铁氧化物铜金矿床(澳大利亚)

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IOCG: Features
• Regional time-space association with plutons (与区域性侵入体有时空关系) • Association with other Fe oxide-rich rocks (与其他富铁建造关系密切) • Association with wide metasomatism (Na, Na-Ca, K) (与大面积钠、钠-钙及钾化等交代作用相关) • Variable enrichment in U, LREE, F, Co, Ba, Ag (具不同含量的铀,轻稀土、氟,钴,钡,银等元素) • Little hydrothermal quartz (cf. porphyry Cu) (与斑岩铜矿相比,热液石英相对较少)
(IOCG钠化蚀变特征)
IOCG: Model
班状安山岩钠化蚀变序列 (钠长石阳起石-磁铁矿-磷灰石蚀变)
Echo Bay, Canada (Corriveau 2009)
Albitized schist with actinolite veins 钠化片岩及阳起石脉
Cloncurry District, Australia (Williams 2004)
Modified from Corriveau, 2007
Global Resources of IOCG Deposits (IOCG矿床全球资源量)
Deposit Olympic Dam, Australia Salobo, Brazil Cristalino, Brazil Aitik, Sweden Candelaria, Chile Mantoverde, Chile Mina Justa, Peru Ernest Henry, Australia
Intrusive rocks mantle underplating
Modified from Hitzman (2000)
IOCG Case Studies
(矿床实例研究)
Mantoverde Cu (±Au) Chile
Olympic Dam Cu-Au-U South Australia
Australian IOCG Deposits
What can we use ?
(如何应用已知成果)
What’s next ?
(今后研究重点)
Outline (提纲)
1. Ore Deposit Model (成矿模式)
• • • History and Definition (研究历史和定义) Location and Resources (分布及资源量) Modeling and Problems (模式及问题)
Outer zone: Na-Ca alteration
绢云母化(赤铁矿+绢云母+
绿泥石+碳酸盐+石英)
钾化
(钾长石或黑云母+磁铁 矿+绿泥石+石英+阳起石)
钠-钙蚀变
(钠长石或方柱 石+阳起石+磁铁矿)
Low level High Temperature
IOCG Model: Na-Alteration
(非岩浆热液流体)
(Barton and Johnson, 1996, 2004; Ullrich and Clark, 1999; Benavides et al., 2007; Chen et al., 2010a; Chen et al., 2011)
IO + CG
Magmatic-hydrothermal
(热液成因-角砾、脉体及交代结构发育)
• Local structural controls (no “causitive” intrusions)
(受局部断裂控制,与岩体关系不明确)
Other common features of IOCG
(IOCG矿床其他主要特征)
Not Definitive (非定义性特征)
(地球物理及地球化学方法)
Mantoverde, Chile
Research History (研究历史)
Hitzman et al., 1992
(Precambrian Research: v. 58, p. 241-287 )
Olympic Dam Studies
Oreskes and Einaudi, 1990, 1992; Haynes et al., 1995
IOCG Model: Tectonic Environment
(IOCG成矿构造环境)
IOCG: Model
A: Subduction-related
continental margin basin inversion (俯冲板块边缘盆 地闭合期) Central Andes IOCGs
A
sediments
Williams, 2009, SGA IOCG short course
Distribution of IOCG Deposits
(IOCG矿床分布)
Norbotten
IOCG: Distribution
China ?
Cloncurry Carajás Central Andes
Olympic Dam
IOCG: 1992-2010
Barton and Johnson, 1996: Geology
1996-2005: case studies
Cloncurry, Gawler, northern Europe, South&North America, Africa
Williams et al., 2005
2. Case Studies (典型矿床研究)
• • Olympic Dam, South Australia Mantoverde, Chile
3. Exploration Guidelines (勘探应用)
• • Geology factors (地质特征应用) Geophysics and Geochemistry methods
Olympic Dam, Australia (Williams 2004)
Magnetite (+hematite) – chalcopyrite - pyrite breccia 磁铁矿 (+赤铁矿)- 黄铜矿 黄铁矿角砾
Ernest Henry, Australia (Williams 2009)
澳大利亚国家矿产研究中心
Olympic Dam
South Australia
2011年11月 北京 workshop
(奥林匹克坝铜金铀矿)
Do you know IOCG ?
It’s very famous in Australia !
I
How much we know ?
(我们知道多少?)
O
C G
(cf. Williams et al., 2005; Skirrow, 2004)
• Sulphur-poor Cu-Au(-Fe) deposits
(贫硫铜金成矿系统)
• Contain low-Ti iron oxides (>10%)
(含大量低钛铁氧化物)
• Hydrothermal origin (breccia, vein, replacement)
A clan of Cu (-Au-Ag-U) deposits containing abundant hypogene iron oxide (magnetite and/or hematite) – 含大量原生磁铁矿或赤铁矿的铜金(-银-铀等)矿床 Defining Features of IOCGs
(Economic Geology 100th Anniversary Volume, p. 371-405)
More case studies; model modification
Definition of IOCG Deposit Clan
IOCG: Definition
(IOCG矿床定义)
IOCG Model: Mineralization
(IOCG矿化模式)
IOCG: Model
IOCG Model: Mineralization
(IOCG矿化特征)
IOCG: Model
Hematite-sericite breccia with chalcocite/bornite 赤铁矿-绢云母角砾含辉铜矿 及斑铜矿
Williams, 2004
Olympic Dam Cu-Au-U Deposit
IOCG: Olympic Dam
• 3810 Mt at 1.0% Cu, 0.5 g/t Au, 3.6 g/t Ag, 0.04% U and abundant REE: 38亿吨矿石量,品位铜1%;金0.5克/吨;银3.6克/吨,铀0.04%及大量稀土 金属 • Occurs in a 7 X 5 km zone of brecciation/alteration cored by a diatreme complex :矿体产于面积约为35平方公里的蚀变角砾岩中,中心 为火山角砾岩筒 • Major fault control: 受主断裂构造控制 • Host rocks dominantly Proterozoic granite: 围岩主要为元古代花岗岩 • Ultramafic, mafic, and felsic dykes abundant in the diatreme complex – syn-or postdate breccias and mineralization: 与角砾及矿 化同期或晚期的超基性、基性和酸性岩脉在矿区广泛发育 • Dominant alteration - sericite + chlorite + hematite ± quartz ± siderite:主要蚀变组合为绢云母+绿泥石+赤铁矿及少量石英和菱铁矿 • Magnetite minor, deeper, early; Barite and fluorite abundant: 仅含少 量磁铁矿,位于深部;含大量重晶石和萤石 • Strongly zoned mineralization, chalcopyrite-bornite-chalcocite dominant: 矿化分带明显,金属矿物以黄铜矿-斑铜矿-辉铜矿为主
(岩浆热液流体)
Williams et al., 2005
(Pollard, 2001, 2006; Sillitoe, 2003) Similar to Porphyry, Skarn systems
IOCG Model: Timing(主要成矿时代)
Mesozoic (中生代)
Central Andes
References omitted
IOCG: Resources
Tonnage (Mt) 3810 789 500 606 470 400 347 167
Cu (%) 1.0 0.96 1.0 0.38 0.95 0.52 0.71 1.1
Au (g/t) 0.5 0.52 0.3 0.21 0.22 0.11 0.03 0.54
volcanic rocks
B B: Orogenic Basin Collapse
(非俯冲造山带盆地闭合期) Cloncurry District, Australia
continental crust
C C: Anorogenic magmatism
(非造山带陆内拉张环境) Olympic Dam, Australia
Iron oxide-Copper-Gold (IOCG) Ore Deposits (铁氧化物铜金矿床)
Model, case studies and exploration guidelines (成矿模式,矿床典例研究及勘探应用)
Huayong Chen (陈华勇)
ARC Research Center of Excellence in Ore Deposits (CODES), University of Tasmania, Australia
Ag (g/t) 3.6 55
Other metals (%) U (0.04) REE
3.1
3.83 Co (0.05)
IOCG Model: Alteration
(IOCG蚀变模式)
IOCG: Model
Modified from Hitzman et al., 1992
Байду номын сангаас
High level Low Temperature
IOCG: Model
Corriveau, 2009
Early-mid Proterozoic (早-中元古代)
Olympic Dam, Cloncurry District, Australia; Aitik, Sweden
Late Archean (晚太古代)
Carajas District, Brazil
IOCG Model: Ore-forming fluids
(IOCG成矿流体)
IOCG: Model
Fe-oxide melts
(铁氧化物熔体)
(Nyström and Henrí quez, 1994; Naslund et al.,2002; Chen et al., 2010b)
Non-magmatic hydrothermal
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