(完整版)现代西方哲学11

John Rawls
A Theory of Justice 正义论
• His A Theory of Justice (1971), was hailed at the
time of its publication as "the most important work in moral philosophy since the end of World War II," and is now regarded as "one of the primary texts in political philosophy.“ • His work in political philosophy, dubbed Rawlsianism（罗尔斯主义）, takes as its starting point the argument that "most reasonable principles of justice are those everyone would accept and agree to from a fair position.“
• In A Theory of Justice, Rawls attempts to solve
the problem of distributive justice by utilising a variant of the familiar device of the social contract. The resultant theory is known as "Justice as Fairness", from which Rawls derives
veil of ignorance 无知之幕
• Rawls employs a number of thought experiments-including the famous veil of ignorance-to determine what constitutes a fair agreement in which "everyone is impartially situated as equals," in order to determine principles of social justice.
– "no one knows his place in society, his class position or social status, nor does anyone know his fortune in the distribution of natural assets and abilities, his intelligence, strength, and the like. I shall even assume that the parties do not know their conceptions of the good or their special psychological propensities. The principles of justice are chosen behind a veil of ignorance."
• 虽然80年代遭到社群主义的批判，但这反而使其 名声远播。美国哈佛的教授罗尔斯就是这种新自 由主义的主要代表。
• 古典自由主义的主题是自由；而以罗尔斯为代性
• “正义是社会制度的首要价值，正像真理是 思想体系的首要价值一样。一种理论，无 论它多么精致和简洁，只要它不真实，就 必须加以拒绝或修正；同样，某些法律和 制度，不管它们如何有效率和有条理，只 要它们不正义，就必须加以废除。每个人 都拥有一种基于正义的不可侵犯性，这种 不可侵犯性即使以社会整体利益之名也不 能逾越。”
Original position in which everyone decides principles of
justice from behind a veil of ignorance. This "veil" is one that essentially blinds people to all facts about themselves that might cloud what their notion of justice is
his two famous principles of justice: the liberty principle and the difference principle.
The “original position”
原初状态
• Like Hobbes, Locke, Rousseau and Kant, Rawls belongs to the social contract tradition. However, Rawls' social contract takes a slightly different view from that of previous thinkers. Specifically, Rawls develops what he claims are principles of justice through the use of an entirely and deliberately artificial device he calls the
第十一章 政治哲学（罗尔斯和诺齐克）
从古典自由主义到新自由主义
• 20世纪70年代以来，也就是差不多我国文革期间 开始，与古典自由主义不同的新自由主义在美国 崛起，继而传播到全世界。
• 新自由主义在政治价值、理论体系和论证方法等 方面对古典自由主义（奠基者：霍布斯、洛克和 康德）提出了挑战，并取代了古典自由主义成为 当代西方政治哲学的主流。
A Theory of Justice
• A Theory of Justice is a book of political
philosophy and ethics by John Rawls. It was originally published in 1971 and revised in both 1975 (for the translated editions) and 1999.