铝合金详解

X X
X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X
B209 B221
B211 B209 B209 B211 B221 B209 B209 B209 B211 B211 B211 B209 B209 B221 B209 B211 B221 B209 B211 B221
铝合金的材料标准 QQ-A-200/X Vs 225/X
挤压铝棒和冷拔铝棒的区别
T6， T6511 和T651的区别
铝合金的材料标准
不锈钢的分类

Class I: Martensitic 马氏体 - Heat treatable, Straight” Chromium This class is so named for the man, Martens, who first examined metals microscopically. It is referred to as "martensitic" because of its acicular or needle-like microstructure in the hardened condition. Its chief alloying agent is chromium, found in amounts from 11.5 to 18.0%. It contains from 0.08 to 1.10% carbon. It is magnetic and responds excellently to heat treating, producing a hard and strong stainless steel. Class II: Ferritic 铁素体- Non-Heat treatable, Straight Chromium This class name is derived from the Latin word "ferrum" meaning iron. It is so named because its microstructure is very similar to that of low-carbon iron. It also utilizes chromium as its chief alloying agent, being found in amounts from 14.0 to 27.0%. It has a very low carbon content of .08 to .20%. Due to its high chromium and low carbon content, ferritic alloys do not generally harden in high temperatures. It is a magnetic alloy, and is soft and ductile. Class III: Austenitic 奥氏体 - Non-Heat treatable, Chromium-Nickel The austenitic class derives its name from Roberts-Austen who first observed its characteristic banded grain structure. Its chief alloys are: chromium, found in amounts from 16.0 to 26.0%; and a appreciable nickel content from 6.0 to 22.0%. This alloy cannot be heat treated, but responds excellently to cold working. It is generally non-magnetic. In the annealed condition, this alloy is tough, strong, and extremely ductile. Austenite itself is soft and tough and remains ductile even at extreme low temperatures. Class IV: Precipitation-Hardening 沉淀硬化 This is a relatively new class metallurgists have deemed necessary to group separately because of its increasing popularity. These alloys have low hardening temperatures that produce precipitation hardening. This capability averts problems such as warping, cracking, and scaling. They can be hardened by simple heat treatments, require no stress-relief treatment and are available in all forms. These grades are easily fabricated, and are corrosion resistant without added treatment. They are also known for their high strength. An American Iron and Steel Institute (AISI) Type designation has not been issued these grades, as they are patented proprietary.
轧制 Rolled 挤压 Extruded
冷拉 Cold Finished 轧制 Rolled 轧制 Rolled 冷拉 Cold Finished 挤压 Extruded 轧制 Rolled 轧制 Rolled 轧制 Rolled 冷拉 Cold Finished 冷拉 Cold Finished 挤压 Extruded 轧制 Rolled 轧制 Rolled 挤压 Extruded 轧制 Rolled 冷拉 Cold Finished 挤压 Extruded 轧制 Rolled 冷拉 Cold Finished 挤压 Extruded
2024
4032 6013 6020 6061
6082 6262
7075
T6/T651 T8 T9 T6 T8 T9 T6/T651 T73/T7351
45 50 58 49 51 58 83 72
40 48 55 45 49 55 73 62
17 16 10 18 17 10 11 13
C C C B B B B B
Al
Cathode (-)
Overall Reaction: 2Al2O3(dis) + 3C 4Al(liq)
3e-
"Reduction" Aluminum Electrolysis + 3CO 2 (gas)
#3
Electrons
O-2
Al
+3
C O
Anode (+)
O-2
CO2
主要的铝厂
屈服强度
43 26 45 47 47 57 65 51 56 60 45 51 25
延伸率
15 25 12 19 19 10 7 7 12 10 15 9 25
切削性能
A A A B B B B B B B A A C
硬度BHN
95 80 100 129 120 125 128 121 130 130 100 65
ቤተ መጻሕፍቲ ባይዱ
铝材的颜色码
铝材材料标识
铝材材料标识
如何看材质书

厂商及生产工厂 材料牌号状态 标准 批号 性能 数量，日期等
铝合金材料性能
合金
2011
状态
T3 T4/T451 T8 T351 T4 T6 T851 T651 T651 T8 T8 T9 T4/T451
抗拉强度
55 45 59 68 68 69 70 54 60 62 45 52 35
可氧化性
C C C C C C C C B+ B+ A A A A A A A A A C B+
抗腐蚀性
D D C D D D D B B B B B A A A A A A A C C
冷成型
C C D C C C D D D D D D D C C D D D D D D
焊接
C C C C C C C B A A B B A A A A B B B D D
铝合金材料的应用
每架A380 需要980吨铝材
铝合金牌号的选择
• 性能表现随产品而不同 • 某个性能的优先级别可能不同 • 优化其中一方面材料特性可能会影响到其他方面的特性
铝合金的牌号

2xxx – Copper 铜 4xxx – Silicon 硅 5xxx – Magnesium 镁 6xxx - Magnesium and Silicon 镁硅 7xxx – Zinc 锌
铝合金的状态定义
-T3
热加工
-T4
热加工
-T6
热加工
-T7
热加工
-T8
热加工
-T9
热加工
热处理
冷加工
冷加工
冷加工
热处理
热处理
冷加工
热处理
热处理
热处理
冷加工
人工时效
较直
较直
较直
较直
较直 冷加工
人工时效
人工时效
人工时效
较直
铝合金成分 重量百分比
合金 硅 铁 铜 锰 镁 铬 镍 锌
2011 2024 4032 6013 6020 6082 6061 7075
0.2 0.25 12.2 0.8 0.65 1.2 0.6 0.15
0.35 0.25 0.5 0.25 0.35 0.18 0.35 0.25
5.5 4.4 0.9 0.85 0.6 0.07 0.28 1.6 0.5 0.05 0.65 0.6 1.5 1 1 0.9 1 1 2.5 0.05 0.18 0.19 0.23 5.6 0.9
* 2012.3.16 收盘数据
LME铝价格及铝产品的定价
价格=铝价+加工费
铝矿的开采
电解铝需要消耗大量的能源
生产1吨铝需要4吨铝土矿，15000KW电
电解铝
#1
Alumina Dissolution
#2
"Oxidation"
2e2e-
Al
+3
O
-2
O-2 Al
+3
O-2
Cryolite Aluminum
6061 6061 6061 6061 6061 2024 2024 2024 2024 2024 2024 7075 7075 7075 7075 7075 7075 7075 7075 7075
T4 T6
T6 T6 T651 T651 T6511 T3 T3 T351 T351 T4 /T6 T3511 T6 T6 T6 T651 T651 T6511 T7351 T7351 T73511
2024
4032 6013 6020 6061
6082 6262 7075
材料的选择
Flashlight
Rifle Scope
Fishing Reel
Spike
汽车铝合金材料的选择
Brake Piston
A/C Compressor Piston
A/T Valve
A/C Fittings
ABS Valve Body
铝合金板，棒材标准
合金 Alloy 6061 状态 Temper O 薄板 Sheet X 中厚板 Plate 挤压棒 Extruded 冷拔棒 Bar Cold Finished ASTM B209 AMS 4025 QQ-A 250/11 Process 加工方式 轧制 Rolled
6061 6061
4026 4150
4117 4027 4027 4117 4173 4037 4036 4037 4120 4120 4165 4045 4045 4169 4045 4123 4169 4078 4124 4167
250/11 200/8
225/8 250/11 250/11 225/8 200/8 250/4 250/5 250/4 225/6 225/6 200/3 250/12 250/13 200/11 250/12 225/9 200/11 250/12 225/9 200/11
液压及气动阀体材料的选择
Valve Body
Manifold
名词定义
AMS: Aerospace Material Specification 航空材料规范
ASTM: American Society for Testing and Materials 美国材料及测试协会
SAE: Society of Automobile Engineers 汽车工程师协会 AA: Aluminum Association (Aluminum Standards and Data) 铝业协会 Alloy: 二或以上种的合金； Temper ：状态 Extrusion: 挤压 ；Rolled：轧制； Forging: 锻造；Casting: 铸造 Sheet: 薄板厚度0.25inch(6.35mm) ；Plate: 中厚板 0.25inch(含6.35mm)以上 Rod: 圆棒 ；Flat bar:扁棒 ；Seam Tube: 有缝管 ；Seamless Tube: 无缝管 Profile:型材 Cold Finished/Cold Drawn: 冷拉； Extruded：挤压 Heat Treatment : 热处理， Artificial Aging :人工时效； Annealing：退火 X51: 拉伸消除应力 ；Grain Direction: 晶粒方向
铝材 Aluminum 101
目录
铝的基本情况 铝合金的牌号及标准 案例 不锈钢
为什么选择铝作为原材料？
轻 导电 强度高
成型性好 导热 可焊接性
表面亮
密封性好
抗腐蚀
抗冲击
可表面处理
循环使用
铝的基础信息

铝 Aluminum 金属 AL 2.7g/cm3 7%，地球含量最丰富的金属元素 4365万吨，2011年全球铝产量 1800万吨，2011年中国铝产量 SME: RMB15940/吨; LME :USD2195/MT *
95
98 120 150
铝材的加工性
7075 6020 2011
2024
A A B 好的加工性=高生产效率+低刀具损耗+低生产成本
铝合金材料性能
合金
2011
状态
T3 T4/T451 T8 T351 T4 T6 T851 T651 T651 T8 T8 T9 T4/T451 T6/T651 T8 T9 T6 T8 T9 T6/T651 T73/T7351