句子成分和结构
句子成分和结构
第二讲句子成分和句子结构
一：句子成分
句子是按照一定的语法规律组成的，表达一个完整的意义。一个句子一般由两部分构成，即主语部分和谓语部分，这两部分也叫做句子的主要成分。句子的次要成分包括宾语，定语，状语，表语等。句子成分是句子中起一定功能的组成部分。
1、主语：是一句的主体，是全句述说的对象，常用名词，数词或代词担任，一般放于句首。如：
Students study. (学生学习。)
We are friends. (我们是朋友)
这两句话中单词students是个名词，we是代词，它们在句中做主语。
充当主语的形式：1）名词2）代词3）数词4）动词-ing形式5）不定式6）名词短语7）名词从句等。
2、谓语：是对主语加以陈述，表示主语的行为或状态，常用动词或者动词词组担任，放在主语的后面。如：
Students study. (学生学习。)
We are friends. (我们是朋友)
这两句话中单词study和are都是动词，study叫做实意动词，are叫做be动词，它们在句中作谓语。
谓语形式：动词（英语句子的灵魂）。
3、宾语：用来表示行为的对象或内容，常由名词或者代词担任。放在及物动词或者介词之后。如：
I play with him. (我和他一起玩。)
I hate mouse. (我讨厌老鼠。)
这两句话中单词mouse是名词，单词him是代词，它们在句中作宾语。
充当宾语形式：1）名词2）代词3）名词短语4）-ing形式5）数词6）不定式7）名词从句等。
4、定语：用来修饰名词的成分，常用形容词或者相当于形容词的短语或从句担任。形容词放在名词之前，相当于形容词的短语或从句放在名词的后面。如：
句子成分和结构
定语
6. The old man felt very tired.
表语
7. My brother hasn’t finished his homework.
8. There is an old man coming here.
宾语 主语
9. You must pay attention to your pronunciation.
状语：修饰动词、形容词、副词或整个句子。
时间 1.On Sundays, there is no students in the
classroom. 地点
2.The sun rose, as it always does, in a clear
sky.
方式
3.The boy needs a drink very much. 程度
2. The teacher with two of his students is walking into the classroom.
主语
3.He is interested in music.
谓语动词
4. We made him our monitor.
句子成分和句子结构
句子成分
组成句子的各个部分叫句子成分。英语句子成分有主语.谓语.表语.宾语.宾语补足语.定语.状语等。顺序一般是主语，谓语.宾语，宾语补足语，而表语，定语，状语的位置要根据情况而定。
1、主语
主语表示句子主要说明的人或事物，一般由名词.代词.数词.不定式等充当。
He likes watching TV. 他喜欢看电视。
2、谓语
谓语说明主语的动作，状态或特征。
一般可分为两类：
1)简单谓语: 由动词(或短语动词)构成。可以有不同的时态，语态和语气。
We study for the people.我们为人民学习。
My sister is a nurse.我姐姐是护士。
2)复合谓语：情态动词＋动词
I can speak a little English.我可以说一点英语。
3、宾语
宾语表示动作行为的对象，跟在及物动词之后，能作宾语的有名词，代词，数词，动词不定式等。
We like English.我们喜欢英语。
有些及物动词可以带两个宾语，往往一个指人，一个指物，指人的叫间接宾语，指物的叫直接宾语。
He gave me some ink.他给了我一点墨水。
有些及物动词的宾语后面还需要有一个补足语，意思才完整，宾语和它的补足语构成复合宾语。如：
We make him our monitor.我们选他当班长。
4、表语
表语是用来说明主语的身份、性质、品性、特征和状态的，表语常由名词、形容词、副词、介词短语、不定式、动词的-ing、从句来充当，它常位于连系动词（be, become, appear, seem 等）之后。
句子成分与句子结构
一、句子成分：
句子的组成成分叫句子成分。在句子中，词与词之间有一定的组合关系，按照不同的关系，可以把句子分为不同的组成成分。句子成分由词或词组充当。现代汉语里一般的句子成分有六种，即主语、谓语、宾语、定语、状语和补语。英语的基本成分有七种：主语（subject）、谓语(predicate)、表语(predicative)、宾语(object)、定语(attribute)、状语(adverbial)和补语(complement)。
1.主语（subject）: 句子说明的人或事物。
. The apples are red (名词) He likes dancing. （代词）Twenty years is a short time in history. (数词)
2.谓语（predicate）: 说明主语的动作、状态和特征。
. We study English. He is a student.
3.表语（predicative）: 系动词之后的成分，表示主语的性质、状态和特征。常见的系动
词有: be, sound（听起来）, look（看起来）, feel(摸起来，smell（闻起来）, taste（尝、吃起来）,remain（保持，仍是）, feel（感觉） ...
. He is a teacher. （名词） Five and five is ten. （数词）Tom looks thin. (形容词) The food smells delicious. The food tastes good.
句子成分和句子结构
句子成分和句子结构
----认识英语句子的构成
一、句子成分
组成句子的各个部分叫做句子成分。句子成分主要有主语、谓语、宾语、同位语、定语、状语、补足语、呼语和插入语等。构成句子的主要部分是主语和谓语。表语、宾语和补足语是谓语的组成部分。其他成分如定语、状语、同位语是句子的次要成分。
1．主语
主语是谓语动作或状态的执行者，指的是“谁”或“什么事”。常用作主语的词类有：名词（短语）、代词、数词、名词化的形容词，不定式（短语）、动名词（短语）和从句。
George is a born leader. （名词）
Nobody knew what had happened. （代词）
Two of us will attend the conference tomorrow. （数词）
The young are always willing to accept new things. （名词化的形容词）
To go the bed early and to get up early is a good habit. （不定式短语）
Losing his new MP4 made Tom very sad. （动名词短语）
What we can’t get seems better than what we have. （名词性从句）
2.谓语
谓语用来描述主语的行为动作或所处的状态，说的是“做什么”或“怎么样”，谓语动词有人称、数、时态和语态等的变化。
Father cooks very well.
My sister has worked in the company for five years.
句子成分和句型结构
句子成分和句型结构
句子成分指的是句子中的各个成分，如主语、谓语、宾语、定语、状语等。句型结构指的是句子的基本结构，如简单句、并列句、复合句等。
以下是一些常见的句子成分和句型结构：
句子成分：
1. 主语：句子中的主要施事者或动作承受者，简称主。如：The cat caught a mouse.（该句中的主语是"The cat"）
2. 谓语：句子中的核心动词或表示状态的词或短语，简称谓。如：She is sleeping.（该句中的谓语是"is sleeping"）
3. 宾语：句子中的动作的对象或谓语的补充成分，简称宾。如：He bought a book.（该句中的宾语是"a book"）
4. 定语：句子中修饰名词或代词的成分，简称定。如：The tall boy is my brother.（该句中的定语是"tall"）
5. 状语：句子中修饰动词、形容词、副词或整个句子的成分，简称状。如：He walked slowly.（该句中的状语是"slowly"）
句型结构：
1. 简单句：只包含一个主语和谓语的句子，例如：She sings.（该句为简单句）
2. 并列句：由两个或多个并列的简单句组成，用连接词（如"and"、"but"、"or"等）连接起来，例如：I like apples, but my sister
likes oranges.（该句为并列句）
3. 复合句：由一个主句和一个或多个从句组成，从句可以是名词性从句、定语从句或状语从句，例如：I don't know where he is.（该句为复合句，主句为"I don't know"
句子成分及结构
句子成分及句子结构
句子成分(members of a sentence)
句子成分定义：构成句子的各个部分叫做句子的成分。句子成分有主要成分和次要成分：主要成分有主语和谓语；次要成分有表语、宾语、定语、状语、补足语和同位语。
主语（subject）：主要由名词、代词、数词、不定式、动名词、名词化得形容词和主语从句等充当。
1）During the 1990s, American country music has become more and more popular.
2）We often speak English in class.
3）One-third of the students in this class are girls.
4）To swim in the river is a great pleasure.
5）Smoking does harm to the health.
6）The rich should help the poor.
7）When we are going to have an English test has not been decided.
8）It is necessary to master a foreign language.
谓语（predicate verb）：
简单谓语：由一个动词或动词短语构成。He practice running every morning.
复合谓语：1)由情态动词或其他助动词加动词原形构成。
You may keep the book for two weeks. He has caught a bad cold.
句子成分和结构
There +其他动词（exist, live, remain, seem, appear to be 等）
通常用于肯定结构和正式文体，表示状态。 Once upon a time there lived a king in China.
Grammar
句子成分
1. 组成句子的成分叫句子成分。 2. 在句子中，词与词之间有一定的组合关系， 按照不同的关系，可以把句子分为不同的 组成成分。 3. 句子成分由词或词组充当。 4. 英语的基本成分有六种：主语（subject）、 谓语（predicate）、表语（predicative）、 宾语（object）、定语（attribute）和状语 (adverbial)。
直接宾语O
间接宾语O
跟双宾语的动词
• answer, bring, buy, do, find, get, give, hand, keep, leave, lend, make, offer, owe, pass, pay, play, promise, read, save, sell, send, show, sing, take
宾语的补语
• • • • • • • • • 4.副词 Please call the students back at once. He was seen to take his cap off. 5.现在分词 We hear him singing in the hall. I found him lying in bed, sleeping. 6.过去分词 He saw his face reflected in the water. I heard it spoken of in the next room.
句子成分和句子结构
句子成分的特点和功能
句子 成分
特点和功能
1.是一个句子所叙述的主体，一般位于 句首。 2.常用名词或相当于名词的词（动词不 定时或动名词）、代词、数词和主语 从句充当。
★ They
例句
are students. ★ The sun rises in the east.
太阳在东方升起。 ★
主 语 谓 语
To see is to believe.
眼见为实。
1. 说明主语的动作、状态和特征，一般放 在主语的后面 2. 常用动词或动词词组充当
1. 是动作行为的对象或承受者,放在及物动 词或介词之后 (动宾&介宾） 2. 常用名词或相当于名词的词（动词不定 时或动名词）、代词和数词充当 位于系动词（如be, become, get, look, grow, turn, seem等）之后,表示主语的性质、 状态和特征。
She looks well.
He studies hard.
He laughed at his classmates.
He can speak English.
表语：
• 表语说明主语是什么，或者怎么样，由名词， 形容词，副词，介词短语，不定式，动名词， 短语，或者从句充当．表语位于系动词后面． I am a teacher.
He often helps me.
句子成分和句子结构
句子成分和句子结构
句子成分是指句子中的各个组成部分，包括主语、谓语、宾语、定语、状语等。句子结构是指句子中各个成分之间的关系和组织方式，包括简单句、并列句、复合句等。
常见的句子成分有：
1.主语：句子中执行动作或被动地承受动作的名词或名词短语，提供
句子的主体。
例如：张三（主语）正在跑步。
2.谓语：表示主语动作或状态的动词或动词短语。
例如：张三正在（谓语）跑步。
3.宾语：接在及物动词后面，被动承受动作的名词或名词短语。
例如：张三正在跑步（谓语），锻炼身体（宾语）。
4.定语：修饰名词或代词的成分，修饰的内容可以是形容词、名词等。
例如：漂亮（定语）的花朵盛开了。
5.状语：修饰动词、形容词、副词或整个句子的成分，表示时间、地点、方式、原因等。
例如：昨天（状语）我去了图书馆。
常见的句子结构有：
1.简单句：由一个主语和一个谓语构成的句子，可以有宾语、定语、
状语等。
例如：我（主语）喜欢（谓语）跳舞。
2.并列句：由两个或多个分句通过并列关系连接在一起，各个分句地位相等。
例如：我喜欢唱歌，他喜欢跳舞。
3.复合句：由一个主句和一个或多个从句构成的句子，从句在句子中充当其他成分的一部分。
例如：我喜欢唱歌，因为它能让我放松身心。
句子成分和句子结构
一、句子成分
句子成分的定义：构成句子的各个部分叫做句子成分。
包括：主语，谓语，表语、宾语、定语、状语、补足语和同位语。
(一)主语：主语是一个句子所叙述的主体，一般位于句首。但在there be结构、
疑问句（当主语不疑问词时）和倒装句中，主语位于谓语、助动词或情态动词后面。主语可由名词、代词、数词、不定式、动名词、名词化的形容词和主语从句等表示。例如：
During the 1990s, American country music has become more and more popular.（名词）We often speak English in class.（代词）
One-third of the students in this class are girls.（数词）
To swim in the river is a great pleasure.（不定式）
Smoking does harm to the health.（动名词）
The rich should help the poor.（名词化的形容词）
When we are going to have an English test has not been decided.（主语从句）
It is necessary to master a foreign language.（it作形式主语，真正的主语为后面的不定式）
（二）谓语：谓语说明主语所做的动作或具有的特征和状态。动词在句中作谓语，一般放在主语之后。谓语的构成如下：
句子成分及句子结构
句子结构及成分
1.及物动词和不及物动词
实义动词后面跟宾语时，这个动词是及物动词。实义动词后面不跟宾语时，此时这个动词是不及物动词。
The door opened.
He opened the door.
The meeting began at six. <vi.>
We began the meeting at six. <vt.>
指出以下句中斜体动词是及物动词还是不及物动词，及物动词填vt. ，不及物填 vi. 。
考点 1.Most birds can fly .〔〕
考点 2.The children are flying kites in the park. ( )
考点 3.It happened yesterday.〔〕
考点 4.My watch stopped . 〔〕
考点 5.The baby stopped crying when he saw his mother. ()
考点 6.She spoke at the meeting this morning.〔〕
考点 7.Shall I begin at once?〔〕
考点 8.She began working as a teacher after she left school.〔〕〔〕
考点 9.When did they leave Beijing?〔〕
考点 10.They left last week.〔〕
2.实义动词、助动词与情态动词
实义动词和助动词是根据动词在句子中的含义和作用来划分的。实义动词也叫行为动词。
句子成分和句子结构
句子成分
主要成分有主语和谓语；次要成分有表语、宾语、定语、状语、补足语、同位语和插入语。
主语：表示句子说的是什么人或什么事.
是一个句子所叙述的主体，一般位于句首。但在there be 结构、疑问句（当主语不疑问词时）和倒装句中，主语位于谓语、助动词或情态动词后面。主语可由名词、代词、数词、不定式、动名词、名词化的形容词和主语从句等表示。例如：
1.During the 1990s, American country music has
become more and more popular. 名词
2.We often speak English in class. 代词
3.One-third of the students in this class are girls. 数词
4.To swim in the river is a great pleasure. 不定式
5.Smoking does harm to the health. 动名词
6.The rich should help the poor. 名词化的形容词
7.When we are going to have an English test has
not been decided.主语从句
8.It is necessary to master a foreign
language.it 作形式主语，真正的主语为后面的不定式
谓语说明主语所做的动作或具有的特征和状态。动词在句中作谓语，一般放在主语之后。谓语的构成如下：
1、简单谓语：由一个动词或动词短语构成。如：
句子成分及句子结构
句子成分及句子结构
一．句子成分
主语（subject）: 句子说明的人或事物。
The sun rises in the east. （名词）He likes dancing. （代词）
Twenty years is a short time in history. (数词) Seeing is believing. （动名词）
To see is to believe. （不定式）What he needs is a book. （主语从句）
It is very clear that the elephant is round and tall like a tree. （It形式主语，主语从句是真正主语）谓语（predicate）: 说明主语的动作、状态和特征。
We study English.
表语（predicative）: 系动词之后的成分，表示主语的性质、状态和特征。
He is a teacher. （名词）Seventy-four! You do n’t look it. （代词）
Five and five is ten. （数词）He is asleep. （形容词）
His father is in. （副词）The picture is on the wall. ( 介词短语)
My watch is gone / missing / lost. （形容词化的分词）
To wear a flower is to say “I’m poor, I can’t buy a ring. （不定式）
句子成分及句子结构
(二) 挑出下列句中的表语 -- The old man was feeling very tired. -- The leaves have turned yellow. -- Soon They all became interested in the subject.
(三) 挑出下列句中的定语
He did it carefully.
Without his help, we couldn’t work it out.
In order to catch up with my classmates, I must study hard.
I was born on June 9th 1982 in Guangxi.
(四) 挑出下列句中的宾语补足语 ① She likes the children to read newspapers and books in the reading-room. ② He asked her to take the boy out of school. ③ She found it difficult to do the work. ④ They call me Lily sometimes. ⑤ I saw Mr Wang get on the bus.
• I saw him enter the hall.
• The boss keeps them working all day.
句子成分和结构
带to的不定式：
ask/tell/want/encourage/advise/require sb to do sth
不带to的不定式：
5看3让2听1感觉 see/watch/look at/notice/observe let/make/have listen to/hear feel
可带亦可不带 to: help
定语
状语
31. The bus arrived ten minutes late.
状语
32. Some farmers saw something strange in the sky.
33. We think it necessery that everyone should attend the meeting. 34. It’s strange that she doesn’t come today. 35. He likes drawing at times when he isn’t working.
2) 系动词+表语 We are students.
The leaves turn yellow in autumn.
表语: 用以说明主语的身份、特征和状态,一般位
于系动词之后（be, 感官动词feel、look、sound、 taste、smell、表示变化类become、grow、get、 turn、go，表示保持类keep、stay、remain ，以 及appear、seem、prove等）
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3.宾语（Object） 宾语是及物动词的对象和内容。 不及物动词后不能接宾语。介词后面的名词或代 词叫做介词宾语。可有n,pron,num或与之相当 的结构担任。如：
(1) Would you mind coming earlier tomorrow? (2) I don’t know where he has gone. (3) The sun gives us light and warmth.
(3) The man who gave us a report yesterday was a model worker. (4) This is a book which tells rocket technology. (5) After all, he is a fiveyear-old boy.
SVC ①.He is in good health. ②.These flowers smell fragrant. ③.My brother has become an engineer.
SVO ①.I want a return ticket. ②.Nobody could answer the question. ③.The train is building up speed.
3. 祈使句
(1) Copy the exercise in your notebook. (2)Don’t be afraid of making grammatical mistakes. (3) Let’s take the child to the park!
4.感叹句
(1) (2) (3) (4) (5)
一 英语语法概要
Members of the sentence
1. The students of Class Four are attentively reading the book written by Lu Xun.
2. Behaviorists suggest that the child who is raised in an environment where there are many stimuli which develop his or her capacity for proper responses will experience greater intellectual development.
(5) What we shall do next is not yet decided. (6) It doesn’t matter whether
he will come or not.
2>. 谓语（Precicate） 它是说 明主语的动作或状态的部分.除了 特殊的倒装结构一般位于主语后。 ①His father is a fireman. ②The children laughed. ③We should pay attention to English idioms.
(1) Shall we go by bus or by train? (2) Do you love chess or snooker? (3) Peter smokes a lot, doesn’t he? (4)Linda isn’t a college student, is she?
选择疑问句/反义疑问句
5. 表语（Predicative） 它在联系动词之后 表示主语的性质、特征、状态或身份的部分。 可有n,pron,adj,adv,num,to-do,ving,clause担任。如：
①.Susan is always careless. ②.Her job is to look after the children. ③.His job is teaching you how to use the machine. ④.The key question is how we should solve the problem.
◆ 表示两者选其一 常见的有or, otherwise, or else, either…or. 如：
(1) Either he is to blame or I am. (2) You must go to work or/ or else/ otherwise you will lose your job.
2. 并列句（Compound Sentence） 它包括两个或两个以上并列而又 相互独立的简单句。其结构为 “SP+连词+SP”。 ◆连接两个概念 常见的and, so, therefore, not only…but(also), neither… nor等。如：
(1) I think, therefore I exist. (2) She not only writes her own plays, she also acts in them. (3) He neither speaks English, nor understands it.
from the orchard the moment they saw the guard.
8. 同位语 它位于名词或名词性短
语之后，说明其内容。常由名词、 名词性短语或从句担任。如：
(1) The future belongs to you young people. (2) A year is divided into four seasons,spring, summer,autumn and winter.
2. 疑问句 用来提出问题，它又可 分为四类:
一般疑问句 (1) Do they like playing PC games? --- Yes, they do. (2) Have you a wrist watch? --- No, I haven’t.
特殊疑问句 (1)Who is singing in the next dormitory? (2)What are you doing now? (3) Why do they like playing golf? (4) When did you get the very job?
(6) Commerce with other countries is very important to us. (7) Please give me a knife to cut with. (8) The boy, tired, hungry and thirsty, fell down on the beach.
句子的种类
一 按照用途分为四类： 1.陈述句（肯定或否定）如：
(1) We love our motherland. (2) As they say, when the age is in, the wit is out. (3) We can’t live without air and water.
1>. 主语（Subject） 它是句子的主体，是“什么 人，什么事，什么物”的问题。常由 n,pron,num,to-do,-ving,clause 担任。
①.Professor Wang is a wellknown scholar. ②.I read English newspaper every day. ③.To become a professor has been his ambition. ④. Smoking is harmful to health.
SvoO ①.I taught you English grammar. ②.Someone left you this note. ③.David showed me the way.
SVOC ①.We elected him our spokesman. ②.They painted the walls creamy white. ③.The directors appointed him sales manager.
I bought a rain coat with a warm lining. The dog jumped through the window. He is saving up to buy a mobile phone. A bright little boy with rosy cheeks put three bottles of milk quietly on my doorstep before seven o’clock. He worked like a madman in the garden on Saturday. The young girl with long black hair seems to be very happy.
4. 补语（Complement） 用于补充说明主 语或宾补。常由adj,n或相当的结构充当。
①.He doesn’t believe the story true. ②.The doctor advised her to stay in bed for a week. ③.They saw her walking into the bookstore. (4) He was considered to be the best player.
◆ 表示矛盾或对照 常见的有but, yet, still, however, while, whereas 等。
(1) She felt ill, but she still went to work. (2) I drink black coffee while he prefers it with cream.
并列复合句 指的是并列句中含有一个或多个从 句。如： (1) Altogether Beethoven
wrote nine symphonies, but most of them were written after he had lost his hearing.
简单句的扩展成份
简单句的主语、宾语可以加上一 个短语（如定语）来扩展，及物 动词或不及物动词也可以与其它 短语（如状语）连用进行扩展。 如下：
3. 复合句（Complex Sentence） 它由一个主句和一个或一个以上的 从句构成。如：
(1) I was about to leave, when the telephone rang. (2) The students would have made better grades if they had studied hard.
6.定语（Attributive） 用来限定或 修饰名词或代词。通常由形容词或与 之相当的结构担任。 它可以是一个词或是几个词或者 一个词组，或者是个句子。位置比较 灵活，可在名词前后。 (1)The yellow bike is mine. (2) A very valuable bronze Egyptian cat.
7 状语(Adverbial) 用来修饰动 词,形容词,副词或整个句子.它常 由副词或与之相当的结构担任。 (1) Rose speaks English quite well. (2) He went to France to learn French.
(3) If I have some spare time, I will take up German. (4) When I grow up, I am going to be a teacher. (5) The children ran away
What a place it is! What nonsense! How foolish they are! How hard he studieΒιβλιοθήκη Baidu! How beautiful your T- shirt is!
二 按照结构分为简单句、并列 句和复合句。 1.简单句
SV ①.Everybody laughed. ②.Prices are going up. ③.The guests have arrived.