CH9-The Atmospheric Boundary Layer

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用密度函数理论和杜比宁方程研究活性炭纤维多段充填机理

密度函数理论和杜比宁方程可以用来研究活性炭纤维在多段充填过程中的吸附行为。

密度函数理论是一种分子统计力学理论，它建立在分子统计学和热力学的基础上，用来研究一种系统中分子的分布。

杜比宁方程是一种描述分子吸附行为的方程，它可以用来计算吸附层的厚度、吸附速率和吸附能量等参数。

在研究活性炭纤维多段充填过程中，可以使用密度函数理论和杜比宁方程来研究纤维表面的分子结构和吸附行为。

通过分析密度函数和杜比宁方程的解，可以得出纤维表面的分子结构以及纤维吸附的分子的种类、数量和能量。

这些信息有助于更好地理解活性炭纤维的多段充填机理。

在研究活性炭纤维的多段充填机理时，还可以使用其他理论和方法来帮助我们更好地了解这一过程。

例如，可以使用扫描电子显微镜(SEM)和透射电子显微镜(TEM)等技术来观察纤维表面的形貌和结构。

可以使用X射线衍射(XRD)和傅里叶变换红外光谱(FTIR)等技术来确定纤维表面的化学成分和结构。

还可以使用氮气吸附(BET)和旋转氧吸附(BJH)等技术来测量纤维表面的比表面积和孔结构。

通过综合运用密度函数理论、杜比宁方程和其他理论和方法，可以更全面地了解活性炭纤维的多段充填机理，从而更好地控制和优化多段充填的过程。

在研究活性炭纤维多段充填机理时，还可以使用温度敏感性测试方法来研究充填过程中纤维表面的动力学性质。

例如，可以使用动态氧吸附(DAC)或旋转杆氧吸附(ROTA)等技术来测量温度对纤维表面吸附性能的影响。

通过对比不同温度下纤维表面的吸附性能，可以更好地了解充填过程中纤维表面的动力学性质。

此外，还可以使用分子动力学模拟方法来研究纤维表面的吸附行为。

例如，可以使用拉曼光谱或红外光谱等技术来测量纤维表面的分子吸附构型。

然后，使用分子动力学模拟方法来模拟不同分子吸附构型下的纤维表面的动力学性质，帮助我们更好地了解活性炭纤维的多段充填机理。

《2024年基于WRF-CHEM模式的连续雾霾过程数值模拟及其能见度参数化》范文

《基于WRF-CHEM模式的连续雾霾过程数值模拟及其能见度参数化》篇一一、引言随着工业化进程的加快和城市化水平的不断提高，大气污染问题日益突出，尤其是连续雾霾天气的频繁出现，对人类健康和环境造成了严重影响。

因此，对连续雾霾过程的数值模拟和能见度参数化研究具有重要的科学意义和应用价值。

本文基于WRF-CHEM模式，对连续雾霾过程进行数值模拟，并探讨其能见度参数化方法。

二、WRF-CHEM模式简介WRF-CHEM模式是一种集气象和化学于一体的区域空气质量模式，能够模拟大气中气态和颗粒态污染物的传输、扩散、转化和沉降等过程。

该模式具有较高的时空分辨率和较强的物理化学机制描述能力，被广泛应用于大气污染的数值模拟和预测。

三、连续雾霾过程的数值模拟本研究采用WRF-CHEM模式，对一次连续雾霾过程进行数值模拟。

首先，根据气象观测数据和污染源排放数据，构建模拟区域和初始条件。

其次，运行WRF-CHEM模式，模拟大气中气态和颗粒态污染物的传输、扩散、转化和沉降等过程。

最后，分析模拟结果，探讨连续雾霾过程的形成机制和影响因素。

四、能见度参数化方法能见度是评价大气污染程度的重要指标之一，对于连续雾霾过程的评估和预测具有重要意义。

本研究采用一种基于WRF-CHEM模式的能见度参数化方法，该方法综合考虑了气象条件、污染物浓度、相对湿度等因素对能见度的影响。

首先，根据模拟结果，计算大气中气态和颗粒态污染物的浓度。

其次，结合气象观测数据，计算相对湿度和其他气象因素。

最后，采用一定的算法，将污染物浓度、相对湿度等因素综合起来，得到能见度的参数化表达式。

五、结果分析通过对连续雾霾过程的数值模拟，我们发现：在雾霾过程中，气态和颗粒态污染物的传输、扩散、转化和沉降等过程相互影响，形成了一个复杂的物理化学过程。

同时，气象条件如温度、湿度、风速等也对雾霾的形成和消散起着重要作用。

在能见度参数化方面，我们发现：能见度与大气中气态和颗粒态污染物的浓度、相对湿度等因素密切相关。

大亚湾反符合探测器系统-高能物理研究所

这里我们假设与超纯水接触的物质在单位时间内析出导电离子物质为一个常数，k（mg/(l*h)）,水箱水的电阻率的变化满足方程：
通过此模型可以测量不同材料的k值，来比较各种材料对水的污染程度，最后选择比较合适的材料，将来用于大亚湾实验。
13
水衰减长度和tyvek反射率研究I (t) = i(t) ∗ g(t)* 1 e−t/RC
15
RPC 探测器系统
• • •
模块内4层RPC的朝向 •
大亚湾要求顶部覆盖RPC,可以与水契仑柯夫探测器实现相互检验；要求探测效率(>95%),同时可以给出 muon的位置信息。使用模块读出,模块的尺寸在2.1*2.1m,4层RPC,每一层中包括了2块RPC(一大一小),每一个模块中有8块 RPC裸室; 4层RPC，效率实行4选3，在保证高效率的情况下可以大大降低随机符合的事例，读出顺序XYYX读出, 读出条的间隔26cm,位置的分辨~0.1m；模块重叠式排布，减小死区，实现高的探测器效率;
5
反符合探测器系统
水池尺寸:近点实验厅16米×10米×10米，可以容纳2个探测器模块，探测器与水池壁的距离为2.5米。远点水池为16米×16米×10米，容纳四个探测器模块。中心探测器置于水池中，被至少2.5m 厚的纯水包围。
PMT个数：近点288个，远点384个水池被tyvek反射膜分隔成两个独立的光学部
9
水池中PMT和支撑结构
Unistrut frames & Tyvek panels
Potted & encapsulated base
Holder
10
大亚湾的水循环净化系统
•大亚湾实验近点，水池的循环速度为每小时10吨，净化速度为每小时5吨;~10天净化一个体积; •远点探测器,循环速度每小时 16吨,净化速度为每小时8吨 ,~10天净化一个体积. •进行水循环和净化装置有利于水池水透明度的保持.

声波方程逆时偏移中的无分裂PML吸收边界条件

声波方程逆时偏移中的无分裂PML吸收边界条件王鹏飞;何兵寿【摘要】逆时偏移是当前地震资料处理的前沿技术,吸收边界条件是逆时偏移技术的重要组成部分.目前,业界常用的基于波场分裂思路的完全匹配层PML(Perfectly Matched Layer)吸收边界条件在改善边界吸收效果和改进偏移成像质量方面发挥了巨大作用,但这种方法需要在边界处为分裂后的各个分量开辟额外的内存空间,且需要分边角处理,增加了逆时偏移技术的内存负担和计算开销.为了减少内存负担和提高计算效率,首先从双程声波方程出发,推导了声波方程的无分裂PML吸收边界条件,然后给出该边界条件下波动方程逆时延拓的数值实现过程.理论分析和模型实验结果得到:无分裂PML边界条件具有与分裂算法相同的边界吸收效果,并且基于无分裂PML的逆时偏移算法效率更高,更便于程序代码的编写和GPU (GraphicProcessing Unit)的并行实现.【期刊名称】《工程地球物理学报》【年(卷),期】2015(012)005【总页数】8页(P583-590)【关键词】逆时偏移;吸收边界条件;无分裂完全匹配层;计算效率【作者】王鹏飞;何兵寿【作者单位】中国海洋大学海底科学与探测技术教育部重点实验室,山东青岛266100;中国海洋大学海底科学与探测技术教育部重点实验室,山东青岛266100【正文语种】中文【中图分类】P631.5逆时偏移是当前地震资料成像处理领域的热点技术。

目前，国内外在逆时偏移领域的研究工作主要集中在以下几个方面：①波动方程逆时延拓算法[1,2]研究，包括差分格式推导、边界伪反射压制和数值频散压制等；②成像准则和成像方法[3-8]研究；③逆时偏移噪声压制方法[9-14]研究，主要研究波场延拓过程中由层间反射导致的低频噪音的压制方法；④逆时偏移存储策略[15-17]研究，主要用于降低逆时偏移的临时文件存储量和硬盘访问量，拓展逆时偏移处理的并行性并提高处理效率；⑤偏移处理的并行算法[18-20]研究，包括CPU(Central Processing Unit)并行、GPU并行以及CPU+GPU协同并行。

CH1_大气边界层

内容提要第一章大气边界层大气边界层风与湍流泰勒假说相似性参数边界层厚度与结构第二章大气边界层湍流基础平均场与湍流场湍流基本统计量大气湍流谱湍流通量与输送大气湍能第三章大气边界层支配方程基本方程平均量方程湍流脉动量方程湍流方差的预报方程湍流通量的预报方程第四章定常大气边界层近地层相似理论全边界层相似理论谱相似半经验理论在边界层研究中的应用第五章非定常大气边界层地表强迫引起非定常变化对流边界层稳定边界层第六章非均一下垫面大气边界层内边界层基础粗糙度跃变对气流的影响地面热通量和温度跃变对气流的影响地形起伏对边界层的影响城市边界层第七章大气边界层的数值模拟选择教材和主要参考书
地球大气垂直分层
外逸层：温度低，气体粒子外逸
热层：空气电离状态，电报中间层：垂直对流，最低92℃ 平流层：空气稀薄、平流、飞机；15-35km臭氧对流层：75%大气、90%水蒸汽；云、雨、雪等
地球大气垂直分层
1.1 大气边界层定义
(11km)
Tropopause Troposphere
Boundary Layer Meteorology
边界层气象学
边界层气象学
Boundary Layer Meteorology 课程属性 : 专业课学时/学分 : 32 / 2 成绩评定：笔试（70%）+ 平时成绩（30%）施婷婷，应用气象学院，气象楼803室
教学目的和要求:
主要是研究大气边界层中的各种动力和物理过程。大气边界层是指离地面1~2公里范围的大气层最底下的一个薄层，它是大气与下垫面直接发生相互作用的层次，它与天气、气候以及大气环境研究有非常密切的关系。由于人类的生命和工程活动绝大多数都是发生在这一层次内，所以大气边界层的研究又与工业、农业、军事、交通、以及城市规划和生态环境保护等紧密相关。

boundary-layer

• Thus, in order to calculate skin friction and aerodynamic heating at the surface, you only have to account for friction and thermal conduction within the thin boundary layer. Hence; you wont need to analyze the large flow outside the boundary layer
Boundary Layer Theory
Professor Ugur GUVEN Aerospace Engineer Spacecraft Propulsion Specialist
1
Boundary Layer Definition
• Boundary Layer is the thin boundary region between the flow and the solid surface, where the flow is retarded due to friction between the solid body and the fluid flow.
15
Properties of the Boundary Layer
• Hence since Prandtl number is 0.71 for air at standard conditions, the thermal boundary layer is thicker then the velocity boundary Layer. (Remember Prandtl number is a function of temperature).

近地表速度菲涅耳带初至层析反演

近地表速度菲涅耳带初至层析反演
近地表速度菲涅耳带初至层析反演
近地表初至层析反演静校正是解决复杂地表静校正问题的有效方法之一.基于层析反演的基本算法原理,采用线性插值逐层扩张的方法进行旅行时计算,并对射线追踪方法进行改进,使射线追踪结果更加稳定可靠,在方程组构建中采用菲涅耳带取代传统的数学射线,提高了抗初至拾取误差的能力.理论和实都证实了该方法的有效性.
作者：朱生旺 ZHU Sheng-wang 作者单位：中国石化,石油勘探开发科学研究院,北京,100083 刊名：新疆石油地质ISTIC PKU英文刊名：XINJIANG PETROLEUM GEOLOGY 年，卷(期)：2007 28(6) 分类号：P631.91 关键词：射线追踪层析反演静校正菲涅耳带。

Boundary layer theory

Therefore, for flow over a flat plate, the pressure remains constant over the entire p plate (both inside and outside the boundary layer).
P.Talukdar/Mech-IITD
Temperature profiles for flow over an isothermal flat plate are similar like the velocity profiles. Thus, we expect a similarity solution for temperature to exist. Further, the thickness of the thermal boundary layer is proportional to
2
df/dη is replaced by θ
2 d 3f dη
3
2
+ Pr f
dθ = 0 dη
Compare For Pr = 1
+ f
d 2f dη
2
= 0
θ (0
)=
0 and θ (∞
)=
1
df = 0 dη η=0
and
df =1 dη η=∞
Thus we conclude that the velocity and thermal boundary layers coincide, and the nondimensional velocity and temperature profiles (u/u∞ and θ) are identical for steady, incompressible, laminar flow of a fluid with constant properties and Pr = 1 over an isothermal flat plate The value of the temperature gradient at the surface (Pr =1) ??

Glider Flying Handbook说明书

Glider Flying Handbook2013U.S. Department of TransportationFEDERAL AVIATION ADMINISTRATIONFlight Standards Servicei iPrefaceThe Glider Flying Handbook is designed as a technical manual for applicants who are preparing for glider category rating and for currently certificated glider pilots who wish to improve their knowledge. Certificated flight instructors will find this handbook a valuable training aid, since detailed coverage of aeronautical decision-making, components and systems, aerodynamics, flight instruments, performance limitations, ground operations, flight maneuvers, traffic patterns, emergencies, soaring weather, soaring techniques, and cross-country flight is included. Topics such as radio navigation and communication, use of flight information publications, and regulations are available in other Federal Aviation Administration (FAA) publications.The discussion and explanations reflect the most commonly used practices and principles. Occasionally, the word “must” or similar language is used where the desired action is deemed critical. The use of such language is not intended to add to, interpret, or relieve a duty imposed by Title 14 of the Code of Federal Regulations (14 CFR). Persons working towards a glider rating are advised to review the references from the applicable practical test standards (FAA-G-8082-4, Sport Pilot and Flight Instructor with a Sport Pilot Rating Knowledge Test Guide, FAA-G-8082-5, Commercial Pilot Knowledge Test Guide, and FAA-G-8082-17, Recreational Pilot and Private Pilot Knowledge Test Guide). Resources for study include FAA-H-8083-25, Pilot’s Handbook of Aeronautical Knowledge, FAA-H-8083-2, Risk Management Handbook, and Advisory Circular (AC) 00-6, Aviation Weather For Pilots and Flight Operations Personnel, AC 00-45, Aviation Weather Services, as these documents contain basic material not duplicated herein. All beginning applicants should refer to FAA-H-8083-25, Pilot’s Handbook of Aeronautical Knowledge, for study and basic library reference.It is essential for persons using this handbook to become familiar with and apply the pertinent parts of 14 CFR and the Aeronautical Information Manual (AIM). The AIM is available online at . The current Flight Standards Service airman training and testing material and learning statements for all airman certificates and ratings can be obtained from .This handbook supersedes FAA-H-8083-13, Glider Flying Handbook, dated 2003. Always select the latest edition of any publication and check the website for errata pages and listing of changes to FAA educational publications developed by the FAA’s Airman Testing Standards Branch, AFS-630.This handbook is available for download, in PDF format, from .This handbook is published by the United States Department of Transportation, Federal Aviation Administration, Airman Testing Standards Branch, AFS-630, P.O. Box 25082, Oklahoma City, OK 73125.Comments regarding this publication should be sent, in email form, to the following address:********************************************John M. AllenDirector, Flight Standards Serviceiiii vAcknowledgmentsThe Glider Flying Handbook was produced by the Federal Aviation Administration (FAA) with the assistance of Safety Research Corporation of America (SRCA). The FAA wishes to acknowledge the following contributors: Sue Telford of Telford Fishing & Hunting Services for images used in Chapter 1JerryZieba () for images used in Chapter 2Tim Mara () for images used in Chapters 2 and 12Uli Kremer of Alexander Schleicher GmbH & Co for images used in Chapter 2Richard Lancaster () for images and content used in Chapter 3Dave Nadler of Nadler & Associates for images used in Chapter 6Dave McConeghey for images used in Chapter 6John Brandon (www.raa.asn.au) for images and content used in Chapter 7Patrick Panzera () for images used in Chapter 8Jeff Haby (www.theweatherprediction) for images used in Chapter 8National Soaring Museum () for content used in Chapter 9Bill Elliot () for images used in Chapter 12.Tiffany Fidler for images used in Chapter 12.Additional appreciation is extended to the Soaring Society of America, Inc. (), the Soaring Safety Foundation, and Mr. Brad Temeyer and Mr. Bill Martin from the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) for their technical support and input.vv iPreface (iii)Acknowledgments (v)Table of Contents (vii)Chapter 1Gliders and Sailplanes ........................................1-1 Introduction....................................................................1-1 Gliders—The Early Years ..............................................1-2 Glider or Sailplane? .......................................................1-3 Glider Pilot Schools ......................................................1-4 14 CFR Part 141 Pilot Schools ...................................1-5 14 CFR Part 61 Instruction ........................................1-5 Glider Certificate Eligibility Requirements ...................1-5 Common Glider Concepts ..............................................1-6 Terminology...............................................................1-6 Converting Metric Distance to Feet ...........................1-6 Chapter 2Components and Systems .................................2-1 Introduction....................................................................2-1 Glider Design .................................................................2-2 The Fuselage ..................................................................2-4 Wings and Components .............................................2-4 Lift/Drag Devices ...........................................................2-5 Empennage .....................................................................2-6 Towhook Devices .......................................................2-7 Powerplant .....................................................................2-7 Self-Launching Gliders .............................................2-7 Sustainer Engines .......................................................2-8 Landing Gear .................................................................2-8 Wheel Brakes .............................................................2-8 Chapter 3Aerodynamics of Flight .......................................3-1 Introduction....................................................................3-1 Forces of Flight..............................................................3-2 Newton’s Third Law of Motion .................................3-2 Lift ..............................................................................3-2The Effects of Drag on a Glider .....................................3-3 Parasite Drag ..............................................................3-3 Form Drag ...............................................................3-3 Skin Friction Drag ..................................................3-3 Interference Drag ....................................................3-5 Total Drag...................................................................3-6 Wing Planform ...........................................................3-6 Elliptical Wing ........................................................3-6 Rectangular Wing ...................................................3-7 Tapered Wing .........................................................3-7 Swept-Forward Wing ..............................................3-7 Washout ..................................................................3-7 Glide Ratio .................................................................3-8 Aspect Ratio ............................................................3-9 Weight ........................................................................3-9 Thrust .........................................................................3-9 Three Axes of Rotation ..................................................3-9 Stability ........................................................................3-10 Flutter .......................................................................3-11 Lateral Stability ........................................................3-12 Turning Flight ..............................................................3-13 Load Factors .................................................................3-13 Radius of Turn ..........................................................3-14 Turn Coordination ....................................................3-15 Slips ..........................................................................3-15 Forward Slip .........................................................3-16 Sideslip .................................................................3-17 Spins .........................................................................3-17 Ground Effect ...............................................................3-19 Chapter 4Flight Instruments ...............................................4-1 Introduction....................................................................4-1 Pitot-Static Instruments ..................................................4-2 Impact and Static Pressure Lines................................4-2 Airspeed Indicator ......................................................4-2 The Effects of Altitude on the AirspeedIndicator..................................................................4-3 Types of Airspeed ...................................................4-3Table of ContentsviiAirspeed Indicator Markings ......................................4-5 Other Airspeed Limitations ........................................4-6 Altimeter .....................................................................4-6 Principles of Operation ...........................................4-6 Effect of Nonstandard Pressure andTemperature............................................................4-7 Setting the Altimeter (Kollsman Window) .............4-9 Types of Altitude ......................................................4-10 Variometer................................................................4-11 Total Energy System .............................................4-14 Netto .....................................................................4-14 Electronic Flight Computers ....................................4-15 Magnetic Compass .......................................................4-16 Yaw String ................................................................4-16 Inclinometer..............................................................4-16 Gyroscopic Instruments ...............................................4-17 G-Meter ........................................................................4-17 FLARM Collision Avoidance System .........................4-18 Chapter 5Glider Performance .............................................5-1 Introduction....................................................................5-1 Factors Affecting Performance ......................................5-2 High and Low Density Altitude Conditions ...........5-2 Atmospheric Pressure .............................................5-2 Altitude ...................................................................5-3 Temperature............................................................5-3 Wind ...........................................................................5-3 Weight ........................................................................5-5 Rate of Climb .................................................................5-7 Flight Manuals and Placards ..........................................5-8 Placards ......................................................................5-8 Performance Information ...........................................5-8 Glider Polars ...............................................................5-8 Weight and Balance Information .............................5-10 Limitations ...............................................................5-10 Weight and Balance .....................................................5-12 Center of Gravity ......................................................5-12 Problems Associated With CG Forward ofForward Limit .......................................................5-12 Problems Associated With CG Aft of Aft Limit ..5-13 Sample Weight and Balance Problems ....................5-13 Ballast ..........................................................................5-14 Chapter 6Preflight and Ground Operations .......................6-1 Introduction....................................................................6-1 Assembly and Storage Techniques ................................6-2 Trailering....................................................................6-3 Tiedown and Securing ................................................6-4Water Ballast ..............................................................6-4 Ground Handling........................................................6-4 Launch Equipment Inspection ....................................6-5 Glider Preflight Inspection .........................................6-6 Prelaunch Checklist ....................................................6-7 Glider Care .....................................................................6-7 Preventive Maintenance .............................................6-8 Chapter 7Launch and Recovery Procedures and Flight Maneuvers ............................................................7-1 Introduction....................................................................7-1 Aerotow Takeoff Procedures .........................................7-2 Signals ........................................................................7-2 Prelaunch Signals ....................................................7-2 Inflight Signals ........................................................7-3 Takeoff Procedures and Techniques ..........................7-3 Normal Assisted Takeoff............................................7-4 Unassisted Takeoff.....................................................7-5 Crosswind Takeoff .....................................................7-5 Assisted ...................................................................7-5 Unassisted...............................................................7-6 Aerotow Climb-Out ....................................................7-6 Aerotow Release.........................................................7-8 Slack Line ...................................................................7-9 Boxing the Wake ......................................................7-10 Ground Launch Takeoff Procedures ............................7-11 CG Hooks .................................................................7-11 Signals ......................................................................7-11 Prelaunch Signals (Winch/Automobile) ...............7-11 Inflight Signals ......................................................7-12 Tow Speeds ..............................................................7-12 Automobile Launch ..................................................7-14 Crosswind Takeoff and Climb .................................7-14 Normal Into-the-Wind Launch .................................7-15 Climb-Out and Release Procedures ..........................7-16 Self-Launch Takeoff Procedures ..............................7-17 Preparation and Engine Start ....................................7-17 Taxiing .....................................................................7-18 Pretakeoff Check ......................................................7-18 Normal Takeoff ........................................................7-19 Crosswind Takeoff ...................................................7-19 Climb-Out and Shutdown Procedures ......................7-19 Landing .....................................................................7-21 Gliderport/Airport Traffic Patterns and Operations .....7-22 Normal Approach and Landing ................................7-22 Crosswind Landing ..................................................7-25 Slips ..........................................................................7-25 Downwind Landing ..................................................7-27 After Landing and Securing .....................................7-27viiiPerformance Maneuvers ..............................................7-27 Straight Glides ..........................................................7-27 Turns.........................................................................7-28 Roll-In ...................................................................7-29 Roll-Out ................................................................7-30 Steep Turns ...........................................................7-31 Maneuvering at Minimum Controllable Airspeed ...7-31 Stall Recognition and Recovery ...............................7-32 Secondary Stalls ....................................................7-34 Accelerated Stalls .................................................7-34 Crossed-Control Stalls ..........................................7-35 Operating Airspeeds .....................................................7-36 Minimum Sink Airspeed ..........................................7-36 Best Glide Airspeed..................................................7-37 Speed to Fly ..............................................................7-37 Chapter 8Abnormal and Emergency Procedures .............8-1 Introduction....................................................................8-1 Porpoising ......................................................................8-2 Pilot-Induced Oscillations (PIOs) ..............................8-2 PIOs During Launch ...................................................8-2 Factors Influencing PIOs ........................................8-2 Improper Elevator Trim Setting ..............................8-3 Improper Wing Flaps Setting ..................................8-3 Pilot-Induced Roll Oscillations During Launch .........8-3 Pilot-Induced Yaw Oscillations During Launch ........8-4 Gust-Induced Oscillations ..............................................8-5 Vertical Gusts During High-Speed Cruise .................8-5 Pilot-Induced Pitch Oscillations During Landing ......8-6 Glider-Induced Oscillations ...........................................8-6 Pitch Influence of the Glider Towhook Position ........8-6 Self-Launching Glider Oscillations During Powered Flight ...........................................................8-7 Nosewheel Glider Oscillations During Launchesand Landings ..............................................................8-7 Tailwheel/Tailskid Equipped Glider Oscillations During Launches and Landings ..................................8-8 Aerotow Abnormal and Emergency Procedures ............8-8 Abnormal Procedures .................................................8-8 Towing Failures........................................................8-10 Tow Failure With Runway To Land and Stop ......8-11 Tow Failure Without Runway To Land BelowReturning Altitude ................................................8-11 Tow Failure Above Return to Runway Altitude ...8-11 Tow Failure Above 800' AGL ..............................8-12 Tow Failure Above Traffic Pattern Altitude .........8-13 Slack Line .................................................................8-13 Ground Launch Abnormal and Emergency Procedures ....................................................................8-14 Abnormal Procedures ...............................................8-14 Emergency Procedures .............................................8-14 Self-Launch Takeoff Emergency Procedures ..............8-15 Emergency Procedures .............................................8-15 Spiral Dives ..................................................................8-15 Spins .............................................................................8-15 Entry Phase ...............................................................8-17 Incipient Phase .........................................................8-17 Developed Phase ......................................................8-17 Recovery Phase ........................................................8-17 Off-Field Landing Procedures .....................................8-18 Afterlanding Off Field .............................................8-20 Off-Field Landing Without Injury ........................8-20 Off-Field Landing With Injury .............................8-20 System and Equipment Malfunctions ..........................8-20 Flight Instrument Malfunctions ................................8-20 Airspeed Indicator Malfunctions ..........................8-21 Altimeter Malfunctions .........................................8-21 Variometer Malfunctions ......................................8-21 Compass Malfunctions .........................................8-21 Glider Canopy Malfunctions ....................................8-21 Broken Glider Canopy ..........................................8-22 Frosted Glider Canopy ..........................................8-22 Water Ballast Malfunctions ......................................8-22 Retractable Landing Gear Malfunctions ..................8-22 Primary Flight Control Systems ...............................8-22 Elevator Malfunctions ..........................................8-22 Aileron Malfunctions ............................................8-23 Rudder Malfunctions ............................................8-24 Secondary Flight Controls Systems .........................8-24 Elevator Trim Malfunctions .................................8-24 Spoiler/Dive Brake Malfunctions .........................8-24 Miscellaneous Flight System Malfunctions .................8-25 Towhook Malfunctions ............................................8-25 Oxygen System Malfunctions ..................................8-25 Drogue Chute Malfunctions .....................................8-25 Self-Launching Gliders ................................................8-26 Self-Launching/Sustainer Glider Engine Failure During Takeoff or Climb ..........................................8-26 Inability to Restart a Self-Launching/SustainerGlider Engine While Airborne .................................8-27 Self-Launching Glider Propeller Malfunctions ........8-27 Self-Launching Glider Electrical System Malfunctions .............................................................8-27 In-flight Fire .............................................................8-28 Emergency Equipment and Survival Gear ...................8-28 Survival Gear Checklists ..........................................8-28 Food and Water ........................................................8-28ixClothing ....................................................................8-28 Communication ........................................................8-29 Navigation Equipment ..............................................8-29 Medical Equipment ..................................................8-29 Stowage ....................................................................8-30 Parachute ..................................................................8-30 Oxygen System Malfunctions ..................................8-30 Accident Prevention .....................................................8-30 Chapter 9Soaring Weather ..................................................9-1 Introduction....................................................................9-1 The Atmosphere .............................................................9-2 Composition ...............................................................9-2 Properties ....................................................................9-2 Temperature............................................................9-2 Density ....................................................................9-2 Pressure ...................................................................9-2 Standard Atmosphere .................................................9-3 Layers of the Atmosphere ..........................................9-4 Scale of Weather Events ................................................9-4 Thermal Soaring Weather ..............................................9-6 Thermal Shape and Structure .....................................9-6 Atmospheric Stability .................................................9-7 Air Masses Conducive to Thermal Soaring ...................9-9 Cloud Streets ..............................................................9-9 Thermal Waves...........................................................9-9 Thunderstorms..........................................................9-10 Lifted Index ..........................................................9-12 K-Index .................................................................9-12 Weather for Slope Soaring .......................................9-14 Mechanism for Wave Formation ..............................9-16 Lift Due to Convergence ..........................................9-19 Obtaining Weather Information ...................................9-21 Preflight Weather Briefing........................................9-21 Weather-ReIated Information ..................................9-21 Interpreting Weather Charts, Reports, andForecasts ......................................................................9-23 Graphic Weather Charts ...........................................9-23 Winds and Temperatures Aloft Forecast ..............9-23 Composite Moisture Stability Chart .....................9-24 Chapter 10Soaring Techniques ..........................................10-1 Introduction..................................................................10-1 Thermal Soaring ...........................................................10-2 Locating Thermals ....................................................10-2 Cumulus Clouds ...................................................10-2 Other Indicators of Thermals ................................10-3 Wind .....................................................................10-4 The Big Picture .....................................................10-5Entering a Thermal ..............................................10-5 Inside a Thermal.......................................................10-6 Bank Angle ...........................................................10-6 Speed .....................................................................10-6 Centering ...............................................................10-7 Collision Avoidance ................................................10-9 Exiting a Thermal .....................................................10-9 Atypical Thermals ..................................................10-10 Ridge/Slope Soaring ..................................................10-10 Traps ......................................................................10-10 Procedures for Safe Flying .....................................10-12 Bowls and Spurs .....................................................10-13 Slope Lift ................................................................10-13 Obstructions ...........................................................10-14 Tips and Techniques ...............................................10-15 Wave Soaring .............................................................10-16 Preflight Preparation ...............................................10-17 Getting Into the Wave ............................................10-18 Flying in the Wave .................................................10-20 Soaring Convergence Zones ...................................10-23 Combined Sources of Updrafts ..............................10-24 Chapter 11Cross-Country Soaring .....................................11-1 Introduction..................................................................11-1 Flight Preparation and Planning ...................................11-2 Personal and Special Equipment ..................................11-3 Navigation ....................................................................11-5 Using the Plotter .......................................................11-5 A Sample Cross-Country Flight ...............................11-5 Navigation Using GPS .............................................11-8 Cross-Country Techniques ...........................................11-9 Soaring Faster and Farther .........................................11-11 Height Bands ..........................................................11-11 Tips and Techniques ...............................................11-12 Special Situations .......................................................11-14 Course Deviations ..................................................11-14 Lost Procedures ......................................................11-14 Cross-Country Flight in a Self-Launching Glider .....11-15 High-Performance Glider Operations and Considerations ............................................................11-16 Glider Complexity ..................................................11-16 Water Ballast ..........................................................11-17 Cross-Country Flight Using Other Lift Sources ........11-17 Chapter 12Towing ................................................................12-1 Introduction..................................................................12-1 Equipment Inspections and Operational Checks .........12-2 Tow Hook ................................................................12-2 Schweizer Tow Hook ...........................................12-2x。

基于多尺度回顾蒸馏的单幅图像去雾算法

基于多尺度回顾蒸馏的单幅图像去雾算法金彬峰;许光宇【期刊名称】《齐鲁工业大学学报》【年(卷),期】2024(38)3【摘要】基于深度学习的图像去雾模型常常设计并堆叠高效的特征提取模块,导致模型复杂、推理慢。

知识蒸馏通过将教师网络的知识转移到高效的学生网络,能在不影响模型效果的同时,提高模型的效率,受到广泛关注。

但现有的基于知识蒸馏的去雾模型大多集中在教师网络和学生网络之间同一层级的知识转移,知识转移过程中未考虑到特征的转移是否充分,导致特征蒸馏不完全,去雾效果不佳。

为缓解以上问题,提出多尺度回顾蒸馏网络(mult-scale review distillation network,MRDN),将教师网络知识充分转移到学生网络的不同层级中。

首先为了保证学生和教师网络挖掘图像隐含特征和重建信息的能力,分别设计了混合注意力模块(hybrid attention block,HAB)和混合注意力模块组(hybrid attention block groups,HABs);然后利用注意力融合模块(attention fusion block,AFB)对知识进行回顾,即融合学生网络的当前层级和深层级特征,生成用于蒸馏的中间特征;最后为了准确转移知识,利用层级内容损失模块(hierarchical content loss block,HCLB)对中间特征和教师网络对应的层级特征进行多尺度金字塔特征提取,计算出各层级的损失。

实验结果表明,MRDN在真实雾图上的去雾效果更好,且在SOTS数据集上的PSNR和SSIM指标方面超过最好的对比模型(EPDN)分别9.2%、7.8%。

【总页数】10页(P14-23)【作者】金彬峰;许光宇【作者单位】安徽理工大学计算机科学与工程学院【正文语种】中文【中图分类】TP391.41【相关文献】1.基于多尺度图像融合的单幅图像去雾算法2.结合多尺度和分数阶微分的单幅图像去雾算法3.基于条件生成对抗网络与知识蒸馏的单幅图像去雾方法4.基于增强多尺度生成对抗网络的单幅图像去雾5.基于多尺度特征提取与融合的单幅图像去雾算法因版权原因，仅展示原文概要，查看原文内容请购买。

力学名词英语翻译

力学名词英语翻译力学名词英语翻译力学名词英语翻译力学mechanics 牛顿力学newtonian mechanics经典力学classical mechanics静力学statics运动学kinematics动力学dynamics动理学kinetics宏观力学macroscopic mechanics,macromechanics 细观力学mesomechanics微观力学microscopic mechanics,micromechanics 一般力学general mechanics固体力学solid mechanics流体力学fluid mechanics理论力学theoretical mechanics应用力学applied mechanics工程力学engineering mechanics实验力学experimental mechanics计算力学computational mechanics理性力学rational mechanics物理力学physical mechanics地球动力学geodynamics力force作用点point of action作用线line of action力系system of forces力系的简化reduction of force system 等效力系equivalent force system刚体rigid body力的可传性transmissibility of force 平行四边形定则parallelogram rule 力三角形force triangle力多边形force polygon零力系null-force system平衡equilibrium力的平衡equilibrium of forces平衡条件equilibrium condition平衡位置equilibrium position平衡态equilibrium state分析力学analytical mechanics拉格朗日乘子lagrange multiplier拉格朗日[量] lagrangian拉格朗日括号lagrange bracket循环坐标cyclic coordinate循环积分cyclic integral哈密顿[量] hamiltonian哈密顿函数hamiltonian function正则方程canonical equation正则摄动canonical perturbation正则变换canonical transformation正则变量canonical variable哈密顿原理hamilton principle作用量积分action integral哈密顿--雅可比方程hamilton-jacobi equation 作用--角度变量action-angle variables阿佩尔方程appell equation劳斯方程routh equation拉格朗日函数lagrangian function诺特定理noether theorem泊松括号poisson bracket边界积分法boundary integral method并矢dyad运动稳定性stability of motion轨道稳定性orbital stability李雅普诺夫函数lyapunov function渐近稳定性asymptotic stability结构稳定性structural stability久期不稳定性secular instability弗洛凯定理floquet theorem倾覆力矩capsizing moment自由振动free vibration固有振动natural vibration暂态transient state环境振动ambient vibration反共振anti-resonance衰减attenuation库仑阻尼coulomb damping同相分量in-phase component非同相分量out-of-phase component超调量overshoot参量[激励]振动parametric vibration模糊振动fuzzy vibration临界转速critical speed of rotation阻尼器damper半峰宽度half-peak width集总参量系统lumped parameter system相平面法phase plane method相轨迹phase trajectory等倾线法isocline method跳跃现象jump phenomenon负阻尼negative damping达芬方程duffing equation希尔方程hill equationkbm方法kbm method, krylov-bogoliu-bov-mitropol'skii method马蒂厄方程mathieu equation平均法averaging method组合音调combination tone解谐detuning耗散函数dissipative function硬激励hard excitation硬弹簧hard spring, hardening spring谐波平衡法harmonic balance method久期项secular term自激振动self-excited vibration分界线separatrix亚谐波subharmonic软弹簧soft spring ,softening spring软激励soft excitation邓克利公式dunkerley formula瑞利定理rayleigh theorem分布参量系统distributed parameter system优势频率dominant frequency模态分析modal analysis固有模态natural mode of vibration同步synchronization超谐波ultraharmonic范德波尔方程van der pol equation频谱frequency spectrum基频fundamental frequencywkb方法wkb method, wentzel-kramers-brillouin method 缓冲器buffer风激振动aeolian vibration嗡鸣buzz倒谱cepstrum颤动chatter蛇行hunting阻抗匹配impedance matching机械导纳mechanical admittance机械效率mechanical efficiency机械阻抗mechanical impedance随机振动stochastic vibration, random vibration 隔振vibration isolation减振vibration reduction应力过冲stress overshoot喘振surge摆振shimmy起伏运动phugoid motion起伏振荡phugoid oscillation驰振galloping陀螺动力学gyrodynamics陀螺摆gyropendulum陀螺平台gyroplatform陀螺力矩gyroscoopic torque陀螺稳定器gyrostabilizer陀螺体gyrostat惯性导航inertial guidance姿态角attitude angle方位角azimuthal angle舒勒周期schuler period机器人动力学robot dynamics多体系统multibody system多刚体系统multi-rigid-body system机动性maneuverability凯恩方法kane method转子[系统]动力学rotor dynamics转子[一支承一基础]系统rotor-support-foundation system 静平衡static balancing动平衡dynamic balancing静不平衡static unbalance动不平衡dynamic unbalance现场平衡field balancing不平衡unbalance不平衡量unbalance互耦力cross force挠性转子flexible rotor分频进动fractional frequency precession半频进动half frequency precession油膜振荡oil whip转子临界转速rotor critical speed自动定心self-alignment亚临界转速subcritical speed涡动whirl连续过程continuous process碰撞截面collision cross section通用气体常数conventional gas constant 燃烧不稳定性combustion instability稀释度dilution完全离解complete dissociation火焰传播flame propagation组份constituent碰撞反应速率collision reaction rate燃烧理论combustion theory浓度梯度concentration gradient阴极腐蚀cathodic corrosion火焰速度flame speed火焰驻定flame stabilization火焰结构flame structure着火ignition湍流火焰turbulent flame层流火焰laminar flame燃烧带burning zone渗流flow in porous media, seepage达西定律darcy law赫尔-肖流hele-shaw flow毛[细]管流capillary flow过滤filtration爪进fingering不互溶驱替immiscible displacement不互溶流体immiscible fluid互溶驱替miscible displacement互溶流体miscible fluid迁移率mobility流度比mobility ratio渗透率permeability孔隙度porosity多孔介质porous medium比面specific surface迂曲度tortuosity空隙void空隙分数void fraction注水water flooding可湿性wettability地球物理流体动力学geophysical fluid dynamics 物理海洋学physical oceanography大气环流atmospheric circulation海洋环流ocean circulation海洋流ocean current旋转流rotating flow平流advection埃克曼流ekman flow埃克曼边界层ekman boundary layer大气边界层atmospheric boundary layer大气-海洋相互作用atmosphere-ocean interaction 埃克曼数ekman number罗斯贝数rossby unmber罗斯贝波rossby wave斜压性baroclinicity正压性barotropy内磨擦internal friction海洋波ocean wave盐度salinity环境流体力学environmental fluid mechanics斯托克斯流stokes flow羽流plume理查森数richardson number污染源pollutant source污染物扩散pollutant diffusion噪声noise噪声级noise level噪声污染noise pollution排放物effulent工业流体力学industrical fluid mechanics流控技术fluidics轴向流axial flow并向流co-current flow对向流counter current flow横向流cross flow螺旋流spiral flow旋拧流swirling flow滞后流after flow混合层mixing layer抖振buffeting风压wind pressure附壁效应wall attachment effect, coanda effect简约频率reduced frequency爆炸力学mechanics of explosion终点弹道学terminal ballistics动态超高压技术dynamic ultrahigh pressure technique 流体弹塑性体hydro-elastoplastic medium热塑不稳定性thermoplastic instability空中爆炸explosion in air地下爆炸underground explosion水下爆炸underwater explosion电爆炸discharge-induced explosion激光爆炸laser-induced explosion核爆炸nuclear explosion点爆炸point-source explosion殉爆sympathatic detonation强爆炸intense explosion粒子束爆炸explosion by beam radiation 聚爆implosion起爆initiation of explosion爆破blasting霍普金森杆hopkinson bar电炮electric gun电磁炮electromagnetic gun爆炸洞explosion chamber轻气炮light gas gun马赫反射mach reflection基浪base surge成坑cratering能量沉积energy deposition爆心explosion center爆炸当量explosion equivalent火球fire ball爆高height of burst蘑菇云mushroom侵彻penetration规则反射regular reflection崩落spallation应变率史strain rate history流变学rheology聚合物减阻drag reduction by polymers 挤出[物]胀大extrusion swell, die swell无管虹吸tubeless siphon剪胀效应dilatancy effect孔压[误差]效应hole-pressure[error]effect 剪切致稠shear thickening剪切致稀shear thinning触变性thixotropy反触变性anti-thixotropy超塑性superplasticity粘弹塑性材料viscoelasto-plastic material 滞弹性材料anelastic material本构关系constitutive relation麦克斯韦模型maxwell model沃伊特-开尔文模型voigt-kelvin model宾厄姆模型bingham model奥伊洛特模型oldroyd model幂律模型power law model应力松驰stress relaxation应变史strain history应力史stress history记忆函数memory function衰退记忆fading memory应力增长stress growing粘度函数voscosity function相对粘度relative viscosity复态粘度complex viscosity拉伸粘度elongational viscosity拉伸流动elongational flow第一法向应力差first normal-stress difference第二法向应力差second normal-stress difference 德博拉数deborah number魏森贝格数weissenberg number动态模量dynamic modulus振荡剪切流oscillatory shear flow宇宙气体动力学cosmic gas dynamics等离[子]体动力学plasma dynamics电离气体ionized gas行星边界层planetary boundary layer阿尔文波alfven wave泊肃叶-哈特曼流] poiseuille-hartman flow哈特曼数hartman number生物流变学biorheology生物流体biofluid生物屈服点bioyield point生物屈服应力bioyield stress电气体力学electro-gas dynamics铁流体力学ferro-hydrodynamics血液流变学hemorheology, blood rheology血液动力学hemodynamics磁流体力学magneto fluid mechanics磁流体动力学magnetohydrodynamics, mhd磁流体动力波magnetohydrodynamic wave磁流体流magnetohydrodynamic flow磁流体动力稳定性magnetohydrodynamic stability 生物力学biomechanics生物流体力学biological fluid mechanics生物固体力学biological solid mechanics宾厄姆塑性流bingham plastic flow开尔文体kelvin body沃伊特体voigt body可贴变形applicable deformation可贴曲面applicable surface边界润滑boundary lubrication液膜润滑fluid film lubrication向心收缩功concentric work离心收缩功eccentric work关节反作用力joint reaction force微循环力学microcyclic mechanics微纤维microfibril渗透性permeability生理横截面积physiological cross-sectional area 农业生物力学agrobiomechanics纤维度fibrousness硬皮度rustiness胶粘度gumminess粘稠度stickiness嫩度tenderness渗透流osmotic flow易位流translocation flow蒸腾流transpirational flow过滤阻力filtration resistance压扁wafering风雪流snow-driving wind停滞堆积accretion遇阻堆积encroachment沙漠地面desert floor流沙固定fixation of shifting sand 流动阈值fluid threshold力学名词英语翻译相关内容:。

【前沿报道】ScienceAdv...

【前沿报道】ScienceAdv...俯冲带是地球系统水循环的关键场所，水的输入、运移、脱出方式和量级对地球表层环境、深部介质性质和动力过程都具有重要影响，因此一直是地球科学的研究前沿和热点（相关前沿报道见《马里亚纳俯冲带携水量估计》《西北太平洋地区俯冲板片含水量的控制因素》）。

俯冲板块将地表水等流体带入地球深部，而深部的水又随着岩浆活动回到地表，在这个循环过程中，往往伴随有地震发生，俯冲带因此也是地球上地震活动最频繁的区域。

俯冲带地震经常发生在俯冲板片与上覆板块的交界面附近，在 50-300 km深度也发育于俯冲板片内部。

在这个深度范围，地震活动与水或流体关系紧密（Green et al., 2010; Shiina et al., 2017），通过研究这些中源地震，为认识俯冲带的水循环提供了重要约束。

脱水脆化（dehydration embrittlement）机制是目前俯冲带中源地震成因的主流观点。

该观点认为，在板片俯冲过程中，洋壳榴辉岩化等变质过程使板片脱水，这些水通过增大岩石孔隙压力、减小其有效正应力，从而导致岩石脆性破裂 (Kirby et al., 1996)。

然而，在冷俯冲带地区，俯冲板片变质脱水深度大于80 km (Abers et al., 2017)，传统的脱水脆化机制难以解释在该深度之上沿弧前板片顶部出现的连续且呈带状分布的中源地震活动。

其他假说，例如自局部化热失控（self-localizing thermal runaway）机制虽可以用来解释岩石在不依赖流体存在的情况下发生破裂 (John et al., 2009)，但其作用的温压范围极为局限，无法将整个弧前板片环境囊括在内。

那么，是否可能是在板片发生脱水反应后流体通过某种方式从板片深部迁移到板片浅部，并弱化了弧前板片，从而诱发中源地震呢？近期的地震学研究似乎证实了这种可能性，科学家在冷俯冲带弧前板片处观测到的间歇性地震与极低波速，即被视为流体存在的证据(Nakajima and Uchida, 2018; Shiina et al., 2017)。

欧洲药典7.5版

EUROPEAN PHARMACOPOEIA 7.5
INDEX
To aid users the index includes a reference to the supplement in which the latest version of a text can be found. For example : Amikacin sulfate...............................................7.5-4579 means the monograph Amikacin sulfate can be found on page 4579 of Supplement 7.5. Note that where no reference to a supplement is made, the text can be found in the principal volume.
English index ........................................................................ 4707
Latin index ................................................................................. 4739
EUROPEAN PHARMACOPபைடு நூலகம்EIA 7.5
Index
Numerics 1. General notices ................................................................... 7.5-4453 2.1.1. Droppers...................

结构力学英语词汇

结构力学结构力学structural mechanics 结构分析structural analysis结构动力学structural dynamics拱Arch三铰拱three-hinged arch抛物线拱parabolic arch圆拱circular arch穹顶Dome空间结构space structure空间桁架space truss雪载［荷］snow load风载［荷］wind load土压力earth pressure地震载荷earthquake loading弹簧支座spring support支座位移support displacement支座沉降support settlement超静定次数degree of indeterminacy机动分析kinematic analysis结点法method of joints截面法method of sections结点力joint forces共轭位移conjugate displacement影响线influence line三弯矩方程three-moment equation单位虚力unit virtual force刚度系数stiffness coefficient柔度系数flexibility coefficient力矩分配moment distribution力矩分配法moment distribution method力矩再分配moment redistribution分配系数distribution factor矩阵位移法matri displacement method单元刚度矩阵element stiffness matrix单元应变矩阵element strain matrix总体坐标global coordinates贝蒂定理Betti theorem高斯--若尔当消去法Gauss-Jordan elimination Method屈曲模态buckling mode复合材料力学mechanics of composites复合材料composite material纤维复合材料fibrous composite单向复合材料unidirectional composite泡沫复合材料foamed composite颗粒复合材料particulate composite层板Laminate夹层板sandwich panel正交层板cross-ply laminate斜交层板angle-ply laminate层片Ply多胞固体cellular solid膨胀Expansion 压实Debulk 劣化Degradation 脱层Delamination脱粘Debond 纤维应力fiber stress 层应力ply stress 层应变plystrain 层间应力interlaminar stress 比强度specific strength 强度折减系数strength reduction factor 强度应力比strength -stress ratio 横向剪切模量transverse shear modulus 横观各向同性transverse isotropy 正交各向异Orthotropy 剪滞分析shear lag analysis 短纤维chopped fiber 长纤维continuous fiber 纤维方向fiber direction 纤维断裂fiber break 纤维拔脱fiber pull-out纤维增强fiber reinforcement 致密化Densification最小重量设计optimum weight design 网格分析法netting analysis混合律rule of mixture失效准则failure criterion蔡--吴失效准则Tsai-W u failure criterion达格代尔模型Dugdale model断裂力学fracture mechanics概率断裂力学probabilistic fracture Mechanics格里菲思理论Griffith theory线弹性断裂力学linear elastic fracture mechanics, LEFM弹塑性断裂力学elastic-plastic fracture mecha-nics, EPFM断裂Fracture脆性断裂brittle fracture解理断裂cleavage fracture蠕变断裂creep fracture延性断裂ductile fracture晶间断裂inter-granular fracture准解理断裂quasi-cleavage fracture穿晶断裂trans-granular fracture裂纹Crack裂缝Flaw缺陷Defect割缝Slit微裂纹Microcrack折裂Kink椭圆裂纹elliptical crack深埋裂纹embedded crack［钱］币状裂纹penny-shape crack预制裂纹Precrack短裂纹short crack表面裂纹surface crack裂纹钝化crack blunting裂纹分叉crack branching裂纹闭合crack closure裂纹前缘crack front裂纹嘴crack mouth裂纹张开角crack opening angle,COA裂纹张开位移crack opening displacement, COD裂纹阻力crack resistance裂纹面crack surface裂纹尖端crack tip裂尖张角crack tip opening angle, CTOA裂尖张开位移crack tip opening displacement, CTOD 裂尖奇异场crack tip singularity Field裂纹扩展速率crack growth rate稳定裂纹扩展stable crack growth定常裂纹扩展steady crack growth亚临界裂纹扩展subcritical crack growth 裂纹［扩展］减速crack retardation止裂crack arrest止裂韧度arrest toughness断裂类型fracture mode滑开型sliding mode张开型opening mode撕开型tearing mode复合型mixed mode撕裂Tearing撕裂模量tearing modulus断裂准则fracture criterionJ 积分J-integralJ 阻力曲线J-resistance curve断裂韧度fracture toughness应力强度因子stress intensity factor HRR 场Hutchinson-Rice-Rosengren Field 守恒积分conservation integral有效应力张量effective stress tensor应变能密度strain energy density能量释放率energy release rate内聚区cohesive zone塑性区plastic zone张拉区stretched zone热影响区heat affected zone, HAZ延脆转变温度brittle-ductile transition temperature固体力学弹性力学elasticity弹性理论theory of elasticity均匀应力状态homogeneous state of stress应力不变量stress invariant应变不变量strain invariant应变椭球strain ellipsoid均匀应变状态homogeneous state of strain应变协调方程equation of strain compatibility拉梅常量Lame constants各向同性弹性isotropic elasticity旋转圆盘rotating circular disk楔wedge开尔文问题Kelvin problem布西内斯克问题Boussinesq problem艾里应力函数Airy stress function克罗索夫--穆斯赫利什维利法Kolosoff-Muskhelishvili method 基尔霍夫假设Kirchhoff hypothesis板Plate矩形板Rectangular plate圆板Circular plate环板Annular plate波纹板Corrugated plate加劲板Stiffened plate,reinforced Plate中厚板Plate of moderate thickness弯［曲］应力函数Stress function of bending 壳Shell扁壳Shallow shell旋转壳Revolutionary shell球壳Spherical shell［圆］柱壳Cylindrical shell锥壳Conical shell环壳Toroidal shell封闭壳Closed shell波纹壳Corrugated shell扭［转］应力函数Stress function of torsion 翘曲函数Warping function半逆解法semi-inverse method瑞利--里茨法Rayleigh-Ritz method松弛法Relaxation method莱维法Levy method松弛Relaxation量纲分析Dimensional analysis自相似［性］self-similarity影响面Influence surface接触应力Contact stress赫兹理论Hertz theory协调接触Conforming contact滑动接触Sliding contact滚动接触Rolling contact压入Indentation各向异性弹性Anisotropic elasticity颗粒材料Granular material散体力学Mechanics of granular media 热弹性Thermoelasticity超弹性Hyperelasticity粘弹性Viscoelasticity对应原理Correspondence principle褶皱Wrinkle塑性全量理论Total theory of plasticity 滑动Sliding微滑Microslip粗糙度Roughness非线性弹性Nonlinear elasticity大挠度Large deflection突弹跳变snap-through有限变形Finite deformation格林应变Green strain阿尔曼西应变Almansi strain弹性动力学Dynamic elasticity运动方程Equation of motion准静态的Quasi-static气动弹性Aeroelasticity水弹性Hydroelasticity颤振Flutter弹性波Elastic wave简单波Simple wave柱面波Cylindrical wave水平剪切波Horizontal shear wave竖直剪切波Vertical shear wave体波body wave无旋波Irrotational wave畸变波Distortion wave膨胀波Dilatation wave瑞利波Rayleigh wave等容波Equivoluminal wave勒夫波Love wave界面波Interfacial wave边缘效应edge effect塑性力学Plasticity可成形性Formability金属成形Metal forming耐撞性Crashworthiness结构抗撞毁性Structural crashworthiness 拉拔Drawing破坏机构Collapse mechanism回弹Springback挤压Extrusion冲压Stamping穿透Perforation层裂Spalling塑性理论Theory of plasticity安定［性］理论Shake-down theory运动安定定理kinematic shake-down theorem 静力安定定理Static shake-down theorem率相关理论rate dependent theorem载荷因子load factor加载准则Loading criterion加载函数Loading function加载面Loading surface塑性加载Plastic loading塑性加载波Plastic loading wave简单加载Simple loading比例加载Proportional loading卸载Unloading卸载波Unloading wave冲击载荷Impulsive load阶跃载荷step load脉冲载荷pulse load极限载荷limit load中性变载nentral loading拉抻失稳instability in tension加速度波acceleration wave本构方程constitutive equation完全解complete solution名义应力nominal stress过应力over-stress真应力true stress等效应力equivalent stress流动应力flow stress应力间断stress discontinuity应力空间stress space主应力空间principal stress space静水应力状态hydrostatic state of stress对数应变logarithmic strain工程应变engineering strain等效应变equivalent strain应变局部化strain localization应变率strain rate应变率敏感性strain rate sensitivity应变空间strain space有限应变finite strain塑性应变增量plastic strain increment累积塑性应变accumulated plastic strain永久变形permanent deformation内变量internal variable应变软化strain-softening理想刚塑性材料rigid-perfectly plastic Material 刚塑性材料rigid-plastic material理想塑性材料perfectl plastic material材料稳定性stability of material应变偏张量deviatoric tensor of strain应力偏张量deviatori tensor of stress应变球张量spherical tensor of strain应力球张量spherical tensor of stress路径相关性path-dependency线性强化linear strain-hardening应变强化strain-hardening随动强化kinematic hardening各向同性强化isotropic hardening强化模量strain-hardening modulus幂强化power hardening塑性极限弯矩plastic limit bending Moment塑性极限扭矩plastic limit torque弹塑性弯曲elastic-plastic bending弹塑性交界面elastic-plastic interface弹塑性扭转elastic-plastic torsion粘塑性Viscoplasticity非弹性Inelasticity理想弹塑性材料elastic-perfectly plastic Material 极限分析limit analysis极限设计limit design极限面limit surface上限定理upper bound theorem上屈服点upper yield point下限定理lower bound theorem下屈服点lower yield point界限定理bound theorem初始屈服面initial yield surface后继屈服面subsequent yield surface屈服面［的］外凸性convexity of yield surface 截面形状因子shape factor of cross-section沙堆比拟sand heap analogy屈月艮Yield屈服条件yield condition屈服准则yield criterion屈服函数yield function屈服面yield surface塑性势plastic potential能量吸收装置energy absorbing device能量耗散率energy absorbing device塑性动力学dynamic plasticity塑性动力屈曲dynamic plastic buckling塑性动力响应dynamic plastic response塑性波plastic wave运动容许场kinematically admissible Field静力容许场statically admissible Field流动法则flow rule速度间断velocity discontinuity滑移线slip-lines滑移线场slip-lines field移行塑性铰travelling plastic hinge塑性增量理论incremental theory of Plasticity 米泽斯屈服准则Mises yield criterion普朗特--罗伊斯关系prandtl- Reuss relation特雷斯卡屈服准则Tresca yield criterion洛德应力参数Lode stress parameter莱维--米泽斯关系Levy-Mises relation亨基应力方程Hencky stress equation赫艾--韦斯特加德应力空间Haigh-Westergaard stress space 洛德应变参数Lode strain parameter德鲁克公设Drucker postulate盖林格速度方程Geiringer velocity Equation连续过程continuous process碰撞截面collision cross section通用气体常数conventional gas constant燃烧不稳定性combustion instability稀释度dilution完全离解complete dissociation火焰传播flame propagation组份constituent碰撞反应速率collision reaction rate燃烧理论combustion theory浓度梯度concentration gradient阴极腐蚀cathodic corrosion火焰速度flame speed火焰驻定flame stabilization火焰结构flame structure着火ignition湍流火焰turbulent flame层流火焰laminar flame燃烧带burning zone渗流flow in porous media, seepage达西定律Darcy law赫尔-肖流Hele-Shaw flow毛［细］管流capillary flow过滤filtration爪进fingering不互溶驱替immiscible displacement不互溶流体immiscible fluid互溶驱替miscible displacement互溶流体miscible fluid迁移率mobility流度比mobility ratio渗透率permeability孑匕隙度porosity多孔介质porous medium比面specific surface迂曲度tortuosity空隙void空隙分数void fraction注水water flooding可湿性wettability地球物理流体动力学geophysical fluid dynamics 物理海洋学physical oceanography大气环流atmospheric circulation海洋环流ocean circulation海洋流ocean current旋转流rotating flow平流advection埃克曼流Ekman flow埃克曼边界层Ekman boundary layer大气边界层atmospheric boundary layer大气-海洋相互作用atmosphere-ocean interaction 埃克曼数Ekman number罗斯贝数Rossby unmber罗斯贝波Rossby wave斜压性baroclinicity正压性barotropy内磨擦internal friction海洋波ocean wave盐度salinity环境流体力学environmental fluid mechanics斯托克斯流Stokes flow羽流plume理查森数Richardson number污染源pollutant source污染物扩散pollutant diffusion噪声noise噪声级noise level噪声污染noise pollution排放物effulent工业流体力学industrical fluid mechanics流控技术fluidics轴向流axial flow并向流co-current flow对向流counter current flow横向流cross flow螺旋流spiral flow旋拧流swirling flow滞后流after flow混合层mixing layer抖振buffeting风压wind pressure附壁效应wall attachment effect, Coanda effect简约频率reduced frequency爆炸力学mechanics of explosion终点弹道学terminal ballistics动态超高压技术dynamic ultrahigh pressure technique 流体弹塑性体hydro-elastoplastic medium热塑不稳定性thermoplastic instability空中爆炸explosion in air地下爆炸underground explosion水下爆炸underwater explosion电爆炸discharge-induced explosion激光爆炸laser-induced explosion核爆炸nuclear explosion点爆炸point-source explosion殉爆sympathatic detonation强爆炸intense explosion粒子束爆炸explosion by beam radiation 聚爆implosion起爆initiation of explosion爆破blasting霍普金森杆Hopkinson bar电炮electric gun电磁炮electromagnetic gun爆炸洞explosion chamber轻气炮light gas gun马赫反射Mach reflection基浪base surge成坑cratering能量沉积energy deposition爆心explosion center爆炸当量explosion equivalent火球fire ball爆高height of burst蘑菇云mushroom侵彻penetration规则反射regular reflection崩落spallation应变率史strain rate history流变学rheology聚合物减阻drag reduction by polymers 挤出［物］胀大extrusion swell, die swell 无管虹吸tubeless siphon剪胀效应dilatancy effect孑L压［误差］效应hole-pressure［error］effect 剪切致稠shear thickening剪切致稀shear thinning触变性thixotropy反触变性anti-thixotropy超塑性superplasticity粘弹塑性材料viscoelasto-plastic material滞弹性材料anelastic material本构关系constitutive relation麦克斯韦模型Maxwell model沃伊特-开尔文模型Voigt-Kelvin model宾厄姆模型Bingham model奥伊洛特模型Oldroyd model幂律模型power law model应力松驰stress relaxation应变史strain history应力史stress history记忆函数memory function衰退记忆fading memory应力增长stress growing粘度函数voscosity function相对粘度relative viscosity复态粘度complex viscosity拉伸粘度elongational viscosity拉伸流动elongational flow第一法向应力差first normal-stress difference第二法向应力差second normal-stress difference 德博拉数Deborah number魏森贝格数Weissenberg number动态模量dynamic modulus振荡剪切流oscillatory shear flow宇宙气体动力学cosmic gas dynamics等离［子］体动力学plasma dynamics电离气体ionized gas彳亍星边界层planetary boundary layer阿尔文波Alfven wave泊肃叶-哈特曼流］Poiseuille-Hartman flow哈特曼数Hartman number生物流变学biorheology生物流体biofluid生物屈服点bioyield point生物屈服应力bioyield stress电气体力学electro-gas dynamics铁流体力学ferro-hydrodynamics血液流变学hemorheology, blood rheology血液动力学hemodynamics磁流体力学magneto fluid mechanics磁流体动力学magnetohydrodynamics, MHD磁流体动力波magnetohydrodynamic wave磁流体流magnetohydrodynamic flow磁流体动力稳定性magnetohydrodynamic stability生物力学biomechanics生物流体力学biological fluid mechanics生物固体力学biological solid mechanics宾厄姆塑性流Bingham plastic flow开尔文体Kelvin body沃伊特体Voigt body可贴变形applicable deformation可贴曲面applicable surface边界润滑boundary lubrication液膜润滑fluid film lubrication向心收缩功concentric work离心收缩功eccentric work关节反作用力joint reaction force微循环力学microcyclic mechanics微纤维microfibril渗透性permeability生理横截面积physiological cross-sectional area 农业生物力学agrobiomechanics纤维度fibrousness硬皮度rustiness胶粘度gumminess粘稠度stickiness嫩度tenderness渗透流osmotic flow易位流translocation flow蒸腾流transpirational flow过滤阻力filtration resistance压扁wafering风雪流snow-driving wind停滞堆积accretion遇阻堆积encroachment沙漠地面desert floor流沙固定fixation of shifting sand流动阈值fluid threshold通类名词力学mechanics牛顿力学Newtonian mechanics经典力学classical mechanics静力学statics运动学kinematics动力学dynamics动理学kinetics宏观力学 macroscopic mechanics,macromechanics 细观力学mesomechanics微观力学 microscopic mechanics,micromechanics 一般力学general mechanics固体力学solid mechanics流体力学fluid mechanics理论力学theoretical mechanics应用力学applied mechanics工程力学engineering mechanics实验力学experimental mechanics计算力学computational mechanics理性力学rational mechanics物理力学physical mechanics地球动力学geodynamics力force作用点point of action作用线line of action力系system of forces力系的简化reduction of force system 等效力系equivalent force system刚体rigid body力的可传性transmissibility of force 平行四边形定则parallelogram rule力三角形force triangle力多边形force polygon零力系null-force system平衡equilibrium力的平衡equilibrium of forces平衡条件equilibrium condition平衡位置equilibrium position平衡态equilibrium state分析力学analytical mechanics拉格朗日乘子Lagrange multiplier拉格朗日［量］Lagrangian拉格朗日括号Lagrange bracket循环坐标cyclic coordinate循环积分cyclic integral哈密顿［量］Hamiltonian哈密顿函数Hamiltonian function正则方程canonical equation正则摄动canonical perturbation正则变换canonical transformation正则变量canonical variable哈密顿原理Hamilton principle作用量积分action integral哈密顿--雅可比方程Hamilton-Jacobi equation 作用--角度变量action-angle variables 阿佩尔方程Appell equation 劳斯方程Routh equation拉格朗日函数Lagrangian function 诺特定理Noether theorem 泊松括号poisson bracket边界积分法boundary integral method 并矢dyad运动稳定性stability of motion 轨道稳定性orbital stability 李雅普诺夫函数Lyapunov function 渐近稳定性asymptotic stability 结构稳定性structural stability 久期不稳定性secular instability 弗洛凯定理Floquet theorem 倾覆力矩capsizing moment 自由振动free vibration 固有振动natural vibration 暂态transient state环境振动ambient vibration 反共振anti-resonance 衰减attenuation库仑阻尼Coulomb damping 同相分量in-phase component 非同相分量out-of -phase component 超调量overshoot参量［激励］振动parametric vibration模糊振动fuzzy vibration临界转速critical speed of rotation阻尼器damper半峰宽度half-peak width集总参量系统lumped parameter system相平面法phase plane method相轨迹phase trajectory等倾线法isocline method跳跃现象jump phenomenon负阻尼negative damping达芬方程Duffing equation希尔方程Hill equationKBM 方法KBM method, Krylov-Bogoliu-bov-Mitropol'skii method 马蒂厄方程Mathieu equation平均法averaging method组合音调combination tone解谐detuning耗散函数dissipative function硬激励hard excitation硬弹簧hard spring, hardening spring谐波平衡法harmonic balance method久期项secular term自激振动self-excited vibration分界线separatrix亚谐波subharmonic软弹簧soft spring ,softening spring软激励soft excitation邓克利公式Dunkerley formula瑞利定理Rayleigh theorem分布参量系统distributed parameter system优势频率dominant frequency模态分析modal analysis固有模态natural mode of vibration同步synchronization超谐波ultraharmonic范德波尔方程van der pol equation频谱frequency spectrum基频fundamental frequencyWKB 方法WKB method, Wentzel-Kramers-Brillouin method 缓冲器buffer风激振动aeolian vibration嗡鸣buzz倒谱cepstrum颤动chatter蛇行hunting阻抗匹配impedance matching机械导纳mechanical admittance机械效率mechanical efficiency机械阻抗mechanical impedance随机振动stochastic vibration, random vibration隔振vibration isolation减振vibration reduction应力过冲stress overshoot喘振surge摆振shimmy起伏运动phugoid motion起伏振荡phugoid oscillation驰振galloping陀螺动力学gyrodynamics陀螺摆gyropendulum陀螺平台gyroplatform陀螺力矩gyroscoopic torque陀螺稳定器gyrostabilizer陀螺体gyrostat惯性导航inertial guidance姿态角attitude angle方位角azimuthal angle舒勒周期Schuler period机器人动力学robot dynamics多体系统multibody system多刚体系统multi-rigid-body system机动性maneuverability凯恩方法Kane method转子［系统］动力学rotor dynamics转子［一支承一基础］系统rotor-support-foundation system 静平衡static balancing动平衡dynamic balancing静不平衡static unbalance动不平衡dynamic unbalance现场平衡field balancing不平衡unbalance不平衡量unbalance互耦力cross force挠性转子flexible rotor分频进动fractional frequency precession 半频进动half frequency precession油膜振荡oil whip转子临界转速rotor critical speed自动定心self-alignment亚临界转速subcritical speed涡动whirl。