英语语言学--句法学
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11
2013-7-31
The hierarchical order can be best illustrated with a tree diagram of constituent structure, so called because such a diagram looks like an inverted tree. S
2013-7-31
6
B. According to communicative function:
Sentence can be declarative, interrogative, imperative and exclamatory.
2013-7-31
7
2.3. The extension of sentence
2013-7-31
3
2. Discuss the notion of sentence
2.1. The notions of sentence
View 1: A grammatical unit that is syntactically independent and has a subject that is expressed or, as in imperative sentences, understood and a predicate that contains at least one finite verb. View 2: An independent group of words expressing a complete thought. View 3: A statement containing a subject and a predicate, a subject is the element about which a statement is made, and a predicate is the element made about a subject.
Sentence can be extended either by conjoining or embedding. Conjoining is a way by which clauses are joined by means of coordinating conjunctions并列连词 (and, but, or), or connectives 连接词and parataxis.并列(一系列相关的从句
2013-7-31
2
1. Definition
--- the study of the rules governing the way words are combined to form sentences in a language, that is, the study of the formation of sentences.
Chapter Six Syntax
2013-7-31
1
--- The internal structures of sentences --- different treatments of sentence structure by different linguistic schools ---IC analysis, deep structure, surface structure, tree diagram
或词组之间没有连词)(如:"I came, I saw, I conquered.")
Embedding嵌入法 is a process of construction whereby one clause is a constituent of another or is subordinated to another. 8
2013-7-31
5
The complex sentence
A complex sentence is made up of a simple sentence and a statement that begins with a dependent word. A complex sentence is used when you want to emphasize one idea over another in a sentence. What I want to emphasize is this. We should never pretend to know what we don’t know.
The compound-complex sentence
Ellipsis is a common feature in English, but in many sentences of this type it is not possible to state exactly what is ‘left out’.
16
2013-7-31
3.2. Some basic concepts
a.Category: b.Defining properties of these categories c.Tense, aspect, voice and mood d.Concord and government (Cf. 118119)
2013-7-31
2.4. The structure of sentence
The linear and hierarchical structures of sentences
2013-7-31
9
A. The linear word order of a sentence
The words of the sentence is written down or heard one after another in a sequence.
2013-7-31
15
The primary purpose of the traditional grammar is the teaching of Latin to those unfamiliar with Latin. The grammars were not to describe the language but to set up rules as normative 标准化的 and prescriptive 说明性的. Traditionally, a sentence is seen as a sequence of words. The study of sentence formation involves a great deal of the study of the words such as the distinction of parts of speech, functions and the concord and government of number, gender, case, tense, aspect and voice.
2013-7-31
14
Scholars in the Middle Ages used to consider Latin as an international language and as a standard model to their own languages, though there were many differences between Latin and other European languages. Therefore, traditional grammar is a model developed originally for Greek, later adapted to Latin, and subsequently applied to other European languages that were quite similar in form to Latin.
2013-7-31
4
2.2. The types of sentence
A. According to the structure:
Sentence can be simple and non-simple (complex and compound).
The simple sentence The girl is watching TV. Mary and John are sitting on the sofa. The compound sentence A compound sentence consists of two or more simple sentences, usually connected by a comma plus a joining word (and, but, for, or, nor, so, yet). A compound sentence is used when you want to give equal weight to closely related ideas. We are watering the trees, for we don’t have any rain for a month.
2013-7-31
10
B. The hierarchical structure of a sentence Sentences are not only linearly-structured. They are also hierarchically structured, that is, sentences are organized by grouping together words of the same syntactic category such as noun phrase or verb phrase. (NP and VP).
NP VP N V NP
Det
The student
2013-7-31
likes
the subject of linguistics.
12
3. Traditional approach
3.1. Aபைடு நூலகம்out the traditional grammar
2013-7-31
13
The traditional approach is also known as traditional grammar. It has a long history. It came from the study of Greek. Since Latin has a close connection to Greek in structure, the study was applied to Latin.
2013-7-31
17
a.
Category
Category in syntax usually refers to classes and functions, like noun, verb, subject, predicate, noun phrase, verb phrase,etc. In this sense, a syntactic category refers to a word, a phrase or a clause that performs a particular grammatical function, such as subject in a sentence. According to Lyons (1968:274), there are three kinds of categories. ―Parts of speech‖ is referred to as primary grammatical categories and such notions as number, gender, tense, mood, case, person, concord, government,etc.as the secondary grammatical categories. The traditional syntactic notions of ―subject‖, ―predicate‖, ―object‖, etc. are referred to as functional categories. In this section, we shall deal especially with the secondary grammatical categories. Some of them will be discussed below.
2013-7-31
The hierarchical order can be best illustrated with a tree diagram of constituent structure, so called because such a diagram looks like an inverted tree. S
2013-7-31
6
B. According to communicative function:
Sentence can be declarative, interrogative, imperative and exclamatory.
2013-7-31
7
2.3. The extension of sentence
2013-7-31
3
2. Discuss the notion of sentence
2.1. The notions of sentence
View 1: A grammatical unit that is syntactically independent and has a subject that is expressed or, as in imperative sentences, understood and a predicate that contains at least one finite verb. View 2: An independent group of words expressing a complete thought. View 3: A statement containing a subject and a predicate, a subject is the element about which a statement is made, and a predicate is the element made about a subject.
Sentence can be extended either by conjoining or embedding. Conjoining is a way by which clauses are joined by means of coordinating conjunctions并列连词 (and, but, or), or connectives 连接词and parataxis.并列(一系列相关的从句
2013-7-31
2
1. Definition
--- the study of the rules governing the way words are combined to form sentences in a language, that is, the study of the formation of sentences.
Chapter Six Syntax
2013-7-31
1
--- The internal structures of sentences --- different treatments of sentence structure by different linguistic schools ---IC analysis, deep structure, surface structure, tree diagram
或词组之间没有连词)(如:"I came, I saw, I conquered.")
Embedding嵌入法 is a process of construction whereby one clause is a constituent of another or is subordinated to another. 8
2013-7-31
5
The complex sentence
A complex sentence is made up of a simple sentence and a statement that begins with a dependent word. A complex sentence is used when you want to emphasize one idea over another in a sentence. What I want to emphasize is this. We should never pretend to know what we don’t know.
The compound-complex sentence
Ellipsis is a common feature in English, but in many sentences of this type it is not possible to state exactly what is ‘left out’.
16
2013-7-31
3.2. Some basic concepts
a.Category: b.Defining properties of these categories c.Tense, aspect, voice and mood d.Concord and government (Cf. 118119)
2013-7-31
2.4. The structure of sentence
The linear and hierarchical structures of sentences
2013-7-31
9
A. The linear word order of a sentence
The words of the sentence is written down or heard one after another in a sequence.
2013-7-31
15
The primary purpose of the traditional grammar is the teaching of Latin to those unfamiliar with Latin. The grammars were not to describe the language but to set up rules as normative 标准化的 and prescriptive 说明性的. Traditionally, a sentence is seen as a sequence of words. The study of sentence formation involves a great deal of the study of the words such as the distinction of parts of speech, functions and the concord and government of number, gender, case, tense, aspect and voice.
2013-7-31
14
Scholars in the Middle Ages used to consider Latin as an international language and as a standard model to their own languages, though there were many differences between Latin and other European languages. Therefore, traditional grammar is a model developed originally for Greek, later adapted to Latin, and subsequently applied to other European languages that were quite similar in form to Latin.
2013-7-31
4
2.2. The types of sentence
A. According to the structure:
Sentence can be simple and non-simple (complex and compound).
The simple sentence The girl is watching TV. Mary and John are sitting on the sofa. The compound sentence A compound sentence consists of two or more simple sentences, usually connected by a comma plus a joining word (and, but, for, or, nor, so, yet). A compound sentence is used when you want to give equal weight to closely related ideas. We are watering the trees, for we don’t have any rain for a month.
2013-7-31
10
B. The hierarchical structure of a sentence Sentences are not only linearly-structured. They are also hierarchically structured, that is, sentences are organized by grouping together words of the same syntactic category such as noun phrase or verb phrase. (NP and VP).
NP VP N V NP
Det
The student
2013-7-31
likes
the subject of linguistics.
12
3. Traditional approach
3.1. Aபைடு நூலகம்out the traditional grammar
2013-7-31
13
The traditional approach is also known as traditional grammar. It has a long history. It came from the study of Greek. Since Latin has a close connection to Greek in structure, the study was applied to Latin.
2013-7-31
17
a.
Category
Category in syntax usually refers to classes and functions, like noun, verb, subject, predicate, noun phrase, verb phrase,etc. In this sense, a syntactic category refers to a word, a phrase or a clause that performs a particular grammatical function, such as subject in a sentence. According to Lyons (1968:274), there are three kinds of categories. ―Parts of speech‖ is referred to as primary grammatical categories and such notions as number, gender, tense, mood, case, person, concord, government,etc.as the secondary grammatical categories. The traditional syntactic notions of ―subject‖, ―predicate‖, ―object‖, etc. are referred to as functional categories. In this section, we shall deal especially with the secondary grammatical categories. Some of them will be discussed below.