name popular music artists, both local and international, attract capacity audiences at the huge Entertainment Centre in the heart of the city. 原文说both local and international,题目说only for international。原文是两个条件并列,题目是only其中一个条件。答案为Wrong。

5.题目中的关键词是restaurants,第六段原文中提到了悉尼有各种各样的餐馆,但并没有与过去相比,答案为Not Mentioned。

6.题目中的关键词是department stores,快速阅读原文第七段落第一句为:In the heart of the city are several big department stores linked by enclosed over-the-street crossings and

underground walkways. linked by 对应题目中的joined by,原文和题目是同义表达,答案为Right。

7.题目中的关键词是sports,快速阅读原文第八段落第一句话:Australia is recognised as one of the most sports-conscious nations in the world. 原文说recognised,题目说not realized,是not加同义词,答案为Wrong。

第三章概括大意与完成句子的必背解题技巧

第一节概括大意解题技巧

一、题型要求

文章由若干段话组成,要求给每段话归纳段落大意,意即找出该段的中心思想、主旨。

本题型不是让你写出每段话的段落大意,这样不好评判对错。而是要求从选项列表中选择。在现在的考试中,选项的数目往往大大多于文章中段落的数目,也就是说,有很多干扰选项。

二、解题步骤

每个选项最多只能用一次,也就是说,两个段落的段落大意不可能是一个选项。这是因为不同段落的主旨肯定是不同的,原文将它们分为不同的段落,就是要分别说不同的内容。如果两段的主旨相同,即表达的中心思想一致,应该将它们合为一段,没有必要分为两段。

(-)先阅读选择项,寻找关键词,确定所考段落,然后读一段话,做一道题

大家先想一下,下面的做题方法好吗?

先看第一个选项,读懂它的意思。然后读原文的各段落,判断该选项是原文哪个段落的小标题。然后按照同样的方法处理其余的各选项。

这样的做法不好,因为选项的数目远远大于原文段落的数目。所以这样做,不仅花费的时间很多,而且极易受到干扰选项的误导。很可能第一个选项就是干扰选项,你花费了很多时间,将这个选项与原文的各段落相对照,结果发现它是一个干扰选项,这已经浪费了很多时间。

正确的方法是:

先看选项,寻找关键词,确定所考段落。这样做的好处有两点:(1)寻找选项关键词,它有可能与某段的核心词汇重合,如果重合,那该选项可能是正确答案。(2)确定所考段落,未考段落可暂时不必阅读。读文章的时候,不要一下把文章全读完,而是读一段话,做一道题。假如原文的第一段的小标题已找到,那么,先读第二段,然后到选项列表中找该段话的小标题。然后再读第三段,同样处理,直至完成。这样做,不仅速度快,而且准确率高。

(二)读每段话时,要抓住该段话的主题句和核心词汇,正确答案常常是主题句的改写

读每段话时,并不是该段话全要仔细阅读。这样,既浪费时间,也不容易抓住重点。应该抓住该段话的主题句。

先读该段话的第一句,然后,与选项列表中的各选项一一对应,确定正确答案,正确选项一般是该句话的改写。如果答案不能确定,应再读该段话的策二句,然后,与选项列表中的各选项一一对应。如果答案还是不能确定,应再读该段话的最后一句,再与选项列表中的各选项一一对应。如果还是找不着正确的答案,就需要阅读整段话了。

根据作者的统计数据,段落的主题句在第一句的可能性超过50%,段落的主题句在第二句的可能性为20%,段落的主题句在最后一句的可能性超过20%。也就是说,按照上述方法做这种题型,读完该段话的第一句,就能在选项列表中找出该段话的小标题,这种可能性超过50%。整段话都需要阅读的可能性不到10%。

这个做题方法不仅有统计数据的依据,还有理论的基础。英文的段落展开方法比较简单,主要有两种:演绎法(Deductive Method)及归纳法(Inductive Method)。演绎法指的是由观点到例子及论据,所以主题句在该段话的第二句。凡主题句在第一句或第二句,都是演绎法。归纳法是指由例子及论据到观点,所以主题句在该段话的最后一句。70%左右的段落是用演绎法写的,而且其中绝大部分主题句在第一句。20%左右的段落是用归纳法写的。

有的同学会说,我怎么知道某段话是用演绎法写的,还是用归纳法写的?是的,不读完整段话,是不知道的。但读完整段话,很浪费时间,而且,由于文章句子结构复杂,再加上有一些不熟悉的单词,很可能你也读不太懂。所以,若读完整段话再来选择该段话的Heading,不仅时间不够用,而且往往正确率也不高。

我们介绍的这种抓主题句的方法,就是,首先认为段落是用演绎法写的,而且主题句在第一句,按照第一句的意思,在选项列表中确定正确答案。如果选项列表中有一项与这句话的意思相同,即可认为是正确答案。如果不能确定,再依次读该段话的第二句和最后一句,再与选项列表中的各选项一一对应,确定正确答案。实践证明,这种方法不仅节省时间,而且正确率也很高。

(三)某段话的答案确定后,将它的选项从选项列表中划去

我们在前面讲过,每个选项最多只能用一次,也就是说,不可能两个段落的小标题是一个选项。所以,一段话的答案确定后,将它的选项从选项列表中划去,以免被误选为其他段落的小标题。而且在选其他段落的答案时,可以不看该选项,节省时间。但如果某段话的答案不太确定,如第三段,可能是C,也可能不是C,这时不能将C从选项列表中划去。

(四)如果答案不确定,先将可能正确的选项全部选出

如果一个段落原答案不确定,应将它们先都选出来,写在题目的旁边,再往下做。这样做的好处是,下面某一段的答案确定后,便能推断出上面段落的答案来。因为,我们在前面讲过,每个选项最多只能用一次,也就是说,不可能两个段落的小标题是一个选项。例如:第二段的答案可能是B或D,但你能够确定第四段的答案是D,所以,第二段的答案就是B 了。即使第二段后面各段的Heading都不是B或D,最后在确定第二段的Heading时,也是从B和D中选择一个。

(五)干扰选项的特点是,段落中未展开详细的说明

作为干扰选项出现的常常是段落中提到的细节,但我们要找的是段落的主旨。这更说明做这种题要抓住段落的主题句,而不是整个段落全看。否则,特别容易受到干扰选项的误导。

(六)如果主题句比较复杂(如复合句),应重点看主句部分

有时主题句是比较复杂的复合句,如果理解有困难,应集中精力看主句部分,正确答案应来自主句。

主题句中,常常有如下的句式:

Although/While/Despite/Despite the fact …,中文意思是:“虽然……,但是……”。

前面是个让步状语从句,后面是主句,要说明的观点在主句中。

例如某段话的主题句为:

However, despite the importance of the recruitment decision and the range of sophisticated and more objective selection techniques available, including the use of psychometric tests, assessment centres etc., many organisations are still prepared to make this decision on the basis of a single 30 to 45 minutes unstructured interview.

译文:虽然招收新人的决定很重要而且有很多成熟的和更客观的选择技巧,很多单位仍然准备基于30~45分钟的无组织的面试来作出决定。

讲解:这句比较复杂,不好理解。应重点看主句部分many organisations are still prepared to make this decision on the basis of a single 30 to 45 minutes unstructured interview. 正确答案为:The unstructured interview and its validity.

(七)如果主题句中有show和suggest等词,应重点看其后的宾语从句

show,suggest是“表明”、“说明”的意思,其后的宾语从句往往是要说明的观点,是该段话的主旨。

例如某段话的主题句为:

Despite the significant increase in the number of women with dependent children who are in the paid workforce, Australian research studies over the last 15 years are consistent in showing that divisions of labour for family work are very rigid indeed.

译文:虽然有孩子的妇女参加工作的数目显著上升,但过去15年澳大利亚的研究一致表明,家庭工作的劳动分工实际上是非常固定的。

讲解:这句话比较复杂,不好理解。按照前面的注意事项,应重点看主句部分。主句部分中,有show的类似结构:showing that,所以,其后的宾语从句是要说明的观点,是该段话的主旨。正确答案应是divisions of labour for family work are very rigid indeed的改写。其中,关键词是rigid,在本句中的意思是固定不变的。正确答案为:The unchanged role of the female parent。

请注意:正确选项中的unchanged是原文主题句中的关键词rigid的同义词。

(八)如果主题句是not only … but also句型,应重点看but also后面的部分

not only ... but also的意思是“不仅……而且……”,常用来承上启下。not only后面的部分是“承上”,即上一段的主旨,but also后面的部分是“启下”,即本段话的主旨。所以,应重点看but also后面的部分。

例如某段话的主题句为:

Diversity exists not only between cultures, but also within a single culture.

译文:多样性不仅存在于不同的文化之间,而且还存在于同一文化之中。

讲解:本句用来承上启下。not only后面的部分是“承上”,即上一段的主旨是:多样性存在于不同的文化之间,but also后面的部分是“启下”,即本段话的主旨是:多样性存在于同一文化之中。正确答案为:V ariation within cultures。

请注意:正确选项中的V ariation是原文主题句中Diversity的同义词。这也说明,正确答案常常是主题句的改写。

(九)问句不会是主题句

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